摘要:
该初中英语讲义以“帮助有需要的人”为主题,通过知识框架图系统构建单元复习体系,涵盖核心词汇(词形变换、搭配及例句)、核心词组(搭配及例句)、动词不定式语法(基础用法、拓展用法、易混辨析及练习题)和书面表达(写作框架、高分素材、范文及模板),清晰呈现知识内在联系与重难点分布。
讲义亮点在于“讲练结合”与“方法迁移”,语法部分设计选词填空、句型转换等练习题,强化动词不定式应用能力,培养语言能力;书面表达提供邮件申请志愿活动模板及高分词汇,如“in order to”“look forward to your reply”,助力学生掌握写作方法,提升学习能力。分层设计满足不同学生需求,支持自主复习与教师精准教学。
内容正文:
沪教牛津八年级下册Unit1 Helping those in need
知识清单(背诵版)
目录
一、核心词汇(词形变换+搭配+例句) …………………………2-4
二、核心词组(搭配+例句)………………………………………4-5
三、核心语法:动词不定式 ………………………………………5-7
(一)动词不定式基础用法 ……………………………………5-6
(二)动词不定式拓展用法 ………………………………………6
(三)易混语法辨析 ……………………………………………6-7
(四)语法练习题 …………………………………………………7
四、单元书面表达总结(写作指导+高分素材+范文+模板)……7-9
(一)写作框架梳理 ……………………………………………7-8
(二)高分词汇/词组………………………………………………8
(三)参考范文 ……………………………………………………8
(四)写作模板 ……………………………………………………8
五、单元核心信息 …………………………………………………9
一、核心词汇(词形变换+搭配+例句)
1.voluntary /ˈvɒləntri/ adj. 自愿的;志愿的
词形变换:volunteer n. 志愿者 v. 自愿做
搭配:voluntary work 志愿工作
例句:Many students take part in voluntary work during school holidays.(许多学生在假期参加志愿工作。)
2.volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ n. 志愿者 v. 自愿;主动提出
词形变换:volunteering n. 志愿活动
搭配:volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事
例句:I volunteer to help disabled children every weekend.(我每周周末自愿帮助残疾儿童。)
3.sick /sɪk/ adj. 生病的;不舒服的
词形变换:sickness n. 疾病;不适
搭配:sick people 病人;be sick with 患……病
例句:The sick children in the hospital need more care and love.(医院里的患病儿童需要更多关爱。)
4.disabled /dɪsˈeɪbld/ adj. 残疾的;有缺陷的
词形变换:disable v. 使残疾;disability n. 残疾;缺陷
搭配:disabled children 残疾儿童;the disabled 残疾人(复数概念)
例句:We should help disabled people in our daily life.(日常生活中我们应该帮助残疾人。)
5.elderly /ˈeldəli/ adj. 年老的;年长的
词形变换:elder n. 长辈;老人
搭配:elderly people 老人;the elderly 老年人(复数概念)
例句:We often visit elderly people and keep them company.(我们经常看望老人,陪伴他们。)
6.suffer /ˈsʌfə(r)/ v. 遭受;受苦
词形变换:suffering n. 痛苦;苦难 adj. 受苦的
搭配:suffer from 患有(疾病);遭受(痛苦)
例句:Many children in the hospital suffer from serious diseases.(医院里的许多孩子患有重病。)
7.disease /dɪˈziːz/ n. 疾病
搭配:serious disease 重病;infectious disease 传染病
例句:Cancer is a very serious disease for children.(癌症对儿童来说是一种非常严重的疾病。)
8.cheer /tʃɪə(r)/ v. 使高兴;振奋 n. 欢呼;喝彩
词形变换:cheerful adj. 开朗的;令人愉快的
搭配:cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来
例句:We organized fun activities to cheer the sick children up.(我们组织趣味活动让患病的孩子们振作起来。)
9.spirit /ˈspɪrɪt/ n. 情绪;精神;心灵
搭配:raise one’s spirits 振奋某人的情绪;in low spirits 情绪低落
例句:The beautiful pictures raised the little girl’s spirits.(美丽的画作振奋了小女孩的情绪。)
10.lonely /ˈləʊnli/ adj. 孤独的;寂寞的
词形变换:loneliness n. 孤独;寂寞
搭配:feel lonely 感到孤独
例句:The girl felt very lonely after her parents died.(父母去世后,这个女孩感到十分孤独。)
11.encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ v. 鼓励
词形变换:encouragement n. 鼓励;鼓舞
搭配:encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
例句:We encourage shy children to express their true feelings.(我们鼓励内向的孩子表达真实情感。)
12.express /ɪkˈspres/ v. 表达;表露
词形变换:expression n. 表达;表情
搭配:express one’s feelings 表达情感
例句:Telling stories helps children express their feelings.(讲故事能帮助孩子们表达自己的情感。)
13.pain /peɪn/ n. 痛苦;疼痛 v. 使痛苦
词形变换:painful adj. 痛苦的;疼痛的
搭配:forget one’s pain 忘却痛苦;in pain 处于痛苦中
例句:Music helps the sick children forget their pain for a while.(音乐能帮助患病儿童暂时忘却痛苦。)
14.positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ adj. 积极的;乐观的
反义词:negative adj. 消极的;负面的
搭配:be positive about life 对生活乐观
例句:Voluntary work helps disabled children become more positive.(志愿工作能帮助残疾儿童变得更加乐观。)
15.difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ n. 困难;难题
词形变换:difficult adj. 困难的
搭配:have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
例句:Some disabled children have difficulty moving around.(一些残疾儿童行动不便。)
二、核心词组(搭配+例句)
1.help those in need 帮助有需要的人
释义:帮扶身处困境、需要帮助的人群
例句:We should spare time to help those in need in our community.(我们应该抽出时间帮助社区里有需要的人。)
2.suffer from 患有(疾病);遭受(痛苦)
释义:长期患有某种疾病,或持续承受痛苦、困境
例句:Many kids in the children’s hospital suffer from serious illnesses.(儿童医院里的很多孩子患有重病。)
3.cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来
释义:通过行动、言语让情绪低落的人开心、振奋
例句:We played games and sang songs to cheer the sick kids up.(我们做游戏、唱歌,让生病的孩子振作起来。)
4.raise one’s spirits 振奋某人的情绪
释义:缓解低落情绪,使人心情变好、重拾信心
例句:The painting competition successfully raised the children’s spirits.(绘画比赛成功振奋了孩子们的情绪。)
5.in low spirits 情绪低落;心情沮丧
释义:因遭遇挫折、困境而心情不佳
例句:The boy was in low spirits because he could not play football anymore.(这个男孩因为再也不能踢足球而情绪低落。)
6.keep sb. company 陪伴某人
释义:陪伴孤独、无助的人,排解其寂寞
例句:We visit the lonely girl every weekend to keep her company.(我们每周周末看望那个孤独的女孩,陪伴她。)
7.express one’s feelings 表达个人情感
释义:说出、表露自己内心的情绪与想法
例句:Telling personal stories helps children express their feelings freely.(讲述亲身经历能帮助孩子们自由表达情感。)
8.have difficulty doing sth. 做某事有困难
释义:在进行某项活动时存在阻碍、不方便
例句:Some disabled children have difficulty taking part in social activities.(一些残疾儿童难以参与社会活动。)
9.offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
释义:自愿、主动承担某项工作或帮助他人
例句:My friend and I offered to do voluntary work at the hospital.(我和朋友主动去医院做志愿工作。)
10.continue to do sth. 继续做某事
释义:持续进行之前正在做的事情
例句:I will continue to do voluntary work to help more children.(我会继续做志愿工作,帮助更多孩子。)
三、核心语法:动词不定式
(一)动词不定式的基础用法
动词不定式基本形式为“to + 动词原形”,是本单元核心语法,可在句中作宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语,无任何人称和数的变化。
1.作动词宾语
部分动词后只能接to do不定式作宾语,本单元核心动词:want, continue, offer, plan
基本句式:主语 + 动词 + to do sth.
例句:Jin Ya wanted to paint a picture of the park.(金雅想要画一幅公园的画。)
例句:We will continue to help the lonely children.(我们会继续帮助孤独的孩子。)
2.作宾语补足语
部分动词后接“宾语 + to do不定式”,补充说明宾语的动作,本单元核心动词:encourage, tell, ask
基本句式:主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + to do sth.
例句:We encouraged the children to tell their stories.(我们鼓励孩子们讲述自己的故事。)
3.作目的状语
用于句中或句末,表动作发生的目的,翻译为“为了……”
基本句式:主句 + to do sth. / To do sth., 主句
例句:We organize activities to cheer sick children up.(我们组织活动为了让患病的孩子振作起来。)
(二)动词不定式的拓展用法
不带to的动词不定式(省to不定式)
在感官动词和使役动词后,作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to,本单元核心单词:see, hear, help, make, let
基本句式:主语 + 感官/使役动词 + 宾语 + 动词原形
例句:He saw a volunteer help an elderly lady.(他看到一名志愿者帮助一位老奶奶。)
例句:The doctor won’t let her go out of hospital.(医生不允许她出院。)
补充:help 后不定式可省to也可保留to,即help sb. (to) do sth.(帮助某人做某事)
(三)易混语法辨析
带to不定式vs不带to不定式
1.常规动词(want/offer/encourage等)后必须带to,不可省略
正确:I want to help disabled kids. 错误:I want help disabled kids.
2.感官/使役动词(see/let/make等)后必须省to,不可保留
正确:Let him stay in hospital. 错误:Let him to stay in hospital.
3.help 为特殊词,两种形式均正确,无语义区别
例句:I help her (to) clean the room.(我帮她打扫房间。)
(四)语法练习题
一、选词填空(用所给动词的适当形式填空)
1. We plan ________ (do) some voluntary work this weekend.
2. The teacher encourages us ________ (help) people in need.
3. Let them ________ (express) their own feelings freely.
4. She wants ________ (take) photos of the park for the little girl.
5. I will continue ________ (learn) to sing for disabled children.
二、句型转换
1.We organize activities to cheer sick children up.(对划线部分提问)
________ ________ you organize activities?
2.He helps the old lady clean her room every day.(改为同义句)
He helps the old lady ________ ________ her room every day.
3.They want to do voluntary work.(改为一般疑问句)
________ they ________ to do voluntary work?
参考答案
一、to do 2. to help 3. express 4. to take 5. to learn
二、1. Why do 2. to clean 3. Do; want
四、单元书面表达总结(写作指导+高分素材+范文+模板)
(一)写作框架梳理
本单元书面表达话题为撰写申请志愿活动的许可邮件,采用经典三段式行文,贴合教材写作要求:
第一段:开篇点明目的
开门见山,说明写信缘由,告知老师自己和同学计划开展志愿活动,简单说明活动初衷(帮助弱势群体)。
第二段:详述活动细节
具体介绍志愿活动的内容、帮扶对象、参与人数、活动时间与地点,清晰说明具体要做的志愿工作。
第三段:礼貌请求许可+结尾致谢
礼貌向校长/老师申请活动许可,表达期待获批的意愿,使用标准邮件结束语收尾。
(二)高分词汇/词组
1.in order to 为了(替换普通的to do,提升句式高级感)
2.people/children in need 有需要的人/孩子(核心话题词汇)
3.offer to do voluntary work 主动参与志愿工作
4.cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来
5.keep sb. company 陪伴某人
6.look forward to your reply 期待您的回复(邮件万能结尾)
(三)参考范文
To: Ms Zhang
Subject: Ask for permission for a voluntary activity
Dear Ms Zhang,
I am writing to ask for your permission for our class voluntary activity. In order to help lonely elderly people in our community, my classmates and I plan to carry out a voluntary activity this month.
Eight students from our class will take part in the activity. We decide to visit the elderly people in the community old people’s home on Sunday morning. We plan to chat with them to keep them company, help them clean their rooms and teach them to use smartphones. These small acts can make them feel warm and less lonely.
We promise we will finish our homework first and ensure the activity will not affect our study. Could you please give us permission to organize this activity? Thank you for your support.
We look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
(四)写作模板
To: ________(收件人,如:head teacher/ Ms Wang)
Subject: ________(邮件主题:Ask for permission for a voluntary activity)
Dear ________,
I am writing to ask for your permission for our voluntary activity. In order to ________(活动目的,如:help children/elderly people in need), my classmates and I plan to organize a voluntary activity.
________(参与人数) students will join the activity. We will go to ________(活动地点,如:the children’s home/old people’s home) on ________(活动时间). We plan to ________(具体活动1) and ________(具体活动2) to help people in need.
We will make sure the activity will not influence our study. Could you please allow us to take part in this voluntary activity? Thank you for your support.
We look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
________(姓名)
五、单元核心信息
1.本单元语法名称:动词不定式
2.本单元全部核心单词(单词+中文释义):
voluntary 自愿的;志愿的;volunteer 志愿者;自愿做;sick 生病的;不舒服的;disabled 残疾的;elderly 年老的;suffer 遭受;受苦;disease 疾病;cheer 使高兴;振奋;spirit 情绪;精神;lonely 孤独的;encourage 鼓励;express 表达;pain 痛苦;疼痛;positive 积极的;difficulty 困难
3.本单元全部重点短语(短语+中文释义):help those in need 帮助有需要的人;suffer from 患有;遭受;cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来;raise one’s spirits 振奋某人情绪;in low spirits 情绪低落;keep sb. company 陪伴某人;express one’s feelings 表达情感;have difficulty doing sth. 做某事有困难;offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事;continue to do sth. 继续做某事
4.本单元书面表达话题:撰写邮件向老师申请开展志愿活动的许可。
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