专题07 句子的成分与句子的结构（结构化知识+题型提升练）2027年高考英语一轮复习能力突破

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦句子成分与句子结构核心考点，按“成分类型-结构分类-高频易混点”逻辑构建知识体系，通过真题例句拆解表格和结构化清单，引导学生自主梳理主谓宾定状补等成分及简单句、并列句、复合句结构，形成层级分明的语法知识网络。 亮点在于“真题-知识-能力”三阶联动设计，如基础练习中设置句子结构分析任务，学生通过拆解真题长难句诊断成分识别薄弱点，强化语言能力。题型强化练的附加题要求分析非谓语动词、从句功能，培养思维品质。教师可通过学生完成的句子成分拆解表和错题归因，精准定位复习难点，支持个性化辅导，提升备考实效。

2027年高考英语一轮复习能力突破（结构化知识+题型提升练） 专题07 句子的成分与句子的结构 目录 第一部分 必备知识结构化清单 梳理必备的语言知识点，夯实语言基础能力 第二部分 必备能力题型强化练 必备知识与能力提升练，提升语言运用能力 ◇Part 01 必备知识结构化清单 知｜识｜清｜单 Group 1 英语句子的成分 真题分析 【真题再现】 【2026年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷)，阅读理解C篇】In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. “But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse.” The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 28. What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A. They affect the growth of other trees. B. They absorb less carbon than expected. C. They harm people’s health indirectly. D. They raise the local temperature slowly. 29. Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A. Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B. Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C. Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D. Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 30. What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about. B. Unaware of. C. Related to. D. Optimistic about. 31. What would Auyeung probably advocate? A. Reducing car use in daily life. B. Providing animals with new habitats. C. Controlling population growth. D. Doing more research on the problem. （答案：28. C 29. C 30. B 31. A） 【要点分析】 试题语篇中的句子成分使用举例分析 原句 句子主干 （主谓/主谓宾/主系表） 修饰成分 （定语/状语/同位语/插入语） 句式类型 / 高考考查规律 1 In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. 主谓宾 主语：New York City 谓语：is planting 宾语：tens of thousands of trees 1. 句首介词短语 In line with...spaces：目的/背景状语（高考高频前置状语） 2. 不定式 to expand its green spaces：后置定语，修饰名词 initiatives 3. each year：时间状语 1. 简单句（主谓宾） 2. 考点规律：阅读常以介词短语前置拉长句子；语法填空常考不定式作后置定语 2 They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. 主谓宾（多并列谓语） 主语：They 并列谓语：provide / lower / absorb / remove / provide 对应多个宾语 1. a surprising amount of：定语修饰carbon 2. airborne：形容词前置定语 3. 句尾 along with just plain beauty：伴随状语 1. 并列谓语简单句 2. 考点规律：阅读理解多使用多动词并列拓展信息；完形、语法填空常考并列连词and 3 Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. 主谓宾 主语：Oaks and sweetgums 谓语：produce 宾语：huge amounts of a chemical substance 1. 逗号分隔非限制性定语从句 which...trees：分隔式定语，割裂主谓（高考最难长难句结构） 2. 过去分词短语 called isoprene：后置定语修饰substance 1. 含非限制性定语从句复合句 2. 考点规律：高考阅读核心难点——主谓被定语从句隔开；语法填空常考关系代词which、过去分词作定语 4 Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. 主谓宾 主语：isoprene 谓语：interacts with 宾语：nitrogen oxides 1. 形容词短语 Harmless by itself：句首让步/伴随状语 2. 现在分词 polluting 前置定语；过去分词 released by...industry 后置定语 3. 不定式 to form ozone：结果状语 4. 破折号后 a major factor...：同位语，解释ozone 1. 多非谓语叠加的简单句 2. 考点规律：非谓语作状语/定语、同位语解释名词是阅读理解、语法填空必考；破折号同位语常出推理题定位 5 The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 主谓+双层从句 主句主干：The research found that... 宾语从句主干1：isoprene production will go up 宾语从句并列分句：summer ozone levels (will go up) 1. 过去分词 carried out by...：分隔式后置定语，割裂主句主谓 2. that引导宾语从句，从句内部嵌套if引导条件状语从句 3. in Manhattan/in coming decades/by about 140%：多层介词短语作地点、时间、程度状语 4. resulting 现在分词前置定语修饰ozone levels 1. 主句+宾语从句+嵌套条件状语从句（高考顶级长难句模板） 2. 考点规律：复合句多层嵌套是C/D篇阅读标配；语法填空考查从句引导词that/if、分词作定语 6 “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. 直接引语倒装主谓 主干：Róisín Commane said (直接引语) 引语1主系表：We’re all for planting more trees 引语2主谓宾：They bring good things 1. 动名词 planting more trees：介词for后的宾语 2. study coauthor：同位语修饰人名Róisín Commane 1. 引语倒装句 2. 考点规律：人物观点类阅读高频句式；语法填空常考动名词作介词宾语 7 A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. 主谓宾+宾语从句 主句：A study concluded that... 从句：city trees did release isoprene 1. 过去分词 carried out by...ago：后置定语修饰study 2. that引导宾语从句；助动词did 加强谓语release语气 1. 主谓宾+宾语从句 2. 考点规律：did表强调是语法填空小考点；过去分词后置定语每年必考 8 “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. 引语内复合句 引语主干：We could plant any trees if从句主干：we rethink our lifestyle 1. 定语从句 we want to 省略关系代词that，修饰trees 2. if引导条件状语从句；car-centric 复合形容词作前置定语 1. 定语从句+条件状语从句复合句 2. 考点规律：限制性定语从句省略that为高频语法填空考点 9 “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. 并列句+neither倒装 分句1：We’re not going to go cutting down oaks 分句2：neither will the department stop planting new ones（倒装还原：the department will not stop...） 1. 动名词 cutting down / planting 作宾语 2. neither置于句首触发部分倒装，助动词will提前 1. 并列句+否定词引导倒装句 2. 考点规律：倒装结构是语法填空、改错核心考点；阅读倒装句易看不懂主干 10 Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 主系表+插入语+伴随状语 主句主干：Oaks are keystone species 插入语：she pointed out 1. she pointed out：插入语，割裂主系表 2. 现在分词短语 providing food...animals：句尾伴随状语，表主句带来的附带结果 1. 含插入语、现在分词作伴随状语的主系表句 2. 考点规律：现在分词作结果/伴随状语为高考语法填空、短文改错高频考点 知识回顾 英语句子的成分 名称 核心概念 可充当该成分的词/结构 例句 句子成分拆解解析 主语(S) (句子描述的主体) 动作发出者、被描述的人/事物 名词、代词、动名词、不定式、主语从句 She loves reading. To learn English is important. She（主语）；To learn English（不定式作主语） 谓语(V) (句子唯一核心，不可缺少) 表达动作、状态；分谓语动词（整体作谓语） 1.实义动词(run/study) 2.系动词(be/become) 3.情态动词+实义动词(can do) 4.助动词+实义动词(have finished) He has finished homework. The flower smells sweet. has finished（复合谓语）； smells（系动词谓语） 表语(P) (仅跟在系动词后) 补充说明主语身份、特征、状态 形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、分词、不定式 He is a doctor. The cake tastes delicious. a doctor/ delicious 均为表语 宾语(O) (实义动词/介词的动作承受对象) 动作的承受者；分动宾、介宾；双宾分直宾、间宾 名词、代词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句 I bought him a book. We believe what he said. him（间接宾语）； a book（直接宾语） 宾语补足语(OC) (复合宾语专用) 补充说明宾语的状态、动作，缺则句意不完整 形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词 We keep the room clean. I ask him to help me. clean（宾补）； to help me（不定式宾补） 定语(Att) (修饰名词/代词) 限定、修饰名词，分前置定语、后置定语 形容词、名词、分词、介词短语、定语从句 The girl in red is my sister. in red（介词短语后置定语）； the（前置定语） 状语(Adv) (修饰动词、形容词、整句等) 表时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、方式等 副词、介词短语、分词、状语从句、不定式 He studies hard every night. hard（方式状语）； every night（时间状语） 同位语 (Appositive, App) （紧跟被解释名词后，常用逗号隔开） 放在名词/代词后，用来解释、说明前面名词的具体内容，二者指代同一人/物 名词、代词等 My brother, Jack, is a doctor. Jack 是brother的同位语 Group 2 英语的句子的结构 真题分析 【真题再现】 【2026年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷)，阅读理解C篇】（请参阅前文） 【要点分析】 试题语篇中三类句式使用举例分析 原句 类型 判定标准 结构拆解 Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. 简单句 仅有一套主谓核心结构，不含从句，无并列连词连接独立分句；可搭配介词短语、非谓语作修饰成分 1. 主干主谓：Something（主语）+ could go wrong（谓语） 2. though为副词作让步状语；according to a new study介词短语作补充状语 3. 全句无其他主谓结构，无从句引导词、并列连词 “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. 并列句 两个及以上独立完整简单句，由并列连词and/but/or/neither等连接，各分句语法地位平等 1. 并列连词and连接两套独立主谓分句： 分句1：We（主）+ are not going to go cutting down…（谓） 分句2：the department（主）+ will completely stop planting…（谓，neither倒装） 2. 末尾said Auyeung为主句（引语类简单句） The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 复合句 包含1套主句 + 至少1个依附主句的从句（宾语/状语/定语从句），从句由that/if/which等引导词修饰 1. 主句主干：The research（主语）+ found（谓语）；carried out…过去分词短语作后置定语 2. that引导宾语从句，作found的宾语； 3. 宾语从句内部嵌套if引导的条件状语从句； 4. 宾语从句主句由and并列两组数据变化（并列简化分句） 知识回顾 一、简单句的基本句型 简单句：只包含一套主谓结构，无从句、无并列分句 句型缩写 句型公式 基本用法 典型例句 1. SV 主谓 主语 + 不及物动词 动词后不能直接加宾语，无被动，可加状语 Birds fly. He runs fast. 2. SVP 主系表 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 无实义动作，只描述主语状态 The weather gets cold. 3. SVO 主谓宾 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 动词必须搭配动作承受对象，可变为被动语态 I enjoy music. 4. SVIO DO 主谓双宾 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语(人) + 直接宾语(物) 可改写为：S+V+直宾+to/for+间宾 Mom gave me a gift. = Mom gave a gift to me. 5. SVOC 主谓宾补 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 去掉宾补句子语义残缺 We call him Tom.（him是宾语，Tom补充说明宾语） 二、英语句子的两种分类 分类1：按照句子结构划分（简单句/并列句/复合句） 类型 结构特征 示例 简单句 一套主谓，无从句、无并列连词分句 I finish my homework. 并列句 两套及以上独立简单句，用并列连词连接 I like reading, but my brother likes sports. 复合句 主句+从句（从句由引导词引导，充当主句某一成分） I know that he is honest.（that引导宾语从句） 分类2：按照句子使用用途划分 类型 功能 例句 陈述句 陈述事实、观点（肯定/否定） She doesn’t like coffee. 疑问句 一般疑问句 能用Yes/No回答 Do you live here? 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词(what/who/where)引导 Where will you go? 反意疑问句 对前面陈述的事实等进行附加疑问或追问，用来向对方求证、确认事实 He is honest, isn’t he? 选择疑问句 or 连接选项，不用yes/no回答 Do you like tea or coffee? 祈使句 表命令、请求，主语you省略 Close the window. 感叹句 抒发情绪，what/how引导 How beautiful the park is! 三、并列句 由并列连词连接两个完整独立分句，分句地位平等。 连词功能类别 常用连词 用法规则 例句 顺承、递进 and, both…and, not only…but also 表并列、承接、递进 He opened the door and walked in. 转折、对比 but, yet, while 前后语义相反 He is rich, but he never wastes money. 选择关系 or, either…or, neither…nor 或者、否则 Hurry up, or you will miss the bus. 因果关系 so（结果）, for（原因，不置句首） so后接结果；for补充说明理由 It rained heavily, so we stayed at home. 四、三大主从复合句 1. 名词性从句（从句充当名词功能：主语/宾语/表语/同位语） 从句类型 从句在主句中成分 引导词分类&用法 例句 主语从句 作主句主语 that（无含义不省略）；whether/if（是否）；wh-词(what/who/where) That he passed the exam makes us happy. 宾语从句 作动词/介词宾语 that可省略；if/whether均可；wh-词有实义 I think (that) you are right. 表语从句 连系动词后作表语 that不省略；只用whether不用if The problem is whether we have enough time. 同位语从句 解释抽象名词(如fact/news/idea)内容 只用that，不作成分，不可省略 The news that he will come is true. 2 定语从句（修饰名词/代词等） 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词 引导词分类 引导词 适用先行词 语法功能 例句 关系代词 that/which 事物；that可指人/物 主语、宾语 The book that you bought is great. who/whom 人；who主格，whom宾格 主语、宾语 The girl who helped me is my classmate. whose 人/物 定语，表“……的” The boy whose bag is blue is Tom. 关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语 I still remember the day when we met. where 地点名词 地点状语 This is the school where I studied. why reason 原因状语 Tell me the reason why you left. 注：非限制性定语从句（逗号隔开，不能用that，不能省略引导词） 例：My mother, who is a teacher, works hard. 3. 状语从句（修饰动词/整句） 从句类型 核心引导词 例句 时间状语从句 when/while/as/before/after/since I was reading when he came in. 条件状语从句 if/unless/as long as You will succeed if you keep trying. 原因状语从句 because/since/as He stayed home because he was ill. 让步状语从句 though/although/even if Although it rained, we went hiking. 目的状语从句 so that/in order that She studies hard so that she can enter college. 结果状语从句 so…that/such…that The movie is so moving that we cried. 比较状语从句 than/as…as He runs faster than me. 地点状语从句 where/wherever Plant trees where there is much sunlight. 方式状语从句 as/as if Do as I told you. 五、高中高频易混点辨析 易混概念 区分要点 正反例句对比 定语 vs 宾语补足语 定语修饰名词，去掉句子完整；宾补补充宾语，去掉句意残缺 定语：I know the boy standing there.（去掉standing there句子完整） 宾补：I saw the boy standing there.（去掉后语义不全） 同位语从句 vs 定语从句 同位语that无成分，解释名词；定语that作主/宾 同位语：The news that he won spread fast. 定语：The news that you told me is false. if / whether 介词后、不定式前、or not连用只用whether I don’t know whether to go.（不可用if） for / because because直接回答why；for仅后置补充原因 Because he was tired, he slept early. He slept early, for he was tired. 基｜础｜练｜习 一、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China feeds a fifth of the world’s population with less than one tenth of the world’s farming land. 1 (meet) this demand, the government as early as the Tang and Song dynasties encouraged expanding food production into mountainous areas. Growing rice in the mountains was 2 (technical) challenging because the plant needs clear, standing water. Yet by the Northern Song Dynasty, well-watered rice fields 3 (carve) into slopes as steep as 40 degrees. The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces in Hunan Province date from this era. Even more remarkable, these terraces remain 4 (product) today after over a thousand years. They are 5 perfect example of sustainable development, combining farming expertise 6 advanced hydrological (水利的) engineering. 7 is most impressive is that the terraces guarantee good harvests despite the variations in rainfall year to year. Excess water drains away, while fields are automatically irrigated during shortages — all without external water storage. Although the Ziquejie Terraces still yield high-quality rice and are recognized as a World Heritage Irrigation Structure, they are under serious threat. The narrow terraces, 8 (average) only 1.75 meters in width, limit mechanization, which makes 9 hard to boost yields. Currently, the local government subsidizes (补贴) rice production, and 10 (resident) hope tourism will help preserve this heritage. 【答案】 1．To meet 2．technically 3．had been carved 4．productive 5．a 6．with/and 7．What 8．averaging 9．it 10．residents 【解析】本文介绍中国紫鹊界梯田。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：为满足粮食需求，早在唐宋时期，朝廷就鼓励向山区拓荒增产。空处作目的状语，需用动词不定式，位于句首，首字母需大写。 2．考查副词。句意：在山地种植水稻在技术层面难度很大，因为水稻生长需要洁净的积水环境。修饰形容词challenging，需用副词technically，作状语。 3．考查动词时态语态。句意：但到北宋时期，人们已经在坡度高达40度的山坡上开凿出水源充足的稻田。根据时间状语“Yet by the Northern Song Dynasty,”可知，使用过去完成时，well-watered rice fields和carve为被动关系，需用被动语态，空处需填had been carved。 4．考查形容词。句意：更令人惊叹的是，历经上千年岁月，这些梯田时至今日依旧丰产。remain为系动词，空处需填形容词productive，作表语。 5．考查冠词。句意：它们是可持续发展的一个绝佳典范，将农耕技艺与先进的水利工程融为一体。example为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且perfect发音以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a修饰。 6．考查固定搭配。句意同上。combine…with/and…为固定搭配，意为“把……和……结合”，空处需填with/and。 7．考查主语从句。句意：最令人赞叹的是，即便每年降雨量起伏不定，梯田仍能保障收成丰盈。空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，需用关系代词what引导，位于句首，首字母需大写。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：梯田田埂狭窄，平均宽度仅有1.75米，难以实现机械化耕作，致使粮食增产困难。空处需填非谓语动词，主语the narrow terraces和averag为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。 9．考查代词。句意同上。make+ it+形容词+ to do为固定句型，it为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。 10．考查名词。句意：如今当地政府对水稻种植发放补贴，当地居民也寄望依托旅游业守护这份历史遗产。空处作主语，结合谓语hope可知，需填名词复数形式residents。 二、根据上文的内容，分析上述语篇中部分句子的类型及结构。 句式节选 句子类型 （简单句/并列句/复合句） 句子结构 China feeds a fifth of the world’s population with less than one tenth of the world’s farming land. 简单句 单一主谓结构：主语China，谓语feeds；无从句、无并列独立分句，with介词短语作状语 The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces in Hunan Province date from this era. Excess water drains away, while fields are automatically irrigated during shortages — all without external water storage. Currently, the local government subsidizes rice production, and residents hope tourism will help preserve this heritage. Growing rice in the mountains was technically challenging because the plant needs clear, standing water. What is most impressive is that the terraces guarantee good harvests despite the variations in rainfall year to year. 【答案与解析】 句式节选 句子类型（简单句/并列句/复合句） 句子结构拆解 解析 China feeds a fifth of the world’s population with less than one tenth of the world’s farming land. 简单句 单一主谓结构：主语China，谓语feeds；无从句、无并列独立分句，with介词短语作状语 1. 多用于开篇客观陈述基础背景、基础事实，句式简短直白； 2. 仅一套主谓，靠介词短语、后置定语补充细节，不涉及复杂逻辑； 3. 常用来引入文章主题，交代客观现状。 The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces in Hunan Province date from this era. 简单句 单一主谓结构：主语The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces，谓语date from；in Hunan Province介词短语作后置定语 例1：Excess water drains away, while fields are automatically irrigated during shortages — all without external water storage. 并列句 两套独立主谓分句，由并列连词while连接： 分句1：Excess water drains away 分句2：fields are automatically irrigated during shortages 1. 依靠and/yet/while等并列连词连接两个完整独立句，形成对比、顺承逻辑； 2. 多用于对比两种相反/同步发生的客观现象； 3. 前后分句地位平等，无主句、从句从属关系。 例2：Currently, the local government subsidizes rice production, and residents hope tourism will help preserve this heritage. 并列句 两套独立主谓分句，由并列连词and连接： 分句1：the local government subsidizes rice production 分句2：residents hope tourism will help preserve this heritage 例1：Growing rice in the mountains was technically challenging because the plant needs clear, standing water. 复合句 主句 + because引导的原因状语从句（从属关系） 主句：Growing rice in the mountains was technically challenging 从句：because the plant needs clear, standing water 1. 由引导词搭建「主句+从句」从属结构，分因果、让步、定语、名词性从句； 2. 承担深层说理、解释原因、补充限定、表达核心观点功能； 3. 是说明文表达复杂逻辑的核心句式，也是语法填空高频命题载体。 例2：What is most impressive is that the terraces guarantee good harvests despite the variations in rainfall year to year. 复合句 多层名词性主从复合句： 主语从句What is most impressive（作主语）； 表语从句that the terraces guarantee good harvests…（作表语） ◇Part 02 必备能力题型强化练 一、阅读理解 1 SEA Summer High School Programs 2026 Science at SEA Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors, as well as recent high school graduates, which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The program includes a shore component on the SEA campus in Woods Hole and a sea component aboard the Sailing School Vessel (SSV）Corwith Cramer. July 21 — August 13         Expense: $4,000 SEA Quest SEA Quest is two-week program that welcomes high school students and recent graduates. Participants will gain hands-on experience conducting field research, sailing a tall ship, and understanding of the complexities of creating and managing marine reserves. They return home with a broader sense of the ocean’s importance to our planet and the need to preserve this precious resource for future generations. Life here is fast-paced. No prior sailing experience is necessary. Strong desire to learn is required! July 11 — July 22         Expense: $3,200 SEA Cape This three-week summer program at SEA offers current high school students the opportunity to study the marine environment from a variety of perspectives: scientific, historical, and literary. Participants live and study at our campus in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. June 27 — July 14            Expense: $3,800 SEA Expedition This two-week summer program for high school students, including graduating seniors, is centered on learning by doing. SEA Expedition is a multidisciplinary experience that welcomes students to participate in every aspect of a challenging offshore sailing and oceanographic expedition, and occurs completely aboard the SSV Corwith Cramer. Life at sea is fast-paced and tough. July 5 — July 17              Expense: $3,500 1．Which program lasts the longest? A．Science at SEA． B．SEA Cape. C．SEA Expedition. D．SEA Quest. 2．What is necessary for participants in SEA Quest? A．Previous experience in sailing. B．Ability to conduct scientific experiments. C．Great eagerness to study the sea. D．Knowledge of sea resources preservation. 3．What is special about SEA Expedition? A．It features many relaxing activities. B．It entirely takes place on a ship. C．It allows graduates to participate. D．It offers opportunities of sailing. 附加题1：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors, as well as recent high school graduates, which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 主句谓语动词： 2. 从句谓语动词： 3. 语法规则： 2 Human children and adults often follow trends, but this imitation isn’t unique to our species. A new study suggests wild parrots (鹦鹉) learn to try new foods by copying peers. Animals living in urban environments can meet unusual resources, and expanding their diet is crucial in ever-changing cities. However, they are often cautious about unfamiliar, potentially poisonous food. To judge the risks, some animals use social learning by observing others — a strategy rarely studied in the wild. To check if wild parrots use this way, scientists studied over 700 wild cockatoos in five Sydney areas. Two parrots from different places learned to eat blue or red colored nuts. Then a food box with these nuts was put there. After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes. In a third community, where there were no trained cockatoos, it took four days for the parrots to try the novel food items. But after one parrot — who had moved from the Balmoral Beach community — took the risk, 15 other parrots also ate the nuts within 10 minutes. By the end of the experiment, 349 individuals across five areas were eating colored nuts. The researchers also found males were more likely to influence the behavior of other males. Female parrots were more likely to change their behavior based on social information, regardless of the age or sex of the individuals they observed. What’s more interesting is that young parrots always follow others and copy most parrots’ choices. Yet adult ones care more about their social partners’ actions. 4．What does the underlined word “imitation” in the first paragraph mean? A．Seeking social acceptance. B．Protecting their unique identity. C．Adopting habits from parents. D．Learning through observation. 5．How did parrots react after seeing trained ones eat colored nuts? A．They waited for four days. B．They tried them soon. C．They refused the new food. D．They changed their habits. 6．What did the study find about young parrots? A．They learned faster than adults. B．They were braver than adults. C．They followed most other parrots. D．They preferred social partners. 7．What can be inferred about social learning according to the text? A．It helps animals adapt to new environments. B．It belongs to human nature. C．It prevents animals from trying new foods. D．It works equally for male and female birds. 附加题2：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 非谓语动词： 2. 感官动词固定搭配： 3. 主句谓语动词： 4. 语法规则： 3 Three beams (木梁) span the ceiling of my living room. Wide, weathered, and dark with age, they bear the marks of earlier use — holes where the Douglas fir (花旗松) reveals a past life. I like how they look and how it feels to live under old growth. But mainly I like knowing that the wood, which came from an abandoned factory, spared trees from harvest and kept useful material from being buried as waste. Around the world, more governments and companies are encouraging the idea of wood reuse. Yet turning recovered wood into a climate solution extensively isn’t simple. Among the pioneers of reclaimed materials is Dave Bennink, a deconstruction expert whose teams at Re-Use Consulting have helped relocate or partially deconstruct thousands of structures and trained hundreds of contractors and reclamation teams. Bennink’s work has been involved in many local initiatives — including in Portland, the first U.S. city to require old residential homes to be deconstructed rather than torn down. When the city passed its rule in 2016, he helped train contractors on how to deconstruct buildings piece by piece. Not every effort has succeeded, though — Milwaukee’s short-lived deconstruction rule that was adopted in 2018 has since been suspended, in part because the local market for reclaimed materials is not established enough to support it. In Denver, voters approved the “Waste No More” initiative in 2022, but the rule has yet to be fully carried out. One major concern: whether enough companies exist to handle the work. The city needs a sufficient network of companies that can reclaim and deconstruct, as well as a strong market for reclaimed wood and other materials. Barbara Buser, an architect in Switzerland, argues that the problem lies in the past century of unsustainable building practices — cheap, fast construction with new materials that ignore long-term environmental costs. The real challenge, she says, is changing the way people think about buildings — not to be torn down, but as sources of material. “We could systematically inspect all the structures likely to be taken down and record their parts. That won’t help without more people wanting to reuse the materials.” 8．Why does the author mention the three beams? A．To show the value of old wood. B．To introduce the history of his house. C．To highlight the quality of the Douglas fir. D．To complain about the waste in construction. 9．What prevents reclaimed wood being used extensively? A．A shortage of suitable sites for wood recovery. B．Limited interest from architects and engineers. C．Voters’ strong resistance to taking down old buildings. D．A lack of deconstruction companies and well-developed markets. 10．What is Barbara Buser’s attitude towards the future of wood reuse? A．Conditionally optimistic. B．Considerably doubtful. C．Regretfully pessimistic. D．Entirely unclear. 11．Which best shows the structure of the text? A．Cause → Effect → Solution → Evaluation. B．Situation → Topic → Problem → Reflection. C．Observation → Action → Result → Conclusion. D．Description → Suggestion → Example → Argument. 附加题3：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Bennink’s work has been involved in many local initiatives — including in Portland, the first U.S. city to require old residential homes to be deconstructed rather than torn down. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 主句谓语： 2. 固定动词搭配： 3. rather than的用法： 4. 语法规则： 4 Exam season, like any significant challenge, requires resilience: the strength to recover and persevere. Let’s map out your path to it. Acknowledge your feelings 12 . Try to name those feelings without judgment. You’re not alone in this. Remember you have on-demand access to quick stress-relief resources whenever you need them. Find mindfulness moments Can you find a couple of one-minute breaks in your day to practice mindfulness? Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth. 13 . What do you see, hear, feel? These small moments can anchor you in the present and reduce racing thoughts. Recharge your engine Persistence isn’t about pushing through exhaustion. It’s about strategic breaks. Fuel your body with nourishing food. Aim for short naps or prioritize consistent sleep when you can. Move your body as you’re able — a quick walk can clear your head. 14 . Rethink negative thoughts Is your voice filling you with doubt? Are those thoughts based on facts or fear? 15 . You’ve come this far; you’ve prepared. Believe in your effort. For support in managing anxiety, listen to some online audios for help. 16 Lean on your friends, roommates, or family. Talking about your stress can be incredibly helpful. Remember, our campus also has a supportive community. Don’t hesitate to reach out to tutors, faculty, or the services and resources at Student Health and Wellness. You are not on this journey alone. A．Connect for strength B．Maintain your wellness C．Small acts of self-care refuel your persistence D．Noticing your surroundings may refresh your senses E．Recalling a peaceful moment from your past could work F．It is okay to feel stressed, anxious, or even overwhelmed G．Try to replace them with more balanced and realistic self-talk 附加题4：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 句式类型： 2. 并列谓语动词： 3. 语法规则： 二、完形填空 The day I moved into my apartment, two rainbow lorikeets (彩虹吸蜜鹦鹉) appeared on the balcony (阳台). Within the following weeks, they started 17 together two or three times a day when I was working from home and on the weekend. 18 , they would just sit on the balcony and, in soft voices, politely sing to 19 their arrival. I would come out, say 20 to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover. Though they remained very polite, they started becoming 21 . One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand. Now they 22 try to come into my house, which I’m not a 23 of. Fortunately, they’re very 24 , so I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by 25 I have seeds in my hands. When I was a kid, one of the 26 of going on holidays down the 27 was the fact that lorikeets would show up and 28 . They were always around, and it was such a big part of the holiday experience. The idea that I get to have this beach holiday 29 from my own balcony is really lovely, and such an 30 bonus of the neighborhood. Even though lorikeets are real screamers, I 31 the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable. 17．A．eating up B．looking up C．turning up D．speeding up 18．A．Luckily B．Suddenly C．Rarely D．Initially 19．A．indicate B．delay C．greet D．resist 20．A．no B．hello C．thanks D．sorry 21．A．busier B．healthier C．cleverer D．braver 22．A．seldom B．still C．once D．even 23．A．model B．critic C．fan D．discoverer 24．A．well-behaved B．multi-skilled C．curiosity-inspired D．food-motivated 25．A．predicting B．pretending C．promising D．perceiving 26．A．highlights B．daydreams C．backgrounds D．setbacks 27．A．desert B．valley C．coast D．mountain 28．A．calm down B．hang out C．give in D．go on 29．A．schedule B．challenge C．feeling D．fishing 30．A．unexpected B．unlimited C．unnecessary D．unimportant 31．A．explain B．find C．remember D．anticipate 附加题5：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子中的动词使用的分析。 原句 动词使用分析 1 The day I moved into my apartment, two rainbow lorikeets appeared on the balcony. 1. 定语从句谓语moved、主句谓语appeared均为一般过去时，描述过去一次性发生的动作； 2. moved into为“动词+介词”固定搭配，表迁入；appeared不及物动词，无宾语。 2 Within the following weeks, they started turning up together two or three times a day. 3 I would come out, say hello to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover. 4 One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand. 5 Now they even try to come into my house, which I’m not a fan of. 6 I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by pretending I have seeds in my hands. 7 The idea that I get to have this beach holiday feeling from my own balcony is really lovely. 8 Even though lorikeets are real screamers, I find the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable. 三、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The National Centre for the Performing Arts held the third “Spring of Chinese Music” festival this April, 32 brought a great music feast to music lovers. The event ran for three weeks, drawing big crowds. Aiming 33 (pass) down traditional music culture and encourage cross-field cooperation (合作), the organizers of the festival have made it an important platform for music exchange since 2022. From April 2 to 25, many wonderful concerts 34 (hold) in Beijing, featuring world-class 35 (conductor) and music groups from home and abroad. On April 2, the China National Traditional Orchestra gave a joint concert with a Russian music group based in St. Petersburg, 36 (reflect) the cultural characteristics of the two countries. During the festival, audiences enjoyed 37 wide range of music styles, from classical to folk. Many skilled performers played different traditional musical instruments 38 stage. Their melodies on erhu, pipa and other instruments amazed everyone present. 39 (recognize) as a master of the morin khuur, Chi Bulag impressed the audience with 40 (he) band Wild Horse. Meanwhile, many music colleges also offered excellent performances, 41 (successful) mixing traditional music with dance, handwriting art and modern stage technology. 四、写作 假定你是李华，你校将举办一场主题为“用英语讲好中国故事” (Telling China’s Stories in English) 的英语演讲比赛。请你写一封邮件，邀请外教Mr. Smith担任评委。内容包括： 1. 比赛的目的、时间和地点； 2. 评委的职责(如评分、点评等)； 3. 表达感谢并期待回复。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Mr. Smith, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 参考答案 一、 1 1．A 2．C 3．B 【解析】文章主要介绍了2026年SEA夏季高中项目的四个课程，包括时间、费用和特点等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据Science at SEA部分中“July 21 — August 13(7月21日至8月13日)”以及SEA Quest部分中“July 11 — July 22(7月11日至7月22日)”、SEA Cape部分中“June 27 — July 14(6月27日至7月14日)”、SEA Expedition部分中“July 5 — July 17(7月5日至7月17日)”可知，Science at SEA为期24天，持续时间最长。 2．细节理解题。根据SEA Quest部分中“Strong desire to learn is required!(需要有强烈的学习欲望！)”可知，参与者需要具备强烈的学习意愿。 3．细节理解题。根据SEA Expedition部分中“SEA Expedition is a multidisciplinary experience that welcomes students to participate in every aspect of a challenging offshore sailing and oceanographic expedition, and occurs completely aboard the SSV Corwith Cramer.(SEA远征是一个多学科的体验项目，欢迎学生参与具有挑战性的离岸航行和海洋考察的各个方面，并且全程在SSV Corwith Cramer号船上进行。)”可知，该项目全程在船上进行，这是其独特之处。 附加题1：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors, as well as recent high school graduates, which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 句子结构 主从复合句：主句+非限制性定语从句，which指代前文整句话先行词a four-week program 结构分析 1. 主句谓语动词：is（一般现在时系动词），介绍客观项目信息，应用文介绍类文本统一使用一般现在时描述固有属性、项目内容； 2. 定语从句谓语动词：focuses（一般现在时实义动词，第三人称单数）； 3. 语法规则：定语从句关系代词which作主语时，从句谓语动词单复数与先行词保持一致；先行词为单数可数名词program，因此从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式focuses； 2 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 【解析】本文主要讲述了一项新研究发现野生鹦鹉能够通过模仿同伴来学习尝试新食物。 4．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Human children and adults often follow trends, but this imitation isn’t unique to our species. A new study suggests wild parrots (鹦鹉) learn to try new foods by copying peers.(人类儿童和成人经常追随潮流，但这种imitation并非人类独有。一项新研究表明，野生鹦鹉会通过模仿同类来学习尝试新食物)”可知，this imitation指的是前面“人类儿童和成人追随潮流”这件事，结合后文讲述野生鹦鹉通过模仿同类的行为学习新食物，可推测出imitation的含义是“模仿”，即通过观察进行学习。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes.(在观察过经过训练的鹦鹉进食后，巴尔莫勒尔海滩的其他鹦鹉在七分钟之内就开始食用这些带颜色的坚果了)”可知，鹦鹉看到经过训练的鹦鹉吃彩色坚果后，很快就开始尝试这些新食物。 6．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“What’s more interesting is that young parrots always follow others and copy most parrots’ choices.(更有趣的是，年幼的鹦鹉总会跟随其他鹦鹉，模仿大多数鹦鹉的选择)”可知，研究发现年幼鹦鹉会跟随大多数其他鹦鹉的选择。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段“Animals living in urban environments can meet unusual resources, and expanding their diet is crucial in ever-changing cities. However, they are often cautious about unfamiliar, potentially poisonous food. To judge the risks, some animals use social learning by observing others — a strategy rarely studied in the wild.(生活在城市环境中的动物会遇到不寻常的资源，在不断变化的城市中扩大饮食范围是至关重要的。但它们通常对不熟悉、可能有毒的食物十分谨慎。为了判断风险，一些动物会通过观察其他个体进行社会学习——这是很少在野外环境中研究的策略)”可知，社会学习可以帮助动物判断新食物的风险，扩大饮食范围，进而帮助它们适应不断变化的新环境。 附加题2：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes. 句子结构 时间状语（after引导非谓语结构）+ 主句；非谓语动词作时间状语，主谓一致结构 结构分析 1. 非谓语动词：after为介词，后接动名词watching作宾语，介词后动词必须使用doing形式； 2. 感官动词固定搭配：watch sb. do sth.（观看某人做某事全过程），因此watch后接不带to的动词原形eat； 3. 主句谓语动词：ate（一般过去时），整篇实验研究类说明文，描述过去开展的实验过程，叙事动词统一使用一般过去时； 4. 语法规则：介词后动词用动名词；感官动词watch/see/hear后接省to不定式作宾语补足语；描述过去实验、过往事件，全文基础时态为一般过去时。 3 8．A 9．D 10．A 11．B 【解析】文章首先以个人经历引出木材再利用的话题，接着介绍了全球范围内政府和企业在推动木材再利用方面的努力，以及面临的挑战，最后通过专家观点反思了建筑行业不可持续的做法和未来木材再利用的前景。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“I like how they look and how it feels to live under old growth. But mainly I like knowing that the wood, which came from an abandoned factory, spared trees from harvest and kept useful material from being buried as waste.(我喜欢它们的样子，也喜欢生活在古老木材下的感觉。但最主要的是，我喜欢知道这些来自废弃工厂的木材，使树木免遭砍伐，并让有用的材料免于被当作废物填埋)”可推知，作者提到三根木梁是为了展示旧木材的价值——既美观又环保。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“One major concern: whether enough companies exist to handle the work. The city needs a sufficient network of companies that can reclaim and deconstruct, as well as a strong market for reclaimed wood and other materials.(一个主要担忧：是否有足够的公司来处理这项工作。该市需要足够数量的能够回收和拆解的公司网络，以及一个强大的回收木材和其他材料的市场)”可知，阻碍回收木材广泛使用的因素是缺乏拆解公司和成熟的市场。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We could systematically inspect all the structures likely to be taken down and record their parts. That won’t help without more people wanting to reuse the materials.(我们可以系统地检查所有可能被拆除的建筑并记录其部件。但如果没有更多人想要再利用这些材料，这也没有用)”可推知，Barbara Buser认为木材再利用的未来是有条件的乐观——技术上可行，但需要更多人的参与和意愿。 11．推理判断题。根据文章结构分析：第一段以作者家中三根木梁的观察（Situation）引出木材再利用的话题；第二段提出全球范围内政府和公司正在鼓励木材再利用这一主题（Topic）；第三、四段通过具体案例（Portland的成功、Milwaukee和Denver的困难）以及专家观点指出存在的问题（Problem）；最后一段Barbara Buser对不可持续建筑实践的反思（Reflection）可推知，文章结构为“情境→主题→问题→反思”。 附加题3：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Bennink’s work has been involved in many local initiatives — including in Portland, the first U.S. city to require old residential homes to be deconstructed rather than torn down. 句子结构 现在完成时被动语态主句+后置定语+动词不定式作宾语补足语 结构分析 1. 主句谓语：has been involved（现在完成时被动语态），主语work和动词involve构成被动关系，强调过去动作对现在造成的影响（他的工作至今仍作用于当地项目）； 2. 固定动词搭配：require sth. to be done（要求某物被……），homes和deconstruct、tear down均为被动关系，因此使用动词不定式被动形式to be deconstructed / (to be) torn down； 3. rather than的用法：连接并列被动结构，前后动词形式保持一致； 4. 语法规则：表示“要求某物被处理”，require后接不定式被动结构；并列连词连接动词时，形式必须保持对称统一。 4 12．F 13．D 14．C 15．G 16．A 【解析】文章就备考季如何培养韧性、缓解考前压力提出建议。 12．根据小标题“Acknowledge your feelings.(正视情绪。)”和下文“Try to name those feelings without judgment. You’re not alone in this.(试着客观说出自己的情绪，不必苛责自己。有这种感受的不止你一人。)”可知，本段主题接纳情绪，空处总起整段，先点明考前负面情绪是正常现象，引出下文客观看待情绪。F项“感到压力、焦虑甚至不知所措都是正常的。”承接小标题，引出后文对情绪的描述。 13．根据上文“Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth.(试着做一组简短的深呼吸：用鼻子缓缓吸气，再用嘴巴慢慢呼气。)”和下文“What do you see, hear, feel?(你看见了什么、听见了什么、感受到了什么？)”可知，上文介绍深呼吸，下文提问看、听、触觉，D项“留意身边环境可以舒缓感官、提振状态。”衔接深呼吸动作和后文感官提问，构成连贯的正念练习步骤。 14．小标题是“Recharge your engine.(休整蓄力。)”；上文“. It’s about strategic breaks. Fuel your body with nourishing food. Aim for short naps or prioritize consistent sleep when you can. Move your body as you’re able — a quick walk can clear your head.( 关键在于科学安排休息。食用营养膳食为身体补充能量，条件允许时小憩片刻或优先保证规律睡眠。力所能及地活动身体，短途散步就能理清思绪、舒缓大脑。)”罗列饮食、睡眠、运动等各类自我照料方式，C 项“点滴的自我关怀，能为你的坚持积蓄能量。”对上文所有小事总结，点明这些小事的作用：补充耐力、助力坚持，完美收束本段。 15．小标题是“Rethink negative thoughts.(重新思考负面想法。)”；根据上文“Is your voice filling you with doubt? Are those thoughts based on facts or fear?(你内心是否满是自我怀疑？这些想法是源于客观事实，还是内心的恐惧？)”和下文“You’ve come this far; you’ve prepared. Believe in your effort.(你已经走到现在，也做好了备考准备。相信自己付出的努力。)”可知，上文提出质疑消极想法，下文鼓励相信自己，空处衔接前后，给出解决办法：替换消极内心想法，G项“试着用更客观理性、切合实际的内心想法取而代之。”紧扣 “重塑负面思维”主题。 16．本空为段落小标题。根据下文“Lean on your friends, roommates, or family. Talking about your stress can be incredibly helpful. Remember, our campus also has a supportive community. Don’t hesitate to reach out to tutors, faculty, or the services and resources at Student Health and Wellness.( 多依靠朋友、室友和家人。倾诉烦恼往往能极大缓解压力。别忘了校园里也有暖心的帮扶社群。遇到困扰尽管去找辅导老师、教职人员，或是学生健康服务中心寻求帮助、利用相关资源。)”可知，整段核心是依靠身边人、寻求外界帮助，A项“联系以获得力量”概括本段求助、与人联结获得支持的主旨。 附加题4：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth. 句子结构 祈使句+并列动词短语 结构分析 1. 句式类型：全文为给考生提建议的文本，通篇使用祈使句，动词原形置于句首，省略主语you； 2. 并列谓语动词：inhale与exhale为并列动词，由逗号连接，形式完全统一，均使用动词原形； 3. 语法规则：建议、警示、说明类文体，祈使句统一用动词原形开头；祈使句中的并列谓语动词无时态变化，前后形式必须完全一致，不需要进行人称、时态变形。 二、 17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B 21．D 22．D 23．C 24．D 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．B 29．C 30．A 31．B 【解析】本文讲述了彩虹吸蜜鹦鹉从最初在作者的阳台出现、到逐渐亲近、甚至试图进屋的日常互动，展现了与野生动物之间建立起的温暖而有趣的联结，并抒发了这种“足不出户就能享受海边度假般体验”的意外惊喜与对它们的喜爱之情。 17．考查动词。句意：在接下来的几周里，当我在家和周末工作时，它们开始每天一起出现两三次。A. eating up吃光；B. looking up仰望；C. turning up出现；D. speeding up加速。根据前文“two rainbow lorikeets (彩虹吸蜜鹦鹉) appeared on the balcony (阳台).”可知，前文提到两只鹦鹉第一次出现在阳台，因此后来几周里，一天出现两三次。 18．考查副词。句意：起初，它们只是坐在阳台上，用温柔的声音礼貌地唱歌来表示它们的到来。A. Luckily幸运地；B. Suddenly突然；C. Rarely很少；D. Initially起初。根据后文“they would just sit on the balcony”以及“I would come out”描述最初的情况，可知此处指起初它们只是坐着。 19．考查动词。句意：同上。A. indicate表明，表示；B. delay延迟；C. greet问候；D. resist抵抗。根据后文“I would come out, say to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover.”可知，作者会出来给它们一些葵花籽，因此它们唱歌是为了表示它们的到来。 20．考查名词。句意：我会出来，跟它们打招呼，并给它们一些葵花籽，因为我是个鸟类爱好者。A. no不；B. hello你好；C. thanks谢谢；D. sorry抱歉。根据后文“give them some sunflower seeds”可知，作者会给它们一些葵花籽，因此作者要先和鹦鹉打招呼，说“你好”。 21．考查形容词比较级。句意：虽然它们仍然非常有礼貌，但它们开始变得更勇敢了。A. busier更忙的；B. healthier更健康的；C. cleverer更聪明的；D. braver更勇敢的。根据后文“One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand.”可知，鹦鹉开始飞到作者手上，说明它们变得更勇敢了。 22．考查副词。句意：现在它们甚至试图进入我的房子，这不是我所喜欢的。A. seldom很少；B. still仍然；C. once曾经；D. even甚至。根据前文“they just flew onto my hand”和后文“try to come into my house”可知，前后文的鹦鹉行为为递进关系，“甚至”想进屋。 23．考查名词。句意：同上。A. model模型，模范；B. critic批评家；C. fan爱好者，迷；D. discoverer发现者。根据后文“Fortunately, they’re very , so I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by I have seeds in my hands.”可知，作者假装手里有种子引它们出去，因此作者并不喜欢它们进屋，not a fan of意为“不喜欢”。 24．考查形容词。句意：幸运的是，它们非常容易被食物驱使，所以我能够通过假装手里有种子来鼓励它们回到外面。A. well-behaved表现好的；B. multi-skilled多技能的；C. curiosity-inspired受好奇心驱使的；D. food-motivated受食物驱使的。根据后文“so I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by I have seeds in my hands.”可知，作者假装手里有种子引它们出去，因此鹦鹉因为食物而行动，说明它们是受食物驱使的。 25．考查动词。句意：同上。A. predicting预测；B. pretending假装；C. promising承诺；D. perceiving感知。根据“encourage them to go back outside”和“I have seeds in my hands”可知，作者假装手里有种子引它们出去。 26．考查名词。句意：当我还是个孩子的时候，去海边度假的亮点之一是吸蜜鹦鹉会出现并闲逛。A. highlights亮点；B. daydreams白日梦；C. backgrounds背景；D. setbacks挫折。根据后文“They were always around, and it was such a big part of the holiday experience.”可知，吸蜜鹦鹉围绕着作者，作者认为是最有乐趣的事情，因此鹦鹉出现是度假的亮点。 27．考查名词。句意：同上。A. desert沙漠；B. valley山谷；C. coast海岸；D. mountain山。根据后文“beach holiday”的提示可知，度假地点是海边。 28．考查动词短语。句意：同上。A. calm down平静下来；B. hang out闲逛；C. give in屈服；D. go on继续。根据后文“They were always around”可知，鹦鹉会围绕在周围，因此它们会出现并到处闲逛。 29．考查名词。句意：想到我能从自己的阳台上拥有这种海滩度假的感觉，真的很高兴，这也是社区一个意想不到的额外收获。A. schedule日程；B. challenge挑战；C. feeling感觉；D. fishing钓鱼。根据空前“get to have this beach holiday”和空后“from my own balcony”可知，鹦鹉每天飞到作者阳台上，让作者能从自己的阳台上拥有海滩度假的感觉。 30．考查形容词。句意：同上。A. unexpected意想不到的；B. unlimited无限的；C. unnecessary不必要的；D. unimportant不重要的。根据前文“The idea that I get to have this beach holiday from my own balcony is really lovely”可知，作者能从自己的阳台上拥有海滩度假的感觉，这种体验是意外之喜，因此是“意想不到的”。 31．考查动词。句意：尽管吸蜜鹦鹉是真正的尖叫者，但我发现来到我阳台上的这些鹦鹉美丽、有趣，而且百看不厌。A. explain解释；B. find发现；C. remember记住；D. anticipate预期。根据空后“the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable”可知，这是作者对它们的观察后的发现，发现它们美丽、有趣，而且百看不厌。 附加题5：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子中的动词使用的分析。 原句 动词使用分析 1 The day I moved into my apartment, two rainbow lorikeets appeared on the balcony. 1. 定语从句谓语moved、主句谓语appeared均为一般过去时，描述过去一次性发生的动作； 2. moved into为“动词+介词”固定搭配，表迁入；appeared不及物动词，无宾语。 2 Within the following weeks, they started turning up together two or three times a day. 1. 主句谓语started一般过去时，描述过去开始的行为； 2. 固定结构start doing sth，动名词turning up作宾语； 3. 短语动词turn up（出现）整体作非谓语核心。 3 I would come out, say hello to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover. 1. would + 动词原形（come/say/give）连用，表过去经常性、习惯性动作； 2. 三个实义动词并列作谓语，共用情态助动词would； 3. give sb sth双宾语动词结构。 4 One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand. 1. when引导时间状语从句，从句put、主句flew均为一般过去时，描述过去同步发生动作； 2. put过去式同原形，fly不规则变化flew。 5 Now they even try to come into my house, which I’m not a fan of. 1. 主句谓语try一般现在时，描述当下常态行为； 2. 固定搭配try to do sth，不定式to come作宾语； 3. 非限制性定语从句无独立谓语动词，依托主句时态。 6 I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by pretending I have seeds in my hands. 1. have been able to现在完成时，表从过去持续到现在具备的能力； 2. encourage sb to do不定式作宾语补足语； 3. 介词by后接动名词pretending作方式状语，pretending后接省略that的宾语从句。 7 The idea that I get to have this beach holiday feeling from my own balcony is really lovely. 1. 主句系动词is一般现在时，主语为抽象名词idea； 2. 同位语从句谓语get to have，一般现在时，表客观感受； 3. get to do固定结构，表“得以、能够做某事”。 8 Even though lorikeets are real screamers, I find the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable. 1. 让步状语从句系动词are、主句谓语find均为一般现在时； 2. find后嵌套宾语从句，宾语从句内部定语从句谓语come； 3. 多层从句谓语统一使用一般现在时，描述客观固有特征。 三、 32．which 33．to pass 34．were held 35．conductors 36．reflecting 37．a 38．on 39．Recognized 40．his 41．successfully 【解析】文章介绍了今年四月国家大剧院举办第三届“中国音乐之春”的相关情况。 32．考查定语从句。句意：今年四月，国家大剧院举办了第三届“中国音乐之春”，给音乐爱好者带来了一场音乐盛宴。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the third “Spring of Chinese Music” festival，指事物，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句。 33．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了传承传统音乐文化并促进跨领域合作，自2022年起，主办方已将其打造成重要的音乐交流平台。固定搭配aim to do sth.​ 表示“旨在做某事”，所以填不定式to pass。 34．考查时态与语态。句意：从4月2日至25日，北京举办了许多精彩的音乐会，汇聚了来自国内外的世界级指挥家和乐团。空处为句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语From April 2 to 25可知，句子为一般过去时，many wonderful concerts​与动词hold​ 构成被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were。 35．考查名词复数。句意同上。空处和后文music groups作并列宾语，​所以此处应指多位指挥家，用该名词的复数形式。 36．考查非谓语动词。句意：4月2日，中国民族乐团与俄罗斯圣彼得堡的一个音乐团体联合演出，展现了两国的文化特色。主句已有谓语gave，此处需用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。 37．考查冠词。句意：节日期间，观众欣赏了从古典到民乐的多种音乐风格。a wide range of​为固定搭配，意为“广泛的……”a。 38．考查介词。句意：许多技艺精湛的表演者在舞台上演奏不同的传统乐器。on stage​为固定搭配，意为“在舞台上”。 39．考查非谓语动词。句意：被公认为马头琴大师的齐·布拉格与他的乐队“野马”令观众印象深刻。空处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语Chi Bulag​与recognize​构成被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。 40．考查代词。句意同上。修饰名词band，需用形容词性物主代词his。 41．考查副词。句意：与此同时，许多音乐学院也带来了精彩的演出，成功地将传统音乐与舞蹈、书法艺术和现代舞台技术融合在一起。修饰动词mixing，需用副词作状语，successful的副词为successfully“成功地”。 四、 Dear Mr. Smith, I am Li Hua. I am writing to sincerely invite you to be a judge for our upcoming English speech contest, which aims to improve students’ English speaking skills and spread Chinese culture. Themed ‌“Telling China’s Stories in English”, the contest is scheduled to take place in the school lecture hall at 2:00 pm next Friday. As a judge, you are expected to score the contestants’ performances and give some professional comments. We would be highly honored if you could accept our invitation. Thank you for your time and I am looking forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【解析】题目要求李华给外教Mr. Smith写一封邮件，邀请他担任学校英语演讲比赛的评委，包含比赛相关信息与评委职责等内容。 1.词汇积累 诚挚地：sincerely → earnestly 竞赛：contest → competition 专业的：professional → expert 荣幸的：honored → privileged 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：As a judge, you are expected to score the contestants’ performances and give some professional comments. 拓展句：As a judge, what you are expected to do is to score the contestants’ performances and give some professional comments. [高分句型1] I am writing to sincerely invite you to be a judge for our upcoming English speech contest, which aims to improve students’ English speaking skills and spread Chinese culture. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] We would be highly honored if you could accept our invitation. (运用了if引导的条件状语从句) ( 1 / 2 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027年高考英语一轮复习能力突破（结构化知识+题型提升练） 专题07 句子的成分与句子的结构 目录 第一部分 必备知识结构化清单 梳理必备的语言知识点，夯实语言基础能力 第二部分 必备能力题型强化练 必备知识与能力提升练，提升语言运用能力 ◇Part 01 必备知识结构化清单 知｜识｜清｜单 Group 1 英语句子的成分 真题分析 【真题再现】 【2026年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷)，阅读理解C篇】In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. “But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse.” The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 28. What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A. They affect the growth of other trees. B. They absorb less carbon than expected. C. They harm people’s health indirectly. D. They raise the local temperature slowly. 29. Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A. Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B. Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C. Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D. Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 30. What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Honest about. B. Unaware of. C. Related to. D. Optimistic about. 31. What would Auyeung probably advocate? A. Reducing car use in daily life. B. Providing animals with new habitats. C. Controlling population growth. D. Doing more research on the problem. （答案：28. C 29. C 30. B 31. A） 【要点分析】 试题语篇中的句子成分使用举例分析 原句 句子主干 （主谓/主谓宾/主系表） 修饰成分 （定语/状语/同位语/插入语） 句式类型 / 高考考查规律 1 In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. 主谓宾 主语：New York City 谓语：is planting 宾语：tens of thousands of trees 1. 句首介词短语 In line with...spaces：目的/背景状语（高考高频前置状语） 2. 不定式 to expand its green spaces：后置定语，修饰名词 initiatives 3. each year：时间状语 1. 简单句（主谓宾） 2. 考点规律：阅读常以介词短语前置拉长句子；语法填空常考不定式作后置定语 2 They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. 主谓宾（多并列谓语） 主语：They 并列谓语：provide / lower / absorb / remove / provide 对应多个宾语 1. a surprising amount of：定语修饰carbon 2. airborne：形容词前置定语 3. 句尾 along with just plain beauty：伴随状语 1. 并列谓语简单句 2. 考点规律：阅读理解多使用多动词并列拓展信息；完形、语法填空常考并列连词and 3 Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. 主谓宾 主语：Oaks and sweetgums 谓语：produce 宾语：huge amounts of a chemical substance 1. 逗号分隔非限制性定语从句 which...trees：分隔式定语，割裂主谓（高考最难长难句结构） 2. 过去分词短语 called isoprene：后置定语修饰substance 1. 含非限制性定语从句复合句 2. 考点规律：高考阅读核心难点——主谓被定语从句隔开；语法填空常考关系代词which、过去分词作定语 4 Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. 主谓宾 主语：isoprene 谓语：interacts with 宾语：nitrogen oxides 1. 形容词短语 Harmless by itself：句首让步/伴随状语 2. 现在分词 polluting 前置定语；过去分词 released by...industry 后置定语 3. 不定式 to form ozone：结果状语 4. 破折号后 a major factor...：同位语，解释ozone 1. 多非谓语叠加的简单句 2. 考点规律：非谓语作状语/定语、同位语解释名词是阅读理解、语法填空必考；破折号同位语常出推理题定位 5 The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 主谓+双层从句 主句主干：The research found that... 宾语从句主干1：isoprene production will go up 宾语从句并列分句：summer ozone levels (will go up) 1. 过去分词 carried out by...：分隔式后置定语，割裂主句主谓 2. that引导宾语从句，从句内部嵌套if引导条件状语从句 3. in Manhattan/in coming decades/by about 140%：多层介词短语作地点、时间、程度状语 4. resulting 现在分词前置定语修饰ozone levels 1. 主句+宾语从句+嵌套条件状语从句（高考顶级长难句模板） 2. 考点规律：复合句多层嵌套是C/D篇阅读标配；语法填空考查从句引导词that/if、分词作定语 6 “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. 直接引语倒装主谓 主干：Róisín Commane said (直接引语) 引语1主系表：We’re all for planting more trees 引语2主谓宾：They bring good things 1. 动名词 planting more trees：介词for后的宾语 2. study coauthor：同位语修饰人名Róisín Commane 1. 引语倒装句 2. 考点规律：人物观点类阅读高频句式；语法填空常考动名词作介词宾语 7 A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. 主谓宾+宾语从句 主句：A study concluded that... 从句：city trees did release isoprene 1. 过去分词 carried out by...ago：后置定语修饰study 2. that引导宾语从句；助动词did 加强谓语release语气 1. 主谓宾+宾语从句 2. 考点规律：did表强调是语法填空小考点；过去分词后置定语每年必考 8 “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. 引语内复合句 引语主干：We could plant any trees if从句主干：we rethink our lifestyle 1. 定语从句 we want to 省略关系代词that，修饰trees 2. if引导条件状语从句；car-centric 复合形容词作前置定语 1. 定语从句+条件状语从句复合句 2. 考点规律：限制性定语从句省略that为高频语法填空考点 9 “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. 并列句+neither倒装 分句1：We’re not going to go cutting down oaks 分句2：neither will the department stop planting new ones（倒装还原：the department will not stop...） 1. 动名词 cutting down / planting 作宾语 2. neither置于句首触发部分倒装，助动词will提前 1. 并列句+否定词引导倒装句 2. 考点规律：倒装结构是语法填空、改错核心考点；阅读倒装句易看不懂主干 10 Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 主系表+插入语+伴随状语 主句主干：Oaks are keystone species 插入语：she pointed out 1. she pointed out：插入语，割裂主系表 2. 现在分词短语 providing food...animals：句尾伴随状语，表主句带来的附带结果 1. 含插入语、现在分词作伴随状语的主系表句 2. 考点规律：现在分词作结果/伴随状语为高考语法填空、短文改错高频考点 知识回顾 英语句子的成分 名称 核心概念 可充当该成分的词/结构 例句 句子成分拆解解析 主语(S) (句子描述的主体) 动作发出者、被描述的人/事物 名词、代词、动名词、不定式、主语从句 She loves reading. To learn English is important. She（主语）；To learn English（不定式作主语） 谓语(V) (句子唯一核心，不可缺少) 表达动作、状态；分谓语动词（整体作谓语） 1.实义动词(run/study) 2.系动词(be/become) 3.情态动词+实义动词(can do) 4.助动词+实义动词(have finished) He has finished homework. The flower smells sweet. has finished（复合谓语）； smells（系动词谓语） 表语(P) (仅跟在系动词后) 补充说明主语身份、特征、状态 形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、分词、不定式 He is a doctor. The cake tastes delicious. a doctor/ delicious 均为表语 宾语(O) (实义动词/介词的动作承受对象) 动作的承受者；分动宾、介宾；双宾分直宾、间宾 名词、代词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句 I bought him a book. We believe what he said. him（间接宾语）； a book（直接宾语） 宾语补足语(OC) (复合宾语专用) 补充说明宾语的状态、动作，缺则句意不完整 形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词 We keep the room clean. I ask him to help me. clean（宾补）； to help me（不定式宾补） 定语(Att) (修饰名词/代词) 限定、修饰名词，分前置定语、后置定语 形容词、名词、分词、介词短语、定语从句 The girl in red is my sister. in red（介词短语后置定语）； the（前置定语） 状语(Adv) (修饰动词、形容词、整句等) 表时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、方式等 副词、介词短语、分词、状语从句、不定式 He studies hard every night. hard（方式状语）； every night（时间状语） 同位语 (Appositive, App) （紧跟被解释名词后，常用逗号隔开） 放在名词/代词后，用来解释、说明前面名词的具体内容，二者指代同一人/物 名词、代词等 My brother, Jack, is a doctor. Jack 是brother的同位语 Group 2 英语的句子的结构 真题分析 【真题再现】 【2026年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷)，阅读理解C篇】（请参阅前文） 【要点分析】 试题语篇中三类句式使用举例分析 原句 类型 判定标准 结构拆解 Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. 简单句 仅有一套主谓核心结构，不含从句，无并列连词连接独立分句；可搭配介词短语、非谓语作修饰成分 1. 主干主谓：Something（主语）+ could go wrong（谓语） 2. though为副词作让步状语；according to a new study介词短语作补充状语 3. 全句无其他主谓结构，无从句引导词、并列连词 “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. 并列句 两个及以上独立完整简单句，由并列连词and/but/or/neither等连接，各分句语法地位平等 1. 并列连词and连接两套独立主谓分句： 分句1：We（主）+ are not going to go cutting down…（谓） 分句2：the department（主）+ will completely stop planting…（谓，neither倒装） 2. 末尾said Auyeung为主句（引语类简单句） The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 复合句 包含1套主句 + 至少1个依附主句的从句（宾语/状语/定语从句），从句由that/if/which等引导词修饰 1. 主句主干：The research（主语）+ found（谓语）；carried out…过去分词短语作后置定语 2. that引导宾语从句，作found的宾语； 3. 宾语从句内部嵌套if引导的条件状语从句； 4. 宾语从句主句由and并列两组数据变化（并列简化分句） 知识回顾 一、简单句的基本句型 简单句：只包含一套主谓结构，无从句、无并列分句 句型缩写 句型公式 基本用法 典型例句 1. SV 主谓 主语 + 不及物动词 动词后不能直接加宾语，无被动，可加状语 Birds fly. He runs fast. 2. SVP 主系表 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 无实义动作，只描述主语状态 The weather gets cold. 3. SVO 主谓宾 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 动词必须搭配动作承受对象，可变为被动语态 I enjoy music. 4. SVIO DO 主谓双宾 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语(人) + 直接宾语(物) 可改写为：S+V+直宾+to/for+间宾 Mom gave me a gift. = Mom gave a gift to me. 5. SVOC 主谓宾补 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 去掉宾补句子语义残缺 We call him Tom.（him是宾语，Tom补充说明宾语） 二、英语句子的两种分类 分类1：按照句子结构划分（简单句/并列句/复合句） 类型 结构特征 示例 简单句 一套主谓，无从句、无并列连词分句 I finish my homework. 并列句 两套及以上独立简单句，用并列连词连接 I like reading, but my brother likes sports. 复合句 主句+从句（从句由引导词引导，充当主句某一成分） I know that he is honest.（that引导宾语从句） 分类2：按照句子使用用途划分 类型 功能 例句 陈述句 陈述事实、观点（肯定/否定） She doesn’t like coffee. 疑问句 一般疑问句 能用Yes/No回答 Do you live here? 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词(what/who/where)引导 Where will you go? 反意疑问句 对前面陈述的事实等进行附加疑问或追问，用来向对方求证、确认事实 He is honest, isn’t he? 选择疑问句 or 连接选项，不用yes/no回答 Do you like tea or coffee? 祈使句 表命令、请求，主语you省略 Close the window. 感叹句 抒发情绪，what/how引导 How beautiful the park is! 三、并列句 由并列连词连接两个完整独立分句，分句地位平等。 连词功能类别 常用连词 用法规则 例句 顺承、递进 and, both…and, not only…but also 表并列、承接、递进 He opened the door and walked in. 转折、对比 but, yet, while 前后语义相反 He is rich, but he never wastes money. 选择关系 or, either…or, neither…nor 或者、否则 Hurry up, or you will miss the bus. 因果关系 so（结果）, for（原因，不置句首） so后接结果；for补充说明理由 It rained heavily, so we stayed at home. 四、三大主从复合句 1. 名词性从句（从句充当名词功能：主语/宾语/表语/同位语） 从句类型 从句在主句中成分 引导词分类&用法 例句 主语从句 作主句主语 that（无含义不省略）；whether/if（是否）；wh-词(what/who/where) That he passed the exam makes us happy. 宾语从句 作动词/介词宾语 that可省略；if/whether均可；wh-词有实义 I think (that) you are right. 表语从句 连系动词后作表语 that不省略；只用whether不用if The problem is whether we have enough time. 同位语从句 解释抽象名词(如fact/news/idea)内容 只用that，不作成分，不可省略 The news that he will come is true. 2 定语从句（修饰名词/代词等） 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词 引导词分类 引导词 适用先行词 语法功能 例句 关系代词 that/which 事物；that可指人/物 主语、宾语 The book that you bought is great. who/whom 人；who主格，whom宾格 主语、宾语 The girl who helped me is my classmate. whose 人/物 定语，表“……的” The boy whose bag is blue is Tom. 关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语 I still remember the day when we met. where 地点名词 地点状语 This is the school where I studied. why reason 原因状语 Tell me the reason why you left. 注：非限制性定语从句（逗号隔开，不能用that，不能省略引导词） 例：My mother, who is a teacher, works hard. 3. 状语从句（修饰动词/整句） 从句类型 核心引导词 例句 时间状语从句 when/while/as/before/after/since I was reading when he came in. 条件状语从句 if/unless/as long as You will succeed if you keep trying. 原因状语从句 because/since/as He stayed home because he was ill. 让步状语从句 though/although/even if Although it rained, we went hiking. 目的状语从句 so that/in order that She studies hard so that she can enter college. 结果状语从句 so…that/such…that The movie is so moving that we cried. 比较状语从句 than/as…as He runs faster than me. 地点状语从句 where/wherever Plant trees where there is much sunlight. 方式状语从句 as/as if Do as I told you. 五、高中高频易混点辨析 易混概念 区分要点 正反例句对比 定语 vs 宾语补足语 定语修饰名词，去掉句子完整；宾补补充宾语，去掉句意残缺 定语：I know the boy standing there.（去掉standing there句子完整） 宾补：I saw the boy standing there.（去掉后语义不全） 同位语从句 vs 定语从句 同位语that无成分，解释名词；定语that作主/宾 同位语：The news that he won spread fast. 定语：The news that you told me is false. if / whether 介词后、不定式前、or not连用只用whether I don’t know whether to go.（不可用if） for / because because直接回答why；for仅后置补充原因 Because he was tired, he slept early. He slept early, for he was tired. 基｜础｜练｜习 一、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China feeds a fifth of the world’s population with less than one tenth of the world’s farming land. 1 (meet) this demand, the government as early as the Tang and Song dynasties encouraged expanding food production into mountainous areas. Growing rice in the mountains was 2 (technical) challenging because the plant needs clear, standing water. Yet by the Northern Song Dynasty, well-watered rice fields 3 (carve) into slopes as steep as 40 degrees. The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces in Hunan Province date from this era. Even more remarkable, these terraces remain 4 (product) today after over a thousand years. They are 5 perfect example of sustainable development, combining farming expertise 6 advanced hydrological (水利的) engineering. 7 is most impressive is that the terraces guarantee good harvests despite the variations in rainfall year to year. Excess water drains away, while fields are automatically irrigated during shortages — all without external water storage. Although the Ziquejie Terraces still yield high-quality rice and are recognized as a World Heritage Irrigation Structure, they are under serious threat. The narrow terraces, 8 (average) only 1.75 meters in width, limit mechanization, which makes 9 hard to boost yields. Currently, the local government subsidizes (补贴) rice production, and 10 (resident) hope tourism will help preserve this heritage. 二、根据上文的内容，分析上述语篇中部分句子的类型及结构。 句式节选 句子类型 （简单句/并列句/复合句） 句子结构 China feeds a fifth of the world’s population with less than one tenth of the world’s farming land. 简单句 单一主谓结构：主语China，谓语feeds；无从句、无并列独立分句，with介词短语作状语 The spectacular Ziquejie Terraces in Hunan Province date from this era. Excess water drains away, while fields are automatically irrigated during shortages — all without external water storage. Currently, the local government subsidizes rice production, and residents hope tourism will help preserve this heritage. Growing rice in the mountains was technically challenging because the plant needs clear, standing water. What is most impressive is that the terraces guarantee good harvests despite the variations in rainfall year to year. ◇Part 02 必备能力题型强化练 一、阅读理解 1 SEA Summer High School Programs 2026 Science at SEA Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors, as well as recent high school graduates, which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The program includes a shore component on the SEA campus in Woods Hole and a sea component aboard the Sailing School Vessel (SSV）Corwith Cramer. July 21 — August 13         Expense: $4,000 SEA Quest SEA Quest is two-week program that welcomes high school students and recent graduates. Participants will gain hands-on experience conducting field research, sailing a tall ship, and understanding of the complexities of creating and managing marine reserves. They return home with a broader sense of the ocean’s importance to our planet and the need to preserve this precious resource for future generations. Life here is fast-paced. No prior sailing experience is necessary. Strong desire to learn is required! July 11 — July 22         Expense: $3,200 SEA Cape This three-week summer program at SEA offers current high school students the opportunity to study the marine environment from a variety of perspectives: scientific, historical, and literary. Participants live and study at our campus in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. June 27 — July 14            Expense: $3,800 SEA Expedition This two-week summer program for high school students, including graduating seniors, is centered on learning by doing. SEA Expedition is a multidisciplinary experience that welcomes students to participate in every aspect of a challenging offshore sailing and oceanographic expedition, and occurs completely aboard the SSV Corwith Cramer. Life at sea is fast-paced and tough. July 5 — July 17              Expense: $3,500 1．Which program lasts the longest? A．Science at SEA． B．SEA Cape. C．SEA Expedition. D．SEA Quest. 2．What is necessary for participants in SEA Quest? A．Previous experience in sailing. B．Ability to conduct scientific experiments. C．Great eagerness to study the sea. D．Knowledge of sea resources preservation. 3．What is special about SEA Expedition? A．It features many relaxing activities. B．It entirely takes place on a ship. C．It allows graduates to participate. D．It offers opportunities of sailing. 附加题1：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Science at SEA is a four-week program for rising high school juniors and seniors, as well as recent high school graduates, which focuses on the coastal and offshore marine environment around Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 主句谓语动词： 2. 从句谓语动词： 3. 语法规则： 2 Human children and adults often follow trends, but this imitation isn’t unique to our species. A new study suggests wild parrots (鹦鹉) learn to try new foods by copying peers. Animals living in urban environments can meet unusual resources, and expanding their diet is crucial in ever-changing cities. However, they are often cautious about unfamiliar, potentially poisonous food. To judge the risks, some animals use social learning by observing others — a strategy rarely studied in the wild. To check if wild parrots use this way, scientists studied over 700 wild cockatoos in five Sydney areas. Two parrots from different places learned to eat blue or red colored nuts. Then a food box with these nuts was put there. After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes. In a third community, where there were no trained cockatoos, it took four days for the parrots to try the novel food items. But after one parrot — who had moved from the Balmoral Beach community — took the risk, 15 other parrots also ate the nuts within 10 minutes. By the end of the experiment, 349 individuals across five areas were eating colored nuts. The researchers also found males were more likely to influence the behavior of other males. Female parrots were more likely to change their behavior based on social information, regardless of the age or sex of the individuals they observed. What’s more interesting is that young parrots always follow others and copy most parrots’ choices. Yet adult ones care more about their social partners’ actions. 4．What does the underlined word “imitation” in the first paragraph mean? A．Seeking social acceptance. B．Protecting their unique identity. C．Adopting habits from parents. D．Learning through observation. 5．How did parrots react after seeing trained ones eat colored nuts? A．They waited for four days. B．They tried them soon. C．They refused the new food. D．They changed their habits. 6．What did the study find about young parrots? A．They learned faster than adults. B．They were braver than adults. C．They followed most other parrots. D．They preferred social partners. 7．What can be inferred about social learning according to the text? A．It helps animals adapt to new environments. B．It belongs to human nature. C．It prevents animals from trying new foods. D．It works equally for male and female birds. 附加题2：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 After watching the trained parrots eat, other parrots in Balmoral Beach ate the colored nuts within seven minutes. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 非谓语动词： 2. 感官动词固定搭配： 3. 主句谓语动词： 4. 语法规则： 3 Three beams (木梁) span the ceiling of my living room. Wide, weathered, and dark with age, they bear the marks of earlier use — holes where the Douglas fir (花旗松) reveals a past life. I like how they look and how it feels to live under old growth. But mainly I like knowing that the wood, which came from an abandoned factory, spared trees from harvest and kept useful material from being buried as waste. Around the world, more governments and companies are encouraging the idea of wood reuse. Yet turning recovered wood into a climate solution extensively isn’t simple. Among the pioneers of reclaimed materials is Dave Bennink, a deconstruction expert whose teams at Re-Use Consulting have helped relocate or partially deconstruct thousands of structures and trained hundreds of contractors and reclamation teams. Bennink’s work has been involved in many local initiatives — including in Portland, the first U.S. city to require old residential homes to be deconstructed rather than torn down. When the city passed its rule in 2016, he helped train contractors on how to deconstruct buildings piece by piece. Not every effort has succeeded, though — Milwaukee’s short-lived deconstruction rule that was adopted in 2018 has since been suspended, in part because the local market for reclaimed materials is not established enough to support it. In Denver, voters approved the “Waste No More” initiative in 2022, but the rule has yet to be fully carried out. One major concern: whether enough companies exist to handle the work. The city needs a sufficient network of companies that can reclaim and deconstruct, as well as a strong market for reclaimed wood and other materials. Barbara Buser, an architect in Switzerland, argues that the problem lies in the past century of unsustainable building practices — cheap, fast construction with new materials that ignore long-term environmental costs. The real challenge, she says, is changing the way people think about buildings — not to be torn down, but as sources of material. “We could systematically inspect all the structures likely to be taken down and record their parts. That won’t help without more people wanting to reuse the materials.” 8．Why does the author mention the three beams? A．To show the value of old wood. B．To introduce the history of his house. C．To highlight the quality of the Douglas fir. D．To complain about the waste in construction. 9．What prevents reclaimed wood being used extensively? A．A shortage of suitable sites for wood recovery. B．Limited interest from architects and engineers. C．Voters’ strong resistance to taking down old buildings. D．A lack of deconstruction companies and well-developed markets. 10．What is Barbara Buser’s attitude towards the future of wood reuse? A．Conditionally optimistic. B．Considerably doubtful. C．Regretfully pessimistic. D．Entirely unclear. 11．Which best shows the structure of the text? A．Cause → Effect → Solution → Evaluation. B．Situation → Topic → Problem → Reflection. C．Observation → Action → Result → Conclusion. D．Description → Suggestion → Example → Argument. 附加题3：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Bennink’s work has been involved in many local initiatives — including in Portland, the first U.S. city to require old residential homes to be deconstructed rather than torn down. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 主句谓语： 2. 固定动词搭配： 3. rather than的用法： 4. 语法规则： 4 Exam season, like any significant challenge, requires resilience: the strength to recover and persevere. Let’s map out your path to it. Acknowledge your feelings 12 . Try to name those feelings without judgment. You’re not alone in this. Remember you have on-demand access to quick stress-relief resources whenever you need them. Find mindfulness moments Can you find a couple of one-minute breaks in your day to practice mindfulness? Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth. 13 . What do you see, hear, feel? These small moments can anchor you in the present and reduce racing thoughts. Recharge your engine Persistence isn’t about pushing through exhaustion. It’s about strategic breaks. Fuel your body with nourishing food. Aim for short naps or prioritize consistent sleep when you can. Move your body as you’re able — a quick walk can clear your head. 14 . Rethink negative thoughts Is your voice filling you with doubt? Are those thoughts based on facts or fear? 15 . You’ve come this far; you’ve prepared. Believe in your effort. For support in managing anxiety, listen to some online audios for help. 16 Lean on your friends, roommates, or family. Talking about your stress can be incredibly helpful. Remember, our campus also has a supportive community. Don’t hesitate to reach out to tutors, faculty, or the services and resources at Student Health and Wellness. You are not on this journey alone. A．Connect for strength B．Maintain your wellness C．Small acts of self-care refuel your persistence D．Noticing your surroundings may refresh your senses E．Recalling a peaceful moment from your past could work F．It is okay to feel stressed, anxious, or even overwhelmed G．Try to replace them with more balanced and realistic self-talk 附加题4：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子的分析。 具体内容 原句 Try a quick deep breathing exercise: inhale slowly through your nose, exhale slowly through your mouth. 句子结构 结构分析 1. 句式类型： 2. 并列谓语动词： 3. 语法规则： 二、完形填空 The day I moved into my apartment, two rainbow lorikeets (彩虹吸蜜鹦鹉) appeared on the balcony (阳台). Within the following weeks, they started 17 together two or three times a day when I was working from home and on the weekend. 18 , they would just sit on the balcony and, in soft voices, politely sing to 19 their arrival. I would come out, say 20 to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover. Though they remained very polite, they started becoming 21 . One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand. Now they 22 try to come into my house, which I’m not a 23 of. Fortunately, they’re very 24 , so I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by 25 I have seeds in my hands. When I was a kid, one of the 26 of going on holidays down the 27 was the fact that lorikeets would show up and 28 . They were always around, and it was such a big part of the holiday experience. The idea that I get to have this beach holiday 29 from my own balcony is really lovely, and such an 30 bonus of the neighborhood. Even though lorikeets are real screamers, I 31 the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable. 17．A．eating up B．looking up C．turning up D．speeding up 18．A．Luckily B．Suddenly C．Rarely D．Initially 19．A．indicate B．delay C．greet D．resist 20．A．no B．hello C．thanks D．sorry 21．A．busier B．healthier C．cleverer D．braver 22．A．seldom B．still C．once D．even 23．A．model B．critic C．fan D．discoverer 24．A．well-behaved B．multi-skilled C．curiosity-inspired D．food-motivated 25．A．predicting B．pretending C．promising D．perceiving 26．A．highlights B．daydreams C．backgrounds D．setbacks 27．A．desert B．valley C．coast D．mountain 28．A．calm down B．hang out C．give in D．go on 29．A．schedule B．challenge C．feeling D．fishing 30．A．unexpected B．unlimited C．unnecessary D．unimportant 31．A．explain B．find C．remember D．anticipate 附加题5：根据上述语篇的内容，按照下列表格的要求完成对句子中的动词使用的分析。 原句 动词使用分析 1 The day I moved into my apartment, two rainbow lorikeets appeared on the balcony. 1. 定语从句谓语moved、主句谓语appeared均为一般过去时，描述过去一次性发生的动作； 2. moved into为“动词+介词”固定搭配，表迁入；appeared不及物动词，无宾语。 2 Within the following weeks, they started turning up together two or three times a day. 3 I would come out, say hello to them, and give them some sunflower seeds because I’m a bird lover. 4 One day, when I put seeds on the balcony, they just flew onto my hand. 5 Now they even try to come into my house, which I’m not a fan of. 6 I’ve been able to encourage them to go back outside by pretending I have seeds in my hands. 7 The idea that I get to have this beach holiday feeling from my own balcony is really lovely. 8 Even though lorikeets are real screamers, I find the ones that come to my balcony are beautiful, funny, and endlessly watchable. 三、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The National Centre for the Performing Arts held the third “Spring of Chinese Music” festival this April, 32 brought a great music feast to music lovers. The event ran for three weeks, drawing big crowds. Aiming 33 (pass) down traditional music culture and encourage cross-field cooperation (合作), the organizers of the festival have made it an important platform for music exchange since 2022. From April 2 to 25, many wonderful concerts 34 (hold) in Beijing, featuring world-class 35 (conductor) and music groups from home and abroad. On April 2, the China National Traditional Orchestra gave a joint concert with a Russian music group based in St. Petersburg, 36 (reflect) the cultural characteristics of the two countries. During the festival, audiences enjoyed 37 wide range of music styles, from classical to folk. Many skilled performers played different traditional musical instruments 38 stage. Their melodies on erhu, pipa and other instruments amazed everyone present. 39 (recognize) as a master of the morin khuur, Chi Bulag impressed the audience with 40 (he) band Wild Horse. Meanwhile, many music colleges also offered excellent performances, 41 (successful) mixing traditional music with dance, handwriting art and modern stage technology. 四、写作 假定你是李华，你校将举办一场主题为“用英语讲好中国故事” (Telling China’s Stories in English) 的英语演讲比赛。请你写一封邮件，邀请外教Mr. Smith担任评委。内容包括： 1. 比赛的目的、时间和地点； 2. 评委的职责(如评分、点评等)； 3. 表达感谢并期待回复。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Mr. Smith, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua ( 1 / 2 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $