专题09 选择性必修第一册Unit 5 Revealing nature 课文讲解（暑假预习讲义）新高二英语外研版

专题09 选择性必修第一册Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文讲解 考点一 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读1 课文重点词汇 课文结构 考点二 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读2 课文重点词汇 考点三 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文知识解析 深｜研｜精｜炼 考点一 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读1 Understanding ideas 1.Look at the evolutionary tree① and answer the questions. What species do you recognise in the picture? 【答案】Paramecium, earthworm, snail, crab, fish, tortoise, bird, zebra, human, frog, algae, moss, fern… A Journey of Discovery 1 The captain of the ship,the Beagle（作the ship的同位语。）,wanted someone who would "profit by ② the opportunity of visiting distant ③ countries yet little known（动词-ed短语作后置定语，修饰distant countries。distant countries与know之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用动词-ed形式。）". The person who answered the call ④ was not the captain’s first choice ⑤.It was a young man who had left medical school ⑥ without completing his degree.（此处并不是强调句，本句中的it指代上文中的the person；句中who引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。强调句中的it没有指代意义。） What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting ⑦ that he would be "a disgrace ⑧ to yourself and all your family"（动词-ing结构作后置定语, 修饰a letter；其中that引导宾语从句。）.Despite all this,his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time ⑨ . 2 The young man in question ⑩,Charles Darwin,was a geologist ⑪ and naturalist ⑫ ,fascinated by rocks, plants and animals（动词-ed短语作后置定语，相当于非限制性定语从句"who was fascinated…animals"。）.He left England on the ship,the Beagle,in 1831.The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with ⑬ samples ⑭ of the plants and animalshe had collected.As he studied these（as意为"当……时",引导时间状语从句。此处强调一个与主句谓语同时发生的动作。 ）,he asked himself the question:how did different species come to exist ⑮ ? 3 At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to ⑯ their changing environments（as引导的时间状语从句） ? It was just an idea,but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence ⑰ . 4 When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835,Darwin saw a variety of ⑱ new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most（强调句型，强调句子的主语the birds。）.Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches ⑲ on each of the islands.It seemed their beaks ⑳ had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island. 5 Darwin suspected ㉑ that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before（which引导的非限制性定语从句，对a common ancestor进行补充说明。）. Over time,it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist（how引导的宾语从句）: they evolved from earlier ancestors. 6 It was a completely new idea—a theory of evolution. Darwin explained this theory in his book,On the Origin of Species.It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm ㉒ .Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life ㉓ .They were shocked. But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing ㉔ that more and more people started to believe his theory（"so…that"结构，引导结果状语从句。）. 7 Today,On the Origin of Species is regarded as ㉕ one of the most important works ever written. It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever. And it all began with the journey on the Beagle. 发现之旅 1 "贝格尔号"的船长想要一个可以"通过前往遥远且鲜为人知的国度的机会而有所收获"的人。响应号召的这个人并非船长的首选。这是一个没有拿到学位，从医学院辍学的年轻人。而且，他最近收到了一封他父亲的来信，信中预言他将成为"自己和全家人的耻辱"。即便如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将促成有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。 2 我们提到的年轻人查尔斯·达尔文是一位地质学家和博物学家，他对岩石、植物和动物都非常着迷。1831年，他乘坐"贝格尔号"离开英国。这次旅行让他有机会研究自然环境中的各种生物。达尔文在南美洲度过一段时间以后，他船上的房间里满是他收集的动植物样本。当他研究这些时，问了自己一个问题：不同物种是如何产生的？ 3 那时，人们认为地球上的所有物种都是同时出现的，并且从此再无变化。但达尔文开始有了不同的想法。他注意到，一些动物种类彼此间十分相似。也许动物在适应环境变化时进化了？这虽然只是一个想法，但足以激励达尔文去寻找更多的证据。 4 1835年，"贝格尔号"驶抵加拉帕戈斯群岛，达尔文（在那里）看到了各种各样的新物种，而他最感兴趣的是鸟类。达尔文注意到，每个岛屿上，雀类都有所不同。它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可获得的食物类型进化而来的。 5 达尔文猜想，这些雀类都从一个共同的原种进化而来，这个原种在很久以前就来到了这片群岛。随着时间的推移，它慢慢进化成了许多新物种。这就是动植物的新物种如何产生的答案：它们从更早期的原种进化而来。 6 这是一个全新的理念——进化论。达尔文在他的《物种起源》一书中解释了该理论。这本书直到1859年才出版，并立即引起了轰动。许多人拒绝相信包括人在内的所有生命都是从更低级的生命形式进化而来的。他们感到震惊。然而达尔文的科学研究很有说服力，越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。 7 如今，《物种起源》被认为是有史以来最为重要的著作之一。它彻底地改变了人们对于地球上生命的看法。而这一切都始于"贝格尔号"的探索之旅。 课文重点词汇 ①the evolutionary tree 进化树 文化百科 进化树在生物学中用来表示物种之间的进化关系。生物分类学家和进化论者根据各类生物间亲缘关系的远近,把各类生物安置在有分枝的树状的图表上。 ②profit by/from… 从……中获利/受益 profit /ˈprɒfɪt/ vi.& vt.获益,得到好处 ③distant /ˈdɪstənt/ adj.遥远的 ④answer the call 响应号召 Wang Min likes teaching. Having graduated from university, she answered the call to teach in poor areas.王敏喜欢教学。大学毕业后，她响应号召，去了贫困地区教学。 ⑤first choice 首选 ⑥medical school n.[C,U]医学院，医科大学 ⑦predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ vt. 预言，预报 ⑧be a disgrace 是耻辱，是丢脸的事 disgrace /dɪsˈɡreɪs/ n.[sing.]令人感到羞耻的人（或事）;[U]丢脸，耻辱 近义 shame n.[U]羞耻 ⑨of all time（常与形容词的最高级连用。） 有史以来,自古以来 He is universally recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all time.他被公认 为是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。 ⑩in question 讨论（或议论）中的 ⑪geologist /dʒiˈɒlədʒɪst/ n. [C]地质学家 ⑫naturalist /ˈnætʃrəlɪst/ n.[C]博物学家 英语释义 a person who studies animals, plants, birds and other living things ⑬be crowded with （某场所）挤满 crowded adj. 挤满的；拥挤的 ⑭sample /ˈsɑ:mpl/ n.[C]样本 搭配 a sample survey 抽样调查 ⑮come to exist 产生（相当于come into existence） ⑯adapt （oneself） to… 适应…… adapt vi.& vt.适应（新情况） 形近 adopt vt.采用 vi. & vt.收养 ⑰evidence n.[U] 证据，证明 evident adj. 清楚的，显而易见的 ⑱a variety of 各种各样的（=various） 近义 all kinds of/all sorts of 各种各样的 ⑲finch /fɪntʃ/ n.[C]雀科鸣禽 ⑳beak /bi:k/ n. [C]鸟嘴，喙 ㉑suspect /səˈspekt/ vt. 猜想，怀疑，觉 ㉒storm n.[C]熟词生义 强烈的反应 ㉓a lower form of life 一种较为低级的生命形式 ㉔convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ adj.令人信服的，有说服力的 词链 convince（/kənˈvɪns/ vt.使确信，使信服）—convincing（adj.）—convinced（/kənˈvɪnst/ adj.确信的，信服的） ㉕be regarded as 被认为是 近义 be looked on/referred to/thought of/viewed/taken/considered as… 课文语篇结构 【答案】1.distant countries yet little known 2.samples 3.changing environments 4.ancestor 5.proposed a theory 【即学即练】 一．课文语法填空 　As a young man, Charles Darwin was regarded as a disgrace to his family. However, his adventures on 　1　ship, the Beagle, would lead to one of the most important scientific 　2　(discovery) of all time.   The journey on the ship offered him a good opportunity 　3　(study) the living things in their natural environment. He was so fascinated by rocks, plants and animals 　4　 he got his room on the ship crowded with samples. At that time, it was believed that all species 　5　(appear) on Earth at the same time and hadn’t changed since. Through his careful observation, he began to think 　6　(different). He noticed that the beaks of the finches had some differences on each of the Gal’pagos Islands according to what they ate. So he thought they must have evolved from a common ancestor, and that they had evolved to adapt 　7　 the environment.  Darwin based his new ideas on his observation and generated his theory of 　8　(evolve). The book, On the Origin of Species, explained his theory, 　9　(cause) a heated storm of debate. Today, it is still regarded as one of the most important works ever 　10　(write).  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  1.【答案】the　 【解析】考查冠词。句意: 然而,他在“贝格尔号”船上的探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。此处特指“贝格尔号”这艘船,故本空应用定冠词the。 2.【答案】discoveries　 【解析】考查名词复数。句意同上。根据空前one of可知,本空应用名词复数形式。 3.【答案】to study　 【解析】考查不定式。句意:在这艘船上的航行给他提供了一个研究自然环境中的生物的好机会。分析句子可知,本句已有谓语offered,故此处应用非谓语动词。此处表示“做某事的好机会”,设空处作后置定语修饰抽象名词opportunity,故应用不定式形式。 4.【答案】that　 【解析】考查固定结构。句意:他对岩石、植物和动物如此着迷,以至于他在船上的房间里堆满了样本。本句含有so...that...结构,意为“如此……以至于……”。 5.【答案】had appeared　 【解析】考查时态。句意:当时,人们认为所有的物种都是同时出现在地球上的,后来再无变化。分析句子可知,设空处为that引导的主语从句的谓语,appear表示的动作发生在was believed之前,表示“过去的过去”,故本空应用过去完成时。 6.【答案】differently　 【解析】考查副词。句意:通过仔细观察,他开始有了不同的想法。本空修饰动词think,故应用副词形式。 7.【答案】to　 【解析】考查介词。句意:所以他认为它们一定是从一个共同的祖先进化而来的,它们进化是为了适应环境。adapt to意为“适应”,故本空应用介词to。 8.【答案】evolution　 【解析】考查名词。句意:达尔文的新思想以他的观察为基础,而且他创造出了进化论。根据空前介词of可知,本空应用名词形式。 9.【答案】causing　 【解析】考查现在分词。句意:《物种起源》这本书解释了他的理论,引起了激烈的争论浪潮。分析句子可知,本句已有谓语explained,故此处应用非谓语动词。本空在句中作结果状语,表示自然而然的结果,故应用现在分词形式。 10.【答案】written　 【解析】考查过去分词。句意:如今,它仍被认为是曾被写出来的最重要的著作之一。本空在句中作定语,修饰名词works,动词write和works之间为被动关系,故本空应用过去分词形式。 二．单句语法填空 1.Learning that your classmates are always keeping you at a　　　　　(distant), I am writing to give you some tips.  2.The children watched, 　　　　　 (fascinate), as the picture began to appear.  3.Honestly speaking, we all suspected the little girl 　　　　　not telling the truth to us.  4.Before the competition, all in my mind was determination: not to be 　　　　　 disgrace to my country and myself.  5.The matter 　　　　　 question is of great importance to the innovation and development of our company.  6.I am grateful to have read this remarkable work, and I am excited to continue exploring the world of biology and 　　　　　 (evolve).  7.Having denied all the accusations with　　　　　 (convince) evidence, the Dutch technician was declared innocent and set free.  8.A large amount of electricity in that country 　　　　　(generate) by nuclear reactors.  9.It is said that the young man 　　　　　 (answer) the call is from a rich family.  10.They were part of a 15-member exploring party that 　　　　　(spend) almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.  1.【答案】distance　 【解析】考查名词。句意:得知你的同学总是疏远你,我写信给你一些建议。不定冠词a后应用名词形式。keep sb. at a distance意为“与某人保持距离;疏远某人”。 2.【答案】fascinated　 【解析】考查形容词。句意:当画面开始出现时,孩子们看得入迷了。此处作状语,表示主句主语的状态,应用-ed结尾的形容词,故填fascinated。 3.【答案】of　 【解析】考查介词。句意:老实说,我们都怀疑小女孩没有对我们说实话。suspect sb. of doing sth.意为“怀疑某人做某事”。 4.【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。句意:在比赛之前,我的脑海里充满了决心——不要给我的国家和我自己丢脸。be a disgrace为固定短语,意为“是耻辱,是丢脸的事”。 5.【答案】in　 【解析】考查介词。句意:这个正在讨论的问题对我们公司的创新和发展非常重要。in question意为“在讨论中的”。 6.【答案】evolution　 【解析】考查名词。句意:我很感激能读到这部了不起的作品,我很激动能继续探索生物学和进化的世界。设空处与and前的biology并列作of的宾语,应用名词形式。 7.【答案】convincing　 【解析】考查形容词。句意:在以令人信服的证据否认了所有指控后,这位荷兰技术人员被宣布无罪并被释放。设空处应用形容词作定语修饰evidence,表示“使人信服的”,故填 convincing。注意:convinced 表示“确信的,信服的”,常指人的状态。 8.【答案】is generated　 【解析】考查时态、语态与主谓一致。句意:那个国家的大量电力是由核反应堆产生的。A large amount of electricity与generate之间为被动关系,而且陈述的是客观事实,因此用一般现在时的被动语态;an amount of接不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,故填is generated。 9.【答案】answering　 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:据说那个响应号召的年轻人来自一个富有的家庭。分析句子可知,that引导的主语从句已含有谓语,故此处应用非谓语动词。the young man与answer之间为主动关系,故用现在分词短语作后置定语。 10.【答案】had spent　 【解析】考查时态。句意:他们是一个由15名成员组成的探险队的一部分,花了将近五周的美好时光来见证那里的自然美景。结合语境可知,spend动作发生在were之前,表示“过去的过去”,应用过去完成时,故填had spent。 三.选词填空(其中有一项多余) what’s more; of all time; adapt to; lead to; be crowded with; come to exist 　　When you are 1.　　　　　　 a new environment, it’s common to feel that your life 2.　　　　　　 many difficult problems. Don’t worry—things need to be solved one by one. Just ask yourself the question: How did these problems 3.　　　　　　? You may find that what 4.　　　　　　 these problems might be the same thing. 5.　　　　　　, you need to judge which problems are the most urgent and then deal with them.   【答案】1.adapting to　2.is crowded with　3.come to exist　4.led to　5.What’s more 四．完成句子 1.当我走近时,我看到他靠在他的车上,脸上挂着温暖的微笑。(as) 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　, I spotted him leaning against his car, a warm smile on his face. (读后续写—神态描写)  2.其次,正是中国的高铁连接了城市和地区,这大大减少了旅行时间。(强调句;high-speed) Secondly,　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 has connected cities and regions, which significantly reduces travel time.  3.I didn’t realize a small act of care could melt people’s loneliness until I experienced the event.(句型转换) →Not until I experienced the event　　　　 　　　　 　　　　a small act of care could melt people􀆳s loneliness.(倒装句)  →　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　I realized a small act of care could melt people’s loneliness.(强调句)  【答案】1.As I approached　2.it is China’s high-speed train that　3.did I realize; It was not until I experienced the event that 考点二 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读2 Developing ideas The Secret Language of Plants 1 Talking plants have long been a thing of myths ① and legends ② .Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as ③ warnings to people. Alexander the Great④ and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. （"主语+be+said+动词不定式"句型，其中"to have…India"在此作主语补足语。）And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar,trees can communicate with animals and people. 2 With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy（with复合结构，其中that引导宾语从句，作believing的宾语。）,new research has revealed ⑤ something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all. 3 It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.（it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。）This happens when a plant,say ⑥ a bean plant,gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of ⑦ chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning,or a call for help:"I’m being attacked!" When another bean plant detects ⑧ the chemicals from its injured neighbour,it starts to release its own,different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away ⑨ . Others attract insects—the wasps ⑩ !The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system,so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides（so that引导的目的状语从句） ⑪ . 4 More surprisingly ⑫ ,plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds,but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots ⑬.Corn ⑭ and chilli ⑮ plants do this. They also "listen" to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell ⑯ if a neighbouring ⑰ plant is helpful, or unfriendly（if引导的宾语从句，此处if可用whether代替,意为"是否"。） .Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving（动词-ing结构作状语。）. 5 Most surprisingly of all,plants have an amazing system of communication that can link ⑱ nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the "wood wide web".It is in some ways ⑲ similar to the Internet we use.While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites,the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi ⑳ . This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.Using the wood wide web（动词-ing短语作方式状语。）,plants can share information and even food with each other. For example,some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet,the wood wide web has its own version of "cybercrime ㉑ ".Plants can steal food from each other,or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a "firewall" to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web. 6 Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other（"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句；此处介词in由与先行词ways的搭配决定。）.Who knows?Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to "talk" with them ourselves. 植物密语 1 会说话的植物长久以来都是神话和传说中的一个元素。许多文化里都有会说话的树给人们警告和建议的故事。据说，亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过这样一棵树。而且在一些现代故事中，像电影《阿凡达》，树木可以与动物和人交流。 2 我们一直认为会说话的植物存在于幻想里，不过新的研究揭示了惊人的发现：植物间似乎确实可以进行交流。 3 植物使用化学物质相互交流已久为人知。当某种植物受到昆虫侵害的时候就会这样做，比如豆类植物。（受侵害的）植株从正被啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质，就像是发出警告或者呼救："我被攻击了！"另一株豆类植物察觉到附近受伤植株释放出的化学物质时，它便开始释放自身不同的化学物质。其中一些化学物质能够驱赶昆虫，另一些则会吸引昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死正啃食豆类植株的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于无须使用农药的农作物的种植。 4 更令人惊讶的是，植物也会用声音交流。虽然人类无法听到，但是植物确实在发出声音。有些植物用根部发出响声，玉米和辣椒就是如此。它们还能"听见"其他植物发出的声音。辣椒可以分辨出邻近的植物是敌是友。一些树在没有足够的水分时，会发出咔嗒声以示干旱即将来临。 5 最令人惊讶的是，植物之间存在令人惊叹的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接森林中的每一株植物。科学家称该系统为"植物万维网"。它在某种程度上与我们使用的互联网相似。互联网是由电缆和卫星连接起来的全球计算机网络，而植物万维网是由真菌在地下连接而成的。这个真菌网络将不同植物的根系相互连接了起来。通过植物万维网，植物可以相互分享信息甚至食物。例如，一些松树能够给松树幼苗输送养分，帮助它们生长。不过就像我们的互联网一样，植物万维网也有自己版本的"网络犯罪"。植物间会互相窃取食物，或者传播毒素以攻击其他植物。也许有一天，科学家将学会如何建造"防火墙"来帮助阻止植物万维网内的攻击。 6 科学家对于植物互相交流的秘密方式的认识与日俱增。谁知道呢？也许有一天，我们对植物交流有了足够的了解，便能够亲自与它们"交谈"。 课文重点词汇 ①myth /mɪθ/n.[C,U] （古代的）神话；虚构的东西 ②legend /ˈledʒənd/ n.[C,U]传说，传奇（故事） 派生词 legendary /ˈledʒəndri/ adj.传说的；非常著名的 ③as well as 也，还 ④Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝 文化常识 人们通常在西方国家的君王名称后面加其他名词来显示人们对其功绩或为人的评价。例如狮心王理查（Richard the Lionheart），征服者威廉（William the Conqueror）。 ⑤reveal /rɪˈvi:l/ vt.显示; 透露; 揭示 搭配 reveal the truth/the secret揭露真相/泄露秘密 派生词 revelation n.[U]揭露 ⑥say vt.熟词生义 （无被动）比方说，假设 近义 for example、for instance ⑦tiny amounts of 少量的…… ⑧detect /dɪˈtekt/ vt. 发现,察觉（尤指不易觉察到的事物） 词链 detect （vt.） — detective （n.[C] 侦探）—detection （n.[U]侦查，探测，察觉 ） ⑨drive away 使离去 拓展 give away 分发；赠送 break away 逃脱 ⑩wasp /wɒsp/ n.[C]黄蜂 ⑪pesticide n. [C, U] 杀虫剂，除害药物 ⑫more surprisingly 更令人吃惊的是（常用在句首，用于修饰全句） most surprisingly of all 最令人惊讶的是 ⑬root /ru:t/ n.[C]根 ⑭corn /kɔ:n/ n.[U]玉米；谷物 ⑮chilli /ˈtʃɪli/ n.[C，U]辣椒 ⑯tell vt.熟词生义 分辨，识别 搭配 tell A from B 辨别A和B tell the difference between A and B 分辨出A与B的区别 ⑰neighbouring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ adj.邻近的，附近的，毗邻的 ⑱link /lɪŋk/ vt.把……联系起来；连接 ⑲in some ways 在某种程度上，在句中作状语。相当于in a way、in one way、to some extent、to a certain degree。 ⑳fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ n.[C]真菌（复数fungi） 派生词 fungal /ˈfʌŋɡ（ə）l/ adj.真菌的；真菌引起的 ㉑cybercrime n.[C,U]网络犯罪 构词法 前缀cyber-意为"计算机的，网络的",常用于构成名词或形容词。由其构成的词还有cybersecurity（网络安全）、cyberthreat（网络威胁）等。 【即学即练】 一.课文语法填空 　　Scientists are learning the secret ways in which plants “talk” to each other. It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals　1　(communicate) with each other. When 　2　(attack)by insects, the plant releases chemicals from the leaves that　3　(eat). This is like　4　warning. When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to release　5　(it)own different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away.   More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. Some plants make a noise with their 　6　(root). Some trees make a clicking noise when there is not enough water, 　7　(indicate) drought is arriving.  Most surprisingly of all, plants have an 　8　(amaze)system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is called the “wood wide web”,　9　is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food　10　each other.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  1.【答案】to communicate　 【解析】考查不定式。句意:一段时间以来,人们已经知道植物使用化学物质来相互交流。由句意可知,此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。 2.【答案】attacked 【解析】考查过去分词。句意:当被昆虫攻击时,植物会从正在被吃的叶子中释放化学物质。此处是When引导的时间状语从句的省略。 the plant与attack 之间是被动关系,由于主句主语与从句主语一致,从句中含有be动词,因此可省略从句主语和be动词。故填attacked。 3.【答案】are being eaten　 【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知,空前的that引导定语从句,that指代leaves,谓语动词也应用复数形式,根据语境可知此处指正在被吃的叶子,因此用现在进行时的被动语态形式。 4.【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。此处表示泛指,且warning以辅音音素开头,故填a。 5.【答案】its　 【解析】考查代词。句意:当另一棵植物察觉到这些化学物质时,它开始释放自己的不同的化学物质。One’s own 意为“某人自己的”。此处应用形容词性物主代词。 6.【答案】roots　 【解析】考查名词的数。 root在文中意为“根”,为可数名词,由空前的their可知此处应用复数形式。 7.【答案】indicating　 【解析】考查现在分词。句意:当没有足够的水时,有些树会发出咔嚓声,表明干旱即将到来。 此处为现在分词作状语。 8.【答案】amazing　 【解析】考查形容词。 句意:最令人惊讶的是,植物有一个惊人的交流系统,可以把森林里的几乎每一棵植物连接起来。根据空前的an和空后的名词system可知此处应用形容词,这里表示“惊人的交流系统”,故填amazing。 9.【答案】which　 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:它被称为“树维网”,在某些方面类似于我们使用的互联网。设空处无提示词,逗号前的句子意思完整,不缺成分,空后句子缺少主语,故推测设空处引导非限制性定语从句。先行词为the “wood wide web”,指物,定语从句中缺少主语,故填which。 10.【答案】with 　【解析】考查介词。句意:利用树维网,植物可以彼此分享信息甚至食物。share...with...与……分享……。 二．单句语法填空 1.The　　　　　(injure) workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.   2.The local police issued a 　　　　　(warn) against eating any fish caught in the river.   3.By contrast, I like those lovely pandas which are native 　　　　　China.  4.The princess and her twin sister seemed to be alike 　　　　　some ways, but they were quite different in their characters.  5.In an aging society, the Internet can make a huge amount 　　　　　 difference to older people requiring a bit of extra support and those caring for them.  6.Doctors say because of the complex nature of the disease, early　　　　　(detect) is the best way to prevent it.  7.In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive 　　　　　 pests and protect the growth of crops.   8.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one　　　　　(blame).  9.I like the folk tale that 　　　　　(link) to love, perseverance and warm-heartedness.  10.My teacher as well as my classmates 　　　　　 (be) friendly to me when I first came to the new school.  1.【答案】injured　 【解析】考查形容词。本空修饰名词workers,应用形容词作定语。设空处意为“受伤的”,故填injured。 2.【答案】warning　 【解析】考查名词。根据空前冠词a可知,本空应用名词形式。设空处意为“警告”,故填warning。 3.【答案】to　 【解析】考查介词。be native to意为“原产于……”。 4.【答案】in　 【解析】考查介词。in some ways为固定短语,意为“在某些方面”。 5.【答案】of 　 【解析】考查介词。句意:在一个老龄化的社会,互联网可以对那些需要一点额外帮助的老年人和照顾他们的人产生巨大的影响。a huge amount of意为“大量的”。 6.【答案】detection　 【解析】考查名词。句意:医生说,由于这种疾病的复杂性,早期发现是预防它的最好方法。设空处作主语,且被形容词early修饰,应用名词形式。detection意为“察觉;发现”,为不可数名词。 7.【答案】away　 【解析】考查副词。句意:在彝族人的眼中,火是光的象征,被认为有驱除害虫和保护作物生长的能力。drive away意为“把……赶走”。 8.【答案】to blame　 【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:格林先生站起来为这个16岁的男孩辩护,说他不应该受到责备。sb. be to blame意为“某人该受责备”。 9.【答案】is linked　 【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:我喜欢这个与爱、毅力和热心有关的民间故事。分析句子可知,that引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语,指代先行词folk tale,为第三人称单数,此处描述一般事实,应用一般现在时,be linked to意为“和……有关”,为被动语态,故填is linked。 10.【答案】was　 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。as well as意为“和”,名词后接as well as 连接的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数和as well as前的名词保持一致,本题中as well as前面是My teacher,故谓语动词用单数形式,结合came可知,此处描述过去的事情,应用一般过去时,故填was。 三．完成句子 1.我们中的一些人渴望参加课堂活动,而另一些人则感到紧张和焦虑。(while) Some of us were eager to take part in the class activity, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  2.他微笑着点了点头,示意一切都好。(indicate) He smiles and nods, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.(读后续写—动作描写)  3.夏天早上的空气呼吸起来很好。(不定式主动形式表示被动意义) The morning air in summer　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  4.老人在看电视,他的孙子在他身边玩耍。(with的复合结构) The old man is watching TV 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 beside him.  5.It was thought that the video filmed by my mom was amusing, making me widely known in the town.(句型转换) →The video filmed by my mom 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 amusing, making me widely known in the town.  【答案】1.while others were nervous and anxious 2.indicating that everything is fine 3.is good to breathe 4.with his grandson playing 5.was thought to be 考点三 课文知识解析 1.distant adj.遥远的 (教材P50)　The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”． “贝格尔号”船长需要招聘一个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。 Pat sounded very cold and distant on the phone.从电话里听起来帕特非常冷淡和疏远。 [知识拓展] (1)be(＋距离)distant from sth.离某物(……)远 (2)distance n. 距离 at a distance 隔一段距离；距离稍远 in the distance 在远处 at/from a distance of... 在/从……远的地方 keep sb. at a distance 对……冷淡；与……疏远 distance oneself from 使远离；使疏远 2.answer the call响应号召 (教材P50)　The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice. 来应聘的人不是船长的首选。 The young man answered the call and joined the army to defend his country.这个年轻人响应号召，参军保卫祖国。 [知识拓展] answer the phone/a call 接听电话 answer the door 开门，应门 answer criticism/charges/accusation就批评/指控/谴责等作出回应 answer a need 满足需求 answer a description 与描述相符 3.be a disgrace是耻辱，是丢脸的事 (教材P50)　What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”．更有甚者，他最近收到了父亲的一封信，信中预言他将是“他和全家的耻辱”。 He is a disgrace and an embarrassment to this hospital.他是这家医院的耻辱和尴尬。 [知识拓展] (1)disgrace v． 使丢脸；使蒙受耻辱；使名誉扫地；使失势；使失去地位 (2)in disgrace 很不讨人喜欢 bring disgrace on 使……蒙羞 there is no disgrace in doing sth.做某事不丢脸 4.lead to引起，导致；通向 (教材P50)　Despite all this，his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time. 尽管如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将导致有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。 Excuse me，does this road lead to the railway station?请问，这条路通向火车站吗？ [知识拓展] lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 lead sb. to/into... 领着某人去/进入…… lead a happy life 过着幸福的生活 in the lead 领先，处于首位 take the lead 带头 5.in question正被讨论的；有疑问，不确定 (教材P50)The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals. 所提到的那位年轻人叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家，对岩石、植物和动物都着迷。 In my opinion，you'd better keep your distance from the man in question.依我看，你最好离那个被讨论的人远一点。 [知识拓展] out of question(＝without question) 没问题 out of the question 不可能，无法接受 6.be crowded with堆满，挤满 (教材P51)　After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.达尔文在南美洲待了一段时间后，他船上的房间里塞满了他收集的动植物样本。 The old town square was crowded with people.古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。 [知识拓展] crowded adj. 拥挤的 crowd n．&v. 人群/拥挤；聚集 a crowd of/crowds of... 一大群……，很多 crowd in (on sb.) 涌上(心头)，涌入(脑海) crowd into one's mind 涌上某人的心头 crowd into... 大批涌入(狭小的空间) [名师点津] crowd可用作名词，译作“人群，大众”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词接单数或复数对待均可，the crowd“老百姓，大众”。 7.(教材P51)　Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments?也许动物是随着适应环境的变化而进化的？ (1)evolve v．进化；发展 Each school must evolve its own way of working.每个学校必须形成自己的办学方式。 [知识拓展] (1)evolve from 从……进化；从……逐渐形成 evolve into 逐渐演变，逐步发展 (2)evolution n. 进化(论)；演变 (2)adapt to适应，适合 We must adapt to the new changes through our continuous learning.我们必须通过持续不断的学习来适应新变化。 [知识拓展] (1)adapt...to... 使……适应或适合…… adapt...from... 根据……改编或改写 adapt...for... 改编或改作……之用 (2)adaptable adj. 能适应的，适应性强的 adaptation n. 改编(本)，改造；适应 8.suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得 (教材P51)　Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.达尔文认为这些雀科小鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来，这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿。 He is the prime suspect in the case.他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。 [知识拓展] suspect that... 认为/猜想/觉得…… suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是…… suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 9.so...that...句型 (教材P51)　But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory. 但是达尔文的科学研究非常令人信服，结果越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。 句式分析：句中的so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，that引导结果状语从句。 He was so angry that he couldn't say a word.他气得说不出话。 [知识拓展] so＋ such 一．语法填空 A (2025湖南部分学校开学考试) Chinese scientists have detected a new plant species of Oreocharis (马铃苣苔属) in southwest China􀆳s Yunnan Province, according to Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The findings, made by researchers from CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany, CAS, 　1　 (publish) recently in the journal Ecology and Evolution.  During a field 　2　 (investigate) into an oak community, the researchers found an unidentified species of Oreocharis in Ninglang County, Yunnan Province. By comparing the plant with several 　3　 (know) Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species 　4　 has many unique characteristics.  The new species was named Oreocharis oriolus (黄鹂马铃苣苔) and was named 　5　 the lively bird oriole, as its bright yellow flowers resemble the 　6　 (bird) feather color. Researchers found that the new species has a narrow distribution, 　7　 (grow) in limestone (石灰岩) cracks in an area of two square 　8　 (kilometer).  This new species is currently listed as 　9　 (critical) Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to the researchers, 　10　 discovery of the plant species has further enriched diversity of Oreocharis in China, and has positive significance for the biogeography of the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学家在中国西南部的云南省发现了一个新的植物物种和其积极意义。 【高频词汇】　1.compare...with...将……与……作比较 2.confirm v.证实;确认　3.resemble v.像　4.distribution n.分配;分布　5.be listed as被列为　6.endangered adj.濒临灭绝的 1.【答案】have been published/were published　 【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知,设空处为本句的谓语,句子主语是 findings,它和 publish构成了被动关系。再根据空后的时间状语recently可知,此处应用现在完成时的被动语态或一般过去时的被动语态。故填have been published或were published。 2.【答案】investigation　 【解析】考查名词。根据空前的a field和空后介词into可知,此处应用提示词的名词形式构成固定短语a field investigation,在句中意为“野外调查”。故填investigation。 3.【答案】known　 【解析】考查形容词。句意:通过把这种植物与几个已知的马铃苣苔属物种进行比较,研究人员证实了它是一个具有许多独特特征的新物种。根据空后名词species可知,此处应用形容词known作定语修饰名词species,表示“已知的”物种。故填known。 4.【答案】that/which　 【解析】考查定语从句。设空处无提示词,空前为名词species,空后句子缺少主语,故推测设空处引导定语从句。先行词species指代物,关系词在从句中充当主语,所以此处应用that或which引导定语从句。 5.【答案】after　 【解析】考查介词。name sb./sth. after sb./sth.意为“以某人/某物的名字给某人/某物命名”。故填after。 6.【答案】bird’s　 【解析】考查名词所有格。此处表示“因为它明亮的黄色花朵与这种鸟的羽毛颜色相似”,设空处与后面的名词短语feather color表所属关系,所以要填名词所有格bird􀆳s。 7.【答案】growing　 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:研究人员发现,新物种的分布范围很窄,生长在2平方千米范围内的石灰岩裂缝中。分析句子可知,句中that引导宾语从句,从句中已有谓语has,故此处应用非谓语动词作状语,又因为grow和the new species构成逻辑上的主动关系,所以此处要用现在分词growing来充当状语。 8.【答案】kilometers　 【解析】考查名词复数。提示词kilometer是可数名词,再根据本空前的two square可知,此处要填提示词的复数形式kilometers。 9.【答案】Critically　 【解析】考查副词。设空处修饰空后形容词Endangered,用副词作状语,故应用critically;此处表示“极危”物种等级,故首字母应大写。故填Critically。 10.【答案】the　 【解析】考查冠词。因为上文“Chinese scientists have detected a new plant species(中国科学家发现了一种新的植物物种)”提到过最新发现,再次提到需要特指,所以此处用the discovery特指科学家们最近的发现。 B (2024广东惠州期中) Scientists who study the evolution of language say wild chimpanzees(黑猩猩)have a more complex communication system than past research has shown. The researchers say the animal uses more than ten kinds of calls, 　1　 can be combined into hundreds of different orders.   The study team made 4,800 recordings of the calls 　2　 (generate) by three groups of chimpanzees. They live in the Tai National Park, the Ivory Coast. It’s one of the last important 　3　 (area) of old-growth tropical forest in West Africa and home 　4　 many kinds of plants and animals. Chimpanzees are intelligent and 　5　 (high) social creatures. They can make and use tools and can 　6　 (teach) a small amount of human sign language.   Scientists 　7　 (know) that chimpanzees use different calls in the wild since a long time ago. But the new study offered a 　8　 (deep) understanding of their communication than before. Cedric was the leading 　9　 (write) of the study and said that the chimpanzee calls are among 　10　 most complex forms of communication described in non-human animals.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　   语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。研究语言进化的科学家表示,野生黑猩猩的交流系统比过去的研究显示的要更复杂。研究人员表示,这种动物会发出十多种叫声,组合成数百种不同的指令。 【高频词汇】　1.complex adj.复杂的　2.combine v.结合;组合　3.intelligent adj.聪明的 1.【答案】which　 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意:研究人员表示,这种动物会使用十多种叫声,这些叫声可以被组合成数百种不同的指令。设空处无提示词,空前有逗号,逗号前面的句子结构完整,而空后句子缺少主语,故推测设空处引导非限制性定语从句。先行词为calls,指物,设空处在从句中作主语,故填which。 2.【答案】generated 【解析】考查过去分词。句意:研究小组对三组黑猩猩发出的叫声进行了4,800次录音。分析句子可知,本句已有谓语made,故此处应用非谓语动词。generate和它所修饰的词calls之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词作后置定语,故填generated。 3.【答案】areas　 【解析】考查名词的复数。句意:它是西非仅剩的重要的未被砍伐的热带森林地区之一,也是多种植物和动物的家园。空前有one of,所以此处应用名词的复数形式,表示“……之一”。故填areas。 4.【答案】to　 【解析】考查介词。句意见上题。be home to...为固定短语,意为“……的家园”。 5.【答案】highly　 【解析】考查副词。句意:黑猩猩很聪明,是高度群居的动物。设空处修饰形容词social,应用副词作状语,故填highly。 6.【答案】be taught　 【解析】考查被动语态。句意:它们会制作和使用工具,并且可以被教授少量的人类手势语。分析句子可知,设空处与can共同构成与can make and use并列的谓语,且teach和主语They(指代Chimpanzees)之间是被动关系,所以用含情态动词的被动语态,故填be taught。 7.【答案】have known　 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:自很久以前,科学家们就知道黑猩猩在野外使用不同的叫声。根据时间状语since a long time ago可知,主句应用现在完成时态,主句主语是复数,故填have known。 8.【答案】deeper　 【解析】考查比较级。句意:但这项新的研究对它们的交流提供了比以前更深入的理解。分析句子可知,此处应用形容词作定语,再根据下文的than可知,应用比较级,故填deeper。 9.【答案】writer　 【解析】考查名词。句意:Cedric是这项研究的主要作者,他说黑猩猩的叫声是非人类动物中描述的最复杂的交流形式之一。根据空前的the leading和空后的of可知,此处应用名词形式。the leading writer意为“主笔人”。 10.【答案】the　 【解析】考查冠词。句意见上题。形容词最高级前面加定冠词,故填the。 二．阅读理解 A (2025浙江宁波余姚中学期中) Evolution can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s flying songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged—in other words, escaping natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its 410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences of the United States contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. 　　Stroud and his colleagues studied the lizard (蜥蜴) species, all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabilizing selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabilizing selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 1.Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A.To demonstrate the power of evolution.　 B.To add evidence to natural selection. C.To give an example of unchanged species.　 D.To prove species’ extraordinary makeovers. 2.What’s the focus of paragraph 2? A.Unsolved mysteries.　 B.A common belief. C.A sharp contrast.　 D.Unique Characteristics. 3.How did Stroud conduct his research? A.By analyzing lizard fossils.　 B.By tracking research objects. C.By illustrating stabilizing selection.　 D.By categorizing qualities of lizards. 4.What will Stroud probably do in the future? A.Make trips to visit lizard experts.　 B.Summarize average features of lizards. C.Reveal the best combinations of qualities.　 D.Examine lizards under extreme conditions. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍科学家对看似没有发生变化的生物物种进行研究,揭示了这些物种在进化过程中的选择机制。 【高频词汇】　1.natural selection自然选择　2.be identical to 和……完全相同　3.assume v.假定;假设;认为　4.favor vt.偏爱　5.in the long/short term从长远/短期来看　6.measure vt.测量　7.advantage n.优势;有利条件;优点　8.dramatically adv.剧烈地,明显地 1.【答案】C　 【解析】推理判断题。第一段第二句“But some organisms seem to be unchanged—in other words, escaping natural selection.”提到有些生物似乎没有改变,换句话说,它们避开了自然选择。紧接着以“coelacanth”为例,讲到当代的腔棘鱼与它4.1亿年前的化石几乎一模一样。由此可知,本段提到腔棘鱼是为了举一个物种不变的例子。故选C。 2.【答案】B　 【解析】主旨大意题。第二段提到科学家们长期以来一直想知道这些物种是如何做到这一点的。人们一直认为,自然选择通过选择适中或平均的品质(稳定选择)来保持某些物种的不变性,而不是选择会导致物种发生变化的更极端的品质(定向选择)。由此可知,本段主要讲述了人们一直认为自然选择是稳定选择而不是定向选择,也就是一个共同的看法。故选B。 3.【答案】B　 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Stroud and his colleagues studied the lizard species...caught members of these populations...measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头)...”可知,Stroud是通过跟踪研究对象来进行他的研究的。故选B。 4.【答案】D　 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards.”可知,接下来Stroud会在极端条件下考察蜥蜴。D项中的“under extreme conditions”与文中的“changes more dramatically”对应。故选D。 B (2025重庆西南大学附属中学校期中) When I was asked to take part in forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit, assuming it must involve a refreshing swim in the water. 　1　  I met Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanic Choukas-Bradley and several other women who’d come along for the adventure in an urban forest. Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath. We sat on the banks of the river, but we did not get in the water. 　2　 We did walk the forest tracks, but we wandered with no destination in mind.  The aim of forest bathing, Choukas-Bradley explained, is to slow down and become fully bathed in the natural environment. She helped us tune in to the forest’s smells, tastes and sights. 　3　 As we passed through the trees, we touched their trunks, feeling the roughness beneath our fingers. We smelled the flowers, each breath being a celebration of nature’s beauty.  There’s a growing body of evidence that shows forest bathing can help boost moods and reduce stress. 　4　 A 2011 study comparing city walks to forest walks found the forest environment led to greater reductions in blood pressure, despite both activities requiring equal physical effort.  　5　 Most of human history was spent in environments that lack buildings and walls, and our bodies have adapted to living in the natural world. But today most of us spend much of our life indoors. Perhaps the new forest bathing trend is a recognition that many of us need a little nudge to get back out there.  A.It’s not a hike, either. B.It turns out that my interpretation was literal. C.The benefits of nature can be accessed simply. D.Forest bathing frees us from worldly engagements. E.The idea that spending time in nature is good is not new. F.Indeed, medical researchers have demonstrated its benefits. G.We took in the peaceful surroundings by using all our senses. 1.　　　 2.　　　 3.　　　 4.　　　 5.　　　   语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是森林浴以及森林浴的好处等。 【高频词汇】　1.assume vt.假定;假设;认为 2.destination n.目的地　3.slow down(生活,工作)放松 4.evidence n.证据　5.lack vt.缺乏　6.adapt to适应 7.recognition n.认识;承认,认可 1.【答案】B　 【解析】细节句。上文提到作者以为森林浴就是去游泳,即从字面上理解了这个概念。故B项“原来我理解的是字面意思”符合语境。 2.【答案】A　 【解析】细节句。根据上文“We sat on the banks of the river, but we did not get in the water.”以及后文“We did walk the forest tracks, but we wandered with no destination in mind.”可知,这里主要是在介绍森林浴的特点:不是下水游泳,而是脑海中不设目的地在森林中徘徊。由此可知森林浴也不是有目的地的徒步旅行。故A项符合语境。 3.【答案】G　 【解析】细节句。后文提到了“touched”“feeling”“smelled”“breath”,都是在强调感官体验。故G项“我们运用一切感官感受这宁静的环境”符合语境。 4.【答案】F　 【解析】过渡句。设空处与上下文构成的语境为:越来越多的证据表明,森林浴可以帮助改善情绪,减轻压力→　4　→2011年的一项研究比较了城市散步和森林散步,发现森林环境更能降低血压。由此可知,本句为过渡句,指出有研究证明了森林浴可以帮助改善情绪,减轻压力,同时引出后文的研究内容。故F项“事实上,医学研究人员已经证明了它的好处”符合语境。  5.【答案】E　 【解析】细节句。后文提到人类历史的大部分时间都是在没有建筑和墙壁的环境中度过的,身体已经适应了在自然界的生活,且需要推动回到大自然,说明是在建议花时间亲近大自然。故E项“花时间在大自然中是件好事的想法并不新鲜”符合语境。 2 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09 选择性必修第一册Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文讲解 考点一 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读1 课文重点词汇 课文结构 考点二 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读2 课文重点词汇 考点三 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文知识解析 深｜研｜精｜炼 考点一 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读1 Understanding ideas 1.Look at the evolutionary tree① and answer the questions. What species do you recognise in the picture? A Journey of Discovery 1 The captain of the ship,the Beagle（作the ship的同位语。）,wanted someone who would "profit by ② the opportunity of visiting distant ③ countries yet little known（动词-ed短语作后置定语，修饰distant countries。distant countries与know之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用动词-ed形式。）". The person who answered the call ④ was not the captain’s first choice ⑤.It was a young man who had left medical school ⑥ without completing his degree.（此处并不是强调句，本句中的it指代上文中的the person；句中who引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。强调句中的it没有指代意义。） What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting ⑦ that he would be "a disgrace ⑧ to yourself and all your family"（动词-ing结构作后置定语, 修饰a letter；其中that引导宾语从句。）.Despite all this,his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time ⑨ . 2 The young man in question ⑩,Charles Darwin,was a geologist ⑪ and naturalist ⑫ ,fascinated by rocks, plants and animals（动词-ed短语作后置定语，相当于非限制性定语从句"who was fascinated…animals"。）.He left England on the ship,the Beagle,in 1831.The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with ⑬ samples ⑭ of the plants and animalshe had collected.As he studied these（as意为"当……时",引导时间状语从句。此处强调一个与主句谓语同时发生的动作。 ）,he asked himself the question:how did different species come to exist ⑮ ? 3 At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to ⑯ their changing environments（as引导的时间状语从句） ? It was just an idea,but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence ⑰ . 4 When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835,Darwin saw a variety of ⑱ new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most（强调句型，强调句子的主语the birds。）.Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches ⑲ on each of the islands.It seemed their beaks ⑳ had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island. 5 Darwin suspected ㉑ that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before（which引导的非限制性定语从句，对a common ancestor进行补充说明。）. Over time,it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist（how引导的宾语从句）: they evolved from earlier ancestors. 6 It was a completely new idea—a theory of evolution. Darwin explained this theory in his book,On the Origin of Species.It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm ㉒ .Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life ㉓ .They were shocked. But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing ㉔ that more and more people started to believe his theory（"so…that"结构，引导结果状语从句。）. 7 Today,On the Origin of Species is regarded as ㉕ one of the most important works ever written. It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever. And it all began with the journey on the Beagle. 发现之旅 1 "贝格尔号"的船长想要一个可以"通过前往遥远且鲜为人知的国度的机会而有所收获"的人。响应号召的这个人并非船长的首选。这是一个没有拿到学位，从医学院辍学的年轻人。而且，他最近收到了一封他父亲的来信，信中预言他将成为"自己和全家人的耻辱"。即便如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将促成有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。 2 我们提到的年轻人查尔斯·达尔文是一位地质学家和博物学家，他对岩石、植物和动物都非常着迷。1831年，他乘坐"贝格尔号"离开英国。这次旅行让他有机会研究自然环境中的各种生物。达尔文在南美洲度过一段时间以后，他船上的房间里满是他收集的动植物样本。当他研究这些时，问了自己一个问题：不同物种是如何产生的？ 3 那时，人们认为地球上的所有物种都是同时出现的，并且从此再无变化。但达尔文开始有了不同的想法。他注意到，一些动物种类彼此间十分相似。也许动物在适应环境变化时进化了？这虽然只是一个想法，但足以激励达尔文去寻找更多的证据。 4 1835年，"贝格尔号"驶抵加拉帕戈斯群岛，达尔文（在那里）看到了各种各样的新物种，而他最感兴趣的是鸟类。达尔文注意到，每个岛屿上，雀类都有所不同。它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可获得的食物类型进化而来的。 5 达尔文猜想，这些雀类都从一个共同的原种进化而来，这个原种在很久以前就来到了这片群岛。随着时间的推移，它慢慢进化成了许多新物种。这就是动植物的新物种如何产生的答案：它们从更早期的原种进化而来。 6 这是一个全新的理念——进化论。达尔文在他的《物种起源》一书中解释了该理论。这本书直到1859年才出版，并立即引起了轰动。许多人拒绝相信包括人在内的所有生命都是从更低级的生命形式进化而来的。他们感到震惊。然而达尔文的科学研究很有说服力，越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。 7 如今，《物种起源》被认为是有史以来最为重要的著作之一。它彻底地改变了人们对于地球上生命的看法。而这一切都始于"贝格尔号"的探索之旅。 课文重点词汇 ①the evolutionary tree 进化树 文化百科 进化树在生物学中用来表示物种之间的进化关系。生物分类学家和进化论者根据各类生物间亲缘关系的远近,把各类生物安置在有分枝的树状的图表上。 ②profit by/from… 从……中获利/受益 profit /ˈprɒfɪt/ vi.& vt.获益,得到好处 ③distant /ˈdɪstənt/ adj.遥远的 ④answer the call 响应号召 Wang Min likes teaching. Having graduated from university, she answered the call to teach in poor areas.王敏喜欢教学。大学毕业后，她响应号召，去了贫困地区教学。 ⑤first choice 首选 ⑥medical school n.[C,U]医学院，医科大学 ⑦predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ vt. 预言，预报 ⑧be a disgrace 是耻辱，是丢脸的事 disgrace /dɪsˈɡreɪs/ n.[sing.]令人感到羞耻的人（或事）;[U]丢脸，耻辱 近义 shame n.[U]羞耻 ⑨of all time（常与形容词的最高级连用。） 有史以来,自古以来 He is universally recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all time.他被公认 为是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。 ⑩in question 讨论（或议论）中的 ⑪geologist /dʒiˈɒlədʒɪst/ n. [C]地质学家 ⑫naturalist /ˈnætʃrəlɪst/ n.[C]博物学家 英语释义 a person who studies animals, plants, birds and other living things ⑬be crowded with （某场所）挤满 crowded adj. 挤满的；拥挤的 ⑭sample /ˈsɑ:mpl/ n.[C]样本 搭配 a sample survey 抽样调查 ⑮come to exist 产生（相当于come into existence） ⑯adapt （oneself） to… 适应…… adapt vi.& vt.适应（新情况） 形近 adopt vt.采用 vi. & vt.收养 ⑰evidence n.[U] 证据，证明 evident adj. 清楚的，显而易见的 ⑱a variety of 各种各样的（=various） 近义 all kinds of/all sorts of 各种各样的 ⑲finch /fɪntʃ/ n.[C]雀科鸣禽 ⑳beak /bi:k/ n. [C]鸟嘴，喙 ㉑suspect /səˈspekt/ vt. 猜想，怀疑，觉 ㉒storm n.[C]熟词生义 强烈的反应 ㉓a lower form of life 一种较为低级的生命形式 ㉔convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ adj.令人信服的，有说服力的 词链 convince（/kənˈvɪns/ vt.使确信，使信服）—convincing（adj.）—convinced（/kənˈvɪnst/ adj.确信的，信服的） ㉕be regarded as 被认为是 近义 be looked on/referred to/thought of/viewed/taken/considered as… 课文语篇结构 【即学即练】 一．课文语法填空 　As a young man, Charles Darwin was regarded as a disgrace to his family. However, his adventures on 　1　ship, the Beagle, would lead to one of the most important scientific 　2　(discovery) of all time.   The journey on the ship offered him a good opportunity 　3　(study) the living things in their natural environment. He was so fascinated by rocks, plants and animals 　4　 he got his room on the ship crowded with samples. At that time, it was believed that all species 　5　(appear) on Earth at the same time and hadn’t changed since. Through his careful observation, he began to think 　6　(different). He noticed that the beaks of the finches had some differences on each of the Gal’pagos Islands according to what they ate. So he thought they must have evolved from a common ancestor, and that they had evolved to adapt 　7　 the environment.  Darwin based his new ideas on his observation and generated his theory of 　8　(evolve). The book, On the Origin of Species, explained his theory, 　9　(cause) a heated storm of debate. Today, it is still regarded as one of the most important works ever 　10　(write).  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  二．单句语法填空 1.Learning that your classmates are always keeping you at a　　　　　(distant), I am writing to give you some tips.  2.The children watched, 　　　　　 (fascinate), as the picture began to appear.  3.Honestly speaking, we all suspected the little girl 　　　　　not telling the truth to us.  4.Before the competition, all in my mind was determination: not to be 　　　　　 disgrace to my country and myself.  5.The matter 　　　　　 question is of great importance to the innovation and development of our company.  6.I am grateful to have read this remarkable work, and I am excited to continue exploring the world of biology and 　　　　　 (evolve).  7.Having denied all the accusations with　　　　　 (convince) evidence, the Dutch technician was declared innocent and set free.  8.A large amount of electricity in that country 　　　　　(generate) by nuclear reactors.  9.It is said that the young man 　　　　　 (answer) the call is from a rich family.  10.They were part of a 15-member exploring party that 　　　　　(spend) almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.  三.选词填空(其中有一项多余) what’s more; of all time; adapt to; lead to; be crowded with; come to exist 　　When you are 1.　　　　　　 a new environment, it’s common to feel that your life 2.　　　　　　 many difficult problems. Don’t worry—things need to be solved one by one. Just ask yourself the question: How did these problems 3.　　　　　　? You may find that what 4.　　　　　　 these problems might be the same thing. 5.　　　　　　, you need to judge which problems are the most urgent and then deal with them.   四．完成句子 1.当我走近时,我看到他靠在他的车上,脸上挂着温暖的微笑。(as) 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　, I spotted him leaning against his car, a warm smile on his face. (读后续写—神态描写)  2.其次,正是中国的高铁连接了城市和地区,这大大减少了旅行时间。(强调句;high-speed) Secondly,　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 has connected cities and regions, which significantly reduces travel time.  3.I didn’t realize a small act of care could melt people’s loneliness until I experienced the event.(句型转换) →Not until I experienced the event　　　　 　　　　 　　　　a small act of care could melt people􀆳s loneliness.(倒装句)  →　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　I realized a small act of care could melt people’s loneliness.(强调句)  考点二 Unit 5　Revealing nature 课文解读2 Developing ideas The Secret Language of Plants 1 Talking plants have long been a thing of myths ① and legends ② .Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as ③ warnings to people. Alexander the Great④ and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. （"主语+be+said+动词不定式"句型，其中"to have…India"在此作主语补足语。）And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar,trees can communicate with animals and people. 2 With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy（with复合结构，其中that引导宾语从句，作believing的宾语。）,new research has revealed ⑤ something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all. 3 It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.（it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面由that引导的从句。）This happens when a plant,say ⑥ a bean plant,gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of ⑦ chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning,or a call for help:"I’m being attacked!" When another bean plant detects ⑧ the chemicals from its injured neighbour,it starts to release its own,different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away ⑨ . Others attract insects—the wasps ⑩ !The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system,so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides（so that引导的目的状语从句） ⑪ . 4 More surprisingly ⑫ ,plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds,but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots ⑬.Corn ⑭ and chilli ⑮ plants do this. They also "listen" to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell ⑯ if a neighbouring ⑰ plant is helpful, or unfriendly（if引导的宾语从句，此处if可用whether代替,意为"是否"。） .Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving（动词-ing结构作状语。）. 5 Most surprisingly of all,plants have an amazing system of communication that can link ⑱ nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the "wood wide web".It is in some ways ⑲ similar to the Internet we use.While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites,the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi ⑳ . This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.Using the wood wide web（动词-ing短语作方式状语。）,plants can share information and even food with each other. For example,some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet,the wood wide web has its own version of "cybercrime ㉑ ".Plants can steal food from each other,or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a "firewall" to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web. 6 Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other（"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句；此处介词in由与先行词ways的搭配决定。）.Who knows?Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to "talk" with them ourselves. 植物密语 1 会说话的植物长久以来都是神话和传说中的一个元素。许多文化里都有会说话的树给人们警告和建议的故事。据说，亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过这样一棵树。而且在一些现代故事中，像电影《阿凡达》，树木可以与动物和人交流。 2 我们一直认为会说话的植物存在于幻想里，不过新的研究揭示了惊人的发现：植物间似乎确实可以进行交流。 3 植物使用化学物质相互交流已久为人知。当某种植物受到昆虫侵害的时候就会这样做，比如豆类植物。（受侵害的）植株从正被啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质，就像是发出警告或者呼救："我被攻击了！"另一株豆类植物察觉到附近受伤植株释放出的化学物质时，它便开始释放自身不同的化学物质。其中一些化学物质能够驱赶昆虫，另一些则会吸引昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死正啃食豆类植株的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于无须使用农药的农作物的种植。 4 更令人惊讶的是，植物也会用声音交流。虽然人类无法听到，但是植物确实在发出声音。有些植物用根部发出响声，玉米和辣椒就是如此。它们还能"听见"其他植物发出的声音。辣椒可以分辨出邻近的植物是敌是友。一些树在没有足够的水分时，会发出咔嗒声以示干旱即将来临。 5 最令人惊讶的是，植物之间存在令人惊叹的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接森林中的每一株植物。科学家称该系统为"植物万维网"。它在某种程度上与我们使用的互联网相似。互联网是由电缆和卫星连接起来的全球计算机网络，而植物万维网是由真菌在地下连接而成的。这个真菌网络将不同植物的根系相互连接了起来。通过植物万维网，植物可以相互分享信息甚至食物。例如，一些松树能够给松树幼苗输送养分，帮助它们生长。不过就像我们的互联网一样，植物万维网也有自己版本的"网络犯罪"。植物间会互相窃取食物，或者传播毒素以攻击其他植物。也许有一天，科学家将学会如何建造"防火墙"来帮助阻止植物万维网内的攻击。 6 科学家对于植物互相交流的秘密方式的认识与日俱增。谁知道呢？也许有一天，我们对植物交流有了足够的了解，便能够亲自与它们"交谈"。 课文重点词汇 ①myth /mɪθ/n.[C,U] （古代的）神话；虚构的东西 ②legend /ˈledʒənd/ n.[C,U]传说，传奇（故事） 派生词 legendary /ˈledʒəndri/ adj.传说的；非常著名的 ③as well as 也，还 ④Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝 文化常识 人们通常在西方国家的君王名称后面加其他名词来显示人们对其功绩或为人的评价。例如狮心王理查（Richard the Lionheart），征服者威廉（William the Conqueror）。 ⑤reveal /rɪˈvi:l/ vt.显示; 透露; 揭示 搭配 reveal the truth/the secret揭露真相/泄露秘密 派生词 revelation n.[U]揭露 ⑥say vt.熟词生义 （无被动）比方说，假设 近义 for example、for instance ⑦tiny amounts of 少量的…… ⑧detect /dɪˈtekt/ vt. 发现,察觉（尤指不易觉察到的事物） 词链 detect （vt.） — detective （n.[C] 侦探）—detection （n.[U]侦查，探测，察觉 ） ⑨drive away 使离去 拓展 give away 分发；赠送 break away 逃脱 ⑩wasp /wɒsp/ n.[C]黄蜂 ⑪pesticide n. [C, U] 杀虫剂，除害药物 ⑫more surprisingly 更令人吃惊的是（常用在句首，用于修饰全句） most surprisingly of all 最令人惊讶的是 ⑬root /ru:t/ n.[C]根 ⑭corn /kɔ:n/ n.[U]玉米；谷物 ⑮chilli /ˈtʃɪli/ n.[C，U]辣椒 ⑯tell vt.熟词生义 分辨，识别 搭配 tell A from B 辨别A和B tell the difference between A and B 分辨出A与B的区别 ⑰neighbouring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ adj.邻近的，附近的，毗邻的 ⑱link /lɪŋk/ vt.把……联系起来；连接 ⑲in some ways 在某种程度上，在句中作状语。相当于in a way、in one way、to some extent、to a certain degree。 ⑳fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ n.[C]真菌（复数fungi） 派生词 fungal /ˈfʌŋɡ（ə）l/ adj.真菌的；真菌引起的 ㉑cybercrime n.[C,U]网络犯罪 构词法 前缀cyber-意为"计算机的，网络的",常用于构成名词或形容词。由其构成的词还有cybersecurity（网络安全）、cyberthreat（网络威胁）等。 【即学即练】 一.课文语法填空 　　Scientists are learning the secret ways in which plants “talk” to each other. It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals　1　(communicate) with each other. When 　2　(attack)by insects, the plant releases chemicals from the leaves that　3　(eat). This is like　4　warning. When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to release　5　(it)own different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away.   More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. Some plants make a noise with their 　6　(root). Some trees make a clicking noise when there is not enough water, 　7　(indicate) drought is arriving.  Most surprisingly of all, plants have an 　8　(amaze)system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is called the “wood wide web”,　9　is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food　10　each other.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  二．单句语法填空 1.The　　　　　(injure) workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.   2.The local police issued a 　　　　　(warn) against eating any fish caught in the river.   3.By contrast, I like those lovely pandas which are native 　　　　　China.  4.The princess and her twin sister seemed to be alike 　　　　　some ways, but they were quite different in their characters.  5.In an aging society, the Internet can make a huge amount 　　　　　 difference to older people requiring a bit of extra support and those caring for them.  6.Doctors say because of the complex nature of the disease, early　　　　　(detect) is the best way to prevent it.  7.In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive 　　　　　 pests and protect the growth of crops.   8.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one　　　　　(blame).  9.I like the folk tale that 　　　　　(link) to love, perseverance and warm-heartedness.  10.My teacher as well as my classmates 　　　　　 (be) friendly to me when I first came to the new school.  三．完成句子 1.我们中的一些人渴望参加课堂活动,而另一些人则感到紧张和焦虑。(while) Some of us were eager to take part in the class activity, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  2.他微笑着点了点头,示意一切都好。(indicate) He smiles and nods, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.(读后续写—动作描写)  3.夏天早上的空气呼吸起来很好。(不定式主动形式表示被动意义) The morning air in summer　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.  4.老人在看电视,他的孙子在他身边玩耍。(with的复合结构) The old man is watching TV 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 beside him.  5.It was thought that the video filmed by my mom was amusing, making me widely known in the town.(句型转换) →The video filmed by my mom 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 amusing, making me widely known in the town.  考点三 课文知识解析 1.distant adj.遥远的 (教材P50)　The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”． “贝格尔号”船长需要招聘一个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。 Pat sounded very cold and distant on the phone.从电话里听起来帕特非常冷淡和疏远。 [知识拓展] (1)be(＋距离)distant from sth.离某物(……)远 (2)distance n. 距离 at a distance 隔一段距离；距离稍远 in the distance 在远处 at/from a distance of... 在/从……远的地方 keep sb. at a distance 对……冷淡；与……疏远 distance oneself from 使远离；使疏远 2.answer the call响应号召 (教材P50)　The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice. 来应聘的人不是船长的首选。 The young man answered the call and joined the army to defend his country.这个年轻人响应号召，参军保卫祖国。 [知识拓展] answer the phone/a call 接听电话 answer the door 开门，应门 answer criticism/charges/accusation就批评/指控/谴责等作出回应 answer a need 满足需求 answer a description 与描述相符 3.be a disgrace是耻辱，是丢脸的事 (教材P50)　What's more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”．更有甚者，他最近收到了父亲的一封信，信中预言他将是“他和全家的耻辱”。 He is a disgrace and an embarrassment to this hospital.他是这家医院的耻辱和尴尬。 [知识拓展] (1)disgrace v． 使丢脸；使蒙受耻辱；使名誉扫地；使失势；使失去地位 (2)in disgrace 很不讨人喜欢 bring disgrace on 使……蒙羞 there is no disgrace in doing sth.做某事不丢脸 4.lead to引起，导致；通向 (教材P50)　Despite all this，his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time. 尽管如此，他在这艘船上的冒险经历将导致有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。 Excuse me，does this road lead to the railway station?请问，这条路通向火车站吗？ [知识拓展] lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 lead sb. to/into... 领着某人去/进入…… lead a happy life 过着幸福的生活 in the lead 领先，处于首位 take the lead 带头 5.in question正被讨论的；有疑问，不确定 (教材P50)The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals. 所提到的那位年轻人叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家，对岩石、植物和动物都着迷。 In my opinion，you'd better keep your distance from the man in question.依我看，你最好离那个被讨论的人远一点。 [知识拓展] out of question(＝without question) 没问题 out of the question 不可能，无法接受 6.be crowded with堆满，挤满 (教材P51)　After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.达尔文在南美洲待了一段时间后，他船上的房间里塞满了他收集的动植物样本。 The old town square was crowded with people.古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。 [知识拓展] crowded adj. 拥挤的 crowd n．&v. 人群/拥挤；聚集 a crowd of/crowds of... 一大群……，很多 crowd in (on sb.) 涌上(心头)，涌入(脑海) crowd into one's mind 涌上某人的心头 crowd into... 大批涌入(狭小的空间) [名师点津] crowd可用作名词，译作“人群，大众”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词接单数或复数对待均可，the crowd“老百姓，大众”。 7.(教材P51)　Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments?也许动物是随着适应环境的变化而进化的？ (1)evolve v．进化；发展 Each school must evolve its own way of working.每个学校必须形成自己的办学方式。 [知识拓展] (1)evolve from 从……进化；从……逐渐形成 evolve into 逐渐演变，逐步发展 (2)evolution n. 进化(论)；演变 (2)adapt to适应，适合 We must adapt to the new changes through our continuous learning.我们必须通过持续不断的学习来适应新变化。 [知识拓展] (1)adapt...to... 使……适应或适合…… adapt...from... 根据……改编或改写 adapt...for... 改编或改作……之用 (2)adaptable adj. 能适应的，适应性强的 adaptation n. 改编(本)，改造；适应 8.suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得 (教材P51)　Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before.达尔文认为这些雀科小鸟是从一个共同的祖先进化而来，这个祖先很久以前就来到了这些岛屿。 He is the prime suspect in the case.他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。 [知识拓展] suspect that... 认为/猜想/觉得…… suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是…… suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 9.so...that...句型 (教材P51)　But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory. 但是达尔文的科学研究非常令人信服，结果越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。 句式分析：句中的so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，that引导结果状语从句。 He was so angry that he couldn't say a word.他气得说不出话。 [知识拓展] so＋ such 一．语法填空 A (2025湖南部分学校开学考试) Chinese scientists have detected a new plant species of Oreocharis (马铃苣苔属) in southwest China􀆳s Yunnan Province, according to Chengdu Institute of Biology (CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The findings, made by researchers from CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany, CAS, 　1　 (publish) recently in the journal Ecology and Evolution.  During a field 　2　 (investigate) into an oak community, the researchers found an unidentified species of Oreocharis in Ninglang County, Yunnan Province. By comparing the plant with several 　3　 (know) Oreocharis species, the researchers have confirmed it is a new species 　4　 has many unique characteristics.  The new species was named Oreocharis oriolus (黄鹂马铃苣苔) and was named 　5　 the lively bird oriole, as its bright yellow flowers resemble the 　6　 (bird) feather color. Researchers found that the new species has a narrow distribution, 　7　 (grow) in limestone (石灰岩) cracks in an area of two square 　8　 (kilometer).  This new species is currently listed as 　9　 (critical) Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to the researchers, 　10　 discovery of the plant species has further enriched diversity of Oreocharis in China, and has positive significance for the biogeography of the Hengduan Mountains in southwest China.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　  B (2024广东惠州期中) Scientists who study the evolution of language say wild chimpanzees(黑猩猩)have a more complex communication system than past research has shown. The researchers say the animal uses more than ten kinds of calls, 　1　 can be combined into hundreds of different orders.   The study team made 4,800 recordings of the calls 　2　 (generate) by three groups of chimpanzees. They live in the Tai National Park, the Ivory Coast. It’s one of the last important 　3　 (area) of old-growth tropical forest in West Africa and home 　4　 many kinds of plants and animals. Chimpanzees are intelligent and 　5　 (high) social creatures. They can make and use tools and can 　6　 (teach) a small amount of human sign language.   Scientists 　7　 (know) that chimpanzees use different calls in the wild since a long time ago. But the new study offered a 　8　 (deep) understanding of their communication than before. Cedric was the leading 　9　 (write) of the study and said that the chimpanzee calls are among 　10　 most complex forms of communication described in non-human animals.  1.　　　　　 2.　　　　　 3.　　　　　 4.　　　　　 5.　　　　　   6.　　　　　 7.　　　　　 8.　　　　　 9.　　　　　 10.　　　　　   二．阅读理解 A (2025浙江宁波余姚中学期中) Evolution can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s flying songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged—in other words, escaping natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its 410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences of the United States contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. 　　Stroud and his colleagues studied the lizard (蜥蜴) species, all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabilizing selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabilizing selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 1.Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A.To demonstrate the power of evolution.　 B.To add evidence to natural selection. C.To give an example of unchanged species.　 D.To prove species’ extraordinary makeovers. 2.What’s the focus of paragraph 2? A.Unsolved mysteries.　 B.A common belief. C.A sharp contrast.　 D.Unique Characteristics. 3.How did Stroud conduct his research? A.By analyzing lizard fossils.　 B.By tracking research objects. C.By illustrating stabilizing selection.　 D.By categorizing qualities of lizards. 4.What will Stroud probably do in the future? A.Make trips to visit lizard experts.　 B.Summarize average features of lizards. C.Reveal the best combinations of qualities.　 D.Examine lizards under extreme conditions. B (2025重庆西南大学附属中学校期中) When I was asked to take part in forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit, assuming it must involve a refreshing swim in the water. 　1　  I met Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanic Choukas-Bradley and several other women who’d come along for the adventure in an urban forest. Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath. We sat on the banks of the river, but we did not get in the water. 　2　 We did walk the forest tracks, but we wandered with no destination in mind.  The aim of forest bathing, Choukas-Bradley explained, is to slow down and become fully bathed in the natural environment. She helped us tune in to the forest’s smells, tastes and sights. 　3　 As we passed through the trees, we touched their trunks, feeling the roughness beneath our fingers. We smelled the flowers, each breath being a celebration of nature’s beauty.  There’s a growing body of evidence that shows forest bathing can help boost moods and reduce stress. 　4　 A 2011 study comparing city walks to forest walks found the forest environment led to greater reductions in blood pressure, despite both activities requiring equal physical effort.  　5　 Most of human history was spent in environments that lack buildings and walls, and our bodies have adapted to living in the natural world. But today most of us spend much of our life indoors. Perhaps the new forest bathing trend is a recognition that many of us need a little nudge to get back out there.  A.It’s not a hike, either. B.It turns out that my interpretation was literal. C.The benefits of nature can be accessed simply. D.Forest bathing frees us from worldly engagements. E.The idea that spending time in nature is good is not new. F.Indeed, medical researchers have demonstrated its benefits. G.We took in the peaceful surroundings by using all our senses. 1.　　　 2.　　　 3.　　　 4.　　　 5.　　　   2 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $