2026届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解之说明文文体结构 课件

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦说明文阅读专题，依据高考评价体系覆盖问题解决型、研究报告型等五类文体，通过近三年真题分析明确“结构分析”“信息溯源”等高频考点，归纳细节理解、推理判断等常考题型，体现备考针对性和实用性。 课件亮点在于“真题精析+策略指导”，如以2025年全国一卷D篇微塑料污染为例，运用“结构意识优先”策略解析问题呈现方式，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设“逻辑关系标注法”“选项同义替换技巧”，助力学生掌握答题规律，教师可据此开展精准复习，提升备考效率。

说明文是一种以客观、清晰、有条理的方式向读者介绍或解释某个事物、现象、概念、流程或事理的文体，核心特征是聚焦 “说明清楚”，多用定义、分类、数据、举例等手法，不掺杂主观说服或叙事抒情。高考试卷中的说明文可大致分为问题解决型、研究报告型、事物介绍型、现象分析型和书评导读型五类。说明文的阅读和解题策略如下： 说明文 重难点单词 1. source /sɔːs/ n. 来源 2. volcanic /vɒl'kænɪk/ adj. 火山的 3. level /'levl/ n. 水平 4. environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrən'mentl/ adj. 环境的 5. crucially /'kruːʃl/ adv. 关键地 6. contain /kən'teɪn/ v. 包含 7. sample /'sɑːmpl/ n. 样本 8. milligram /'mɪliɡræm/ n. 毫克 9. exposure /ɪk'spəʊʒə(r)/ n. 暴露；接触 10. process /'prəʊses/ n. 过程 11. upgrade /ˌʌp'ɡreɪd/ v. 升级 12. treatment /'triːtmənt/ n. 处理 真题回顾 重难点词块 1. at least至少 2. lead to导致 3. less than少于 4. all types of各种类型的 5. be involved in参与；卷入 6. look into调查；研究 (2025年全国一卷D篇)Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头): boiling and filtering(过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1, 000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” P1问题呈现：列举微塑料污染的广泛性 P2解决方案：提出简单廉价的“煮沸+过滤”解决方法 P3方案条件/限制：说明方案有效性取决于水的硬度，即碳酸钙含量 P4问题严重性补充：用瓶装水数据强化问题紧迫性 P5评价+未来展望：专家肯定方案+建议应用于水处理厂 段落 结构环节 核心内容 第1段 问题呈现 列举微塑料污染的广泛性 第2段 解决方案 提出简单廉价的“煮沸+过滤”解决方法 第3段 方案条件/限制 说明方案有效性取决于水的硬度，即碳酸钙含量 第4段 问题严重性补充 用瓶装水数据强化问题紧迫性 第5段 评价+未来展望 专家肯定方案+建议应用于水处理厂 问题解决型：发现问题→分析问题→解决问题→评估效果 A. By quoting an expert. 引用专家的话 B. By defining a concept. 定义概念 C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 提供具体数据 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? 作者在第一段是如何呈现这个问题的？ (2025年全国一卷D篇) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. 呈现塑料问题的普遍性 A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? 什么决定了捕获水中微塑料的效果 Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. 数据对比(300mg→90%减少vs. <60mg→25%减少)进一步证实 A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity严重性 of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? 作者在第四段提到瓶装水是为了说明什么？ Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1, 000 times more microplastics than originally thought. 含有的微塑料比原先想象的多10到1000倍。 无关 无关 偏离主题 Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? 研究成果的潜在应用 我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料 未涉及 说明文阅读的五条策略 结构意识优先 快速判断文体→激活对应图式 ① problem/issue/challenge问题解决型 ② study/research/experiment研究报告型 ③ book/author/chapter书评导读型 段落功能定位 每段在整体结构中的作用 ① 快速扫读各段首句(topic sentence) ② 这段是：问题/原因/方案/效果/评价 信息来源追溯 专家观点/研究数据/作者评价要分清；看到观点性表述，追问：这是谁说的? 研究者的发现? 专家的评论? 作者的推断? 逻辑关系敏感 因果/转折/递进是解题线索。标注however, but, although, because, therefore, as a result等，理解逻辑： ① 因果：问题→方案，原因→结果 ② 转折：常识→真相，误解→正解 ③ 递进：一般→特殊，现象→本质 选项同义替换 答案多为原文同义转换、概括或推断，关注核心词对应；但也要警惕“原词重现”的干扰项 长难句分 析首先指出句子的主干，然后分析其他结构。 Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. 分析：_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 翻译：_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 句子的主干是Scientists are trying to determine(主谓宾)。不定式短语to determine how harmful microplastics are作宾语，其中how引导的从句作determine的宾语，破折号后面的是表转折的并列句，what引导的是主语从句。 科学家们仍在努力确认微塑料的具体危害程度——但已有的发现已足以引发担忧。 2023年全国甲卷D篇Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. P1引入 + 表层问题：美国人对灰熊矛盾复杂的情感既敬畏又恐惧 P2-3发现问题 + 追溯根源：曾经数量庞大 → 长期人为猎杀 → 数量暴跌、栖息地锐减 → 1975 年立法列入濒危物种，开启保护。 P4分析新问题 + 矛盾争议：保护有效→ 政府尝试除名保护→组织阻止 P5解决问题评估效果：提出措施+做好人为预防，人和灰熊可以互不干扰、和谐共存 问题解决型说明文：发现问题→分析问题→解决问题→评估效果 Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. 32. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. 33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. 34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. C The wild axolotl（美西钝口螈）-an aquatic creature with feathery frills and a soft smile-is critically endangered, with only 50 to 1,00O left in its native Mexican lake. Despite its popularity as a pet and research subject worldwide, habitat loss has pushed it toward extinction. Now, researchers report in PLOS ONE that reintroducing captive-bred（人工饲养的）axolotls to restored wetlands could be a hopeful conservation strategy. Researchers identified two suitable habitats in southern Mexico City: a restored canal in the axolotl's native Lake Xochimilco, and a spring-fed pond in an artificial wetland. The team implanted transmitters in 18 captive-bred axolotls, releasing 10 into the canal and eight into the pond. Over about 40 days, volunteers tracked the animals' locations and activities using radio receivers. 28.Why were transmitters implanted in the axolotls? A.To measure their health conditions. B.To monitor their movement patterns. C. To identify different axolotl species. D.To test new transmitter technology. 科普说明文（环保 / 物种保护类），特征为 “客观介绍科学研究 + 传递科学观点”。 结构：问题提出 - 实验方法 - 结果分析 - 观点评价 同义替换 细节理解步骤：一找关键词二定位信息句三比对选项 引言段（第 1 段）：背景与问题 提出美西钝口螈（axolotl）濒临灭绝的现状，引出核心话题：人工饲养个体放归修复湿地，是有希望的保护策略。 实验方法段（第 2 段）：研究设计 介绍研究地点（修复运河、人工湿地池塘）、实验对象（18 只人工饲养的钝口螈）、实验方法（植入发射器、追踪位置与活动）。 结果分析段（第 3 段）：实验发现 存活率、体重变化、活动规律、温度偏好等关键结果，证明钝口螈能适应野外环境。 观点评价段（第 4-5 段）：意义与补充 科学家评价研究的意义，同时说明 “放归只是备用方案，核心仍是栖息地修复”，客观全面。 细节理解题（实验目的）：正确选项通常是原文的同义改写，干扰项常设置 “偷换概念、无中生有、扩大范围” 三类陷阱。 研究背景、问题 实验设计 实验结果 延伸讨论（研究意义与局限） 研究报告型说明文 实验过程 这是高考中几乎年年都考的文体，且多为D篇。如2024年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇“斯坦福生物多样性研究(数据存在偏差)”， 2023年新课标Ⅰ卷D篇“群体智慧与小组讨论(小组讨论通过‘共同推理’减少误差)”， 2022年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇“饮食结构与语音演变(农业软化食物→颌骨变化→发音进化)”等。 $