2027届高三英语一轮复习专题1-词类和构词法 专练

2026-06-23
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摘要:

**基本信息** 以词类功能为语法基础,构词规律为词汇扩展路径,构建“基础-方法-应用”三维训练体系,提升语言理解与词汇拓展能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |词类|10类词+21功能+28示例|按“实词/虚词”分类,结合句法功能解析词性作用|从词类功能切入,奠定句法理解基础| |构词法|4类构词+50+词缀/转化/合成示例|派生法(前缀改义/后缀改词性)、转化法(熟词生义)、合成法(构词规则)|通过构词规律实现词汇量倍增,培养猜词能力| |精练提升|3类题型+20+题|词性转换/词义猜测/语法填空,强化方法迁移应用|从基础认知到语境应用,形成完整能力链|

内容正文:

2026-2027学年高三英语一轮复习专题1 词类和构词法 Part 1 词类 英语语法分为词法和句法。词法中的词性知识是理解句法的重要基础。因此,在英语学习中,掌握单词的词性非常重要。同一个单词,如果词性不同,在上下文句子中的词义就有所不同。通过掌握词性知识,考生能够更加准确地理解同一个单词在不同短语、不同句子和不同语境中的含义。培养准确的词性意识有助于考生灵活、准确地应用词汇,为各种时态、语态及从句等的学习打好基础。 词类 功能/用法 示例 实词 名词 作主语 Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are. 作宾语 They had a small pond where they raised fish. 作表语 The theme of the show is environmental protection. 作补足语 We elected Lucy our monitor yesterday. 代词 作主语 He has adapted himself to the life on the island. 作宾语 I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble. 作表语 —Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?—Oh dear! It's mine. 作定语 I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. 动词 作谓语 He declined, fearing to cause her inconvenience. 作非谓语 Knowing that you are interested in Chinese history, I feel proud. 形容词 作定语 If you would like to bring a gift, fruit is usually a good choice. 作表语 It's great to hear you were invited to a Chinese friend's home. 作补足语 主语补足语 The cup was found broken. 宾语补足语 I find it amazing that they're still together. 副词 作状语 Many of the Tang poems have greatly influenced Chinese literature. 作表语(极少数副词) The chance was there, but I didn't take it. 作定语(极少数副词) The water there is not safe for drinking. 数词 作主语 It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 作宾语 —How many do you want?—I want two. 作定语 In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. 作表语 She was the first in the writing competition. 虚词 冠词 定冠词 The world is a stage and every man plays his part. 不定冠词 She bought a French-Chinese dictionary and an English-Chinese dictionary. 虚词 介词 接名词 I'm writing to ask for your help. 接代词 Hope to hear from you soon. 接动名词 Yesterday, he was occupied in translating last week's report. 接从句 At this level, listening means trying to find meaning in what you hear. 连词 连单词 Which do you like better, apples or oranges? 连短语 We do morning exercises every day and take PE classes every week. 连句子 Not only did she win the first prize in the competition, but she also received a full scholarship. 感叹词 Hi, there! I haven't seen you for ages. Part 2构词法 由于语言的特点,英语单词的构成遵循一定的规律,即构词法。通过掌握构词法,考生能够更好地理解词义、扩大词汇量,并掌握新词汇。 一、 派生法 在词的词根前面或后面加上词缀来产生新词汇的构词方法叫做派生法。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义,因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的含义进行推测得知。 1.前缀 一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,不改变词根的词性。 前缀 含义 示例 ab-/abs- 离去,去掉 abnormal adj.反常的 abstract adj.抽象的 ant-/anti- 相反;反对;抗 antacid n.解酸药 antiwar adj.反战的 antibody n.抗体 be- 使 befriend vt.把……当朋友 bi- 二,两 bicycle n.自行车 by- 在旁边;副的 bystander n.旁观者 by-product n.副产品 co-/col- 共同 cooperate v.合作 collaborate v.合作,协作 com-/con-/cor- 共同;加强 compromise v.& n.妥协 contemporary adj.同时代的 correspond v.相一致,符合 de- 去掉,取消;否定,相反;减少 decode v.破译 destruction n.破坏 devalue v.贬值 dis- 否定;除去;分开,分离 dislike v.不喜欢 disable v.使丧失能力 distract v.使分心;使困惑 em-/en- 进入……之中,包围;使;赋予 embrace v.拥抱 enlarge v.扩大 entitle v.给命名;使享有权力 ex- 出,出去;前面的 exit v.退出 n.出口 ex-wife n.前妻 fore- 前面,预先 foresee v.预见 forecast v.预报 il-/ir- 不,无 illegal adj.非法的 irregular adj.不规则的 im-/in- 不,无;向内,进入;使,加以 impossible adj.不可能的 imprison v.监禁 incorrect adj.不正确的 inter- 在……之间;相互 international adj.国际的 interact v.相互作用 kilo- 千 kilogram n.千克 mal- 不良的,坏的 malnutrition n.营养不良 malfunction v.故障;失灵 mis- 错的 misunderstand v.误解 multi- 多的 multimedia n.多媒体 non- 不,非 nonsense n.废话 out- 超过,胜过;出,外 outnumber v.多于 outperform v.超过;胜出 over- 过于;过度;上面;胜过 overcrowd v.过于拥挤 overbridge n.天桥 overflow v.溢出 overpower v.制服 post- 后;以后 postgraduate n.研究生 pre- 前,预先 predict v.预言 preview v.预习 pro- 向前;在前;代替 progress n.进步 prologue n.序言 pronoun n.代词 re- 回,向后;相反,不;再,重新 recall v.& n.回忆 resist v.反抗 rearrange v.重新安排 sub- 下;次;亚;副,下级 submarine adj.海底的 subplot n.次要情节 subtropical adj.亚热带的 subordinate n.下属 super- 超级;过多;上 superpower n.超级大国 supernutrition n.营养过剩 superstructure n.上层结构 trans- 横过,越过;变换,转移 transatlantic adj.横渡大西洋的 transfer v.转让,转移 transplant v.移植 un- 不,无;打开,弄出 uncertain adj.不确定的 unfold v.展开,打开 under- 在……下;不足;副 underground adj.地下的 underestimate v.对……估计不足 undersecretary n.副部长 vice- 副,次 vice-president n.副总统 with- 向后,相反 withdraw v.撤销,撤退 2.后缀 后缀通常会改变词根的词性,使单词变为词义相近的其他词性的新词;少数后缀还会改变词根的词义,使单词变为与原词根的词义相反的新词。 后缀 含义 示例 -able 可……的,有……(性质)的 portable adj.轻便的 stable adj.稳定的 -al ……的;表示人、物或行为 additional adj.附加的 criminal n.罪犯 -ance 表示性质、状态或动作 Significance n.重要性 -ant 表示人或物;……的 applicant n.申请人 significant adj.重要的 -ation 表示状态、动作、过程或结果 situation n.状况;形势 generation n.一代 -ative ……的 alternative adj.选择性的 -dom 表示状态、身份或领域 freedom n.自由 -ed ……的 surprised adj.惊奇的 -ee 表示人 employee n.雇员 -eer 表示人 engineer n.工程师 -en 使……;似……的 sharpen v.削尖 golden adj.金黄色的 -ence 表示性质、状态或行为 silence n.安静 -ency 表示性质、状态或行为 emergency n.紧急情况 -ent ……的 different adj.不同的 -ern 表示方位 southern adj.南方的 -ess 女性,雌性 hostess n.女主人 lioness n.雌狮 -etic ……的 energetic adj.精力充沛的 -ety 表示性质或状态 anxiety n.焦虑 -fic ……的 scientific adj.科学的 -ful 充满的,有……(性质)的 successful adj.成功的 hopeful adj.有希望的 -hood 表示性质或状态 childhood n.童年 -ial ……的 facial adj.面部的 -ibility 可能性 possibility n.可能性 -ible 可……的 accessible adj.可进入的 -ibly ……地 terribly adv.可怕地 -ic ……的;表示人 economic adj.经济的 critic n.批评家 -ical ……的 tropical adj.热带的 -ician 表示人 politician n.政治家 -ics 表示学科 physics n.物理学 -ile ……的 mobile adj.活动的 -ion 表示行为或状态 expression n.表达;表情 -ish 像……的;使…… selfish adj.自私的 polish v.擦亮 -ism 主义,学说 communism n.共产主义 -ist ……主义者,从事……的人 specialist n.专科医生 socialist n.社会主义者 -ity 表示性质或状态 ability n.能力 -ive ……的 subjective adj.主观的 -ize 使…… apologize v.道歉 -less 没有……的 hopeless adj.没有希望的 -ly ……的,每……的;……地 friendly adj.友好的 carefully adv.小心地 -ment 表示物、行为或状态 punishment n.惩罚 -ness 表示性质或状态 kindness n.仁慈 -or 表示人 educator n.教育家 -ous ……的 various adj.各种各样的 -ship 表示状态、性质或身份 friendship n.友谊 -some 令人……的 tiresome adj.令人厌烦的 -th 第……;表示性质 sixth ord.第六 warmth n.温暖,暖和 -tic ……的 fantastic adj.美妙的 -tion 表示行为或状态 station n.车站 -tude 表示状态 altitude n.高度,高处 -ure 表示行为或状态 agriculture n.农业 -ward(s) 表示方向或方位 forward adv.向前地 -y 有……的;……的动作(过程) sunny adj.有阳光的 discovery n.发现 二 转化法 在词形不变的情况下,把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,而没有加任何词缀,这种构词方法称为转化法。单词转化的种类很多,但最多的是由动词转化为名词和由名词转化为动词两大类。转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大,这就是常说的“熟词生义”或“一词多义”。 转化方式 示例 名词 动词 attempt n.企图/v.努力 cash n.现金/v.兑现支票 circle n.圆圈/v.盘旋 cook n.厨师/v.烹调 doubt n.怀疑/v.怀疑 face n.脸/v.面对 guide n.导游/v.指导 hand n.手/v.递交 judge n.法官/v.判决 look n.神色/v.看 mail n.邮件/v.邮寄 nurse n.护士/v.护理 pile n.堆/v.堆放 pocket n.口袋/v.装进口袋 ship n.船/v.运送 shoulder n.肩膀/v.肩负 smell n.味道/v.闻 talk n.交谈/v.讲;说 taste n.味道/v.品尝 tutor n.家庭教师/v.教;任课 voice n.声音/v.表达 名词 形容词 American n.美国人/adj.美国(人)的 Asian n.亚洲人/adj.亚洲(人)的 final n.决赛/adj.最后的 light n.光线/adj.明亮的 形容词 动词 bare adj.裸露的/v.揭开 better adj.较好的/v.胜过 blind adj.失明的/v.使失明 clean adj.干净的/v.打扫 close adj.靠近的/v.关上 dirty adj.脏的/v.弄脏 dry adj.干的/v.使变干 empty adj.空的/v.倒空 narrow adj.狭窄的/v.变窄 open adj.开着的/v.打开 slow adj.慢的/v.变慢 warm adj.温暖的/v.使温暖 动词 副词/介词 near v.接近/adv./prep.在附近 round v.绕行/adv./prep.环绕 三 合成法 合成法即由两个及以上的词合成一个词,有的用连字符“-”连接,有的直接连写在一起,还有的由分开的两个词构成。 1.合成名词 合成方式 示例 名词+名词 birthday生日 bookstore书店 countryside乡村 newspaper报纸 sunlight阳光 名词+动词 daybreak破晓 earthquake地震 haircut理发 名词+动词-ing形式 handwriting笔迹 sightseeing观光 storytelling讲故事 名词+介词+名词 father-in-law岳父;公公 mother-in-law岳母;婆婆 editor-in-chief总编辑 动词+名词 bathroom浴室 playground操场 postcard明信片 动词+副词 breakthrough突破 get-together聚会 takeaway外卖 动词-ing形式+名词 reading-room 阅览室 形容词+名词 blackboard黑板 greenhouse温室 wildlife野生生物 2.合成形容词 合成方式 示例 名词+名词+-ed iron-hearted铁石心肠的 名词+动词-ing形式 eye-catching吸引眼球的 peace-loving爱好和平的 time-saving节省时间的 名词+形容词 duty-free免税的 lifelong终生的 snow-white雪白的 smoke-free无烟的 world-famous世界闻名的 worldwide世界范围的 形容词+名词 full-time全职的 high-class高级的 large-scale大规模的 long-term长期的 new-type新型的 part-time兼职的 形容词+名词+-ed kind-hearted好心的 warm-hearted热心肠的 形容词/副词+动词-ing形式 good-looking好看的 easygoing随和的 everlasting永久的 far-reaching影响深远的 hard-working勤劳的 high-ranking职位高的 形容词/副词+动词-ed形式 so-called所谓的 well-developed发育良好的 well-educated有教养的 形容词/副词+形容词 evergreen常青的 bittersweet甜中有苦的 red-hot炽热的 数词+名词(+形容词) first-class一流的 second-hand二手的 six-year-old 6岁的 数词+名词+-ed one-sided片面的 two-legged两条腿的 four-footed四脚的 其他 face-to-face面对面的 waterproof防水的 3.合成动词 合成方式 示例 名词+动词 sunbathe晒太阳 sleepwalk梦游 typewrite (用打字机)打印 形容词+动词 dry-clean干洗 safeguard保护,捍卫 whitewash粉刷 4.合成副词或代词 oneself自己 myself我自己 yourself你自己 himself他自己 herself她自己 itself它自己 ourselves我们自己 yourselves你们自己 themselves他们自己 somebody某人 anybody任何人 everybody每人 nobody没有人 someone某人 anyone任何人 everyone每人 something某事(物) anything任何事(物) everything每件事(物) nothing没有东西 another另一个 四 缩写和简写 考生可以通过剪切法、混成法和缩写法对单词进行缩写和简写。剪切法是将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的方法。混成法是将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词的方法;后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。缩写法是用词组中每个单词的首字母或用原词前几个字母组成一个新词的方法。 方式 形式 示例 剪切法 剪切掉原词的开头 电话telephone→phone 飞机airplane→plane 剪切掉原词的末尾 出租车taxicab→taxi 考试examination→exam 照片photograph→photo 实验室laboratory→lab 剪切掉原词的两端 流感influenza→flu 混成法 两个词各取一部分混合在一起 早午饭breakfast+lunch→brunch 烟雾smoke+fog→smog 新闻广播news+broadcast→newscast 缩写法 按首字母拼读 联合国United Nations→UN 自己动手做do-it-yourself→DIY 不明飞行物Unidentified Flying Object→UFO 英国广播公司British Broadcasting Corporation→BBC 星期、月份的缩写 Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Sun. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 精练提升 Ⅰ.根据提示写出所给单词的正确形式 1.With plenty of resources easily _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (access) and _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (flexible) to learn at your own pace, online learning is definitely a perfect addition to the traditional education. 2.The _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   of practicing calligraphy cannot be overemphasized. Feeling the peace while writing, one can _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   improve their handwriting and even their artistic abilities. (significant) 3.The Chinese classical novel A Dream of Red Mansions has been adapted for several TV series but the _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (adapt) lose some of its original beauty because the actors and _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (act) who have adapted to modern life can't really get accustomed to the traditional way of life in ancient times. 4.I'm writing to express my _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (appreciate) to you for your support and _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  (encourage). I have appreciated that reading foreign literature in the original is of vital _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  (important) to my English. 5.She carefully gathered her _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  (belong) and placed them inside a small bag. With a heavy heart, she turned her back on the familiar _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (surround)and embarked on a journey into the unknown. 6.The origin of this painting is still a mystery. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (origin), researchers thought it was an _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (origin) creation by a famous artist, but _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   (current) it has turned out to be a fake. Ⅱ.利用三大构词法猜测下列加黑词的词性及含义 1. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while a person is consuming digital content. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   2. Travel promotes understanding, expands our minds, makes us better people, and boosts local economies and communities, but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   3. I've been motivated—and demotivated—by other folks' achievements all my life. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   4. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   5. Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   6. In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researches and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   7. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table._  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   8. If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   9. Visit during off-peak times. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   10. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   11. Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   12. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   Ⅲ.语法填空 (1)The site of Changgan ancient city, unearthed in Xijie site of east China's Nanjing City, has been confirmed to date back to 3,100 years ago,1.   (extend) Nanjing's history by more than 600 years, Nanjing institute of archaeology said. The site of the ancient city, named “Changgan”, the 2.   (early) known name of the city of Nanjing, features relics of a platform, ring ditches, walls, doorways and sacrificial pits. During the excavations that began in 2017, archaeologists 3.   (unearth) four ring ditches from the Shang and Zhou dynasties (1600 BCE.-256 BCE.), containing collapsed rammed-earth walls, said Chen Dahai, 4.   archaeologist with the institute, who was responsible for the excavation. “We also found more evidence supporting our 5.   (conclude), including a well on the side of the ditch 6.   was originally constructed during the late Shang Dynasty and the unearthed pottery 7.   (decorate) with triangular and ladder patterns,” Chen added. According to carbon-14 dating data, it is identified that the various artifacts date back to the period ranging from the late Shang Dynasty 8.   the early Zhou Dynasty. Up to now, the excavation area at the Xijie site has reached 9.   (approximate) 12,000 square meters, with more than 500 relics of various types 10.   over 10,000 specimens (样本) of archaeological importance unearthed. (2) Chinese New Year is a 1.____________(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the 2.____________(begin) of spring. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers carries special 3.____________(significant). They represent the earth coming back to 4.____________(live) and best wishes for new beginnings. These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country: Oranges:Orange trees are more than 5.____________(decorate); they are a symbol of good fortune and 6.____________(wealthy). They make great gifts and you see them many 7.____________(time) decorated with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. Bamboo:Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. Certainly during the holiday period, this plant is 8.____________ must. Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home. They are easy to care for and make great 9.____________(present). 10.____________(branch) of Plum Blossoms (梅花):The beautiful long branches covered with pink­colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting (融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life. Ⅰ.1. [答案]accessible; flexibility 2.[答案]significance; significantly 3.[答案]adaptations; actresses 4.[答案]appreciation; encouragement; importance 5.[答案]belongings; surroundings 6.[答案]Originally; original; currently Ⅱ. 1.[答案]v.多任务运行 2.[答案]n.过度旅游 3.[答案]v.使失去动力,使变得消极 4.[答案]adj.预播种的 5.[答案]v. 翻阅(书页、纸张) 6.[答案]v. 记录;记载 7.[答案]n. 产品,农产品 8.[答案]v.给予特权,特别优待 9.[答案]adj.非高峰期的 10.[答案]adj.一次性的11.[答案]n.夜间,夜晚 12.[答案]v.使靠边;把……排除在核心之外 Ⅲ.【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了南京“长干古城”的发现。 (1)1.extending 2.earliest 3.unearthed 4.an 5.conclusion 6.that/which 7.decorated 8.to 9.approximately 10.And (2) 1. celebration 2. beginning 3. significance 4. life 5. decorations 6. wealth 7. times 8. a 9. presents 10 Branches 第1页 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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2027届高三英语一轮复习专题1-词类和构词法 专练
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2027届高三英语一轮复习专题1-词类和构词法 专练
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2027届高三英语一轮复习专题1-词类和构词法 专练
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