内容正文:
Unit 1-4 语法高频考点、重难点讲义
◇Part 01 现在完成时
考点一、现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
例:I have lost my key. I can't open the door. 我把钥匙丢了。我开不了门了。(丢钥匙是过去发生的动作,对现在造成的影响是“开不了门”。)
She has finished her homework. Now she can watch TV. 她已经完成了作业。现在她能看电视了。(完成作业对现在的影响是“可以看电视”。)
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
例:I have lived in this city for five years. 我已经在这个城市住了五年了。(从五年前开始住,一直持续到现在。)
She has studied English since she was six years old. 她从六岁起就一直学英语。(从六岁开始学,一直持续到现在。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I __________ (lose) my key. I can't find it anywhere.
【答案】have lost
【详解】句意:我把钥匙弄丢了。我到处都找不到。本题考查现在完成时表示过去动作对现在造成的影响。"丢了钥匙"对现在造成的影响是"找不到钥匙了",应用现在完成时,主语I,助动词用have,lost是lose的过去分词。
2.She __________ (finish) her homework. She can go out to play now.
【答案】has finished
【详解】句意:她已经完成了她的作业。她现在可以出去玩了。本题考查现在完成时表示过去动作对现在造成的影响。"完成作业"对现在造成的影响是"可以出去玩了",应用现在完成时,主语She,助动词用has,finished是finish的过去分词。
3.We __________ (know) each other for ten years.
【答案】have known
【详解】句意:我们已经认识彼此十年了。本题考查现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的状态。"认识十年"是从过去一直持续到现在的状态,应用现在完成时,主语We,助动词用have,known是know的过去分词。
二、单项选择题
1.—Where is your mother?
—She __________ to the supermarket. She will be back soon.
A. goes B. went C. has gone D. has been
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——你妈妈在哪里?——她去超市了。她很快就回来。本题考查现在完成时表示过去动作对现在的影响。妈妈去超市还没回来,用has gone表示"去了某地未返回"。故选C。
2.They __________ friends since primary school.
A. are B. were C. have been D. will be
【答案】C
【详解】句意:他们从小学起就是朋友了。本题考查现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的状态。"since primary school"是现在完成时的标志词,表示从小学持续到现在。故选C。
考点二、现在完成时的句式变换
· 肯定句:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
例:I have visited the Great Wall twice. (我已经游览过长城两次了。)
· 否定句:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
例:I have not (haven't) finished my homework yet. (我还没有完成我的作业。)
· 一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
例:Have you ever been to Beijing? (你曾经去过北京吗?)
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. (是的,我去过。/ 不,我没去过。)
· 特殊疑问句:疑问词 + Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
例:What have you done for the Spring Festival? (你为春节做了什么准备?)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.My father __________ to Beijing twice.
A. goes B. went C. has gone D. has been
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我父亲去过北京两次了。本题考查现在完成时表示经历。have been to意为"去过某地(已返回)",twice是现在完成时标志词。故选D。
2.He __________ his homework yet. He is still doing it.
A. doesn't finish B. didn't finish C. hasn't finished D. won't finish
【答案】C
【详解】句意:他还没有完成他的作业。他还在做。本题考查现在完成时的否定句。yet是现在完成时的否定句标志词,主语He,助动词用hasn't,finish的过去分词是finished。故选C。
3.—__________ you ever been to the Great Wall?
—Yes, I __________.
A. Have;have B. Has;has C. Have;has D. Has;have
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——你曾经去过长城吗?——是的,我去过。本题考查现在完成时的一般疑问句及回答。主语you,助动词用Have;回答用Yes, I have。故选A。
二、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.—__________ you ever __________ (eat) Indian food?
—No, I __________ (never / try) it.
【答案】Have;eaten;have never tried
【详解】句意:——你曾经吃过印度菜吗?——不,我从没尝试过。本题考查现在完成时的一般疑问句和否定句。疑问句中主语you,助动词用Have,eat的过去分词是eaten;答句用现在完成时否定形式,never用于现在完成时,try的过去分词是tried。
2.I __________ (not finish) my homework yet.
【答案】haven't finished
【详解】句意:我还没有完成我的作业。本题考查现在完成时的否定句。主语I,助动词用haven't,finish的过去分词是finished,yet用于否定句末尾。
3.She __________ (not be) to Shanghai before.
【答案】hasn't been
【详解】句意:她以前没有去过上海。本题考查现在完成时的否定句。主语She,助动词用hasn't,be的过去分词是been,before用于现在完成时。
三、完成句子(对划线部分提问)
1.I have been to the UK twice. (对划线部分提问)
__________ have you __________ twice?
【答案】Where;been
【详解】句意:你去过哪里两次了?本题考查现在完成时的特殊疑问句。划线部分"been to the UK"表示地点,对地点提问用Where。现在完成时特殊疑问句结构为"疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词",故填Where和been。
2.She has read three books this month. (对划线部分提问)
__________ has she __________ this month?
【答案】What;read
【详解】句意:这个月她读了什么?本题考查现在完成时的特殊疑问句。划线部分"read three books"表示事物,对事物提问用What。现在完成时特殊疑问句结构为"疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词",read的过去分词还是read。故填What和read。
考点三、现在完成时的标志词
· already(已经)、yet(已经,还)、ever(曾经)、never(从没)、recently(最近)
例:I have already seen that movie. (我已经看过那部电影了。)
I have never been to the USA. (我从没去过美国。)
· for + 时间段、since + 时间点 / ……ago / 从句
例:I have studied English for three years. (我已经学了三年英语了。)
She has lived here since 2018. (她从2018年起就住在这里了。)
· twice、three times
例:I have read this novel twice. (我已经读过这本小说两次了。)
· so far, in the last/past few years
例:So far, I have learned 1,000 English words. (到目前为止,我已经学了1000个英语单词了。)
【注意】for和since 的区别
for后面一般接时间段,since 后面一般接过去的时间点或者接表示过去时间点的从句。
例:I have been here for two hours. (我在这里已经两个小时了。)
I have been here since 8 o'clock. (我从8点起就在这里了。)
【即讲即练】
一、选词填空(already / yet / ever / never / recently)
1.I have __________ been to the USA. I want to go there one day.
【答案】never
【详解】句意:我从没去过美国。我想有一天去那里。本题考查现在完成时标志词。根据"I want to go there one day"可知从未去过,用never表示"从没"。
2.Have you __________ tried this kind of food?
【答案】ever
【详解】句意:你曾经尝试过这种食物吗?本题考查现在完成时标志词。疑问句中用ever表示"曾经"。
3.She has __________ finished her work. She can go home now.
【答案】already
【详解】句意:她已经完成了她的工作。她现在可以回家了。本题考查现在完成时标志词。肯定句中用already表示"已经",位于have/has和过去分词之间。
4.I haven't seen that movie __________.
【答案】yet
【详解】句意:我还没有看过那部电影。本题考查现在完成时标志词。否定句末尾用yet表示"还"。
5.I have __________ read an interesting book about animals.
【答案】recently
【详解】句意:我最近读了一本关于动物的有趣的书。本题考查现在完成时标志词。recently表示"最近",常用于现在完成时。
二、单项选择题
1.They __________ each other since they were children.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. will know
【答案】C
【详解】句意:他们从小就认识彼此了。本题考查现在完成时与"since + 从句"连用。since引导的时间状语从句是现在完成时的标志词,应用现在完成时。故选C。
2.We __________ in this school for two years.
A. are B. were C. have been D. will be
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我们在这所学校已经两年了。本题考查现在完成时与"for + 时间段"连用。"for two years"是现在完成时的标志词,应用现在完成时。故选C。
3.I __________ to Beijing several times.
A. go B. went C. have been D. will go
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我去过北京好几次了。本题考查现在完成时表示经历。"several times"是现在完成时的标志词,应用现在完成时。故选C。
4.In the past three years, she __________ a lot of progress.
A. makes B. made C. has made D. will make
【答案】C
【详解】句意:在过去的三年里,她取得了很大的进步。本题考查现在完成时与"in the past three years"连用。"In the past three years"是现在完成时的标志词,make的过去分词是made。故选C。
5.I have worked in this company __________ 2018.
A. for B. since C. from D. after
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我从2018年起就在这家公司工作了。本题考查for和since的区别。2018是过去的时间点,应用since。故选B。
考点四、have been to 和have gone to区别
· have been to指去过某地,现在已返回。
· have gone to指去了某地,现在未返回。
例:I have been to Shanghai twice. 我去过上海两次。(现在已经回来了。)
Tom is not here. He has gone to the library. 汤姆不在这里。他去图书馆了。(他现在在图书馆,还没回来。)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.—Where is your father?
—He __________ Beijing. He will be back next week.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. goes to
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你父亲在哪里?——他去北京了。他下周回来。本题考查have been to和have gone to的区别。根据"He will be back next week"可知父亲还没回来,用has gone to。故选B。
2.I __________ Shanghai before. I went there last year.
A. have been to B. have gone to C. went to D. go to
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我以前去过上海。我去年去的。本题考查have been to的用法。根据"before"和"went there last year"可知去过现已返回,用have been to。故选A。
考点五、短暂性动词和延续性动词转换
动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种。当现在完成时与一段时间连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。
例:①他离开伦敦已经三天了。
误:He has left London for three days.
正:He has been away from London for three days. ——leave是短暂性动词,需转换为be away from。
②我借这本书已经两周了。
误:I have borrowed this book for two weeks.
正:I have kept this book for two weeks. ——borrow是短暂性动词,需转换为keep。
常见的转换有:borrow→keep 、buy→have 、leave→be away (from) 、 join→be in 、start / begin→be on
die→be dead 、marry→be married 、fall asleep→be asleep
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.The film __________ for ten minutes.
A. has started B. started C. has been on D. is on
【答案】C
【详解】句意:电影已经开始十分钟了。本题考查短暂性动词与时间段连用时的转换。start是短暂性动词,不能与"for ten minutes"连用,需转换为be on,用has been on。故选C。
2.He __________ the army for two years.
A. has joined B. joined C. has been in D. is in
【答案】C
【详解】句意:他已经参军两年了。本题考查短暂性动词与时间段连用时的转换。join是短暂性动词,不能与"for two years"连用,需转换为be in,用has been in。故选C。
考点六、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
对比维度
一般过去时
现在完成时
核心意义
动作/状态发生在过去的某个时间点/时间段,可以是一次性的,也可是经常性的
强调过去动作对现在的影响或一直持续到现在
时间状语
具体的过去时间,如yesterday, last week, in 2010, …ago, just now等
非具体时间,表示延续的时间:already, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far
例:①I have seen this film. (我看过这部电影了。)——现在完成时,强调对现在的影响:我知道电影内容。
I saw this film last week. (我上周看了这部电影。)——一般过去时,只说明过去发生的动作,不强调对现在的影响。
②He has lived here for three years. (他已经在这里住了三年了。)——现在完成时,强调一直住到现在,可能还会继续住。
He lived here for three years. (他在这里住过三年。)——一般过去时,说明过去住过三年,但现在不住了。
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I __________ (see) this film yesterday.
【答案】saw
【详解】句意:我昨天看了这部电影。本题考查一般过去时与现在完成时的区别。"yesterday"是具体过去时间状语,应用一般过去时,see的过去式是saw。
2.I __________ (see) this film already.
【答案】have seen
【详解】句意:我已经看过这部电影了。本题考查一般过去时与现在完成时的区别。"already"是现在完成时的标志词,应用现在完成时,主语I,助动词用have,see的过去分词是seen。
◇Part 02 疑问词+to do
考点一、“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法结构
“疑问词+动词不定式”可以作动词的宾语。
1. 适用于该结构的特殊疑问词包括:
· 疑问代词who、whom、what、which、whose
例:I don't know what to do next. (我不知道接下来做什么。)
· 疑问副词when、where、how等
例:We haven't decided when to leave. (我们还没决定什么时候离开。)
【注意】why不适用于此结构。
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I don't know what __________ (do) next.
【答案】to do
【详解】句意:我不知道接下来做什么。本题考查"疑问词+动词不定式"结构。what + to do作know的宾语,what是疑问代词。
2.Can you tell me how __________ (get) to the station?
【答案】to get
【详解】句意:你能告诉我去车站怎么走吗?本题考查"疑问词+动词不定式"结构。how + to get作tell的宾语,how是疑问副词。
2. 常接“疑问词+动词不定式"的动词(词组)包括:ask、explain、forget、know、remember、decide、find out、hear、learn、see、understand、consider、discover、guess、think、wonder 等。
例:I don't know how to solve this problem. (我不知道如何解决这个问题。)
Please remember what to say at the meeting. (请记住在会上要说什么。)
I can't decide which one to buy. (我决定不了买哪一个。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I forget what __________ (say) at the meeting.
【答案】to say
【详解】句意:我忘了在会上说什么。本题考查常接"疑问词+动词不定式"的动词。forget后接"疑问词+to do"作宾语,say的动词不定式是to say。
2.Please remember when __________ (leave).
【答案】to leave
【详解】句意:请记住什么时候离开。本题考查常接"疑问词+动词不定式"的动词。remember后接"疑问词+to do"作宾语,leave的动词不定式是to leave。
3. 结构“疑问词+动词不定式”可与宾语从句互相转换。
例:I don't know what to do. (我不知道做什么。)→ I don't know what I should do. (我不知道我应该做什么。)
Can you tell me how to get to the library? (你能告诉我怎样去图书馆吗?)→ Can you tell me how I can get to the library? (你能告诉我我怎样才能去图书馆吗?)
【即讲即练】
一、句型转换(改为宾语从句)
1.I don't know what to do. (改为宾语从句)
I don't know what I __________ __________.
【答案】should do
【详解】句意:我不知道我应该做什么。本题考查"疑问词+动词不定式"与宾语从句的转换。"what to do"可转换为"what I should do",其中should为情态动词,后接动词原形do。
2.Can you tell me how to get to the library? (改为宾语从句)
Can you tell me how I __________ __________ to the library?
【答案】can get
【详解】句意:你能告诉我我怎样才能去图书馆吗?本题考查"疑问词+动词不定式"与宾语从句的转换。"how to get"可转换为"how I can get"。
4. 有些动词,如ask、show、tell、advise、inform、teach可以先接间接宾语,然后再接“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作直接宾语。
例:Can you tell me where to buy this book? (你能告诉我在哪里买这本书吗?)
The teacher showed us how to use the new computer. (老师给我们演示了怎样使用这台新电脑。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.Can you tell me where __________ (buy) this book?
【答案】to buy
【详解】句意:你能告诉我在哪里买这本书吗?本题考查"tell + 间接宾语 + 疑问词+to do"结构。tell后接间接宾语me,再接"where to buy"作直接宾语。
2.The teacher showed us how __________ (use) the new computer.
【答案】to use
【详解】句意:老师教我们如何使用这台新电脑。本题考查"show + 间接宾语 + 疑问词+to do"结构。show后接间接宾语us,再接"how to use"作直接宾语。
◇Part 03 must与have to的用法
一、must的用法。
must是情态动词,后面要加动词原形。
1. 表示“必须,应当”,用第一人称时,表示说话人认为有义务、有必要做某事。用第二、三人称时,表示说话人命令或要求别人做某事。
例:I must finish this report today. (我必须今天完成这份报告。)
You must hand in your homework before Friday. (你必须在周五之前交作业。)
2. must的否定式“mustn't”,表示“不准”,“禁止”等,语气比较强烈。
例:You mustn't smoke here. (你不准在这里吸烟。)
You mustn't park your car here. It's a bus stop. (你不准在这里停车。这是公交车站。)
3. 对must问句的否定回答,需要用need not(needn't)或don't have to。
例:—Must I finish my homework now? (我必须现在完成我的作业吗?)
—No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. (不,你不必。)
4. 表示肯定的推测,意为“一定、准是、必定”,一般用于肯定句。
例:He looks very tired. He must be sleepy. (他看起来很累。他一定是困了。)
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. (地面是湿的。昨晚一定下过雨了。)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.I __________ finish my report today. It's very important.
A. must B. can C. may D. need
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我必须今天完成我的报告。它非常重要。本题考查must表示说话人自认为有义务做某事。根据"It's very important"可知说话人认为自己有义务完成,用must。故选A。
2.You __________ park your car here. It's a bus stop.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. can
【答案】A
【详解】句意:你不准在这里停车。这是公交车站。本题考查mustn't表示禁止的用法。公交车站禁止停车,用mustn't表示"不准"。故选A。
3.—Someone is knocking at the door.—It __________ be our teacher.
A. must B. can C. may D. need
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——有人在敲门。——那一定是我们的老师。本题考查must表示肯定推测的用法。说话者根据某些信息做出肯定的推测,用must表示"一定"。故选A。
二、完成句子
1.—Must I finish my homework now?
—No, you __________. You can finish it after dinner.
【答案】needn't / don't have to
【详解】句意:——我必须现在完成我的作业吗?——不,你不必。你可以在晚饭后完成。本题考查对must问句的否定回答。对must问句的否定回答不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don't have to表示"不必"。
2.—Must we hand in the report today?
—No, you __________. You can hand it in tomorrow.
【答案】don't have to / needn't
【详解】句意:——我们必须今天交报告吗?——不,你们不必。你们可以明天交。本题考查对must问句的否定回答。对must问句的否定回答用don't have to或needn't表示"不必"。
二、have to的用法
have to后面跟动词原形。
1. 表示“不得不”,“必须”的意思,与must在这个意思上很接近。但must强调说话者的主观看法,意为“必须”,have to强调客观的需要,意为“不得不”。
例:I have to get up early tomorrow because the train leaves at 6 a.m. (我明天不得不早起,因为火车早上6点开。)
I must work hard to realize my dream. (我必须努力工作来实现我的梦想。)
2. must 没有人称和时态变化,而 have to则有多种时态形式。
例:I must finish my work today. (我今天必须完成我的工作。)
She had to walk to school because it rained heavily. (她昨天不得不走路去学校,因为雨下得很大。)
We will have to leave early tomorrow. (我们明天将不得不早点离开。)
3. must 与 have to 在否定式中意义不同,must 的否定式mustn’t 意为“一定不要,禁止、不允许”;而have to的否定式don’t have to意为“不必,不需要”(=needn’t)。
例:Students mustn't leave the classroom without permission. (未经允许,学生不准离开教室。)
You don't have to come to the party if you don't want to. (如果你不想来,你不必来参加聚会。)
【即讲即练】
一、选词填空
1.I __________ (have to / must) get up early tomorrow because the train leaves at 6 a.m.
【答案】have to
【详解】句意:我明天不得不早起,因为火车早上6点开。本题考查have to表示客观需要的用法。因为火车时刻(客观原因)不得不早起,用have to表示"不得不"。
2.She __________ (has to / must) wear glasses because her eyesight is poor.
【答案】has to
【详解】句意:她不得不戴眼镜,因为她的视力不好。本题考查have to表示客观需要的用法。因为视力不好(客观原因)不得不戴眼镜,用has to表示"不得不"。
二、单项选择题
1.I __________ go now. My parents are waiting for me.
A. have to B. must C. may D. can
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我现在不得不走了。我父母在等我。本题考查have to表示客观需要的用法。因为父母在等(客观原因)不得不走,用have to表示"不得不"。故选A。
2.We __________ waste water. It's precious.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. can
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我们一定不要浪费水。水很宝贵。本题考查mustn't表示禁止的用法。浪费水是"禁止"的行为,用mustn't。故选A。
三、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.You must __________ (finish) your homework today.
【答案】finish
【详解】句意:你必须今天完成你的作业。本题考查情态动词后接动词原形的用法。must是情态动词,后面跟动词原形finish。
2.She has to __________ (look) after her little brother.
【答案】look
【详解】句意:她不得不照顾她的小弟弟。本题考查情态动词后接动词原形的用法。has to是情态动词短语,后面跟动词原形look。
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Unit 1-4 语法高频考点、重难点讲义
◇Part 01 现在完成时
考点一、现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
例:I have lost my key. I can't open the door. 我把钥匙丢了。我开不了门了。(丢钥匙是过去发生的动作,对现在造成的影响是“开不了门”。)
She has finished her homework. Now she can watch TV. 她已经完成了作业。现在她能看电视了。(完成作业对现在的影响是“可以看电视”。)
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
例:I have lived in this city for five years. 我已经在这个城市住了五年了。(从五年前开始住,一直持续到现在。)
She has studied English since she was six years old. 她从六岁起就一直学英语。(从六岁开始学,一直持续到现在。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I __________ (lose) my key. I can't find it anywhere.
2.She __________ (finish) her homework. She can go out to play now.
3.We __________ (know) each other for ten years.
二、单项选择题
1.—Where is your mother?
—She __________ to the supermarket. She will be back soon.
A. goes B. went C. has gone D. has been
2.They __________ friends since primary school.
A. are B. were C. have been D. will be
考点二、现在完成时的句式变换
· 肯定句:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
例:I have visited the Great Wall twice. (我已经游览过长城两次了。)
· 否定句:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
例:I have not (haven't) finished my homework yet. (我还没有完成我的作业。)
· 一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
例:Have you ever been to Beijing? (你曾经去过北京吗?)
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. (是的,我去过。/ 不,我没去过。)
· 特殊疑问句:疑问词 + Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
例:What have you done for the Spring Festival? (你为春节做了什么准备?)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.My father __________ to Beijing twice.
A. goes B. went C. has gone D. has been
2.He __________ his homework yet. He is still doing it.
A. doesn't finish B. didn't finish C. hasn't finished D. won't finish
3.—__________ you ever been to the Great Wall?
—Yes, I __________.
A. Have;have B. Has;has C. Have;has D. Has;have
二、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.—__________ you ever __________ (eat) Indian food?
—No, I __________ (never / try) it.
2.I __________ (not finish) my homework yet.
3.She __________ (not be) to Shanghai before.
三、完成句子(对划线部分提问)
1.I have been to the UK twice. (对划线部分提问)
__________ have you __________ twice?
2.She has read three books this month. (对划线部分提问)
__________ has she __________ this month?
考点三、现在完成时的标志词
· already(已经)、yet(已经,还)、ever(曾经)、never(从没)、recently(最近)
例:I have already seen that movie. (我已经看过那部电影了。)
I have never been to the USA. (我从没去过美国。)
· for + 时间段、since + 时间点 / ……ago / 从句
例:I have studied English for three years. (我已经学了三年英语了。)
She has lived here since 2018. (她从2018年起就住在这里了。)
· twice、three times
例:I have read this novel twice. (我已经读过这本小说两次了。)
· so far, in the last/past few years
例:So far, I have learned 1,000 English words. (到目前为止,我已经学了1000个英语单词了。)
【注意】for和since 的区别
for后面一般接时间段,since 后面一般接过去的时间点或者接表示过去时间点的从句。
例:I have been here for two hours. (我在这里已经两个小时了。)
I have been here since 8 o'clock. (我从8点起就在这里了。)
【即讲即练】
一、选词填空(already / yet / ever / never / recently)
1.I have __________ been to the USA. I want to go there one day.
2.Have you __________ tried this kind of food?
3.She has __________ finished her work. She can go home now.
4.I haven't seen that movie __________.
5.I have __________ read an interesting book about animals.
二、单项选择题
1.They __________ each other since they were children.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. will know
2.We __________ in this school for two years.
A. are B. were C. have been D. will be
3.I __________ to Beijing several times.
A. go B. went C. have been D. will go
4.In the past three years, she __________ a lot of progress.
A. makes B. made C. has made D. will make
5.I have worked in this company __________ 2018.
A. for B. since C. from D. after
考点四、have been to 和have gone to区别
· have been to指去过某地,现在已返回。
· have gone to指去了某地,现在未返回。
例:I have been to Shanghai twice. 我去过上海两次。(现在已经回来了。)
Tom is not here. He has gone to the library. 汤姆不在这里。他去图书馆了。(他现在在图书馆,还没回来。)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.—Where is your father?
—He __________ Beijing. He will be back next week.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. goes to
2.I __________ Shanghai before. I went there last year.
A. have been to B. have gone to C. went to D. go to
考点五、短暂性动词和延续性动词转换
动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种。当现在完成时与一段时间连用时,应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。
例:①他离开伦敦已经三天了。
误:He has left London for three days.
正:He has been away from London for three days. ——leave是短暂性动词,需转换为be away from。
②我借这本书已经两周了。
误:I have borrowed this book for two weeks.
正:I have kept this book for two weeks. ——borrow是短暂性动词,需转换为keep。
常见的转换有:borrow→keep 、buy→have 、leave→be away (from) 、 join→be in 、start / begin→be on
die→be dead 、marry→be married 、fall asleep→be asleep
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.The film __________ for ten minutes.
A. has started B. started C. has been on D. is on
2.He __________ the army for two years.
A. has joined B. joined C. has been in D. is in
考点六、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
对比维度
一般过去时
现在完成时
核心意义
动作/状态发生在过去的某个时间点/时间段,可以是一次性的,也可是经常性的
强调过去动作对现在的影响或一直持续到现在
时间状语
具体的过去时间,如yesterday, last week, in 2010, …ago, just now等
非具体时间,表示延续的时间:already, yet, ever, never, since, for, so far
例:①I have seen this film. (我看过这部电影了。)——现在完成时,强调对现在的影响:我知道电影内容。
I saw this film last week. (我上周看了这部电影。)——一般过去时,只说明过去发生的动作,不强调对现在的影响。
②He has lived here for three years. (他已经在这里住了三年了。)——现在完成时,强调一直住到现在,可能还会继续住。
He lived here for three years. (他在这里住过三年。)——一般过去时,说明过去住过三年,但现在不住了。
【即讲即练】一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I __________ (see) this film yesterday.
2.I __________ (see) this film already.
◇Part 02 疑问词+to do
考点一、“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法结构
“疑问词+动词不定式”可以作动词的宾语。
1. 适用于该结构的特殊疑问词包括:
· 疑问代词who、whom、what、which、whose
例:I don't know what to do next. (我不知道接下来做什么。)
· 疑问副词when、where、how等
例:We haven't decided when to leave. (我们还没决定什么时候离开。)
【注意】why不适用于此结构。
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I don't know what __________ (do) next.
2.Can you tell me how __________ (get) to the station?
2. 常接“疑问词+动词不定式"的动词(词组)包括:ask、explain、forget、know、remember、decide、find out、hear、learn、see、understand、consider、discover、guess、think、wonder 等。
例:I don't know how to solve this problem. (我不知道如何解决这个问题。)
Please remember what to say at the meeting. (请记住在会上要说什么。)
I can't decide which one to buy. (我决定不了买哪一个。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.I forget what __________ (say) at the meeting.
2.Please remember when __________ (leave).
3. 结构“疑问词+动词不定式”可与宾语从句互相转换。
例:I don't know what to do. (我不知道做什么。)→ I don't know what I should do. (我不知道我应该做什么。)
Can you tell me how to get to the library? (你能告诉我怎样去图书馆吗?)→ Can you tell me how I can get to the library? (你能告诉我我怎样才能去图书馆吗?)
【即讲即练】
一、句型转换(改为宾语从句)
1.I don't know what to do. (改为宾语从句)
I don't know what I __________ __________.
2.Can you tell me how to get to the library? (改为宾语从句)
Can you tell me how I __________ __________ to the library?
4. 有些动词,如ask、show、tell、advise、inform、teach可以先接间接宾语,然后再接“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作直接宾语。
例:Can you tell me where to buy this book? (你能告诉我在哪里买这本书吗?)
The teacher showed us how to use the new computer. (老师给我们演示了怎样使用这台新电脑。)
【即讲即练】
一、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.Can you tell me where __________ (buy) this book?
2.The teacher showed us how __________ (use) the new computer.
◇Part 03 must与have to的用法
一、must的用法。
must是情态动词,后面要加动词原形。
1. 表示“必须,应当”,用第一人称时,表示说话人认为有义务、有必要做某事。用第二、三人称时,表示说话人命令或要求别人做某事。
例:I must finish this report today. (我必须今天完成这份报告。)
You must hand in your homework before Friday. (你必须在周五之前交作业。)
2. must的否定式“mustn't”,表示“不准”,“禁止”等,语气比较强烈。
例:You mustn't smoke here. (你不准在这里吸烟。)
You mustn't park your car here. It's a bus stop. (你不准在这里停车。这是公交车站。)
3. 对must问句的否定回答,需要用need not(needn't)或don't have to。
例:—Must I finish my homework now? (我必须现在完成我的作业吗?)
—No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. (不,你不必。)
4. 表示肯定的推测,意为“一定、准是、必定”,一般用于肯定句。
例:He looks very tired. He must be sleepy. (他看起来很累。他一定是困了。)
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. (地面是湿的。昨晚一定下过雨了。)
【即讲即练】
一、单项选择题
1.I __________ finish my report today. It's very important.
A. must B. can C. may D. need
2.You __________ park your car here. It's a bus stop.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. can
3.—Someone is knocking at the door.—It __________ be our teacher.
A. must B. can C. may D. need
二、完成句子
1.—Must I finish my homework now?
—No, you __________. You can finish it after dinner.
2.—Must we hand in the report today?
—No, you __________. You can hand it in tomorrow.
二、have to的用法
have to后面跟动词原形。
1. 表示“不得不”,“必须”的意思,与must在这个意思上很接近。但must强调说话者的主观看法,意为“必须”,have to强调客观的需要,意为“不得不”。
例:I have to get up early tomorrow because the train leaves at 6 a.m. (我明天不得不早起,因为火车早上6点开。)
I must work hard to realize my dream. (我必须努力工作来实现我的梦想。)
2. must 没有人称和时态变化,而 have to则有多种时态形式。
例:I must finish my work today. (我今天必须完成我的工作。)
She had to walk to school because it rained heavily. (她昨天不得不走路去学校,因为雨下得很大。)
We will have to leave early tomorrow. (我们明天将不得不早点离开。)
3. must 与 have to 在否定式中意义不同,must 的否定式mustn’t 意为“一定不要,禁止、不允许”;而have to的否定式don’t have to意为“不必,不需要”(=needn’t)。
例:Students mustn't leave the classroom without permission. (未经允许,学生不准离开教室。)
You don't have to come to the party if you don't want to. (如果你不想来,你不必来参加聚会。)
【即讲即练】
一、选词填空
1.I __________ (have to / must) get up early tomorrow because the train leaves at 6 a.m.
2.She __________ (has to / must) wear glasses because her eyesight is poor.
二、单项选择题
1.I __________ go now. My parents are waiting for me.
A. have to B. must C. may D. can
2.We __________ waste water. It's precious.
A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. can
三、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1.You must __________ (finish) your homework today.
2.She has to __________ (look) after her little brother.
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