暑假作业10 非限制性定语从句（巩固培优）高二英语译林版

**基本信息** 以“概念-区别-引导词-语用功能”为逻辑主线，通过对比分析、功能分类及真题实战构建非限制性定语从句专项突破体系，提升语言理解与表达能力，培养分析对比的思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |概念辨析|对比表格+5组例句|对比分析法（作用/逗号/翻译等5维度）|从定义出发，通过例句对比揭示与限制性从句的本质差异| |引导词应用|7类引导词表格+例句|功能定位法（主/宾/状等成分匹配）|按指代对象（人/物/主句）分类，明确引导词语法功能| |语用功能|5类功能+例句|场景应用法（背景/评价/因果等）|结合语境阐释从句在语篇中的补充说明作用| |真题实战|10道高考真题|真题溯源法（考点对应近年考题）|从基础应用过渡到高考实战，强化考点迁移能力|

完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业10 非限制性定语从句 （原卷版） 一、定义 非限制性定语从句是对先行词或整个主句进行补充说明的从句，它与主句之间用逗号隔开。即使去掉，主句的意义仍然完整。例如：My father, who is a teacher, works very hard. 二、与限制性定语从句的区别 对比项 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 对先行词起限定、识别作用，不可或缺 起补充说明作用，去掉不影响主句核心意义 逗号 无逗号 有逗号 翻译 常译为“……的” 常译为并列句或单独成句 引导词 可用that，why，省略关系代词 不可用that/why，不可省略关系词 先行词 名词/代词 名词/代词或整个主句 典型例句对比： 限制性：The students who passed the exam got a reward.（及格的学生得到了奖励。——暗示“没及格的学生没有奖励”） 非限制性：The students, who passed the exam, got a reward.（学生们得到了奖励，他们都及格了。——所有学生都及格了） 限制性：His brother who works in Beijing is coming.（他在北京工作的那个哥哥要来。——他可能还有其 他哥哥） 非限制性：His brother, who works in Beijing, is coming.（他哥哥要来，他在北京工作。——他只有一个哥 哥） 限制性：I returned the book which I borrowed last week.（我归还了我上周借的那本书） 非限制性：I returned the book, which I borrowed last week, to the library.（我还了书，那是我上周借的） 限制性：The house where he was born has been sold.（他出生的那所房子已售出） 非限制性：The house, where he was born, has been sold.（那所房子已售出，他就在那里出生） 非限制性修饰整个主句：He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.（他考试不及格，这件事让父母很生气。——which指代整个主句） 三、非限制性定语从句引导词 引导词 作用 例句 who 指人，作主语 My uncle, who lives in Shanghai, is a teacher. whom 指人，作宾语 The girl, whom you met yesterday, is my sister. which 指物或整个主句，作主语/宾语 The bike, which I bought last week, is red. He passed the exam, which made his parents happy. whose 指人或物，作定语 The writer, whose books are very popular, will visit our school. where 指地点，作地点状语 Beijing, where I was born, has changed a lot. when 指时间，作时间状语 I will never forget 2020, when the pandemic began. as 指代整个主句，作主语/宾语 He is very clever, as we all know. The earth is round, as is known to everyone. 注意：非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略，且不可使用 that 或 why。 四、非限制性定语从句的语用功能 1. 提供背景信息（最常用） My father, who is 65 years old, still runs every morning. （我父亲今年65岁，仍然每天早晨跑步。） 功能：补充年龄这一背景，帮助听话人了解人物，但核心信息是“他每天跑步”。 2. 表达说话人的评论或评价 The movie lasted three hours, which was actually too long for a comedy. （那部电影长达三小时，这对一部喜剧来说实在太长了。） 功能：说话人借which从句主观评价“太长”，表达自己的态度。 3. 解释原因或结果 She forgot to set the alarm, which is why she was late for work. （她忘了设闹钟，这就是她上班迟到的原因。） 功能：which指代整个前句，解释结果（迟到）。 4. 连接前后文，使语篇更连贯 The hotel offered free breakfast. This, which we hadn't expected, saved us a lot of money.（酒店提供免费早餐。这一点我们没想到，帮我们省了不少钱。） 功能：用which把前句的信息（免费早餐）与新信息（省钱）平滑衔接，避免重复“this”。 5. 补充细节但不打断主句流畅性 We finally reached the village, where we spent the night in a small inn. （我们终于到达那个村子，在那里的一家小旅馆过了一夜。） 功能：主句说“到达村子”，从句补充“过夜地点”，像拍电影时镜头拉近加细节。 一、单项选择 1. The sports meeting was put off, ______ was exactly what we wanted. A. that B. which C. what D. it 2. I’ll never forget the village ______ I spent my childhood. 3. My son, ______ work takes him all over the world, is in London now. A. who B. whose C. his D. which 4. He has two daughters, both of ______ are doctors. A. them B. which C. whom D. that 5. Tom bought a new computer, ______ cost him a lot of money. A. which B. that C. it D. what 6. We visited the factory ______ my father worked ten years ago. A. where B. that C. which D. when 7. The old man, ______ was dressed in a black coat, turned out to be a famous artist. A. he B. whom C. which D. who 8. She will fly to Beijing, ______ she plans to stay for a week. A. where B. which C. when D. there 9. ______ is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. A. Which B. As C. That D. What 10. The problem, ______ we discussed yesterday, has been solved. A. that B. which C. what D. as 二、单句语法填空 1. The famous scientist, ______ lectures we attended last week, will visit our school again. 2. He made a quick decision, ______ turned out to be a big mistake later. 3. My grandfather often tells us stories about his youth, during ______ he worked as a fisherman. 4. They finally reached the top of the mountain, ______ they could enjoy a beautiful sunrise. 5. The new policy, ______ is expected to reduce pollution, will take effect next month. 6. She married a young man, ______ family owned a large estate in the countryside. 7. ______ is often the case with beginners, he made several grammatical errors in his composition. 8. The old library, ______ many students used to study, will be torn down next year. 9. The artist painted a wonderful picture, for ______ he received a national award. 10 The conference will be held in Shanghai, ______ we can visit the famous Oriental Pearl Tower. 三、用定语从句完成句子 1. The boy ___________________________________ (戴着眼镜的) is my cousin. 2. I’m looking for a house ___________________________________ (前面有一个花园). 3. The movie, ___________________________________ (我们昨晚看的), was very boring. 4. He missed the train, ___________________________________ (这件事让他很恼火). 5. Do you know the reason ___________________________________ (他为什么生气)? 6. She has three friends, two of ___________________________________ (都来自美国). 7. I will never forget the day ___________________________________ (我们毕业的). 8. He works in a company ___________________________________ (生产手机). 9. The artist, ___________________________________ (其画作你十分欣赏的), will give a speech. 10. She opened the door, ___________________________________ (门后面藏着一只猫). 一、句型转换: 用非限制性定语从句合并两个简单句 1. The man is my teacher. He is standing there. 2. Shanghai is a modern city. I was born there. 3. The book is very interesting. I borrowed it from the library. 4. My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital. 5. She has a new laptop. Its screen is 4K. 6. The old castle is 500 years old. We visited it last summer. 7. The girl speaks English well. Her mother is from Canada. 8. We arrived at 8 p.m. It was raining heavily then. 9. This is the classroom. We had an English class here yesterday. 10. He passed the driving test. It surprised everyone. 二、中译英（用定语从句，10小题） 1. 住在隔壁的那个女人是一位著名的作家。 2. 我昨天丢失的那把伞是红色的。 3. 这就是他们去年参观过的博物馆。 4. 他的儿子，今年只有五岁，已经会读100多个汉字了。 5. 我永远忘不了我们一起在乡下度过的那些日子。 6. 他迟到了，这使老师很生气。 7. 这就是我们上周末野餐的那个公园。 8. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 9. 他给我写了好几封信，我一封也没回。 10. 这位科学家，他的发现改变了世界，昨天去世了。 三、语法填空 My Grandfather’s Legacy My Grandfather, 1 was a kind-hearted teacher, passed away last year. He left me a diary, 2 recorded his life during the war. The small village 3 he grew up has now become a tourist attraction. One summer, I decided to visit that village. That summer, 4 I first met an old villager, was unforgettable. The old man, 5 memory still held vivid stories of my grandfather, welcomed me warmly. He told me the reason 6 my grandfather had left the village — to pursue education. That was the most important decision 7 changed not only his life but also ours. During my stay, I found a stone bridge, 8 my grandfather used to sit and read. I sat there for a long time, feeling connected. 9 is often the case with old stories, the more I learned, the more I admired him. Finally, I met a young girl, to 10 I taught some English as a way to honor my grandfather’s spirit. 一、真题再现 1.（2025年全国I卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 2.（2025年全国II卷）I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 36 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn’t exist. 3.（2025年北京卷） However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 19 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options. 4.（2025年1月浙江卷） Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 63 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period. 5. (2024新课标Ⅰ卷) Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 6. (2024全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 50 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 7. (2024新课标II卷) Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, 36 is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 8. (2024北京卷) Tinniswood, 17 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 9. (2024浙江1月卷) Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way 38 will make them the most money. 10. (2023年全国甲卷) Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 43 Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” 二、听力理解（听中学语法）选出最佳答案。 听下面一段对话，回答1-2小题。 1. What does the leading actor do in the movie? A. He builds a new telescope. B. He talks to his mother. C. He plays a lonely astronaut. 2. What can we learn about the man’s feeling toward the movie? A. He thinks it’s just so-so. B. He’s deeply moved by it. C. He hasn’t seen it yet. 听下面一段独白，回答3-6小题。 3. What did Lily do with the necklace after finding it? A. She hid it in her desk. B. She put it in her pocket. C. She gave it to Anna. 4. Why did Lily pretend that nothing had happened? A. She was afraid of being embarrassed. B. She wanted to keep the necklace. C. She didn’t like Anna. 5. How did Anna feel when she found the necklace? A. She was angry. B. She was sad. C. She was very happy. 6. What is the main message of the story? A. Courage is the key to true friendship. B. We should never take others’ belongings. C. Guilt can make us lose sleep. 三、定语从句在写作中的应用 假设你是李华，你的外国朋友Mike来信表示对中国文化很感兴趣。请你给他回复一封电子邮件，介绍你的家乡，并邀请他来访问。内容包括： 1. 家乡的特色（如风景、美食、文化等）； 2. 真诚邀请他来游玩。 注意 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3. 邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 Dear Mike, I’m glad to hear that you’re interested in Chinese culture. ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Hey, lisa, have you seen the new movie space oddity, which everyone is talking about? Not yet, but I heard of a film which combines science and emotion perfectly. why? I just came back from the cinema, the leading actor whose performance is breathtaking, play the lonely astronaut. There's a scene. Worry talks to his daughter via a time delayed video. IT really moved me. Oh, that reminds me of my grandpa, who used to be an engineer working on space projects. He often told me stories that inspired me . to love science. That's awesome. Maybe we can go together this weekend when we both are free. sure. And i'll bring my grandparent zl telescope through which we can watch . the stars after the movie. Great idea. I can't wait. Lily was an ordinary girl who always felt invisible in her class. SHE had a best friend, anna, whose personality was as bright as the sun. One day, lily found a beautiful necklace lying under ann's desk. IT was the necklace that and his grandmother had given her. Lily picked IT up and decided to return IT. However, when he reached danna, anna was talking to a group of students whom lilly did not dare to approach. Fearing embarrassment, lilly slipped the necklace into our own pocket. That was the reason why he pretended nothing happened that night. SHE couldn't sleep, which had never happened to her before. Guilt was eating her alive, as often happens with a guilty conscience. The next morning, lilly returned to the classroom where the whole incident had begun. He wrote a note which said, I found your necklace and placed along with the necklace into ana's knocker. Later that day, ana found the neckless and IT was a moment when lilies fear finally gave way to relieve. Anna gave lily a warm hug. From that day on, lily was no longer invisible. SHE learned that true friendship requires courage, even when fear tries to hide IT. 完成时间： 月 日 今日打卡：☐ 已完成 用时： min 自评勋章： 作业10 非限制性定语从句 （解析版） 一、定义 非限制性定语从句是对先行词或整个主句进行补充说明的从句，它与主句之间用逗号隔开。即使去掉，主句的意义仍然完整。例如：My father, who is a teacher, works very hard. 二、与限制性定语从句的区别 对比项 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 对先行词起限定、识别作用，不可或缺 起补充说明作用，去掉不影响主句核心意义 逗号 无逗号 有逗号 翻译 常译为“……的” 常译为并列句或单独成句 引导词 可用that，why，省略关系代词 不可用that/why，不可省略关系词 先行词 名词/代词 名词/代词或整个主句 典型例句对比： 限制性：The students who passed the exam got a reward.（及格的学生得到了奖励。——暗示“没及格的学生没有奖励”） 非限制性：The students, who passed the exam, got a reward.（学生们得到了奖励，他们都及格了。——所有学生都及格了） 限制性：His brother who works in Beijing is coming.（他在北京工作的那个哥哥要来。——他可能还有其 他哥哥） 非限制性：His brother, who works in Beijing, is coming.（他哥哥要来，他在北京工作。——他只有一个哥 哥） 限制性：I returned the book which I borrowed last week.（我归还了我上周借的那本书） 非限制性：I returned the book, which I borrowed last week, to the library.（我还了书，那是我上周借的） 限制性：The house where he was born has been sold.（他出生的那所房子已售出） 非限制性：The house, where he was born, has been sold.（那所房子已售出，他就在那里出生） 非限制性修饰整个主句：He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.（他考试不及格，这件事让父母很生气。——which指代整个主句） 三、非限制性定语从句引导词 引导词 作用 例句 who 指人，作主语 My uncle, who lives in Shanghai, is a teacher. whom 指人，作宾语 The girl, whom you met yesterday, is my sister. which 指物或整个主句，作主语/宾语 The bike, which I bought last week, is red. He passed the exam, which made his parents happy. whose 指人或物，作定语 The writer, whose books are very popular, will visit our school. where 指地点，作地点状语 Beijing, where I was born, has changed a lot. when 指时间，作时间状语 I will never forget 2020, when the pandemic began. as 指代整个主句，作主语/宾语 He is very clever, as we all know. The earth is round, as is known to everyone. 注意：非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略，且不可使用 that 或 why。 四、非限制性定语从句的语用功能 1. 提供背景信息（最常用） My father, who is 65 years old, still runs every morning. （我父亲今年65岁，仍然每天早晨跑步。） 功能：补充年龄这一背景，帮助听话人了解人物，但核心信息是“他每天跑步”。 2. 表达说话人的评论或评价 The movie lasted three hours, which was actually too long for a comedy. （那部电影长达三小时，这对一部喜剧来说实在太长了。） 功能：说话人借which从句主观评价“太长”，表达自己的态度。 3. 解释原因或结果 She forgot to set the alarm, which is why she was late for work. （她忘了设闹钟，这就是她上班迟到的原因。） 功能：which指代整个前句，解释结果（迟到）。 4. 连接前后文，使语篇更连贯 The hotel offered free breakfast. This, which we hadn't expected, saved us a lot of money.（酒店提供免费早餐。这一点我们没想到，帮我们省了不少钱。） 功能：用which把前句的信息（免费早餐）与新信息（省钱）平滑衔接，避免重复“this”。 5. 补充细节但不打断主句流畅性 We finally reached the village, where we spent the night in a small inn. （我们终于到达那个村子，在那里的一家小旅馆过了一夜。） 功能：主句说“到达村子”，从句补充“过夜地点”，像拍电影时镜头拉近加细节。 一、单项选择：选出最佳答案 1. The sports meeting was put off, ______ was exactly what we wanted. A. that B. which C. what D. it 答案：B 解析：本题考查非限制性定语从句。逗号后是一个从句，且指代前面整个主句“The sports meeting was put off”这件事。在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句只能用 which，不能使用 that（that 不能用于非限制性定语从句）。what 和 it 不能引导定语从句。因此选 B。 2. I’ll never forget the village ______ I spent my childhood. A. which B. where C. when D. that 答案：B 解析：先行词是 the village（地点），定语从句中缺少地点状语（I spent my childhood in the village），因此应使用关系副词 where。which/that 是关系代词，在从句中需作主语或宾语，但本句从句主谓宾完整（I spent my childhood），无主语或宾语空缺。when 指时间。因此选 B。 3. My son, ______ work takes him all over the world, is in London now. A. who B. whose C. his D. which 答案：B 解析：先行词是 My son，后面需要表示所属关系（儿子的工作）。在定语从句中，表示“某人的……”应使用关系代词 whose（相当于 his work）。who 指人但表示主格或宾格，不表示所属；his 不能作关系词；which 指物。因此选 B。 4. He has two daughters, both of ______ are doctors. A. them B. which C. whom D. that 答案：C 解析：本题考查“介词 + 关系代词”结构。先行词 two daughters（人），介词 of 后应用指人的关系代词 whom，构成 both of whom。them 是人称代词，不能引导从句；which 指物；that 不能用于介词之后且不能用于非限制性定语从句。因此选 C。 5. Tom bought a new computer, ______ cost him a lot of money. A. which B. that C. it D. what 答案：A 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 a new computer（物），从句中缺主语（the computer cost...），因此用关系代词 which。that 不能引导非限制性定语从句；it 是代词，不能连接句子；what 不能引导定语从句。因此选 A。 6. We visited the factory ______ my father worked ten years ago. A. where B. that C. which D. when 答案：A 解析：先行词 the factory（地点），从句中缺地点状语（my father worked in the factory），应用关系副词 where。that/which 是关系代词，需作主语或宾语，但从句主谓宾完整（my father worked），无宾语缺失。when 指时间。因此选 A。 7. The old man, ______ was dressed in a black coat, turned out to be a famous artist. A. he B. whom C. which D. who 答案：D 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 The old man（人），从句中缺主语（the old man was dressed...），应用指人的关系代词who。he 不能引导从句；whom 是宾格，不能作主语；which 指物。因此选 D。 8. She will fly to Beijing, ______ she plans to stay for a week. A. where B. which C. when D. there 答案：A 解析：先行词 Beijing（地点），从句中缺地点状语（she plans to stay in Beijing for a week），应用关系副词 where。which 作主语/宾语，但这里 stay 是不及物动词，无宾语，不适用；when 指时间；there 不是关系词。因此选 A。 9. ______ is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. A. Which B. As C. That D. What 答案：B 解析：本题考查 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，位置可放在句首，意为“正如……一样”。as is known to all 是固定搭配。which 引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首（只能放在主句之后）。that 和 what 不能引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句。因此选 B。 10. The problem, ______ we discussed yesterday, has been solved. A. that B. which C. what D. as 答案：B 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 The problem（物），从句中缺宾语（we discussed the problem yesterday），应用关系代词 which。that 不能用于非限制性定语从句；what 不能引导定语从句；as 引导非限制性定语从句时多表示“正如……”，且通常与主句有固定搭配（as is said, as we know 等），此处用 which 更直接表示“这个问题”。因此选 B。 总结：非限制性定语从句的关键点在于：① 有逗号；② 不用 that；③ 关系词不能省略；④ which 可指代整个主句；⑤ as 可放在句首指代整个主句。掌握这些规则，就能轻松应对此类题目。 二、单句语法填空 1. The famous scientist, ______ lectures we attended last week, will visit our school again. 2. He made a quick decision, ______ turned out to be a big mistake later. 3. My grandfather often tells us stories about his youth, during ______ he worked as a fisherman. 4. They finally reached the top of the mountain, ______ they could enjoy a beautiful sunrise. 5. The new policy, ______ is expected to reduce pollution, will take effect next month. 6. She married a young man, ______ family owned a large estate in the countryside. 7. ______ is often the case with beginners, he made several grammatical errors in his composition. 8. The old library, ______ many students used to study, will be torn down next year. 9. The artist painted a wonderful picture, for ______ he received a national award. 10 The conference will be held in Shanghai, ______ we can visit the famous Oriental Pearl Tower. 参考答案与详细解析 1. whose 句子：The famous scientist, whose lectures we attended last week, will visit our school again. 解析：先行词是“the famous scientist”，空格后的“lectures”与科学家之间存在所属关系（“科学家的讲座”），因此用表示所属的关系代词whose。非限制性定语从句中不可用that，whose可指人或物。 2. which 句子：He made a quick decision, which turned out to be a big mistake later. 解析：空格指代整个主句“He made a quick decision”这件事，在从句中作主语。关系代词which可以指代整个主句，这是非限制性定语从句特有的用法。注意：此处不能用that，也不能省略。 3. which 句子：My grandfather often tells us stories about his youth, during which he worked as a fisherman. 解析：介词during提前，引导词只能用which指代先行词“his youth”（时间概念）。结构为“介词+ which”。虽然先行词是时间，但因介词存在，不能用when（when是副词，不能作介词宾语）。类似的还有：in which, on which, from which等。 4. where 句子：They finally reached the top of the mountain, where they could enjoy a beautiful sunrise. 解析：先行词“the top of the mountain”表示地点，从句中缺地点状语（they could enjoy...at the top），因此用关系副词where。非限制性定语从句中where不可省略。 5. which 句子：The new policy, which is expected to reduce pollution, will take effect next month. 解析：先行词是“the new policy”（物），在从句中作主语，用which。注意：非限制性定语从句中不能用that替换which。 6. whose 句子：She married a young man, whose family owned a large estate in the countryside. 解析：先行词“a young man”与后面的“family”为所属关系（“那个人的家庭”），用whose引导非限制性定语从句。 7. As 句子：As is often the case with beginners, he made several grammatical errors in his composition. 解析：As引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，位置灵活（可放在句首、句中或句末）。As有“正如……”之意，常与know, see, expect, happen, be often the case等搭配。句首字母大写。 8. where 句子：The old library, where many students used to study, will be torn down next year. 解析：先行词“the old library”表示地点，从句中缺地点状语（many students used to study there），故用where。注意区分：如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用which/that（但非限制性中不用that）。这里不缺主宾，缺状语。 9. which 句子：The artist painted a wonderful picture, for which he received a national award. 解析：介词for提前，引导词用which指代先行词“a wonderful picture”。正常语序为“he received a national award for the picture”。结构“介词+ which”是高考高频考点。 10. where 句子：The conference will be held in Shanghai, where we can visit the famous Oriental Pearl Tower. 解析：先行词“Shanghai”为地点，从句中缺地点状语（we can visit...in Shanghai），因此填where。注意：此处不可用in which（语法上虽可，但高考填空通常优先考查关系副词where，除非题目明确要求介词+which结构）。 三、用定语从句完成句子 1. The boy ___________________________________ (戴着眼镜的) is my cousin. 参考答案： who is wearing glasses 解析：先行词为 The boy（人），定语从句中缺少主语（男孩戴着眼镜），因此用关系代词 who 指人并作主语。谓语动词用 is wearing，表示“正戴着”。注意：此处也可用 that（限制性定语从句中 that 可指人），但本题未限定，who 更自然。 2. I’m looking for a house ___________________________________ (前面有一个花园). 参考答案： whose front yard has a garden / in front of which is a garden 解析： 两种答案： whose front yard has a garden：whose 表示所属关系，“房子的前院”。先行词 a house 与 front yard 为所属关系，用 whose 引导定语从句。 in front of which is a garden：介词 + which 结构，相当于“a garden is in front of the house”，将介词提前，用 which 指代 a house，构成倒装语序（介词短语 + which + 谓语 + 主语）。注意：非限制性定语从句也可用此结构，此处限制性也可接受。 3. The movie, ___________________________________ (我们昨晚看的), was very boring. 参考答案： which we watched last night 解析： 先行词 The movie（物），非限制性定语从句（有逗号），从句中缺少宾语（watched the movie），因此用关系代词 which（不可用 that）。关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略？但在非限制性定语从句中不可省略，故必须保留 which。 4. He missed the train, ___________________________________ (这件事让他很恼火). 参考答案： which made him very angry 解析：非限制性定语从句，关系词指代整个主句“He missed the train”这件事，在从句中作主语，因此用 which。注意：不可用 that，且 which 不能省略。 5. Do you know the reason ___________________________________ (他为什么生气)? 参考答案： why he was angry 解析： 先行词 the reason，表示原因，定语从句中缺原因状语（for the reason），用关系副词 why，相当于 for which。这是限制性定语从句（无逗号），why 在口语或非正式文体中可省略，但书面保留更规范。注意：why 不能引导非限制性定语从句，此处是限制性。 6. She has three friends, two of ___________________________________ (都来自美国). 参考答案： whom are from America/the U.S.A 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 three friends（人），结构为“数量词 + of + 关系代词”，表示“其中的两个”。指人时用whom，构成 two of whom。不可用 them（人称代词不能引导从句），也不可用 which（指物）。注意：谓语动词用复数 are，因为 two of whom 指两个人。 7. I will never forget the day ___________________________________ (我们毕业的). 参考答案：when we graduated 解析：先行词 the day（时间），定语从句中缺少时间状语（on the day），用关系副词when，相当于 on which。注意：如果从句中缺宾语（如“我们度过的那一天”），则用 which/that，但本题“我们毕业”是完整的句子，不缺主宾，故用 when。 8. He works in a company ___________________________________ (生产手机). 参考答案： which/that produces mobile phones 解析：先行词 a company（物），限制性定语从句（无逗号），从句中缺少主语（the company produces...），因此用关系代词which或that。关系词作主语，不能省略；谓语 produces 用第三人称单数，与先行词 a company 一致。 9. The artist, ___________________________________ (其画作你十分欣赏的), will give a speech. 参考答案： whose paintings you admire very much 解析：先行词 The artist（人），非限制性定语从句中需要表示所属关系，“艺术家的画作”。用whose引导，whose paintings 作 admire 的宾语。注意：不可用 of which（指物），因为艺术家是人，whose 可指人也可指物。 10. She opened the door, ___________________________________ (门后面藏着一只猫). 参考答案： behind which was hiding a cat 解析： 非限制性定语从句，先行词 the door（物）。表示“门后面”用 behind the door，将介词 behind 提前，关系词指代物用 which，构成 behind which。从句采用倒装结构：behind which + 谓语 + 主语（a cat），相当于“a cat was hiding behind the door”。注意：不可用 that，且介词不能省略。 总结：完成定语从句句子的关键步骤 1. 判断先行词是人还是物，是时间、地点还是原因。 2. 分析从句中缺少什么成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语）。 3. 根据限制性或非限制性（有无逗号）选择合适的关系词。 4. 注意介词 + which/whom 结构以及 whose 表示所属的用法。 一、句型转换: 用非限制性定语从句合并两个简单句 1. The man is my teacher. He is standing there. 答案（非限制性）：The man, who is standing there, is my teacher. 同一指代：第二句的He指代第一句的The man，两者指向同一个人。合并后关系词 who 代替 he，继续指代 The man。 所缺成分：在第二句 “He is standing there” 中，主语已由 who 承担，不缺主语或宾语，但需要连接词。who 在从句中作主语，完整表达“那个人正站在那里”。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句who is standing there修饰先行词The man，提供附加信息（他正站在那里）。由于是非限制性定语从句（有逗号），这个信息是补充性的，去掉后主句“The man is my teacher”仍然完整。 注意：非限制性定语从句不能用 that 代替 who，且关系词不能省略。 2. Shanghai is a modern city. I was born there. 答案： Shanghai, where I was born, is a modern city. 同一指代：第二句的there指代第一句的Shanghai。关系副词 where 代替 there，仍然指代 Shanghai。 所缺成分：第二句 “I was born there” 中，主谓宾完整（I was born），但缺少地点状语。where 在从句中作地点状语，相当于 in which。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句where I was born修饰 Shanghai，补充说明“我出生的城市”。非限制性用法（有逗号）暗示上海是众所周知的城市，去掉从句不影响“上海是一座现代化城市”的核心信息。 注意：此处不可用 which，因为 which 是代词需作主语或宾语，但从句不缺主宾。 3. The book is very interesting. I borrowed it from the library. 答案（非限制性）：The book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting. 同一指代：第二句的it指代第一句的The book。关系代词 which 代替 it，继续指代 the book。 所缺成分：第二句 “I borrowed it from the library” 中，borrowed 缺少宾语（借了什么），which 在从句中作宾语。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句which I borrowed from the library修饰The book，说明“我从图书馆借的那本书”。非限制性用法（逗号隔开）暗示这本书是已知的，补充信息。 注意：非限制性定语从句中不能用 that，且作宾语的 which 不能省略（限制性中可以省略，但非限制性不可）。 4. My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital. 答案： My father, who works in a hospital, is a doctor. 同一指代：第二句的He指代第一句的My father。关系代词 who 代替 he，指代 my father。 所缺成分：第二句 “He works in a hospital” 主谓完整，但需要连接词。who 在从句中作主语。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句who works in a hospital修饰My father，补充说明“他在医院工作”。非限制性用法表明“我的父亲”是唯一确定的，这个信息只是附加说明。 注意：who 作主语不可省略；若用限制性从句（无逗号）则暗示可能还有其他父亲，不符合逻辑，因此必须用非限制性。 5. She has a new laptop. Its screen is 4K. 答案： She has a new laptop, whose screen is 4K. 同一指代：第二句的 Its 指代第一句的 a new laptop。关系代词 whose 代替 its，表示所属关系。 所缺成分：第二句 “Its screen is 4K” 中，主语是 screen，但需要明确 screen 属于谁。whose screen 作主语，表示“它的屏幕”。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句whose screen is 4K修饰a new laptop，补充说明“这个笔记本的屏幕是4K的”。非限制性用法（逗号）是常见写法，但注意：若为限制性（无逗号）也可接受，不过此处非限制性更自然。 注意：whose 既可指人也可指物，此处指物。不能说 “of which the screen” 虽然语法正确但较笨拙。 6. The old castle is 500 years old. We visited it last summer. 答案： The old castle, which we visited last summer, is 500 years old. 同一指代：第二句的it指代第一句的The old castle。关系代词 which 代替 it，指代 the old castle。 所缺成分：第二句 “We visited it last summer” 中，visited 缺少宾语，which 在从句中作宾语。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句which we visited last summer修饰The old castle，补充“我们去年夏天参观过”。非限制性用法（逗号）暗示这座城堡是特定的，参观信息是附加说明。 注意：作宾语的 which 在非限制性从句中不能省略；不能用 that。 7. The girl speaks English well. Her mother is from Canada. 答案： The girl, whose mother is from Canada, speaks English well. 同一指代：第二句的Her指代第一句的The girl。关系代词 whose 代替 her，表示所属关系（那个女孩的妈妈）。 所缺成分：第二句 “Her mother is from Canada” 主谓完整，但需要明确 mother 是谁的。whose mother 作主语，说明“她的妈妈”。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句whose mother is from Canada修饰The girl，补充“她妈妈来自加拿大”。非限制性用法（逗号）表明女孩是已知的或唯一的，妈妈的信息是附加的。 注意：若用限制性从句（无逗号），则暗示可能存在多个女孩，特指“妈妈来自加拿大的那个女孩”，但原句无此语境，非限制性更合理。 8. We arrived at 8 p.m. It was raining heavily then. 答案：We arrived at 8 p.m., when it was raining heavily. 同一指代：第二句的then指代第一句的8 p.m.。关系副词 when 代替 then，指代时间点。 所缺成分：第二句 “It was raining heavily then” 主谓完整，缺少时间状语。when 在从句中作时间状语，相当于 at which。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句when it was raining heavily修饰8 p.m.，补充“那时正下着大雨”。非限制性用法（逗号）是标准写法，因为 8 p.m. 是具体时间点，去掉从句主句意义完整。 注意：不可用 which，因为 which 不能作时间状语；若用 at which 语法正确但不如 when 简洁。 9. This is the classroom. We had an English class here yesterday. 答案（非限制性）： This is the classroom, where we had an English class yesterday. 同一指代：第二句的here指代第一句的the classroom。关系副词 where 代替 here，指代地点。 所缺成分：第二句 “We had an English class here yesterday” 主谓宾完整，缺少地点状语。where 在从句中作地点状语。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句where we had an English class yesterday修饰the classroom，补充说明“我们昨天在这里上英语课”。非限制性用法（逗号）暗示这个教室是说话双方已知的，上课信息是附加说明。 注意：限制性版本无逗号，表示特指“我们昨天上课的那个教室”，两者皆可，但题目要求非限制性时必须有逗号。 10. He passed the driving test. It surprised everyone. 答案： He passed the driving test, which surprised everyone. 同一指代：第二句的It指代整个第一句的内容（He passed the driving test），而不是单个名词。关系代词 which 代替 it，指代整个主句。 所缺成分：第二句 “It surprised everyone” 中，it 作主语，指代前文事件。which 在从句中作主语，表示“这件事让所有人惊讶”。 修饰与被修饰关系：定语从句which surprised everyone修饰整个主句，而不是某个名词。这是非限制性定语从句的独特用法。 注意：此处绝不能用 that，也不能用 as（as 虽然可指代主句，但意为“正如”，与句意不符）。which 必须放在主句之后，且用逗号隔开。 总结：非限制性定语从句合并句子的关键 两个句子必须有共同指代的内容（一个名词或整个事件）。 分析第二个句子缺少什么成分（主、宾、定、状），从而确定关系词（who/whom/which/whose/where/when/as）。 修饰关系：非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开，去掉后主句仍完整；不能使用 that，关系词不能省略。 当关系词指代整个主句时，只能用 which 或 as（as 有“正如”之意）。 二、中译英（用定语从句，10小题） 1. 住在隔壁的那个女人是一位著名的作家。 译文： The woman who lives next door is a famous writer. 定语从句类型：限制性定语从句（无逗号）。 关系词选择：先行词 The woman（人），从句中缺少主语（女人住在隔壁），因此用 who（也可用 that，但 who 更自然）。 结构分析：主句为“The woman is a famous writer”，定语从句“who lives next door”修饰 woman，限定是“住在隔壁的那位”，而非任意女人。 注意：关系代词作主语不可省略；谓语动词 lives 用单数，与先行词一致。 2. 我昨天丢失的那把伞是红色的。 译文： The umbrella which I lost yesterday is red. 定语从句类型：限制性定语从句。 关系词选择：先行词 The umbrella（物），从句中缺少宾语（lost 的宾语），因此用 which 或 that。此处用 which。 结构分析：主句“The umbrella is red”，定语从句“which I lost yesterday”限定“我昨天丢失的那把”。 注意：关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可省略（即说 The umbrella I lost...），但书面语保留更规范；此处可省略，但译文中保留 which。 3. 这就是他们去年参观过的博物馆。 译文： This is the museum which they visited last year. 定语从句类型：限制性定语从句。 关系词选择：先行词 the museum（物），从句中缺少宾语（visited 的宾语），用 which 或 that。 结构分析：主句“This is the museum”，从句“which they visited last year”限定“他们去年参观的那个”。 注意：visited 是及物动词，必须接宾语，关系词不可省略（虽然口语可省，但书面建议保留）。 4. 他的儿子，今年只有五岁，已经会读100多个汉字了。 译文： His son, who is only five years old, can already read over 100 Chinese characters. 定语从句类型：非限制性定语从句（有逗号）。 关系词选择：先行词 His son（人），从句中缺少主语（儿子只有五岁），用 who（不能用 that）。 结构分析：主句“His son can already read over 100 Chinese characters”，插入的定语从句“who is only five years old”补充说明年龄，去掉后主句意思仍然完整。 注意：非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略，也不能用 that；逗号不可省略。 5. 我永远忘不了我们一起在乡下度过的那些日子。 译文： I will never forget the days that/which we spent together in the countryside. 错误解析：spent 是及物动词，后面必须接宾语（度过什么）。原句“度过那些日子”，宾语是“日子”。关系词在从句中应作 宾语，而不是状语。误用 when 是因为错误地将“日子”当作时间状语，但实际句子缺的是 spent 的宾语。 正确解析：先行词 the days，从句“we spent ______ together”中 spent 缺宾语，因此用关系代词 that 或 which（作宾语时可省略）。 对比：如果句子是“我们在一起的那些日子”且从句为“我们在一起”（无动词需宾语），则用 when。例如：I remember the days when we stayed together.（stay 不及物，缺时间状语） 注意：判定关系词时，先看从句动词是及物还是不及物。及物动词缺宾语 → 关系代词；不及物动词或完整句子缺状语 → 关系副词。 6. 他迟到了，这使老师很生气。 译文： He was late, which made the teacher very angry. 定语从句类型：非限制性定语从句，which 指代整个主句“He was late”。 关系词选择：指代整个主句且作主语，只能用 which（不能用 that，也不能用 as，因为 as 表示“正如”，语气不符）。 结构分析：主句“He was late”，从句“which made the teacher very angry”中 which 作主语，表示“这件事”。 注意：这种用法是高考高频考点；逗号必须保留。 7. 这就是我们上周末野餐的那个公园。 译文： This is the park where we had a picnic last weekend. 定语从句类型：限制性定语从句。 关系词选择：先行词 the park（地点），从句 “we had a picnic ______ last weekend” 中缺地点状语（在公园里），用 where（相当于 in which）。 结构分析：主句“This is the park”，从句“where we had a picnic”限定“我们野餐的那个公园”。 注意：如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用 which/that。例如：This is the park which we visited.（visited 缺宾语）。本题 had a picnic 是完整结构（had 有宾语 a picnic），不缺主宾，故用 where。 8. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 译文： As is known to all, smoking is harmful to health. 定语从句类型：非限制性定语从句，as 指代整个主句“smoking is harmful to health”。 关系词选择：用 as，意为“正如”。as 引导的从句可放在句首、句中或句末。which 引导的此类从句只能放在主句之后。 结构分析：as 作主语（指代后面整个主句），is known to all 是谓语。 固定搭配：as is known to all / as we all know / as is often the case 等。 注意：不可用 which 放句首；也不可用 It is known to all that...（那是主语从句，不是定语从句）。 9. 他给我写了好几封信，我一封也没回。 译文： He wrote me several letters, none of which I answered. 定语从句类型：非限制性定语从句。 关系词选择：结构为“数量词/代词 + of + 关系代词”。先行词 several letters（物），因此用 which（不可用 whom 因为指物）。none of which 意为“其中没有一封”。 结构分析：主句“He wrote me several letters”，从句“none of which I answered”中 which 指代 letters，作 of 的宾语；I answered 后缺宾语，实际为 answered none of them。 注意：这种“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词不可用 that；人称代词（them）不能引导从句。类似的：some of which, both of whom 等。 10. 这位科学家，他的发现改变了世界，昨天去世了。 译文： The scientist, whose discoveries changed the world, passed away yesterday. 定语从句类型：非限制性定语从句（有逗号）。 关系词选择：先行词 The scientist（人），从句中需要表示所属关系（科学家的发现），用 whose。whose discoveries 在从句中作主语。 结构分析：主句“The scientist passed away yesterday”，插入的从句“whose discoveries changed the world”补充说明科学家的成就。 注意：whose 既可指人也可指物；非限制性定语从句中不能换成 “of whom the discoveries”（虽然语法可接受，但极不自然）。 总结：中译英定语从句易错点提醒 及物动词 vs 不及物动词：决定用关系代词还是关系副词（如第5题）。 限制性与非限制性：逗号是关键，非限制性不能用 that，且关系词不可省略。 which 指代整个主句：只能放在主句之后，不能放句首。 as 引导的定语从句：位置灵活，意为“正如”。 介词/数量词 + which/whom：结构正式，注意指人用 whom，指物用 which。 whose 表示所属：适用于人或物，简洁地道。 三、语法填空 My Grandfather’s Legacy My Grandfather, 1 was a kind-hearted teacher, passed away last year. He left me a diary, 2 recorded his life during the war. The small village 3 he grew up has now become a tourist attraction. One summer, I decided to visit that village. That summer, 4 I first met an old villager, was unforgettable. The old man, 5 memory still held vivid stories of my grandfather, welcomed me warmly. He told me the reason 6 my grandfather had left the village — to pursue education. That was the most important decision 7 changed not only his life but also ours. During my stay, I found a stone bridge, 8 my grandfather used to sit and read. I sat there for a long time, feeling connected. 9 is often the case with old stories, the more I learned, the more I admired him. Finally, I met a young girl, to 10 I taught some English as a way to honor my grandfather’s spirit. 1. who 句子：Mr. Smith, who was a kind-hearted teacher, passed away last year. 先行词：My grandfather（人） 从句成分：______ was a kind-hearted teacher → 缺少主语 解析：非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开），先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故用 who。不能用 that（非限制性中不可用 that），也不能用 whom（宾格）。 2. which 句子：He left me a diary, which recorded his life during the war. 先行词：a diary（物） 从句成分：______ recorded his life → 缺少主语 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，关系词作主语，用 which。此处不可用 that。 3. where 句子：The small village where he grew up has now become a tourist attraction. 先行词：The small village（地点） 从句成分：he grew up ______ → 缺少地点状语（in the village） 解析：限制性定语从句（无逗号），关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语，相当于 in which。注意 grow up 为不及物动词短语，不缺少宾语，故不能用 which/that。 4. when 句子：That summer, when I first met an old villager, was unforgettable. 先行词：That summer（时间） 从句成分：I first met an old villager ______ → 缺少时间状语（in that summer） 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词为时间名词，关系副词 when 在从句中作时间状语，相当于 in which。注意此处先行词是“那个夏天”而非“村庄”，故用 when 正确。 5. whose 句子：The old man, whose memory still held vivid stories of my grandfather, welcomed me warmly. 先行词：The old man（人） 从句成分：______ memory still held vivid stories → memory 属于老人，缺定语 解析：非限制性定语从句，表示所属关系“老人的记忆”，用 whose 作定语修饰 memory。whose 既可指人也可指物。 6. why 句子：He told me the reason why my grandfather had left the village. 先行词：the reason（原因） 从句成分：my grandfather had left the village ______ → 缺少原因状语（for the reason） 解析：限制性定语从句，关系副词 why 表示原因，相当于 for which。注意：why 只能引导限制性定语从句，且本空只出现一次。 7. that 句子：That was the most important decision that changed not only his life but also ours. 先行词：the most important decision（物，且被形容词最高级修饰） 从句成分：______ changed not only his life → 缺少主语 解析：限制性定语从句，先行词被 形容词最高级（the most important）修饰时，关系代词只能用 that，不能用 which。这是高考高频考点。 8. where 句子：During my stay, I found a stone bridge, where my grandfather used to sit and read. 先行词：a stone bridge（地点） 从句成分：my grandfather used to sit and read ______ → 缺少地点状语（on the bridge） 解析：非限制性定语从句，关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语。这是 where 的第二次出现（第3题已用一次），符合“有一个词可重复一次”的要求。 9. As 句子：As is often the case with old stories, the more I learned, the more I admired him. 先行词：整个主句“the more I learned, the more I admired him” 从句成分：______ is often the case → 缺少主语 解析：非限制性定语从句，As 指代整个主句内容，意为“正如……一样”，位置可放在句首。as is often the case 是固定搭配。此处不能用 which，因为 which 引导的非限制性从句不能放在句首。 10. whom 句子：Finally, I met a young girl, to whom I taught some English as a way to honor my grandfather’s spirit. 先行词：a young girl（人） 从句成分：I taught some English to ______ → 缺少介词 to 的宾语（to the girl） 解析：非限制性定语从句，介词 + 关系代词 结构。指人且作介词宾语时，只能用 whom，不能用 who。这里 to whom 相当于 whom...to，但介词提前时关系代词必须用 whom。 一、真题再现 1.（2025年全国I卷）An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览，展出的艺术品灵感源自围棋（中文称为“围棋”），它起源于4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Go, or weiqi in Chinese”（围棋），指物。关系词在从句中作主语，且非限制性定语从句不能用that，故填which。 2.（2025年全国II卷）I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 36 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn’t exist. 【答案】where 【解析】句意：我出生并成长于美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰市，但现在我和我的中国丈夫及他的家人住在中国浙江的乡村，那里竹子和茶树在山间肆意生长，鸡总是散养着，而且没有集中供暖。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the countryside”（乡村），指地点。从句中“bamboo and tea bushes grow wild...”主谓齐全，缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。 3.（2025年北京卷） However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 19 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：然而，根据世界自然基金会的一份报告，去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，这约占2024年全球温室气体排放总量的8%。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“over 1.3 billion tons of food waste”（食物垃圾），指物。关系词在从句中作主语，故用which（that不能用于非限制性定语从句）。 4.（2025年1月浙江卷） Tanya is also looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 63 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer-term rental period. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：Tanya也将目光从特殊场合礼服转向了更休闲的服装，她计划将这些服装打包成胶囊衣橱，提供给旅行者（比如去国外参加婚礼的人），租期更长。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“less formal clothing”（休闲服装），指物。关系词在从句中作package的宾语，故用which（that不能用于非限制性定语从句）。 5. (2024新课标Ⅰ卷) Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 【答案】64. which/that 【解析】 64空：句意：……沿着丝绸之路的路径追溯植物的足迹，这条丝绸之路将植物从亚洲的原生地带到英国，定义了英国园艺的丰富性。 本空引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“the Silk Route”（丝绸之路），指物。关系词在从句中作主语，故用which或that。 6. (2024全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 50 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：黄石公园曾是美国最大的国家公园——占地220万英亩——直到南阿拉斯加的兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯国家公园（于1978年成为国家纪念地，1980年以1230万英亩的面积摘得国家公园的荣誉）出现。 本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Wrangell-Saint Elias”（兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯国家公园），指物。关系词在从句中作主语，故用which。 7. (2024新课标II卷) Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, 36 is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：纪念“亚洲莎士比亚”汤显祖的中国文化元素，为威廉·莎士比亚的故乡埃文河畔斯特拉特福增添了国际色彩。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Tang Xianzu”（汤显祖），指人。关系词在从句中作主语，故用who。 8. (2024北京卷) Tinniswood, 17 doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：蒂尼斯伍德不吸烟、很少喝酒，他将自己的长寿归功于节制。“如果你吃得太多或任何事情做得太过火，最终都会遭殃，”他说。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Tinniswood”（人名），指人。关系词在从句中作主语，故用who。 9. (2024浙江1月卷) Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way 38 will make them the most money. 【答案】that/which 【解析】句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们会以最能盈利的方式给商品定价。 本空引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“the way”（方式）。关系词在从句中作主语（will make的主语），指代“the way”，故用that或which。注意：way后定语从句中关系词作主语时不可省略。 10. (2023年全国甲卷) Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 43 Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” 【答案】as 【解析】句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 二、听力理解（听中学语法）选出最佳答案。 听下面一段对话，回答1-2小题。 1. What does the leading actor do in the movie? A. He builds a new telescope. B. He talks to his mother. C. He plays a lonely astronaut. 2. What can we learn about the man’s feeling toward the movie? A. He thinks it’s just so-so. B. He’s deeply moved by it. C. He hasn’t seen it yet. 1. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。对话中 Mike 明确说：“The leading actor … played a lonely astronaut”（男主角扮演一位孤独的宇航员）。选项 A（建造新望远镜）源自 Lisa 提及的祖父的旧望远镜，但主语和动作均不符；选项 B（与母亲通话）原文为与女儿通话（talks to his daughter），属于人物偷换。因此 C 为正确答案。 2. 答案：B 解析：判断推理题。Mike 刚看完电影，描述“it really moved me”（它真的打动了我），并主动提议周末再去看，还说“I can’t wait!”，足以推断他深受感动。选项 A（觉得一般）与原文情感相反；选项 C（还没看）与 Mike 已看完的事实矛盾。因此 B 为正确答案。 录音文字材料 A: Mike B: Lisa A: Hey Lisa, have you seen the new movie Space Odyssey, which everyone is talking about? B: Not yet. But I heard it’s a film which combines science and emotion perfectly. Why? A: I just came back from the cinema. The leading actor, whose performance is breathtaking, played a lonely astronaut. There’s a scene where he talks to his daughter via a time-delayed video— it really moved me. B: Oh, that reminds me of my grandpa, who used to be an engineer working on space projects. He often told me stories that inspired me to love science. A: That’s awesome! Maybe we can go together this weekend, when we both are free. B: Sure! And I’ll bring my grandpa’s old telescope, through which we can watch the stars after the movie. A: Great idea. I can’t wait! 听下面一段独白，回答3-6小题。 3. What did Lily do with the necklace after finding it? A. She hid it in her desk. B. She put it in her pocket. C. She gave it to Anna. 答案：B. 细节理解 解析：文中明确写道：“Lily slipped the necklace into her own pocket”（莉莉把项链放进了自己的口袋）。A项“藏在桌子里”和C项“交给安娜”均与原文不符。 4. Why did Lily pretend that nothing had happened? A. She was afraid of being embarrassed. B. She wanted to keep the necklace. C. She didn’t like Anna. 答案：A. 细节理解 解析：文中直接说明原因：“Fearing embarrassment, Lily … pretended nothing happened”（因为害怕尴尬，莉莉假装什么都没发生）。B项“想占有项链”和C项“不喜欢安娜”均无依据。 5. How did Anna feel when she found the necklace? A. She was angry. B. She was sad. C. She was very happy. 答案：C. 判断推理. 解析：文中虽未直接出现“overjoyed”一词，但描述“Anna gave Lily a warm hug”（安娜给了莉莉一个温暖的拥抱），结合她之前焦急寻找项链的情节，可以合理推断她非常高兴。A项“生气”和B项“悲伤”与语境完全不符。 6. What is the main message of the story? A. Courage is the key to true friendship. B. We should never take others’ belongings. C. Guilt can make us lose sleep. 答案：A. 主旨大意. 解析：故事结尾直接点明主题：“She learned that true friendship requires courage”（她明白了真正的友谊需要勇气）。B项“不应拿别人东西”和C项“内疚导致失眠”均为文中细节，并非主旨。 录音文字材料 The Lost Necklace Lily was an ordinary girl who always felt invisible in her class. She had a best friend, Anna, whose personality was as bright as the sun. One day, Lily found a beautiful necklace lying under Anna’s desk. It was the necklace that Anna’s grandmother had given her. Lily picked it up and decided to return it. However, when she reached Anna, Anna was talking to a group of students, whom Lily did not dare to approach. Fearing embarrassment, Lily slipped the necklace into her own pocket. That was the reason why she pretended nothing happened. That night, she couldn’t sleep, which had never happened to her before. Guilt was eating her alive, as often happens with a guilty conscience. The next morning, Lily returned to the classroom, where the whole incident had begun. She wrote a note, which said “I found your necklace”, and placed it along with the necklace into Anna’s locker. Later that day, Anna found the necklace, and it was a moment, when Lily’s fear finally gave way to relief. Anna gave Lily a warm hug. From that day on, Lily was no longer invisible. She learned that true friendship requires courage, even when fear tries to hide it. 三、定语从句在写作中的应用 假设你是李华，你的外国朋友Mike来信表示对中国文化很感兴趣。请你给他回复一封电子邮件，介绍你的家乡，并邀请他来访问。内容包括： 1. 家乡的特色（如风景、美食、文化等）； 2. 真诚邀请他来游玩。 注意 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3. 邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 Dear Mike, I’m glad to hear that you’re interested in Chinese culture. ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 范文： Dear Mike, I’m glad to hear that you’re interested in Chinese culture. So I’m writing to introduce my hometown, which is a small but beautiful city in southern China. The city, where I have lived for 18 years, is famous for its ancient temples and green mountains. My favorite place is the West Hill, from which you can see the whole city. There is also a local food market, which sells all kinds of delicious snacks. The people here, who are very friendly and warm-hearted, will make you feel at home. I still remember the day when we traveled together in Beijing. How I wish you could come to my hometown this summer! I’m sure you’ll have an unforgettable experience. Looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 写作建议：在应用文中恰当使用定语从句（尤其是非限制性）可以让句式更丰富、逻辑更连贯、表达更地道。第1段：which is a small but beautiful city…→ 非限制性定语从句，补充说明家乡特点。第2段：where I have lived…→ 修饰city，说明居住地。from which you can see…→ “介词+which”结构，正式且高级。which sells all kinds…→ 修饰market，增加细节。who are very friendly… → 修饰people，展示人文情感。when we traveled together…→ 修饰day，唤起共同回忆。 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $