衔接点03 名词(讲义,全国通用)英语小升初衔接

2026-06-22
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进店逛逛

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学段 初中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 七年级
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 名词
使用场景 小升初衔接
学年 2026-2027
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 ZIP
文件大小 785 KB
发布时间 2026-06-22
更新时间 2026-06-22
作者 Love英语
品牌系列 上好课·小升初衔接
审核时间 2026-06-22
下载链接 https://m.zxxk.com/soft/58405270.html
价格 3.00储值(1储值=1元)
来源 学科网

内容正文:

衔接点03 名词(小初考点差异及衔接) 小学视角 初中展望 1. 名词的基本分类 2. 名词的数 3. 名词所有格的构成 1. 可数名词和不可数名词 2. 名词的句法功能 3. 名词所有格 4. 名词的词义辨析 衔接引导 小学阶段: 小学阶段主要侧重认识名词、识记词义,重点掌握名词单复数基础变形、单数名词所有格、专有名词大写规则,依靠固定规则、直观数量判断形式,题目以基础识记为主。常见题型为: ①用所给名词的正确形式填空(侧重单复数转换)。 ②看图 / 根据中文提示写出单词(单 / 复数形式)。 ③单项选择题(辨析单复数、a/an 搭配、简单所有格)。 ④判断单词书写、复数形式、专有名词大小写正误。 ⑤简单英汉互译(名词及名词所有格短语)。 初中阶段: 初中阶段要求学生构建完整名词知识体系,深入区分可数与不可数名词,熟练掌握全套单复数规则、各类名词所有格、量词搭配、限定词辨析,能结合上下文语境、句子结构判断名词形式,知识点联动冠词、主谓一致、近义词辨析,出题更加灵活综合。主要的题型为: ①用所给单词的适当形式填空(单复数、所有格综合变形)。 ②单项选择题(可数 / 不可数辨析、限定词搭配、所有格、近义词辨析、主谓一致)。 ③句型改错(纠正单复数、所有格、量词使用错误)。 ④词形转换题。 ⑤短文填空、完形填空(结合语境选用并变形名词)。 ⑥书面表达(规范使用名词单复数、所有格及固定搭配)。 小学名词考点梳理 一、名词的基本分类 名词用来表示人、事物、地点、时间、抽象概念,核心分为两大类,也是后续考点的基础。 (一)按词汇含义划分 专有名词 表示特定的人、地点、节日、国家、品牌等,首字母必须大写,一般无复数。 例:China(中国)、Beijing(北京)、Tom(汤姆)、Monday(周一)、Christmas(圣诞节) 普通名词 表示一类人或事物的统称,分为 4 小类: ①个体名词:单个的人 / 物,可数 例:student, book, dog, tree ②集体名词:表示一群人 / 事物的整体 例:family, class, people, team ③物质名词:无法分割的物质、材料,不可数 例:water, rice, milk, paper ④抽象名词:情感、状态、概念等,不可数 例:time, happiness, homework, news (二)按语法属性划分(考试核心分类) 可数名词:可以直接用数字计数,有单数、复数两种形式。 单数:名词原形;复数:按照规则 / 不规则变化。 不可数名词:无法直接用数字计数,只有单数形式,无复数,不能直接搭配 a/an。 二、名词的数(最高频考点,单选、填空、改错必考) (一)可数名词 1. 单数形式 名词本身原形,前面常加 a / an / one / this / that 等限定词。 例:a pen(一支钢笔)、an apple(一个苹果)、one box(一个盒子) 2. 复数形式变化规则 (1)规则变化 变化规则 例词 一般情况,直接加 -s book→books、girl→girls 以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾,加 -es bus→buses、box→boxes、watch→watches 辅音字母 + y 结尾,变 y 为 i,再加 -es city→cities、baby→babies 元音字母 (a/e/i/o/u) + y 结尾,直接加 -s boy→boys、day→days 以 f / fe 结尾,变 f/fe 为 v,再加 -es knife→knives、leaf→leaves 辅音字母 + o 结尾 有生命:加 - es(tomato→tomatoes、potato→potatoes) 无生命:加 - s(photo→photos、zoo→zoos) (2)不规则复数变化(必须熟记) 类型 例子 改变元音 man→men男人, woman→women女人, foot→feet脚, tooth→teeth牙齿, goose→geese鹅 词尾加 -en child→children孩子, ox→oxen公牛 单复数同形 sheep→sheep绵阳, deer→deer鹿, fish→fish(指鱼的数量时) 中日好友 Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese 特殊 mouse→mice老鼠, person→people(通常) (3)易混特殊词 people:本身表复数,无 peoples;表 “多个民族” 时,可用 peoples fruit:泛指水果,不可数;指多种水果,复数 fruits fish:表条数,单复同形;表不同种类的鱼,复数 fishes (二)不可数名词 核心特征:①无复数形式,不能加 s/es;②不能直接用 a/an、数词修饰;③作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 常见不可数名词清单(小升初需掌握): weather, information, news, work(工作,不是作品), homework, housework, fun, music, bread, rice, meat, fish(当鱼肉讲时), chicken(当鸡肉讲时), paper(当纸讲时) 小升初高频不可数名词 物质类:water, milk, bread, rice, juice, meat, paper 抽象类:homework, work, time, money, news 3. 不可数名词的量化(常考点) 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能直接用数词修饰。要表达数量,需使用 “数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词” 结构。量词本身是可数的。 一条建议:a piece of advice 两杯水:two glasses of water 三碗米饭:three bowls of rice 十条新闻:ten pieces of news ▶ 规则:量词随数字变复数,后面名词永远不变 例:a cup of tea(一杯茶)→ two cups of tea(两杯茶) a piece of bread(一片面包)→ three pieces of bread(三片面包) 修饰词区分 many + 可数名词复数 much + 不可数名词 some /any:既可接可数复数,也可接不可数名词 典型例题 There ______ (be) some milk in the glass. 答案:is I'd like two ______ (piece) of cake. 答案:pieces 三、名词所有格(表示 “…… 的”,单选、翻译、写作重点) 分为 's 所有格、of 所有格、双重所有格三大类,同时区分共同拥有与分别拥有。 情况 规则 例子 单数名词 词尾加 ’s my mother‘s bag, Tom’s book 以s结尾的复数名词 只加 ’ the teachers‘ office, my parents’ car 不以s结尾的复数名词 加 ’s the children‘s toys, men’s room 两人共同拥有 最后一个名词加 ’s Lily and Lucy‘s room(两人共有一间房) 两人各自拥有 每个名词后都加 ’s Lily’s and Lucy's rooms(两人各有自己的房间) 四、拓展考点(小升初常考补充) (一)名词作定语 一个名词修饰另一个名词,通常用单数形式。 例:a shoe shop 鞋店、an apple tree 苹果树、a pencil box 铅笔盒 ✅ 唯一特例(必记):sports 作定语永远用复数 sports meeting 运动会 sports shoes 运动鞋 (二)高频易混名词辨析(完形、单选常考) house / home / family house:房屋(建筑物本身) home:家(生活地点、带有情感) family:家庭;家人 question / problem question:口头 / 书面问题,搭配 ask /answer problem:难题、麻烦,搭配 solve job / work job:可数名词(a job 一份工作) work:不可数名词(much work 很多工作) 典例示范 1.—How many __________ do you need? —Three kilos. A.honey B.milk C.meat D.apples 2.I want to buy_________ . A.a pair of shoe B.a piece of shoes C.a pair of shoes D.a piece of shoe 3.—What are these? —They are ________, ________ and ________. A.mouses; foxs; wolfs B.mice; foxes; wolves C.mice; foxs; wolves D.mouses; foxes; wolfs 4.This is ________ desk. They share it together. A.Lily’s and Lucy’s B.Lily and Lucy C.Lily’s and Lucy D.Lily and Lucy’s 5.Our school is pretty famous. Three _________ and four ________ will come to visit our school next week. A.Japanese; Germen B.Japaneses; Germans C.Japanese; Germans 6.—Would you like to go hiking with me this weekend? —I’d love to. But I’ll have ________ homework to do and ________ clothes to wash. A.much too; too much B.too much; too many C.too many; too much D.too many; much too 7.I need two ________ of ________ for breakfast. A.bottle; milks B.bottles; milk C.bottle; milk D.bottles; milks 8.September 10th is ________ Day. A.Teacher B.Teachers’ C.Mothers D.Mother 9.—When do you eat mooncakes?   —We eat them on ________. A.New Year’s Day B.Christmas C.Mid-Autumn Festival 10.—Can I help you, madam? —Yes. I’d like three ________ and two ________. A.orange; orange juice B.oranges; boxes of orange juice C.oranges; box of orange juice D.oranges; boxes of orange juices 即学即练习 1.—Would you like to go hiking with me this weekend? —I’d love to. But I’ll have ________ homework to do and ________ clothes to wash. A.much too; too much B.too much; too many C.too many; too much D.too many; much too 2.I need two ________ of ________ for breakfast. A.bottle; milks B.bottles; milk C.bottle; milk D.bottles; milks 3.September 10th is ________ Day. A.Teacher B.Teachers’ C.Mothers D.Mother 4.—When do you eat mooncakes?   —We eat them on ________. A.New Year’s Day B.Christmas C.Mid-Autumn Festival 5.—Can I help you, madam? —Yes. I’d like three ________ and two ________. A.orange; orange juice B.oranges; boxes of orange juice C.oranges; box of orange juice D.oranges; boxes of orange juices 解题方略 解题三步法 判断名词是可数 / 不可数; 看前面修饰词(数词 /many/much),确定单复数; 考查所有格:有人 / 动物用's,无生命用 of,多人共有看末尾。 记忆口诀 名词分可数不可数,单复变化要记牢; s/x/ch/sh 加 es,辅 y 变 i 再加 es; f/fe 变 v 加 es,两菜 o 后配 es; 羊鹿鱼形永不变,男人女人变元音。 名词表 “谁的”,人用's 物用 of; 复数带 s 只加撇,共同所有最后标。 【基础通关】 一、单项选择 1.There are some ________ in the park. They are flying kites. A.child B.children C.a child D.the child 2.There are some________ in the________. A.pencil; boxs B.pencils; boxes C.pencils; boxs D.pencil; box 3.—What would you like to drink? —I’d like two ________ of apple ________. A.bottle; juice B.bottles; juices C.bottle; juices D.bottles; juice 4.This pair of glasses is ________. A.Lucy’s mother B.Lucy’s mother’s C.Lucy’s mothers D.Lucy’s mothers’ 5.This is ________ room. It’s tidy and clean. A.Lily and Lucy B.Lily’s and Lucy’s C.Lily and Lucy’s D.Lily’s and Lucy 6.There are a lot of _________ in the park at weekends. A.child B.people C.man D.woman 7.—Which is your favorite festival? —________. It’s a special (特别的) time for family members to get together in autumn. A.Spring Festival B.Mid-Autumn Festival C.Double-Ninth Festival 8.________ comes before October and it’s the ________ month of the year. A.September, nine B.September, ninth C.November, eleventh D.November, eleven 9.—Do you get a ________? —Yes, I ________ in a school and I have much ________ to do every day. A.job; work; work B.work; job; work C.job; job; work D.work; work; job 10.—How about these________? —Great. I’ll take one pair for sports. A.red skirts B.purple hats C.sports shoes D.white T-shirts 二、完形填空 阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Today is Sunday. My 1 don’t go to work and I don’t go to school. So we go to the 2 to do some farm work. My uncle is a farmer. He has many 3 trees on his farm. We often help him 4 apples. I also like to milk the 5 because I like to drink its milk. We get up early this 6 . We all wear our 7 clothes so we can work easily. My mother also buys some toys 8 my uncle’s son, David. 9 all like him very much. I think my uncle will give us some apples when we come back. I like to eat 10 very much. I also like to work on the farm. 1.A.teachers B.friends C.parents D.cousins 2.A.office B.farm C.hospital D.school 3.A.pear B.orange C.apple D.banana 4.A.pick B.eat C.grow D.cut 5.A.duck B.horse C.sheep D.cow 6.A.evening B.morning C.afternoon D.night 7.A.old B.large C.new D.warm 8.A.to B.with C.at D.for 9.A.He B.We C.Us D.They 10.A.apples B.bananas C.grapes D.oranges 三、短文填空 阅读下面短文并填空,然后将答案写到答题卡的相应位置(如有提示词,则填入提示词的正确形式;如无提示词,则填入1个适当的单词)。 Our school life is full of fun. Peter is a Grade 6 student. On weekdays, he usually gets up at 7:00 am. Then he helps his parents 1 some housework. After a quick breakfast, he rides his bike to school. In the morning, Peter has four 2 (lesson). He likes biology best 3 he loves learning about plants and animals. He also likes PE a lot and he often plays basketball with his classmates at break. Peter enjoys 4 (read) books a lot. After lunch, he usually goes to the library and reads storybooks 5 (quiet). There are many after-school activities in Peter’s school. He is 6 member of the tennis club. The club members practise tennis every Tuesday afternoon. They would like to join some 7 (excite) games this term. Every month, Peter 8 (go) on a field trip to a forest with his teachers and classmates. He always has a good time with 9 (they) and feels happy to enjoy the beauty of nature. Through (通过) all these 10 (meaning) activities, Peter learns the importance of teamwork and makes many new friends. He says his school life is really great. 【培优提升】 一、单项选择 1.—What else do we need for the party? —Some candles and ________. A.a kilo of apple B.one and a half kilo of apples C.two kilos of apple D.two kilos of apples 2.— Are there three ________ in the picture?     — No, they are three________. A.fox; wolf B.fox; wolves C.foxes; wolf D.foxes; wolves 3.There _______ some orange juice and many _______ on the table. A.are; oranges B.is; oranges C.is; orange D.are; orange 4.—There are many ________ of this farm. —Yes, you can see lots of ________ are planted there. A.photo; potato B.photos; potatos C.photos; potatoes D.photoes; potatoes 5.—Whose caps are these? —They’re ________. They like wearing caps. A.Lucy and Lily’s B.Lucy’s and Lily’s C.Lucy and Lily D.Lucy’s and Lily 6.—What is in your classroom. Tom? —Some desks and chairs, a blackboard, a computer and a _______ desk. A.teachers B.teachers’ C.teacher’s D.teacher 7.There are twenty _______ teachers and twenty-eight _______ teachers in our school. A.man; woman B.man; women C.men; woman D.men; women 8.I like ________ and ________ for breakfast. A.egg; milks B.eggs; milk C.egg; milk D.eggs; milks 9.—May I help you, sir? —________, please. A.Some beef and two glass of water B.Some beef and two glass of waters C.Some beef and two glasses of water D.Some beef and two glasses of waters 10.This ______ and this pair of ______ are made of ______. A.glass, glasses, glasses B.glasses, glass, glass C.glasses, glasses, glass D.glass, glasses, glass 二、完形填空 Rick doesn’t like math. He thinks the 1 is boring. And he doesn’t think it is 2 . One Saturday, Mrs. White asks Rick to help out in her 3 store. There are many people in it 4 all the clothes are on sale (特价出售). Rick goes to a woman and asks, “What can I do for you?” The woman says she wants to 5 a sweater. After some time, the woman says, “OK, I’ll take this one. What’s the price (价格) of it?” Rick says, “It is 600 yuan, but you can take this 6 at half price. You just need to pay (支付) 300 yuan.” “I see. I’m a member of your store. I can still 7   a 15% discount (折扣), right?” “Oh, yes,” Rick says. “Then, you just need to pay 45 yuan.” “Are you 8 ?” asks the woman. Mrs. White 9 and says to the woman, “Sorry. You need to pay 255 yuan.” Then, she 10 her son and says, “Do you think math is useful now?” 1.A.activity B.hobby C.game D.subject 2.A.easy B.boring C.useful D.difficult 3.A.fruit B.book C.clothes D.sports 4.A.so B.or C.but D.because 5.A.buy B.watch C.like D.sell 6.A.jacket B.T-shirt C.skirt D.sweater 7.A.get B.see C.find D.win 8.A.old B.happy C.sure D.healthy 9.A.calls B.comes C.thanks D.meets 10.A.looks at B.looks for C.looks up D.looks out 三、选词填空 阅读下面短文,根据短文内容,选择适当的单词填空,使短文意思完整。每个选项仅使用一次,有两个多余选项。      cause   energy   fast food   habits   hungry   sugar   but   instead   thirsty   doctor   too much   too many Improve Your Eating Habits Healthy eating is important for a healthy body and mind. Both what we eat and how we eat are important! For example, some people have 1 every week. It is easy and delicious! But it often has lots of salt, fat, and 2 . That makes us put on weight. Eating fast food like pizza and hamburgers too often may 3 heart problems later. If you cook your own meals instead, you can make healthy balanced meals. Eating three meals a day is important. 4 some people don’t have breakfast. Maybe they don’t feel 5 in the morning, or they are too busy to eat anything. But food gives us 6 . It is easy to feel sleepy and find it hard to focus on our work or studies if we don’t eat breakfast. Some people also eat 7 sweet things. Ice cream, sweets, and chocolate are delicious, but they usually have lots of sugar. This can cause tooth problems. When you want a snack, why don’t you have some fruit 8 ? After all, an apple a day keeps the 9 away. Remember: You are what you eat. Healthy eating means eating healthy food and having good eating 10 . 初中名词考点梳理 名词的定义及句法功能: 名词:表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念或情感等词类,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分 序号 功能 例句 1 作主语 Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。 2 作宾语 Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗?(作动词的宾语) The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。(作介词的宾语) 3 作表语 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 4 作补足语 We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。 This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。(作主语) 5 作同位语 You students go first. 你们学生先走。 6 作状语 We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。 7 作定语 I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。 考点一:名词的分类 分类 说明 例句 普通名词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士 集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察 不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气 抽象名词 表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词 courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱 专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲 表示书名、电影名、各种标语 Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》 表示机构、组织、团体 UNESCO联合国教科文组织 Beijing University北京大学 表示月份、星期、节日 Monday星期一,National day国庆节 复合名词 两个或两个以上的词构成的意义相对稳定的名词。 ①名词+名词 bookshop书 newspaper报纸 ②名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出 ③名词+v -ing handwriting书法 horse riding骑马 ④v-ing+名词 reading room阅览室 ⑤动词+名词 bathroom浴室 postcard 明信片 ⑥形容词+名词 blackboard黑板 supermarket 超市 ⑦副词+动词 outlook观点 income 收入 【易错点】 1. 本质上是复数形式的,例如:cattle(牛群),people(人们),police(警察)。 2. 可以用单数或复数形式表示的,例如:audience(观众),class(班级),club(俱乐部),committee(委员会),company(公司),crew(船员),enemy(敌人),family(家庭),government(政府),group(组),team(队)。当这些词作为主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它们所指的具体含义。如果将它们视为一个整体,则谓语动词使用单数形式;如果指代的是成员个体,则谓语动词使用复数形式。 考点二:名词的数 可数名词有单、复数形式。 1.名词复数形式的规则变化 情况 构成方法 单数变复数例词 一般情况 加 -s map→maps;mouth→mouths;house→houses 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es watch→watches;glass→glasses;match→matches 以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i再加es baby→babies;country→countries 以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys;boy→boys; holiday-holiday 以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves;life→lives;shelf→shelves knife→knives;thief→thieves;wife→wives;knife→knives;wolf→wolves 少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs;roof→roofs;belief→beliefs 以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro→Negroes;hero→heroes; potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes 词尾加-s photo→photos;kilo→kilos;piano→pianos;zoo→zoos 【速记口诀】 口诀1:“小偷的妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命藏于后”。当这些名词变为复数时,将f或fe改为-ve,并加上-s。以f或fe结尾的名词,若要变为复数,需将f或fe变为v,再添加-es。这类名词包括:calf(小牛,牛犊),half(一半),knife(小刀),leaf(叶子),life(生活,生命),loaf(长面包),self(自己),shelf(架子),thief(小偷),wife(妻子),wolf(狼)。 口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”,这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加-s。以o结尾的名词,需加-es的名词有: negro (黑人), hero (英雄), tomato (西红柿), potato (土豆)。 【易错点】 1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。 American→Americans 美国人Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大German→Germans 德国人Greek→Greeks 希腊人Indian→Indians 印度人 Russian→Russians俄罗斯人 2. 有些名词表面为复数形式,实为单数。 math数学,news新闻,physics物理,politics政治,the United Nations 联合国, the United States美国 2.名词复数的不规则变化 变化 示例 单复数同形 deer;fish;sheep;means;series;aircraft;spacecraft;species Chinese;the United States;Swiss;physics;politics;maths 变内部元音 goose→geese;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;man→men;woman→women;mouse→mice -on变-a phenomenon→phenomena现象;criterion→criteria标准; 词尾加-(r)en child→children孩子;ox→oxen公牛 词尾-un变成-a datum→data数据;medium→media媒体 【易错点】 1. fish表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes,而fish表示鱼的条数时,复数形式仍为fish。如: different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼 2. works意为"工厂"时,单复数形式一样,而work意为"著作,作品"时,复数形式是works。如: a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂 a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品 3.不可数名词 一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。 不可数名词的数 不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。 抽象名词具体化 表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有: success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事; surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事; comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素; 物质名词具体化 rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪; 具体名词抽象化 school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜; 4.复数形式表示特殊含义的名词 单复数意义不同的词 good好的→goods货物; water→waters水域; fish鱼肉→fishes(各种)鱼 green绿色→greens青菜 work工作→works (作品,著作); glass玻璃→glasses眼镜; paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录; custom习俗→customs关税; wood木材→woods树林; arm胳膊→arms武器; time时间→times时代; 考点三:名词所有格 名词所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。它有三种形式:­'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。 1.'s所有格的构词规则 表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或',表示所有关系。 构成规则 示例 单数名词词尾通常加­'s;复数名词词尾没有­s时,也要加­'s my sister’s telephone number我姐姐的电话号码;the children's toys那些孩子的玩具 the women’s changing room女更衣室 以­s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'” teachers' office 教师们的办公室 以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或­'s均可 my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划;Engles’/Engles’s works恩格斯的著作 合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加­'s her son­in­law's car她女婿的车 表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助­'s表示所有关系 a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程 作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加­'s an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程 不定代词后接else时,­'s加在else之后 somebody else's bag别人的包 易错点: (1) 表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加's或';表示两者或多者共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。 Tom's and Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲 Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲 (2) 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barber's 在理发店 at my uncle's 在我叔叔家 2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 用法 示例 对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表示所属关系 the door of the room房间的门 表示主谓关系用of所有格 the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来 表示同位关系用of所有格 the city of Shanghai上海市 表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格 most of the students大多数学生 表示内容用of所有格 the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报 当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the+形容词”构成所有格时要借助of the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题;the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议 3.双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词­'s”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,主要用法如下: 用法 示例 表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用a,any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用the another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子 被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时,通常带有一定的感情色彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等 That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。 易混点: 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等); 名词作定语主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 考点四 易混易错点辨析 高 频 易 混 名 词 Group 1 family family指的是家庭或家庭成员,与居住地无关 home home指某人出生以及成长的环境或与某人一起居住的地方 house house强调人们居住的建筑物本身 address adress指人们生活、工作地点的市镇、街区、门牌号和电话、传真号等,即通讯地址。 Group 2 noise noise通常指不悦耳的、令人烦恼的嘈杂声,隐含贬义; voice voice指人说话或唱歌时发出的声音。可引申为人的呼声或意见; sound sound普通用词,含义笼统,指人们能听到的各种声音,无褒贬色彩。 Group 3 message message指通过书写、谈话和信号等方式所进行的通讯“信息”; news news特指报纸、电台或电视等传播媒体所发布的信息; information information指通过各种途径如观察、阅读或与人交往所获得的任何信息,但不一定都准确。 Group 4 job job是可数名词,指一件必须做的工作,或有报酬的工作,也可指职业,多用于口语中; work work是不可数名词,指工作、劳动、职业、操作、运转等,这个词是一般用语,可用于各种场合。 Group 5 advice advice普通用词,侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言,是不可数名词; suggestion suggestion普通用词,语气比advice婉转客气。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议,有时含所提建议不一定正确,仅供参考的意味。是可数名词,除了表示建议外,还有“暗示,表明”的 Group 6 cause cause指直接导致事情发生的原因,与所发生的事有因果关系,常用the cause of搭配; reason reason强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因,不是直接说明起因,常用the reason for搭配; excuse excuse指为自己辩解,希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由,是借口性的理由。 Group 7 situation situation指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态,侧重地点或场所的环境特征,也可指明确具体的环境情况或处境; scene scene常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点; condition condition一般强调产生影响的原因或环境,复数形式指笼统的情况; position position多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。还可以指社会地位较高,工作较为庄重,领取工资的职位。 Group 8 note note指内容直截了当的短信或便条,正式或非正式均可; notice notice指用以宣传某事的发生或传达某种指示的通知。 Group 9 sign sign普通用词,指人们公认事物的记号,也可指某种情况的征兆; mark mark普通用词,含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记,又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征; signal signal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号; symbol symbol指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。 Group 10 conversation conversation一般用词,指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈,常用搭配in conversation with,表示“和……交谈”; talk talk强调“交谈”多半是指数人之间的交谈,包括严肃的讨论,也表示轻松的闲聊。 Group 11 strength strength指内部固有的力量,表示物质力量时,着重体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量, 如体力强度等;表示精神力量时, 指持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等。 power power的基本意思是“力,力量”,可指人的体力、思维能力,也可指机器的功力、动力或功率,还可指人或国家甚至是某个机构的权力、势力或影响力。 energy energy的基本意思是“活力”“干劲”“能力”,多用作不可数名词,在指人的“精力”时多用复数形式。引申可表示“能”“能量”“能源”。 force force用作名词的基本意思是“力; 力量; 力气”,引申可表示“控制力”“影响力; 效力”“说服力”等。也可表示“武力,暴力”,为不可数名词。还可作“部队; 武力; 兵力”解,这时常用复数形式forces作主语时,其谓语动词则既可用复数形式也可用单数形式。 典例示范 1.Lisa’s favorite subject is ________, because she wants to know about the past. A.history B.math C.music D.English 2.The old china pieces have two main traditional ________: blue and white. A.colors B.shapes C.sizes D.stories 3.There are over 3,000 ________ in this zoo. A.kind of animals B.kinds of animal C.kinds of animals D.kind of animal 4.—Is this ________ room? —No. It’s ________ room. A.Tom; Tom and Tim B.Tom’s; Tom and Tim’s C.Tom; Tom’s and Tim’s D.Tom’s; Tom’s and Tim’s 5.After having two ________ in the morning, Mr Li and the ________ have fun on the playground. A.class; class B.classes; class C.class; classes D.classes; classes 【答案】B 即学即练习 1.How much ________ do you need to make the cake? A.butter B.eggs C.bananas D.apples 2.There are thirty ________ in our school. Each of them has a good ________ of English. A.woman teachers; knowledge B.women teachers; knowledge C.woman teacher; knowledges D.women teachers; knowledges 3.How many ______ do you want? A.bottle of apple juice B.bottle of apple juices C.bottles of apple juice D.bottles of apples juice 4.There are many ________ in my uncle’s yard. I like ________ for lunch. A.chickens; chicken B.chicken; chickens C.chickens; chickens D.chicken; chicken 5.Doctors have so much ________ to do every day, because they need to save people’s ________. A.job; life B.job; lives C.work; lives D.work; life 6.—Those tennis rackets are cool! Whose are they? —They are my ________. She plays it very well. A.brother’s B.brothers’ C.sisters’ D.sister’s 7.—Are you sure this is a photo ________, the famous comedy actress (喜剧演员)? —Yes. But she was once (曾经) really thin. A.Jia Ling B.Jia Ling’s C.of Jia Ling D.of Jia Ling’s 8.—Who’s the girl over there? —She’s _______. A.one of my sister’s B.a friend of my sister C.a friend of my sister’s 9.Welcome to the ________ shop. We have all kinds of ________. A.fruit; fruits B.fruit; vegetable C.fruits; fruit D.fruits; vegetables 10.There are many ancient buildings around China which help us know more about Chinese history. ______ is just a modern one, not among them. A.The Terracotta Warriors B.The Ming Great Wall C.The National Museum of China D.The Palace Museum 解题方略 1.many/few + 可数复数;much/little + 不可数名词 2.数词大于 1 → 名词变复数 3.单数 / 不可数名词→谓语用 is;复数→用 are 4.表 “所属”:人 / 动物用’s,事物用 of 5.看到不可数名词,拒绝加 s、拒绝直接加 a/an 【基础通关】 一、单词拼写 1.These ________ (fisherman) wish is to make a living by catching fish to support families. 2.A school in Changsha held all kinds of ________ (activity) for teenagers. 3.Yueyang is one of the top 10 most beautiful ________ (city) in China this year. 4.The ________ (mouse) are very small. They like eating rice. 5.How many ________ (box) are there on the desk? 6.There are some big ________ (elephant) in the zoo. 7.The rabbit has four white ________ (foot). 8.I have two good ________ (friend). They both like animal friends. 9.The ________ (child) are playing with the little dogs in the park. 10.How many ________ (monkey) can you see in the tree? 二、单项选择 11.There is some ________ on the plate. It’s delicious. A.beef B.beefs C.tomatoes D.potato 12.—How many ________ are there in your school? —About 180. A.woman teachers B.women teacher C.women teachers D.woman teacher 13.—I have ________ to do this evening. A.a lot of works B.many work C.a lot of work D.some works 14.There are three ________ on the table. Help yourself. A.box of apple B.boxes of apples C.box of apples D.boxes of apple 15.We need lots of ________ every day to keep healthy. A.vegetable B.vegetables C.hamburger D.hamburgers 16.—Could you tell me when Max began to do business? —Sure. He began to do business when he was ________ and has earned 2.56 ________ so far. A.in his thirties; billion B.in his thirtieth; billion C.in his thirties; billions of D.in his thirtieth; billions 17.I’m sorry I can’t go to the movies with you because I have ________ work to do. A.too much B.much too C.too many D.many too 18.Jim would like some ________ and ________. A.porridge, vegetables B.beef, carrot C.bean, bananas D.fish and chips, coffees 19.Let’s go to the supermarket to buy some ________. A.beef B.cucumber C.watermelon D.carrot 20.Charlie Graver runs races to raise money for an organization called ________. A.Helping Hands B.Changing Faces C.Young Inventors D.Save the Animals 三、完形填空 从每小题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 Paul is a 6-year-old boy. He has a love for 21 . He likes drawing dogs, balls and planes. One day, his 22 gives him a special pencil. “Thank you, Uncle John,” Paul says. Paul is very 23 . He can draw with this pencil. He uses it to draw a 24 first. After drawing, the dog jumps out of the paper. It is a magic pencil! Paul tells his friends 25 it. They think it is cool. They all come to Paul’s home and 26 Paul to draw things for them. After two hours of drawing, the pencil becomes (变得) very 27 . Paul can’t use it to draw. He feels sad. His friends 28 this. They say, “Don’t be sad, Paul, we can share 29 things with you.” Paul is happy again 30 he knows he has some very good friends. 21.A.sport B.art C.math D.history 22.A.uncle B.father C.cousin D.grandfather 23.A.nice B.busy C.happy D.healthy 24.A.bed B.plane C.ball D.dog 25.A.for B.with C.to D.about 26.A.ask B.like C.look D.thank 27.A.right B.short C.long D.boring 28.A.see B.buy C.have D.want 29.A.your B.their C.our D.my 30.A.but B.because C.so D.after 【培优提升】 一、单项选择 1.—Daniel, what would you like for your dinner? — I’d like to buy some ________ and two ________. A.potatoes; kilos of beefs B.potato; kilos of beef C.tomatoes; kilos of beef D.tomato; kilos of beefs 2.—________ fathers didn’t come to the ________ meeting. Why? —Because they both went on business. A.Tom’s and Amy; parents B.Tom and Amy’s; parent’s C.Tom’s and Amy’s; parents’ 3.I’m hungry. I want some ________ and some orange ________. A.noodle; juice B.noodles; juice C.noodles; juices D.noodle; juices 4.He can see two ________ in the picture. A.mouse B.mouses C.mice D.mices 5.My uncle has five ________ and eleven ________ on his farm. A.geese; sheeps B.geese; sheep C.goose; sheeps D.goose; sheep 6.There are more and more tall and handsome ________ in our school than before. A.woman teacher B.man teacher C.women teachers D.men teachers 7.What ________ it is to go surfing in ________ weather A.great fun; so fine B.a great fun; such a fine C.great fun; such fine D.great fun; such a fine 8.—Look! There are many ________ on my grandma’s farm. —Yes, and we often have ________ for dinner. It’s delicious. A.chicken; chicken B.chickens; chickens C.chicken; chickens D.chickens; chicken 9.________ flat is on the third floor, but ________ is on the fifth floor. A.Li Lei and Li Hua’s; my B.Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; mine C.Li Lei and Li Hua’s; mine D.Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; my 10.There are three people in my________. We are all at________ now. A.homes; homes B.home; family C.family; family D.family; home 二、完形填空 Chrissy, a new angel (天使), was in charge of the rain. Every Monday, she had to be sure that the 11 spread their raindrops (雨滴) all over the world, because every living thing on the earth needed rain. But no one had told Chrissy how to make them rain. Chrissy asked one of the older angels 12 he could help her. “The angel that had the job before you used to tell 13 stories to the clouds to make them cry.” But Chrissy was a very happy little angel and she didn’t know any sad tales. She flew up to ask the man in the moon. “You might 14 pinching (捏) the clouds to make them cry.” But Chrissy didn’t want to hurt the clouds, so she decided to 15 that idea. The next morning, as Chrissy was jumping from cloud to cloud, she heard someone 16 . It was the little cloud. She asked the little cloud what was so funny. “It’s your toes,” replied the cloud. “They tickle (使发痒) us when you walk.” “Oh, I’m sorry,” said Chrissy. “I will be more 17 .” “No, no, please don’t. We love to be tickled. It makes us laugh so hard that we almost cry.” Well, that gave Chrissy a good 18 . She said goodbye to the cloud and went off. The next day was Monday. It was raining all over the world. Little Chrissy was jumping above all the clouds in the sky, 19 the clouds were laughing hard and tears were pouring from their eyes. The tears 20 to the earth and made wonderful rain. 11.A.clouds B.stories C.messages D.angels 12.A.that B.what C.which D.whether 13.A.beautiful B.funny C.sad D.happy 14.A.try B.practice C.mind D.enjoy 15.A.give in B.give out C.give away D.give up 16.A.talking B.laughing C.dancing D.crying 17.A.careful B.exciting C.interesting D.careless 18.A.advice B.luck C.idea D.gift 19.A.or B.unless C.so D.but 20.A.took B.read C.led D.fell 三、短文填空 阅读短文,在空白处填入一个适当单词或用括号内单词的适当形式填空。 Hello, everyone! Do you know the SOS student club? Yes, I’m 21 member of the club. Now let me 22 (tell) you something about it. The purpose (目的) of the SOS student club 23 (be) to help students. Some students think 24 (they) homework is too difficult and that they can’t finish it. They can ask the members of the club for help. Some students like volleyball, 25 they can’t play it. They can ask us 26 (teach) them. Some students can’t get on (相处) well with others and they are not happy. They can 27 (talk) with us. There are many kinds of 28 (activity) for students. Do you want to be 29 (help) to others? If your answer is yes, come and join us. We need five new members. Please email us 30 SOSstudentclub@163.com. 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $衔接点03 名词(小初考点差异及衔接) 小学视角 初中展望 1. 名词的基本分类 2. 名词的数 3. 名词所有格的构成 1. 可数名词和不可数名词 2. 名词的句法功能 3. 名词所有格 4. 名词的词义辨析 衔接引导 小学阶段: 小学阶段主要侧重认识名词、识记词义,重点掌握名词单复数基础变形、单数名词所有格、专有名词大写规则,依靠固定规则、直观数量判断形式,题目以基础识记为主。常见题型为: ①用所给名词的正确形式填空(侧重单复数转换)。 ②看图 / 根据中文提示写出单词(单 / 复数形式)。 ③单项选择题(辨析单复数、a/an 搭配、简单所有格)。 ④判断单词书写、复数形式、专有名词大小写正误。 ⑤简单英汉互译(名词及名词所有格短语)。 初中阶段: 初中阶段要求学生构建完整名词知识体系,深入区分可数与不可数名词,熟练掌握全套单复数规则、各类名词所有格、量词搭配、限定词辨析,能结合上下文语境、句子结构判断名词形式,知识点联动冠词、主谓一致、近义词辨析,出题更加灵活综合。主要的题型为: ①用所给单词的适当形式填空(单复数、所有格综合变形)。 ②单项选择题(可数 / 不可数辨析、限定词搭配、所有格、近义词辨析、主谓一致)。 ③句型改错(纠正单复数、所有格、量词使用错误)。 ④词形转换题。 ⑤短文填空、完形填空(结合语境选用并变形名词)。 ⑥书面表达(规范使用名词单复数、所有格及固定搭配)。 小学名词考点梳理 一、名词的基本分类 名词用来表示人、事物、地点、时间、抽象概念,核心分为两大类,也是后续考点的基础。 (一)按词汇含义划分 专有名词 表示特定的人、地点、节日、国家、品牌等,首字母必须大写,一般无复数。 例:China(中国)、Beijing(北京)、Tom(汤姆)、Monday(周一)、Christmas(圣诞节) 普通名词 表示一类人或事物的统称,分为 4 小类: ①个体名词:单个的人 / 物,可数 例:student, book, dog, tree ②集体名词:表示一群人 / 事物的整体 例:family, class, people, team ③物质名词:无法分割的物质、材料,不可数 例:water, rice, milk, paper ④抽象名词:情感、状态、概念等,不可数 例:time, happiness, homework, news (二)按语法属性划分(考试核心分类) 可数名词:可以直接用数字计数,有单数、复数两种形式。 单数:名词原形;复数:按照规则 / 不规则变化。 不可数名词:无法直接用数字计数,只有单数形式,无复数,不能直接搭配 a/an。 二、名词的数(最高频考点,单选、填空、改错必考) (一)可数名词 1. 单数形式 名词本身原形,前面常加 a / an / one / this / that 等限定词。 例:a pen(一支钢笔)、an apple(一个苹果)、one box(一个盒子) 2. 复数形式变化规则 (1)规则变化 变化规则 例词 一般情况,直接加 -s book→books、girl→girls 以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾,加 -es bus→buses、box→boxes、watch→watches 辅音字母 + y 结尾,变 y 为 i,再加 -es city→cities、baby→babies 元音字母 (a/e/i/o/u) + y 结尾,直接加 -s boy→boys、day→days 以 f / fe 结尾,变 f/fe 为 v,再加 -es knife→knives、leaf→leaves 辅音字母 + o 结尾 有生命:加 - es(tomato→tomatoes、potato→potatoes) 无生命:加 - s(photo→photos、zoo→zoos) (2)不规则复数变化(必须熟记) 类型 例子 改变元音 man→men男人, woman→women女人, foot→feet脚, tooth→teeth牙齿, goose→geese鹅 词尾加 -en child→children孩子, ox→oxen公牛 单复数同形 sheep→sheep绵阳, deer→deer鹿, fish→fish(指鱼的数量时) 中日好友 Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese 特殊 mouse→mice老鼠, person→people(通常) (3)易混特殊词 people:本身表复数,无 peoples;表 “多个民族” 时,可用 peoples fruit:泛指水果,不可数;指多种水果,复数 fruits fish:表条数,单复同形;表不同种类的鱼,复数 fishes (二)不可数名词 核心特征:①无复数形式,不能加 s/es;②不能直接用 a/an、数词修饰;③作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 常见不可数名词清单(小升初需掌握): weather, information, news, work(工作,不是作品), homework, housework, fun, music, bread, rice, meat, fish(当鱼肉讲时), chicken(当鸡肉讲时), paper(当纸讲时) 小升初高频不可数名词 物质类:water, milk, bread, rice, juice, meat, paper 抽象类:homework, work, time, money, news 3. 不可数名词的量化(常考点) 不可数名词没有复数形式,不能直接用数词修饰。要表达数量,需使用 “数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词” 结构。量词本身是可数的。 一条建议:a piece of advice 两杯水:two glasses of water 三碗米饭:three bowls of rice 十条新闻:ten pieces of news ▶ 规则:量词随数字变复数,后面名词永远不变 例:a cup of tea(一杯茶)→ two cups of tea(两杯茶) a piece of bread(一片面包)→ three pieces of bread(三片面包) 修饰词区分 many + 可数名词复数 much + 不可数名词 some /any:既可接可数复数,也可接不可数名词 典型例题 There ______ (be) some milk in the glass. 答案:is I'd like two ______ (piece) of cake. 答案:pieces 三、名词所有格(表示 “…… 的”,单选、翻译、写作重点) 分为 's 所有格、of 所有格、双重所有格三大类,同时区分共同拥有与分别拥有。 情况 规则 例子 单数名词 词尾加 ’s my mother‘s bag, Tom’s book 以s结尾的复数名词 只加 ’ the teachers‘ office, my parents’ car 不以s结尾的复数名词 加 ’s the children‘s toys, men’s room 两人共同拥有 最后一个名词加 ’s Lily and Lucy‘s room(两人共有一间房) 两人各自拥有 每个名词后都加 ’s Lily’s and Lucy's rooms(两人各有自己的房间) 四、拓展考点(小升初常考补充) (一)名词作定语 一个名词修饰另一个名词,通常用单数形式。 例:a shoe shop 鞋店、an apple tree 苹果树、a pencil box 铅笔盒 ✅ 唯一特例(必记):sports 作定语永远用复数 sports meeting 运动会 sports shoes 运动鞋 (二)高频易混名词辨析(完形、单选常考) house / home / family house:房屋(建筑物本身) home:家(生活地点、带有情感) family:家庭;家人 question / problem question:口头 / 书面问题,搭配 ask /answer problem:难题、麻烦,搭配 solve job / work job:可数名词(a job 一份工作) work:不可数名词(much work 很多工作) 典例示范 1.—How many __________ do you need? —Three kilos. A.honey B.milk C.meat D.apples 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——你需要多少苹果?——三公斤。honey蜂蜜;milk牛奶;meat肉;apples苹果。根据“how many”可知后接可数名词复数,四个选项只有apples是可数复数名词。应填apples。 2.I want to buy_________ . A.a pair of shoe B.a piece of shoes C.a pair of shoes D.a piece of shoe 【答案】C 【详解】句意:我想买一双鞋。鞋子用a pair of“一双”,shoe常用复数shoes;a piece of用于片状物品,故选C。 3.—What are these? —They are ________, ________ and ________. A.mouses; foxs; wolfs B.mice; foxes; wolves C.mice; foxs; wolves D.mouses; foxes; wolfs 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——这些是什么?——它们是老鼠、狐狸和狼。 mouse老鼠,复数为mice;fox狐狸,复数为foxes;wolf狼,复数为wolves。根据问句“What are these?”可知,答语需用复数形式,应填mice; foxes; wolves。 4.This is ________ desk. They share it together. A.Lily’s and Lucy’s B.Lily and Lucy C.Lily’s and Lucy D.Lily and Lucy’s 【答案】D 【详解】句意:这是莉莉和露西的书桌。她们一起共用它。根据后句“They share it together”可知这张桌子是两人共用的。表示两人共同拥有某物时,只在第二个名词后加’s;若表示各自拥有,则在两个名词后都加’s。此处desk为单数,且表明共用,故用Lily and Lucy’s。 5.Our school is pretty famous. Three _________ and four ________ will come to visit our school next week. A.Japanese; Germen B.Japaneses; Germans C.Japanese; Germans 【答案】C 【详解】句意:我们的学校相当有名。三位日本人和四位德国人下周将参观我们的学校。考查名词辨析。Japanese日本人,集合名词;Germen生殖细胞;Japaneses语法错误;German德国人,名词单数形式;Germans德国人,名词复数形式。分析题干及语境可知,此处应指三个“日本人”和四个“德国人”。故选C。 6.—Would you like to go hiking with me this weekend? —I’d love to. But I’ll have ________ homework to do and ________ clothes to wash. A.much too; too much B.too much; too many C.too many; too much D.too many; much too 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——这个周末你想和我一起去徒步旅行吗?——我很想去。但我有太多的家庭作业要做,太多的衣服要洗。much too太(修饰形容词或副词);too much太多(修饰不可数名词);too many太多(修饰可数名词复数)。根据“I’ll have … homework to do and … clothes to wash”可知,第一个空后为不可数名词homework,应用too much修饰;第二个空后为复数名词clothes,应用too many修饰。 7.I need two ________ of ________ for breakfast. A.bottle; milks B.bottles; milk C.bottle; milk D.bottles; milks 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我早餐需要两瓶牛奶。 bottle瓶,单数形式;bottles瓶,复数形式;milks错误形式;milk牛奶,不可数名词。根据“two”可知,它后面接可数名词复数bottles;milk为不可数名词,无复数形式。应填bottles;milk。 8.September 10th is ________ Day. A.Teacher B.Teachers’ C.Mothers D.Mother 【答案】B 【详解】句意:9月10日是教师节。考查名词所有格。Teacher老师,单数;Teachers’老师们的,复数所有格;Mothers母亲们,复数;Mother母亲,单数。根据常识可知,9月10日是“教师节”,英文表达为固定短语Teachers’ Day(首字母大写表示节日),需用复数名词的所有格形式。故选B。 9.—When do you eat mooncakes?   —We eat them on ________. A.New Year’s Day B.Christmas C.Mid-Autumn Festival 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——你什么时候吃月饼?——我们在中秋节吃它们。New Year’s Day新年;Christmas圣诞节;Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节。根据中国传统习俗,月饼是中秋节的特色食品。应填Mid-Autumn Festival。 10.—Can I help you, madam? —Yes. I’d like three ________ and two ________. A.orange; orange juice B.oranges; boxes of orange juice C.oranges; box of orange juice D.oranges; boxes of orange juices 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——女士,请问您需要点什么?——我想要三个橙子和两盒橙汁。第一空:orange表示“橙子”时是可数名词,前面有数词three,需用复数形式oranges。第二空:orange juice“橙汁”,不可数名词,表达数量要借助量词box,数词two后,量词box需变为复数boxes,即boxes of orange juice。 即学即练习 1.—Would you like to go hiking with me this weekend? —I’d love to. But I’ll have ________ homework to do and ________ clothes to wash. A.much too; too much B.too much; too many C.too many; too much D.too many; much too 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——这个周末你想和我一起去徒步旅行吗?——我很想去。但我有太多的家庭作业要做,太多的衣服要洗。much too太(修饰形容词或副词);too much太多(修饰不可数名词);too many太多(修饰可数名词复数)。根据“I’ll have … homework to do and … clothes to wash”可知,第一个空后为不可数名词homework,应用too much修饰;第二个空后为复数名词clothes,应用too many修饰。 2.I need two ________ of ________ for breakfast. A.bottle; milks B.bottles; milk C.bottle; milk D.bottles; milks 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我早餐需要两瓶牛奶。bottle瓶,单数形式;bottles瓶,复数形式;milks错误形式;milk牛奶,不可数名词。根据“two”可知,它后面接可数名词复数bottles;milk为不可数名词,无复数形式。应填bottles;milk。 3.September 10th is ________ Day. A.Teacher B.Teachers’ C.Mothers D.Mother 【答案】B 【详解】句意:9月10日是教师节。考查名词所有格。Teacher老师,单数;Teachers’老师们的,复数所有格;Mothers母亲们,复数;Mother母亲,单数。根据常识可知,9月10日是“教师节”,英文表达为固定短语Teachers’ Day(首字母大写表示节日),需用复数名词的所有格形式。故选B。 4.—When do you eat mooncakes?   —We eat them on ________. A.New Year’s Day B.Christmas C.Mid-Autumn Festival 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——你什么时候吃月饼?——我们在中秋节吃它们。New Year’s Day新年;Christmas圣诞节;Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节。根据中国传统习俗,月饼是中秋节的特色食品。应填Mid-Autumn Festival。 5.—Can I help you, madam? —Yes. I’d like three ________ and two ________. A.orange; orange juice B.oranges; boxes of orange juice C.oranges; box of orange juice D.oranges; boxes of orange juices 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——女士,请问您需要点什么?——我想要三个橙子和两盒橙汁。第一空:orange表示“橙子”时是可数名词,前面有数词three,需用复数形式oranges。第二空:orange juice“橙汁”,不可数名词,表达数量要借助量词box,数词two后,量词box需变为复数boxes,即boxes of orange juice。 解题方略 解题三步法 判断名词是可数 / 不可数; 看前面修饰词(数词 /many/much),确定单复数; 考查所有格:有人 / 动物用's,无生命用 of,多人共有看末尾。 记忆口诀 名词分可数不可数,单复变化要记牢; s/x/ch/sh 加 es,辅 y 变 i 再加 es; f/fe 变 v 加 es,两菜 o 后配 es; 羊鹿鱼形永不变,男人女人变元音。 名词表 “谁的”,人用's 物用 of; 复数带 s 只加撇,共同所有最后标。 【基础通关】 一、单项选择 1.There are some ________ in the park. They are flying kites. A.child B.children C.a child D.the child 【答案】B 【详解】句意:公园里有一些孩子,他们正在放风筝。child孩子,单数形式;children孩子们,child的复数形式;a child一个孩子;the child那个孩子。根据“There are some...”可知,此处表示复数概念,应填children。 2.There are some________ in the________. A.pencil; boxs B.pencils; boxes C.pencils; boxs D.pencil; box 【答案】B 【详解】句意:盒子里有一些铅笔。pencil铅笔;pencils铅笔,复数形式;boxes盒子,复数形式;box盒子。There are some后接可数名词复数pencils;box以x结尾,复数需加es变为boxes。 3.—What would you like to drink? —I’d like two ________ of apple ________. A.bottle; juice B.bottles; juices C.bottle; juices D.bottles; juice 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——你想喝什么?——我想要两瓶苹果汁。two后接可数名词复数,故第一空填bottles;juice是不可数名词,无复数形式,故第二空填juice。 4.This pair of glasses is ________. A.Lucy’s mother B.Lucy’s mother’s C.Lucy’s mothers D.Lucy’s mothers’ 【答案】B 【详解】句意:这副眼镜是露西的妈妈的(眼镜)。本句缺少表语,指这副眼镜的归属,需用所有格形式,且通常一个人只有一位母亲,不用复数,表示“露西的妈妈的”应用双重所有格,即“Lucy’s mother’s”,其中“’s”表示妈妈的所有物。 5.This is ________ room. It’s tidy and clean. A.Lily and Lucy B.Lily’s and Lucy’s C.Lily and Lucy’s D.Lily’s and Lucy 【答案】C 【详解】句意:这是莉莉和露西的房间。它又整洁又干净。考查名词所有格。根据“room”和“It’s tidy and clean.”可知,房间是单数,说明是两人共有的一个房间,表示两人共同拥有时,只需在最后一个名词后加“’s”。故选C。 6.There are a lot of _________ in the park at weekends. A.child B.people C.man D.woman 【答案】B 【详解】句意:周末公园里有很多人。考查名词辨析。child孩子,可数名词单数;people人们,集合名词,表复数;man男人,可数名词单数;woman女人,可数名词单数。句中a lot of“许多”修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,child、man、woman应用其复数形式。故选B。 7.—Which is your favorite festival? —________. It’s a special (特别的) time for family members to get together in autumn. A.Spring Festival B.Mid-Autumn Festival C.Double-Ninth Festival 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——你最喜欢哪个节日?——中秋节。这是秋天家庭成员团聚的特殊时刻。Spring Festival春节;Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节;Double-Ninth Festival重阳节。根据“autumn”(秋天)和“family members to get together”(家庭成员团聚)可知,春节在冬天,重阳节主要侧重敬老,中秋节是秋天团圆的节日。 8.________ comes before October and it’s the ________ month of the year. A.September, nine B.September, ninth C.November, eleventh D.November, eleven 【答案】B 【详解】句意:九月在十月之前,是一年中的第九个月。September九月;nine九;ninth第九;November十一月;eleventh第十一;eleven十一。根据“before October”可知,此处是指September“九月”,它是第九个月份,应用序数词ninth表示顺序。 9.—Do you get a ________? —Yes, I ________ in a school and I have much ________ to do every day. A.job; work; work B.work; job; work C.job; job; work D.work; work; job 【答案】A 【详解】句意:——你找到一份工作了吗?——是的,我在一所学校工作,并且我每天有很多工作要做。job工作(可数名词);work工作(不可数名词或动词)。a后接可数名词单数,第一空填job;第二空需填谓语动词,应填work;much后接不可数名词,第三空填work。 10.—How about these________? —Great. I’ll take one pair for sports. A.red skirts B.purple hats C.sports shoes D.white T-shirts 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——这些运动鞋怎么样?——很棒。我要买一双去做运动。根据答语中的关键词“pair”可知,所买物品应是成对的。在选项中,只有鞋子符合这一特征,且“运动鞋”与“for sports”语境相符。故填sports shoes。 二、完形填空 阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Today is Sunday. My 1 don’t go to work and I don’t go to school. So we go to the 2 to do some farm work. My uncle is a farmer. He has many 3 trees on his farm. We often help him 4 apples. I also like to milk the 5 because I like to drink its milk. We get up early this 6 . We all wear our 7 clothes so we can work easily. My mother also buys some toys 8 my uncle’s son, David. 9 all like him very much. I think my uncle will give us some apples when we come back. I like to eat 10 very much. I also like to work on the farm. 1.A.teachers B.friends C.parents D.cousins 2.A.office B.farm C.hospital D.school 3.A.pear B.orange C.apple D.banana 4.A.pick B.eat C.grow D.cut 5.A.duck B.horse C.sheep D.cow 6.A.evening B.morning C.afternoon D.night 7.A.old B.large C.new D.warm 8.A.to B.with C.at D.for 9.A.He B.We C.Us D.They 10.A.apples B.bananas C.grapes D.oranges 【答案】 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.A 【导语】本文讲述作者一家人周日去叔叔农场干农活,包括摘苹果、挤牛奶等趣事,表达了作者对农场劳动的喜爱之情。 【详解】1.句意:我的父母不去上班,我也不去上学。根据“don’t go to work”及家庭语境,周日父母不上班,符合逻辑,用parents。 2.句意:所以我们去农场干农活。根据“farm work”可知地点是农场,用farm。 3.句意:他的农场里有许多苹果树。根据下文“help him... apples”可知是苹果树,用apple。 4.句意:我们经常帮他摘苹果。根据常识,从树上收获苹果用“pick”。 5.句意:我也喜欢挤牛奶……。根据“drink its milk”及常识,奶牛产奶供人饮用,用cow。 6.句意:我们今天早上起得很早。根据“get up”可知是早上,用morning。 7.句意:我们都穿着旧衣服,这样我们就可以轻松地工作了。根据“work easily”及农活易脏,穿旧衣服合适,用old。 8.句意:妈妈也买了一些玩具给叔叔的儿子。根据固定搭配“buy sth for sb”,用for。 9.句意:我们都很喜欢他。根据语境指作者一家人,作主语用We。 10.句意:我非常喜欢吃苹果。根据上文“give us some apples”可知指苹果,用apples。 三、短文填空 阅读下面短文并填空,然后将答案写到答题卡的相应位置(如有提示词,则填入提示词的正确形式;如无提示词,则填入1个适当的单词)。 Our school life is full of fun. Peter is a Grade 6 student. On weekdays, he usually gets up at 7:00 am. Then he helps his parents 1 some housework. After a quick breakfast, he rides his bike to school. In the morning, Peter has four 2 (lesson). He likes biology best 3 he loves learning about plants and animals. He also likes PE a lot and he often plays basketball with his classmates at break. Peter enjoys 4 (read) books a lot. After lunch, he usually goes to the library and reads storybooks 5 (quiet). There are many after-school activities in Peter’s school. He is 6 member of the tennis club. The club members practise tennis every Tuesday afternoon. They would like to join some 7 (excite) games this term. Every month, Peter 8 (go) on a field trip to a forest with his teachers and classmates. He always has a good time with 9 (they) and feels happy to enjoy the beauty of nature. Through (通过) all these 10 (meaning) activities, Peter learns the importance of teamwork and makes many new friends. He says his school life is really great. 【答案】 1.with 2.lessons 3.because 4.reading 5.quietly 6.a 7.exciting 8.goes 9.them 10.meaningful 【导语】本文介绍了六年级学生Peter丰富多彩的校园生活,包括日常作息、课程喜好、课后活动及收获,展现了校园生活的乐趣与意义。 【详解】1.句意:然后他帮父母做家务。“help sb. with sth.”是固定搭配,意为“在某方面帮助某人”,此处表示“帮父母做家务”,符合语法和语境。 2.句意:早上Peter有四节课。four后需接可数名词复数,lesson的复数形式为lessons。 3.句意:他最喜欢生物,因为他喜欢了解动植物。前后句为因果关系,后句说明原因,需用连词because引导原因状语从句。 4.句意:Peter非常喜欢读书。“enjoy doing sth.”是固定搭配,意为“喜欢做某事”,read的动名词形式为reading。 35.句意:午饭后,他通常去图书馆安静地读故事书。此处需用副词修饰动词reads,quiet的副词形式为quietly,意为“安静地”。 6.句意:他是网球俱乐部的一名成员。“a member of”是固定搭配,意为 “……的一名成员”,member以辅音音素开头,需用不定冠词a。 7.句意:他们这学期想参加一些令人兴奋的比赛。此处需用形容词修饰名词games,excite的形容词形式exciting 表示“令人兴奋的”,用来修饰事物。 8.句意:每个月,Peter都会和老师同学一起去森林实地考察。主语Peter为第三人称单数,时态为一般现在时,谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式goes。 9.句意:他总是和他们玩得很开心,并且很高兴享受大自然的美。介词with后需接人称代词的宾格形式,they的宾格为them,意为“他们”。 10.句意:通过所有这些有意义的活动,Peter学会了团队合作的重要性,还交了很多新朋友。此处需用形容词修饰名词activities,meaning的形容词形式为meaningful,意为“有意义的”。 【培优提升】 一、单项选择 1.—What else do we need for the party? —Some candles and ________. A.a kilo of apple B.one and a half kilo of apples C.two kilos of apple D.two kilos of apples 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——我们还需要为聚会准备些什么?——一些蜡烛和两公斤苹果。 考查名词。kilo“公斤”,为可数名词,当数量大于“1”时需要用复数形式,排除选项B;apple“苹果”,为可数名词,一公斤或两公斤的苹果是不止一个的,apple应用复数形式,因此空处是two kilos of apples。故选D。 2.— Are there three ________ in the picture?     — No, they are three________. A.fox; wolf B.fox; wolves C.foxes; wolf D.foxes; wolves 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——图片里有三只狐狸吗?——不,它们是三只狼。考查名词复数形式。fox 狐狸;wolf 狼。根据“there three”可知,两处均需使用复数形式,故选D。 3.There _______ some orange juice and many _______ on the table. A.are; oranges B.is; oranges C.is; orange D.are; orange 【答案】B 【详解】句意:桌子上有一些橙汁和许多橙子。考查主谓一致和名词的用法。分析句子结构可知,句子为there be句型,遵循就近原则,“some orange juice”为不可数名词,be动词应用is;根据空前“many”可知,此处应用名词复数形式oranges。故选B。 4.—There are many ________ of this farm. —Yes, you can see lots of ________ are planted there. A.photo; potato B.photos; potatos C.photos; potatoes D.photoes; potatoes 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——有很多这个农场的照片。——是的,你可以看到那里种了很多土豆。 考查名词的数。photo照片,单数;photos照片,复数;photoes错误表达;potato土豆,单数;potatos错误表达;potatoes土豆,复数。根据“many”可知,第一空用photo的复数形式photos;根据“lots of”可知,第二空用 potato的复数形式potatoes。故选C。 5.—Whose caps are these? —They’re ________. They like wearing caps. A.Lucy and Lily’s B.Lucy’s and Lily’s C.Lucy and Lily D.Lucy’s and Lily 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——这些是谁的帽子?——它们是露西的和莉莉的。她们喜欢戴帽子。考查名词所有格。根据“Whose caps are these?”可知,此处询问帽子的所属,且“caps”为复数,所以应是两个人各自拥有的帽子,表示各自所有要在每个人名后都加“'s”,即“Lucy’s and Lily’s”。故选B。 6.—What is in your classroom. Tom? —Some desks and chairs, a blackboard, a computer and a _______ desk. A.teachers B.teachers’ C.teacher’s D.teacher 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——汤姆,你的教室里有什么?——一些桌子可椅子,一块黑板,一台电脑和一张讲桌。考查名词所有格。teachers老师们;teachers’老师们的;teacher’s老师的;teacher老师。结合选项分析句子可知,此处表示所有关系,应使用名词所有格;由“a...desk”可知,此处使用单数名词所有格;teacher“老师” 其名词所有格为teacher’s。故选C。 7.There are twenty _______ teachers and twenty-eight _______ teachers in our school. A.man; woman B.man; women C.men; woman D.men; women 【答案】D 【详解】句意:我们学校有二十名男教师和二十八名女教师。考查名词复数的用法。man男人,名词单数;woman女人,名词单数;men男人,名词复数;women女人,名词复数。man或woman作定语修饰名词时,要与所修饰的名词的单复数形式保持一致;根据“twenty…teachers and twenty-eight…teachers”可知,第一空和第二空都应用名词的复数形式,D选项符合。故选D。 8.I like ________ and ________ for breakfast. A.egg; milks B.eggs; milk C.egg; milk D.eggs; milks 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我喜欢早餐吃鸡蛋和牛奶。考查名词辨析。egg鸡蛋,可数名词,其复数形式为eggs;milk牛奶,不可数名词。第一空应用复数名词eggs,泛指类别;第二空应用不可数名词milk。故选B。 9.—May I help you, sir? —________, please. A.Some beef and two glass of water B.Some beef and two glass of waters C.Some beef and two glasses of water D.Some beef and two glasses of waters 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——我能为您效劳吗,先生?——请给我一些牛肉和两杯水。考查名词。beef牛肉,不可数名词;glass玻璃杯,为可数名词,当表示“几杯……”时,需用复数形式glasses;water水,为不可数名词,没有复数形式,当表示“几杯水”时,需用“数词+glass(es) of water”结构。根据选项可知,此处想要表达的是“我想要一些牛肉和两杯水”,需用复数名词glasses和不可数名词water的正确用法。故选C。 10.This ______ and this pair of ______ are made of ______. A.glass, glasses, glasses B.glasses, glass, glass C.glasses, glasses, glass D.glass, glasses, glass 【答案】D 【详解】句意:这个玻璃杯和这副眼镜都是玻璃做的。考查名词的用法。glass作为“玻璃杯”时是可数名词,this后加可数名词单数,排除BC;glasses意为“眼镜”,通常用复数,this pair of glasses“这副眼镜”;第三个空表示材料,glass表示“玻璃”时,是不可数名词。故选D。 二、完形填空 Rick doesn’t like math. He thinks the 1 is boring. And he doesn’t think it is 2 . One Saturday, Mrs. White asks Rick to help out in her 3 store. There are many people in it 4 all the clothes are on sale (特价出售). Rick goes to a woman and asks, “What can I do for you?” The woman says she wants to 5 a sweater. After some time, the woman says, “OK, I’ll take this one. What’s the price (价格) of it?” Rick says, “It is 600 yuan, but you can take this 6 at half price. You just need to pay (支付) 300 yuan.” “I see. I’m a member of your store. I can still 7   a 15% discount (折扣), right?” “Oh, yes,” Rick says. “Then, you just need to pay 45 yuan.” “Are you 8 ?” asks the woman. Mrs. White 9 and says to the woman, “Sorry. You need to pay 255 yuan.” Then, she 10 her son and says, “Do you think math is useful now?” 1.A.activity B.hobby C.game D.subject 2.A.easy B.boring C.useful D.difficult 3.A.fruit B.book C.clothes D.sports 4.A.so B.or C.but D.because 5.A.buy B.watch C.like D.sell 6.A.jacket B.T-shirt C.skirt D.sweater 7.A.get B.see C.find D.win 8.A.old B.happy C.sure D.healthy 9.A.calls B.comes C.thanks D.meets 10.A.looks at B.looks for C.looks up D.looks out 【答案】 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 【导语】本文主要讲述了原本不喜欢数学、觉得数学无趣且无用的Rick,在妈妈的服装店帮忙时,因不懂数学计算,在给顾客计算折扣价格时出错,而妈妈正确计算出价格,通过这一经历让Rick意识到数学是有用的故事。 【详解】1.句意:他认为这门科目很无聊。activity活动;hobby爱好;game游戏;subject科目。根据前文“Rick doesn’t like math”可知,此处指的是“数学”这一科目。故选D。 2.句意:而且他认为数学没有用。 easy简单的;boring无聊的;useful有用的;difficult困难的。根据后文妈妈通过买毛衣的事让他明白数学有用,可推断此处指他觉得数学“没用”,且空前有“doesn’t”,需填正面含义的词。故选C。 3.句意:一个周六,White夫人让Rick去她的服装店帮忙。 fruit水果;book书;clothes衣服;sports运动。根据后文“all the clothes are on sale”可知,这是一家服装店。故选C。 4.句意:店里有很多人,因为所有衣服都在特价出售。so所以;or或者;but但是;because因为。“店里人多”和“衣服特价”是因果关系,后句表原因。故选D。 5.句意:这位女士说她想买一件毛衣。 buy买;watch看;like喜欢;sell卖。根据后文“OK, I’ll take this one”可知,女士是来“买”毛衣的。故选A。 6.句意:Rick说:“它600元,但这件毛衣你可以半价买。” jacket夹克;T-shirt T恤;skirt裙子;sweater毛衣。根据前文“The woman says she wants to buy a sweater”可知,女士要买的是毛衣,此处指代这件毛衣。故选D。 7.句意:还能再打15%的折扣,对吗? get得到;see看见;find找到;win赢得。“get a discount”是固定搭配,意为“获得折扣”。故选A。 8.句意:女士问:“你确定吗?” old老的;happy开心的;sure确定的;healthy健康的。Rick算错价格,半价300元再打85折应为255元,他却算成45元,女士对此表示质疑,Are you sure?“你确定吗”符合语境。故选C。 9.句意:White夫人走过来对女士说:“抱歉,您需要支付255元。” calls打电话;comes来;thanks感谢;meets遇见。这里指妈妈听到错误后“走过来”处理,符合场景。故选B。 10.句意:然后,她看着儿子说:“现在你觉得数学有用吗?” looks at看着;looks for寻找;looks up查阅;looks out小心。根据后文“says to her son”可知,妈妈是“看着”儿子说话。故选A。 三、选词填空 阅读下面短文,根据短文内容,选择适当的单词填空,使短文意思完整。每个选项仅使用一次,有两个多余选项。      cause   energy   fast food   habits   hungry   sugar   but   instead   thirsty   doctor   too much   too many Improve Your Eating Habits Healthy eating is important for a healthy body and mind. Both what we eat and how we eat are important! For example, some people have 1 every week. It is easy and delicious! But it often has lots of salt, fat, and 2 . That makes us put on weight. Eating fast food like pizza and hamburgers too often may 3 heart problems later. If you cook your own meals instead, you can make healthy balanced meals. Eating three meals a day is important. 4 some people don’t have breakfast. Maybe they don’t feel 5 in the morning, or they are too busy to eat anything. But food gives us 6 . It is easy to feel sleepy and find it hard to focus on our work or studies if we don’t eat breakfast. Some people also eat 7 sweet things. Ice cream, sweets, and chocolate are delicious, but they usually have lots of sugar. This can cause tooth problems. When you want a snack, why don’t you have some fruit 8 ? After all, an apple a day keeps the 9 away. Remember: You are what you eat. Healthy eating means eating healthy food and having good eating 10 . 【答案】 1.fast food 2.sugar 3.cause 4.But 5.hungry 6.energy 7.too many 8.instead 9.doctor 10.habits 【导语】本文主要介绍了健康饮食的重要性,指出了一些不良饮食习惯及其危害,并给出了健康饮食的建议。 【详解】1.句意:例如,有些人每周都吃快餐。后文围绕fast food展开描述,且have后接宾语,fast food表示“快餐”为不可数名词,符合语境。 2.句意:但它通常含有大量的盐、脂肪和糖。此处与salt、fat并列,sugar表示“糖分”为不可数名词,契合“快餐含高热量成分”的逻辑。 3.句意:经常吃披萨、汉堡这类快餐,日后可能会引发心脏问题。may为情态动词,后接动词原形;cause意为“导致”,体现快餐与心脏问题的因果关联。 4.句意:一日三餐很重要,但是有些人不吃早餐。前句强调“一天吃三餐重要”,后句转折说明“有些人不吃早餐”,but表转折逻辑。 5.句意:也许他们早上不觉得饿,或者太忙了没时间吃东西。feel为系动词,后接形容词;hungry意为“饥饿的”,对应“不吃早餐”的原因。 6.句意:但是食物给我们提供能量。give sb. sth.意为“给某人某物”,此处需填名词,energy表示“能量”为不可数名词,符合“食物提供能量”的常识。 7.句意:有些人还吃太多甜食。sweet things为可数名词复数,too many意为“太多”,修饰可数名词复数。 8.句意:当你想吃零食时,为什么不吃些水果来代替呢?instead表示“代替”,作状语置于句末,体现“用水果替代甜食”的建议。 9.句意:毕竟,一天一苹果,医生远离我。“an apple a day keeps the doctor away.”为固定谚语,doctor表示“医生”。 10.句意:健康饮食意味着吃健康的食物,养成良好的饮食习惯。eating habits为固定搭配,表示“饮食习惯”;habit为可数名词,此处用复数形式泛指各类习惯。 初中名词考点梳理 名词的定义及句法功能: 名词:表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念或情感等词类,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分 序号 功能 例句 1 作主语 Newspapers are useful. 报纸有用。 2 作宾语 Have you received my letter? 你收到我的信了吗?(作动词的宾语) The books are on the desk. 书在桌子上。(作介词的宾语) 3 作表语 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 4 作补足语 We made him manager of the company. 我们选他当公司的经理。 This kind of flower is called carnation. 这种花叫康乃馨。(作主语) 5 作同位语 You students go first. 你们学生先走。 6 作状语 We’ll meet next Sunday. 我们下周日见。 7 作定语 I am an English teacher. 我是一位英语老师。 考点一:名词的分类 分类 说明 例句 普通名词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 city城市,panda熊猫,chair椅子,hospital医院,nurse护士 集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public公众,people人们,class班级,family家庭,police警察 不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 rice大米,snow雪,steel钢铁,cotton棉花,corn玉米,air空气 抽象名词 表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词 courage勇气,determination决心,satisfaction满意,happiness幸福,success成功,love热爱 专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London伦敦,Tom汤姆,the Great Wall长城,Asia亚洲 表示书名、电影名、各种标语 Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》 表示机构、组织、团体 UNESCO联合国教科文组织 Beijing University北京大学 表示月份、星期、节日 Monday星期一,National day国庆节 复合名词 两个或两个以上的词构成的意义相对稳定的名词。 ①名词+名词 bookshop书 newspaper报纸 ②名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出 ③名词+v -ing handwriting书法 horse riding骑马 ④v-ing+名词 reading room阅览室 ⑤动词+名词 bathroom浴室 postcard 明信片 ⑥形容词+名词 blackboard黑板 supermarket 超市 ⑦副词+动词 outlook观点 income 收入 【易错点】 1. 本质上是复数形式的,例如:cattle(牛群),people(人们),police(警察)。 2. 可以用单数或复数形式表示的,例如:audience(观众),class(班级),club(俱乐部),committee(委员会),company(公司),crew(船员),enemy(敌人),family(家庭),government(政府),group(组),team(队)。当这些词作为主语时,谓语动词的数取决于它们所指的具体含义。如果将它们视为一个整体,则谓语动词使用单数形式;如果指代的是成员个体,则谓语动词使用复数形式。 考点二:名词的数 可数名词有单、复数形式。 1.名词复数形式的规则变化 情况 构成方法 单数变复数例词 一般情况 加 -s map→maps;mouth→mouths;house→houses 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es watch→watches;glass→glasses;match→matches 以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i再加es baby→babies;country→countries 以“元音字母+y”结尾 词尾加-s key→keys;boy→boys; holiday-holiday 以-f或-fe结尾 多数变f或fe 为v后加-es leaf→leaves;life→lives;shelf→shelves knife→knives;thief→thieves;wife→wives;knife→knives;wolf→wolves 少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs;roof→roofs;belief→beliefs 以字母-o结尾 词尾加-es Negro→Negroes;hero→heroes; potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes 词尾加-s photo→photos;kilo→kilos;piano→pianos;zoo→zoos 【速记口诀】 口诀1:“小偷的妻子切面包,半片树叶当作刀,狼保己命藏于后”。当这些名词变为复数时,将f或fe改为-ve,并加上-s。以f或fe结尾的名词,若要变为复数,需将f或fe变为v,再添加-es。这类名词包括:calf(小牛,牛犊),half(一半),knife(小刀),leaf(叶子),life(生活,生命),loaf(长面包),self(自己),shelf(架子),thief(小偷),wife(妻子),wolf(狼)。 口诀2:“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”,这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的名词复数加-s。以o结尾的名词,需加-es的名词有: negro (黑人), hero (英雄), tomato (西红柿), potato (土豆)。 【易错点】 1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。 American→Americans 美国人Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人 Canadian→Canadians 加拿大German→Germans 德国人Greek→Greeks 希腊人Indian→Indians 印度人 Russian→Russians俄罗斯人 2. 有些名词表面为复数形式,实为单数。 math数学,news新闻,physics物理,politics政治,the United Nations 联合国, the United States美国 2.名词复数的不规则变化 变化 示例 单复数同形 deer;fish;sheep;means;series;aircraft;spacecraft;species Chinese;the United States;Swiss;physics;politics;maths 变内部元音 goose→geese;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;man→men;woman→women;mouse→mice -on变-a phenomenon→phenomena现象;criterion→criteria标准; 词尾加-(r)en child→children孩子;ox→oxen公牛 词尾-un变成-a datum→data数据;medium→media媒体 【易错点】 1. fish表示鱼的种类时,复数形式为fishes,而fish表示鱼的条数时,复数形式仍为fish。如: different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼 2. works意为"工厂"时,单复数形式一样,而work意为"著作,作品"时,复数形式是works。如: a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂 a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品 3.不可数名词 一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。 不可数名词的数 不可数名词没有复数形式,一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如piece, glass等。通常只用作不可数的名词有:beer, air, homework, weather, news, butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。 抽象名词具体化 表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有: success成功-成功的人或事; pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事; surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事; beauty美-美丽的人或事; comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素; 物质名词具体化 rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可以具体化为可数名词,用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如:two drinks两杯饮料; two ices两份冰淇淋; sands沙滩;snows多场雪; 具体名词抽象化 school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词,有具体的意义,当表示与之相关的活动时,表示抽象意义。如:go to school上学;at table在吃饭;in prison坐监狱;go to church去做礼拜; 4.复数形式表示特殊含义的名词 单复数意义不同的词 good好的→goods货物; water→waters水域; fish鱼肉→fishes(各种)鱼 green绿色→greens青菜 work工作→works (作品,著作); glass玻璃→glasses眼镜; paper纸--papers报纸,论文; content内容--contents目录; custom习俗→customs关税; wood木材→woods树林; arm胳膊→arms武器; time时间→times时代; 考点三:名词所有格 名词所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语。它有三种形式:­'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。 1.'s所有格的构词规则 表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或',表示所有关系。 构成规则 示例 单数名词词尾通常加­'s;复数名词词尾没有­s时,也要加­'s my sister’s telephone number我姐姐的电话号码;the children's toys那些孩子的玩具 the women’s changing room女更衣室 以­s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'” teachers' office 教师们的办公室 以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或­'s均可 my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划;Engles’/Engles’s works恩格斯的著作 合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加­'s her son­in­law's car她女婿的车 表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助­'s表示所有关系 a week's holiday 一周的假;thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程 作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加­'s an hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程 不定代词后接else时,­'s加在else之后 somebody else's bag别人的包 易错点: (1) 表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时,分别在每个名词的词尾加's或';表示两者或多者共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。 Tom's and Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲 Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲 (2) 表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barber's 在理发店 at my uncle's 在我叔叔家 2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 用法 示例 对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表示所属关系 the door of the room房间的门 表示主谓关系用of所有格 the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来 表示同位关系用of所有格 the city of Shanghai上海市 表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格 most of the students大多数学生 表示内容用of所有格 the cost of living生活成本;the news of success捷报 当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the+形容词”构成所有格时要借助of the housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题;the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议 3.双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+名词­'s”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,主要用法如下: 用法 示例 表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用a,any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用the another house of John's 约翰的另一所房子 被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时,通常带有一定的感情色彩,如赞赏、不满、厌恶等 That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。 易混点: 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等); 名词作定语主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 考点四 易混易错点辨析 高 频 易 混 名 词 Group 1 family family指的是家庭或家庭成员,与居住地无关 home home指某人出生以及成长的环境或与某人一起居住的地方 house house强调人们居住的建筑物本身 address adress指人们生活、工作地点的市镇、街区、门牌号和电话、传真号等,即通讯地址。 Group 2 noise noise通常指不悦耳的、令人烦恼的嘈杂声,隐含贬义; voice voice指人说话或唱歌时发出的声音。可引申为人的呼声或意见; sound sound普通用词,含义笼统,指人们能听到的各种声音,无褒贬色彩。 Group 3 message message指通过书写、谈话和信号等方式所进行的通讯“信息”; news news特指报纸、电台或电视等传播媒体所发布的信息; information information指通过各种途径如观察、阅读或与人交往所获得的任何信息,但不一定都准确。 Group 4 job job是可数名词,指一件必须做的工作,或有报酬的工作,也可指职业,多用于口语中; work work是不可数名词,指工作、劳动、职业、操作、运转等,这个词是一般用语,可用于各种场合。 Group 5 advice advice普通用词,侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言,是不可数名词; suggestion suggestion普通用词,语气比advice婉转客气。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议,有时含所提建议不一定正确,仅供参考的意味。是可数名词,除了表示建议外,还有“暗示,表明”的 Group 6 cause cause指直接导致事情发生的原因,与所发生的事有因果关系,常用the cause of搭配; reason reason强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因,不是直接说明起因,常用the reason for搭配; excuse excuse指为自己辩解,希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由,是借口性的理由。 Group 7 situation situation指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态,侧重地点或场所的环境特征,也可指明确具体的环境情况或处境; scene scene常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点; condition condition一般强调产生影响的原因或环境,复数形式指笼统的情况; position position多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。还可以指社会地位较高,工作较为庄重,领取工资的职位。 Group 8 note note指内容直截了当的短信或便条,正式或非正式均可; notice notice指用以宣传某事的发生或传达某种指示的通知。 Group 9 sign sign普通用词,指人们公认事物的记号,也可指某种情况的征兆; mark mark普通用词,含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记,又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征; signal signal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号; symbol symbol指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。 Group 10 conversation conversation一般用词,指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈,常用搭配in conversation with,表示“和……交谈”; talk talk强调“交谈”多半是指数人之间的交谈,包括严肃的讨论,也表示轻松的闲聊。 Group 11 strength strength指内部固有的力量,表示物质力量时,着重体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量, 如体力强度等;表示精神力量时, 指持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等。 power power的基本意思是“力,力量”,可指人的体力、思维能力,也可指机器的功力、动力或功率,还可指人或国家甚至是某个机构的权力、势力或影响力。 energy energy的基本意思是“活力”“干劲”“能力”,多用作不可数名词,在指人的“精力”时多用复数形式。引申可表示“能”“能量”“能源”。 force force用作名词的基本意思是“力; 力量; 力气”,引申可表示“控制力”“影响力; 效力”“说服力”等。也可表示“武力,暴力”,为不可数名词。还可作“部队; 武力; 兵力”解,这时常用复数形式forces作主语时,其谓语动词则既可用复数形式也可用单数形式。 典例示范 1.Lisa’s favorite subject is ________, because she wants to know about the past. A.history B.math C.music D.English 【答案】A 【详解】句意:丽莎最喜欢的科目是历史,因为她想了解过去。history历史;math数学;music音乐;English英语。根据“because she wants to know about the past”可知,想了解过去对应的科目是历史。故选A。 2.The old china pieces have two main traditional ________: blue and white. A.colors B.shapes C.sizes D.stories 【答案】A 【详解】句意:这些古老的瓷器碎片有两种主要的传统颜色:蓝色和白色。colors颜色;shapes形状;sizes尺寸;stories故事。根据“blue and white”可知此处指的是颜色,符合语境。 3.There are over 3,000 ________ in this zoo. A.kind of animals B.kinds of animal C.kinds of animals D.kind of animal 【答案】C 【详解】句意:这个动物园里有超过3000种动物。根据“3,000”可知数量大于一,kind应用复数形式kinds;of后接可数名词复数表示多种类别,animal应用复数形式animals。固定结构为“数词 + kinds of + 复数名词”。 4.—Is this ________ room? —No. It’s ________ room. A.Tom; Tom and Tim B.Tom’s; Tom and Tim’s C.Tom; Tom’s and Tim’s D.Tom’s; Tom’s and Tim’s 【答案】B 【详解】句意:——这是汤姆的房间吗?——不。它是汤姆和蒂姆共有的房间。Tom汤姆,人名; Tom and Tim汤姆和蒂姆,人名;Tom’s汤姆的,名词所有格;Tom and Tim’s汤姆和蒂姆的,两人共有;Tom’s and Tim’s汤姆的和蒂姆的,两人各自所有。第一空修饰room,表示“汤姆的”,需用所有格Tom’s;第二空room为单数可知表示两人共同拥有,只在最后一个人名后加’s,即Tom and Tim’s。 5.After having two ________ in the morning, Mr Li and the ________ have fun on the playground. A.class; class B.classes; class C.class; classes D.classes; classes 【答案】B 【详解】句意:在上午上了两节课之后,李先生和全班学生在操场上玩得开心。考查名词class的用法。two后接可数名词复数,所以第一空用classes,表示“两节课”;“the class”指全班学生,作为集合名词用单数。故选B。 即学即练习 1.How much ________ do you need to make the cake? A.butter B.eggs C.bananas D.apples 【答案】A 【详解】句意:制作这个蛋糕你需要多少黄油?butter黄油;eggs鸡蛋;bananas香蕉;apples苹果。how much修饰不可数名词,how many修饰可数名词复数。根据“How much”可知此处填不可数名词,eggs、bananas和apples均为可数名词复数,只有butter是不可数名词,应填butter。 2.There are thirty ________ in our school. Each of them has a good ________ of English. A.woman teachers; knowledge B.women teachers; knowledge C.woman teacher; knowledges D.women teachers; knowledges 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我们学校有三十位女教师。她们每个人都有扎实的英语知识。考查名词的数。根据“There are thirty ...”可知,thirty后接复数,“woman+名词”的复合名词变复数时,woman和后面的名词都要变复数,第一空需用women teachers;第二空,knowledge是不可数名词,无复数形式。故选B。 3.How many ______ do you want? A.bottle of apple juice B.bottle of apple juices C.bottles of apple juice D.bottles of apples juice 【答案】C 【详解】句意:你想要多少瓶苹果汁?bottle of apple juice一瓶苹果汁;bottle of apple juices表达有误;bottles of apple juice多瓶苹果汁;bottles of apples juice表达有误。How many后接可数名词复数,因此量词bottle需用复数形式bottles;apple juice是不可数名词,juice无复数形式,且名词作定语修饰juice时通常用单数apple。所以选C。 4.There are many ________ in my uncle’s yard. I like ________ for lunch. A.chickens; chicken B.chicken; chickens C.chickens; chickens D.chicken; chicken 【答案】A 【详解】句意:我叔叔的院子里有很多小鸡。我喜欢午餐吃鸡肉。 chicken作“鸡”讲时是可数名词,复数为chickens;作“鸡肉”讲时是不可数名词。第一空,根据“many”可知用复数chickens,指动物;第二空根据”for lunch“可知指食物鸡肉,用原形chicken。 5.Doctors have so much ________ to do every day, because they need to save people’s ________. A.job; life B.job; lives C.work; lives D.work; life 【答案】C 【详解】句意:医生每天有那么多工作要做,因为他们需要拯救人们的生命。 so much后应接不可数名词,表示“大量工作”。work“工作”为不可数名词,而job“工作”为可数名词,不能与much 连用(如不能说much job)。people“人们”为复数名词,其所有格people’s 后应接复数名词lives“生命”,表示“多个人的生命”;life“生命”为单数形式,不符合语境。故第一空应填work,第二空应填lives。 6.—Those tennis rackets are cool! Whose are they? —They are my ________. She plays it very well. A.brother’s B.brothers’ C.sisters’ D.sister’s 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——那些网球拍真酷!它们是谁的?——它们是我姐姐/妹妹的。她打得很好。brother’s哥哥/弟弟的;brothers’哥哥们/弟弟们的;sisters’姐姐们/妹妹们的;sister’s姐姐/妹妹的。根据答语中“She plays it very well.”可知所有者为女性;She是单数代词,对应单数所有格,应填sister’s。 7.—Are you sure this is a photo ________, the famous comedy actress (喜剧演员)? —Yes. But she was once (曾经) really thin. A.Jia Ling B.Jia Ling’s C.of Jia Ling D.of Jia Ling’s 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——你确定这是著名喜剧演员贾玲的照片吗?——是的。但她曾经很瘦。考查所有格形式。a photo of Jia Ling和a photo of Jia Ling’s都表示“贾玲的照片”,但是前者表示照片上的人是贾玲本人,而后者表示照片属于贾玲,但是照片上的人不一定是贾玲本人。结合句意可知照片上的人就是贾玲。故选C。 8.—Who’s the girl over there? —She’s _______. A.one of my sister’s B.a friend of my sister C.a friend of my sister’s 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——那边那个女孩是谁?——她是我姐姐的一个朋友。 a friend of my sister’s我姐姐的(众多朋友中的)一个朋友,其后省略了friends,符合双重所有格结构“a/an+名词+of+名词所有格”。 9.Welcome to the ________ shop. We have all kinds of ________. A.fruit; fruits B.fruit; vegetable C.fruits; fruit D.fruits; vegetables 【答案】A 【详解】句意:欢迎光临水果店。我们有各种各样的水果。考查名词的单复数形式。fruit水果,各种水果的总称,为集合名词;fruits水果,表示不同种类的水果;vegetable蔬菜,可数名词的单数形式;vegetables蔬菜,可数名词的复数形式。根据“the…shop”可知,第一空应用其单数形式构成名词短语,“fruit shop”表示“水果店”;又结合“all kinds of…”可知,第二空应用其复数形式表示不同种类的水果。故选A。 10.There are many ancient buildings around China which help us know more about Chinese history. ______ is just a modern one, not among them. A.The Terracotta Warriors B.The Ming Great Wall C.The National Museum of China D.The Palace Museum 【答案】C 【详解】句意:中国各地有许多古建筑,它们帮助我们更多地了解中国历史。中国国家博物馆正是一座现代建筑,并不在这些古建筑之中。The Terracotta Warriors秦始皇兵马俑,是中国著名古代历史遗迹,属于古建筑;The Ming Great Wall明长城,是中国古代修建的军事防御工程,属于古建筑;The National Museum of China中国国家博物馆,是近代修建完成的国家级博物馆,属于现代建筑;The Palace Museum故宫,是中国明清两代的古代皇家宫殿,属于古建筑。根据题意,需要选出不属于古建筑的现代建筑,因此正确答案为对应中国国家博物馆的选项。 解题方略 1.many/few + 可数复数;much/little + 不可数名词 2.数词大于 1 → 名词变复数 3.单数 / 不可数名词→谓语用 is;复数→用 are 4.表 “所属”:人 / 动物用’s,事物用 of 5.看到不可数名词,拒绝加 s、拒绝直接加 a/an 【基础通关】 一、单词拼写 1.These ________ (fisherman) wish is to make a living by catching fish to support families. 【答案】fishermen’s 【详解】句意:这些渔民的愿望是通过捕鱼来养家糊口。根据汉语提示可知,fisherman“渔民”,可数名词;再根据“These…wish”可知,此处应用其复数名词的所有格形式fishermen’s作定语,修饰名词wish。故填fishermen’s。 2.A school in Changsha held all kinds of ________ (activity) for teenagers. 【答案】activities 【详解】句意:长沙的一所学校为青少年举办了各种各样的活动。all kinds of意为“各种各样的”,后接可数名词复数。activity“活动”,可数名词,复数形式为activities。 3.Yueyang is one of the top 10 most beautiful ________ (city) in China this year. 【答案】cities 【详解】句意:岳阳是今年中国十大最美丽的城市之一。根据“one of the top 10 most beautiful”提示,句子为“one of + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数”结构,后接可数名词复数形式;city的复数形式是cities。 4.The ________ (mouse) are very small. They like eating rice. 【答案】mice 【详解】句意:这些老鼠非常小。它们喜欢吃大米。句中be动词为are,说明主语要用复数形式。mouse意为“老鼠”,是可数名词,复数形式为mice。 5.How many ________ (box) are there on the desk? 【答案】boxes 【详解】句意:桌子上有多少个盒子?How many后接可数名词复数,box“盒子”,可数名词,复数形式为boxes。 6.There are some big ________ (elephant) in the zoo. 【答案】elephants 【详解】句意:动物园里有一些大象。some后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,elephant“大象”,是可数名词,复数形式为elephants。故填elephants。 7.The rabbit has four white ________ (foot). 【答案】feet 【详解】句意:这只兔子有四只白色的脚。数词four后接可数名词复数,foot意为“脚”,复数形式为feet。故填feet。 8.I have two good ________ (friend). They both like animal friends. 【答案】friends 【详解】句意:我有两个好朋友。她们都喜欢动物朋友。数词two后接可数名词复数形式,friend是可数名词,复数形式为friends。 9.The ________ (child) are playing with the little dogs in the park. 【答案】children 【详解】句意:孩子们正在公园里和小狗玩耍。根据句中的be动词“are”可知,主语应为复数形式,child的复数形式是children。 10.How many ________ (monkey) can you see in the tree? 【答案】monkeys 【详解】句意:你能在树上看到多少只猴子?句中how many后需接可数名词复数,需用monkey的复数形式,故填monkeys。 二、单项选择 11.There is some ________ on the plate. It’s delicious. A.beef B.beefs C.tomatoes D.potato 【答案】A 【详解】句意:盘子里有一些牛肉。它很美味。 根据“There is some”及后句“It’s”可知,此处应填不可数名词。beef 为不可数名词,符合语境;tomatoes为复数名词,beefs形式错误,potato为可数名词单数。 12.—How many ________ are there in your school? —About 180. A.woman teachers B.women teacher C.women teachers D.woman teacher 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——你们学校有多少女教师?——大约180名。how many后接可数名词复数形式;由man/woman修饰名词构成的复合名词变复数时,前后两个名词都要变为复数形式,即woman变为women,teacher变为 teachers。应选women teachers。 13.—I have ________ to do this evening. A.a lot of works B.many work C.a lot of work D.some works 【答案】C 【详解】——今天晚上我有许多工作要做。work作“工作”讲时,为不可数名词,因此没有复数形式;many修饰可数名词,所以C选项a lot of work符合语法搭配。 14.There are three ________ on the table. Help yourself. A.box of apple B.boxes of apples C.box of apples D.boxes of apple 【答案】B 【详解】句意:桌子上有三箱苹果,请自便。box of apple……箱苹果,常用a box of apples;boxes of apples……箱苹果,box前的数词需要大于1;box of apples……箱苹果,与three不匹配;boxes of apple表述错误。句中数词“three”大于1,名词“box”需用复数形式boxes;apple为可数名词,此处表示多个苹果,需用复数形式apples。应填boxes of apples。 15.We need lots of ________ every day to keep healthy. A.vegetable B.vegetables C.hamburger D.hamburgers 【答案】B 【详解】句意:为了保持健康,我们每天需要大量的蔬菜。vegetable 蔬菜;vegetables 蔬菜复数;hamburger 汉堡;hamburgers 汉堡复数。根据“lots of”可知后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,排除 A、C;再根据“keep healthy”保持健康,可知需要吃蔬菜而不是汉堡。应填vegetables。 16.—Could you tell me when Max began to do business? —Sure. He began to do business when he was ________ and has earned 2.56 ________ so far. A.in his thirties; billion B.in his thirtieth; billion C.in his thirties; billions of D.in his thirtieth; billions 【答案】A 【详解】句意:——你能告诉我马克斯什么时候开始做生意的吗?——当然。他在三十多岁时开始做生意,并且到目前为止已经赚了25.6亿。表示“在某人几十多岁时”用固定结构“in one’s + 整十的复数”,故第一空填in his thirties;当hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前有具体数字修饰时,这些词用单数形式,且后不加of,故第二空填billion。 17.I’m sorry I can’t go to the movies with you because I have ________ work to do. A.too much B.much too C.too many D.many too 【答案】A 【详解】句意:对不起,我不能和你一起去看电影,因为我有太多的工作要做。 too much太多,修饰不可数名词;much too太,修饰形容词或副词;too many太多,修饰可数名词复数;many too搭配错误。根据句意及work是不可数名词,可知此处应用too much。 18.Jim would like some ________ and ________. A.porridge, vegetables B.beef, carrot C.bean, bananas D.fish and chips, coffees 【答案】A 【详解】句意:吉姆想要一些粥和蔬菜。porridge粥(不可数名词),vegetables蔬菜(可数名词复数);beef牛肉(不可数名词),carrot胡萝卜(可数名词单数);bean豆子(可数名词单数),bananas香蕉(可数名词复数);fish and chips炸鱼薯条(通常视为不可数),coffees咖啡(作为多杯咖啡时可数,但此处不自然)。根据“some”后接不可数名词或可数名词复数的语法规则可知,只有A选项的两个名词形式都正确。 19.Let’s go to the supermarket to buy some ________. A.beef B.cucumber C.watermelon D.carrot 【答案】A 【详解】句意:让我们去超市买一些牛肉。beef牛肉;cucumber黄瓜;watermelon西瓜;carrot胡萝卜。some 意为“一些”,后接可数名词复数或不可数名词。选项中 B、C、D 均为可数名词单数形式,不能直接用在some后;beef为不可数名词,符合语法。 20.Charlie Graver runs races to raise money for an organization called ________. A.Helping Hands B.Changing Faces C.Young Inventors D.Save the Animals 【答案】B 【详解】句意:Charlie Graver参加赛跑是为了给一个名为Changing Faces的组织筹款。Helping Hands援助之手;Changing Faces改变面容;Young Inventors年轻发明家;Save the Animals拯救动物。根据文章内容可知,Charlie Graver跑步筹款支持的慈善机构名称为Changing Faces。 三、完形填空 从每小题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 Paul is a 6-year-old boy. He has a love for 21 . He likes drawing dogs, balls and planes. One day, his 22 gives him a special pencil. “Thank you, Uncle John,” Paul says. Paul is very 23 . He can draw with this pencil. He uses it to draw a 24 first. After drawing, the dog jumps out of the paper. It is a magic pencil! Paul tells his friends 25 it. They think it is cool. They all come to Paul’s home and 26 Paul to draw things for them. After two hours of drawing, the pencil becomes (变得) very 27 . Paul can’t use it to draw. He feels sad. His friends 28 this. They say, “Don’t be sad, Paul, we can share 29 things with you.” Paul is happy again 30 he knows he has some very good friends. 21.A.sport B.art C.math D.history 22.A.uncle B.father C.cousin D.grandfather 23.A.nice B.busy C.happy D.healthy 24.A.bed B.plane C.ball D.dog 25.A.for B.with C.to D.about 26.A.ask B.like C.look D.thank 27.A.right B.short C.long D.boring 28.A.see B.buy C.have D.want 29.A.your B.their C.our D.my 30.A.but B.because C.so D.after 【答案】 21.B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.B 【导语】本文主要讲述男孩Paul收到一支魔法铅笔,画的东西能变成真。铅笔用完后他很伤心,朋友安慰他,让他重拾快乐的故事。 【详解】21.句意:他热爱艺术。根据后文“He likes drawing”可知,画画属于艺术范畴。art艺术,画画属于艺术范畴,符合“喜欢画狗、球和飞机”的语境。sport运动,math数学,history历史,均和画画无关。 22.句意:一天,他的叔叔给他一支特殊的铅笔。根据下文Paul说的“Thank you, Uncle John”可知,送铅笔的是他的叔叔。uncle符合语境,father爸爸,cousin堂兄/弟/姐/妹,grandfather爷爷/外公文章中均未提到。 23.句意:Paul 非常开心。根据上文收到特殊铅笔以及下文能画画可知,收到礼物通常感到开心。happy开心的,符合语境。nice友好的,通常用来形容人的性格,不能形容收到礼物的心情;busy忙碌的,healthy健康的,均和收到铅笔的语境无关 24.句意:他首先用它画了一只狗。根据后句“After drawing, the dog jumps out of the paper”可知,他画的是狗,dog符合语境,bed床,plane飞机,ball球,下文均未提及。 25.句意:Paul告诉他的朋友们关于它的事。根据tell sb. about sth.可知,此处应填about。 26.句意:他们都来到Paul家,让Paul为他们画东西。 根据ask sb. to do sth.可知,朋友们请他画画。且like喜欢, look看,thank感谢,无该搭配。 27.句意:画了两个小时后,铅笔变得非常短。根据后句“Paul can’t use it to draw”可知,铅笔用久了会变短以至于无法使用。short短的,符合逻辑。right正确的,long长的,boring无聊的,均与语境不符,排除。 28.句意:他的朋友们看到了这一点。根据语境,朋友们注意到Paul很难过,所以安慰他。see表示看见、注意到。buy买,have有,want想要,均和语境无关。 29.句意:我们可以和你分享我们的东西。根据直接引语语境,朋友们说话指代自己群体,应用our。其他选项人称不符。 30.句意:Paul又开心了,因为他知道他有一些非常好的朋友。前后句是因果关系,后句解释开心的原因,应用because。but但是,so所以, after在……之后,均不是因果关系,排除。 【培优提升】 一、单项选择 1.—Daniel, what would you like for your dinner? — I’d like to buy some ________ and two ________. A.potatoes; kilos of beefs B.potato; kilos of beef C.tomatoes; kilos of beef D.tomato; kilos of beefs 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——丹尼尔,你晚饭想吃什么?——我想买些西红柿和两公斤牛肉。 potatoes土豆,复数;potato土豆,单数;kilos of beefs几公斤牛肉,错误表达;kilos of beef几公斤牛肉;tomatoes西红柿,复数;tomato西红柿,单数。some后接可数名词复数或不可数名词,potato和tomato为可数名词,需用复数形式potatoes或tomatoes,据此排除B和D选项;beef意为“牛肉”,属于不可数名词,没有复数形式,两公斤牛肉应表达为two kilos of beef,据此排除A选项。 2.—________ fathers didn’t come to the ________ meeting. Why? —Because they both went on business. A.Tom’s and Amy; parents B.Tom and Amy’s; parent’s C.Tom’s and Amy’s; parents’ 【答案】C 【详解】句意:——汤姆的父亲和艾米的父亲都没来参加家长的会议。为什么?——因为他们两个都出差了。Tom’s and Amy汤姆的父亲和艾米;parents父母;Tom and Amy’s汤姆和艾米的父亲;parent’s父或母的;Tom’s and Amy’s汤姆的父亲和艾米的父亲;parents’父母的。第一空,根据复数名词fathers可知,表示汤姆和艾米各自的父亲,两人分别拥有,需分别在每个名字后加’s;第二空,parents’ meeting意为“家长会”。 3.I’m hungry. I want some ________ and some orange ________. A.noodle; juice B.noodles; juice C.noodles; juices D.noodle; juices 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我饿了。我想要一些面条和一些橙汁。noodle(面条)通常以复数形式noodles表示;juice(果汁)为不可数名词,没有复数形式。根据前句“I’m hungry”可知,此处需要点餐,some修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,所以应填可数名词复数noodles和不可数名词juice。 4.He can see two ________ in the picture. A.mouse B.mouses C.mice D.mices 【答案】C 【详解】句意:他在图片中能看到两只老鼠。   mouse老鼠(单数形式);mouses错误拼写(非标准复数);mice老鼠(复数形式,不规则变化);mices错误形式。根据“two”可知,其后接可数名词复数,mouse的复数形式为mice,mice符合语境。 5.My uncle has five ________ and eleven ________ on his farm. A.geese; sheeps B.geese; sheep C.goose; sheeps D.goose; sheep 【答案】B 【详解】句意:我叔叔的农场上有五只鹅和十一只羊。 考查名词复数形式,goose(鹅)的复数为geese,sheep(羊)的复数形式不变,仍为sheep。选项A中sheeps错误;选项C中goose为单数、sheeps错误;选项D中goose为单数错误。故选B。 6.There are more and more tall and handsome ________ in our school than before. A.woman teacher B.man teacher C.women teachers D.men teachers 【答案】D 【详解】句意:我们学校高大英俊的男教师比以前更多了。 考查名词用法。根据“are”可知,名词修饰名词时,修饰词一般不用复数,但是当修饰词表示性别时woman/man,被修饰词需要复数形式时,woman/man也要变成复数形式。故选D。 7.What ________ it is to go surfing in ________ weather A.great fun; so fine B.a great fun; such a fine C.great fun; such fine D.great fun; such a fine 【答案】C 【详解】句意:在这么好的天气里去冲浪是多么有趣啊! 考查不可数名词和such/so的用法。fun是不可数名词,不能用a修饰,所以排除B。weather也是不可数名词,不能用a修饰,所以排除D。so用来修饰形容词或副词,such用来修饰名词短语,fine weather是名词短语,所以用such,排除A。故选C。 8.—Look! There are many ________ on my grandma’s farm. —Yes, and we often have ________ for dinner. It’s delicious. A.chicken; chicken B.chickens; chickens C.chicken; chickens D.chickens; chicken 【答案】D 【详解】句意:——看!我奶奶的农场上有许多鸡。——是的,我们经常吃鸡肉作为晚餐。很美味。 考查可数名词和不可数名词的用法。“chicken”表示“鸡”时是可数名词,复数形式为“chickens”;表示“鸡肉”时是不可数名词,没有复数形式。第一空“many”后接可数名词复数,故用“chickens”;第二空表示食物,用不可数名词“chicken”。故选D。 9.________ flat is on the third floor, but ________ is on the fifth floor. A.Li Lei and Li Hua’s; my B.Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; mine C.Li Lei and Li Hua’s; mine D.Li Lei’s and Li Hua’s; my 【答案】C 【详解】句意:李雷和李华的公寓在三楼,但我的(公寓)在五楼。 第一空,中心词flat是单数,表示两人共同拥有,所有格形式为“Li Lei and Li Hua’s”;若表示各自拥有,名词通常为复数。第二空,空格后无名词,需用名词性物主代词mine充当主语,指代“my flat”;my为形容词性物主代词,后必须接名词。 10.There are three people in my________. We are all at________ now. A.homes; homes B.home; family C.family; family D.family; home 【答案】D 【详解】句意:我家有三口人。我们现在都在家。考查词汇辨析。family家庭;home家,侧重居住场所;homes家,复数形式。in my family“在我家”;at home在家。故选D。 二、完形填空 Chrissy, a new angel (天使), was in charge of the rain. Every Monday, she had to be sure that the 11 spread their raindrops (雨滴) all over the world, because every living thing on the earth needed rain. But no one had told Chrissy how to make them rain. Chrissy asked one of the older angels 12 he could help her. “The angel that had the job before you used to tell 13 stories to the clouds to make them cry.” But Chrissy was a very happy little angel and she didn’t know any sad tales. She flew up to ask the man in the moon. “You might 14 pinching (捏) the clouds to make them cry.” But Chrissy didn’t want to hurt the clouds, so she decided to 15 that idea. The next morning, as Chrissy was jumping from cloud to cloud, she heard someone 16 . It was the little cloud. She asked the little cloud what was so funny. “It’s your toes,” replied the cloud. “They tickle (使发痒) us when you walk.” “Oh, I’m sorry,” said Chrissy. “I will be more 17 .” “No, no, please don’t. We love to be tickled. It makes us laugh so hard that we almost cry.” Well, that gave Chrissy a good 18 . She said goodbye to the cloud and went off. The next day was Monday. It was raining all over the world. Little Chrissy was jumping above all the clouds in the sky, 19 the clouds were laughing hard and tears were pouring from their eyes. The tears 20 to the earth and made wonderful rain. 11.A.clouds B.stories C.messages D.angels 12.A.that B.what C.which D.whether 13.A.beautiful B.funny C.sad D.happy 14.A.try B.practice C.mind D.enjoy 15.A.give in B.give out C.give away D.give up 16.A.talking B.laughing C.dancing D.crying 17.A.careful B.exciting C.interesting D.careless 18.A.advice B.luck C.idea D.gift 19.A.or B.unless C.so D.but 20.A.took B.read C.led D.fell 【答案】 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.D 【导语】本文讲述了负责下雨的新天使Chrissy,从不知道如何让云朵下雨,到通过和云朵交流,找到让云朵笑出眼泪来降雨的方法,最终成功完成任务的故事。 【详解】11.句意:每个周一,她都必须确保云朵将雨滴洒向世界各地,因为地球上的每一种生物都需要雨水。 文中“spread their raindrops”表明能播撒雨滴的是云朵,clouds符合语境。stories故事、messages信息、angels天使,均无法播撒雨滴,不符合逻辑。 12.句意:Chrissy问一位年长的天使是否能帮助她。 文中“he could help her”是Chrissy的疑问,whether引导宾语从句可表达“是否”的含义,符合语境。that引导宾语从句无实义;what、which引导宾语从句需在从句中充当主/宾语,此处从句不缺成分,故不符。 13.句意:在你之前负责这份工作的天使过去常常给云朵讲悲伤的故事,让它们哭出来。 文中“to make them cry”表明故事的目的是让云朵哭,sad“悲伤的”符合语境。beautiful美好的、funny有趣的、happy开心的,故事都不会让人哭,无法达到让云朵下雨的目的。 14.句意:你可以试试捏云朵让它们哭。 文中是给Chrissy提出的让云朵哭的建议,try doing sth.符合语境。practice练习、mind介意、enjoy享受,代入后语义不通,不符合建议场景。 15.句意:但Chrissy不想伤害云朵,所以她决定放弃那个想法。 文中“Chrissy didn’t want to hurt the clouds”表明她不想伤害云朵,因此放弃捏云朵的想法,give up符合语境。give in屈服、give out分发、give away赠送,均与“想法”搭配不当,不符合语境。 16.句意:第二天早上,当Chrissy从一朵云跳到另一朵云上时,她听到有人在笑。 文中云朵提到“They tickle us when you walk”和“We love to be tickled. It makes us laugh so hard”,表明此时云朵正在笑,laughing符合语境。talking说话、dancing跳舞、crying哭,均与后文云朵大笑的情节矛盾。 17.句意:“哦,对不起,”Chrissy说,“我会更小心的。” 文中Chrissy以为自己弄疼了云朵,因此道歉,careful符合道歉的语境。exciting令人兴奋的、interesting有趣的、careless粗心的,均与道歉时的态度不符。 18.句意:好吧,这给了 Chrissy一个好主意。 文中云朵的话让 Chrissy想到了让云朵笑出眼泪来降雨的方法或主意,idea符合语境。advice是他人给出的意见,此处是Chrissy自己想到的方法;luck运气、gift礼物,均与解决问题的语境无关。 19.句意:Chrissy在天空中所有的云朵上方跳来跳去,所以云朵们笑得很厉害,眼泪从它们的眼睛里涌了出来。 文中“Chrissy was jumping above all the clouds”和“the clouds were laughing hard and tears were pouring”是因果关系,Chrissy跳来跳去挠痒云朵,云朵才会大笑流泪,so符合逻辑。or或者/否则、unless除非、but但是,均无法体现因果逻辑。 20.句意:眼泪落到地上,变成了美妙的雨水。 文中“made wonderful rain”表明云朵的眼泪从天空落到地面变成了雨水,fell符合语境。took带走、read读、led带领,均与眼泪变成雨水的过程不符。 三、短文填空 阅读短文,在空白处填入一个适当单词或用括号内单词的适当形式填空。 Hello, everyone! Do you know the SOS student club? Yes, I’m 21 member of the club. Now let me 22 (tell) you something about it. The purpose (目的) of the SOS student club 23 (be) to help students. Some students think 24 (they) homework is too difficult and that they can’t finish it. They can ask the members of the club for help. Some students like volleyball, 25 they can’t play it. They can ask us 26 (teach) them. Some students can’t get on (相处) well with others and they are not happy. They can 27 (talk) with us. There are many kinds of 28 (activity) for students. Do you want to be 29 (help) to others? If your answer is yes, come and join us. We need five new members. Please email us 30 SOSstudentclub@163.com. 【答案】 21.a 22.tell 23.is 24.their 25.but 26.to teach 27.talk 28.activities 29.helpful 30.at 【导语】本文介绍了SOS学生俱乐部的情况,包括其宗旨、帮助内容以及招募新成员的信息。 【详解】21.句意:是的,我是俱乐部的一员。member为可数名词单数,此处泛指“一个成员”,且member以辅音音素开头,故填不定冠词a。 22.句意:现在让我告诉你一些关于它的事情。“let sb. do sth.”意为“让某人做某事”,故填动词原形tell。 23.句意:SOS学生俱乐部的目的是帮助学生。主语The purpose为第三人称单数,描述客观事实用一般现在时,故填is。 24.句意:一些学生认为他们的家庭作业太难,无法完成。修饰名词homework,需用形容词性物主代词,they的对应词为their。 25.句意:一些学生喜欢排球,但他们不会打。前后分句为转折关系,故填but。 26.句意:他们可以请我们教他们。“ask sb. to do sth.”意为“请某人做某事”,故填to teach。 27.句意:他们可以和我们交谈。情态动词can后接动词原形,talk意为“交谈”。 28.句意:有很多种活动供学生参加。“many kinds of”后接可数名词复数,activity的复数为activities。 29.句意:你想帮助别人吗?系动词be后接形容词作表语,help的形容词为helpful,意为“有帮助的”。 30.句意:请发邮件给我们,地址是SOSstudentclub@163.com。表示“在某个电子邮件地址”,用介词at。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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衔接点03 名词(讲义,全国通用)英语小升初衔接
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