内容正文:
期末复习
1 知识导航
2 语法突破
3 语法专练
高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册
Unit 1~Unit 3 复习
1 知识导航
2 语法突破
3 语法专练
Unit 3
Unit 1
表语从句
过去完成时及其被动语态
知识导航
Unit 2
名词性从句
让我们一起来复习一下这三个单元的语法吧。
语法突破
一、概念
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的从句,通常位于系动词(be 动词、感官动词、变化类动词等)之后,用来解释说明主语的身份、性质、状态、内容或结果。
其本质是 “主语的补充说明”,核心结构为:主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句。
Unit 1 表语从句
语法突破
引导词 用法
从属连词 that 无成分,无意义
whether 无成分,意为“是否”
连接代词 what,which,who,whom, …+ever, whose 在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语,定语
连接副词 how, when, where, …+ ever, why 在从句中充当状语
其它连接词 because, as if ,as though 因为,好像,似乎
二、引导词
语法突破
The question is how I can make you understand the knowledge.
Rule 1 : 表语从句和宾语从句、主语从句一样,要用陈述语序:主语+谓语。
三、语法规则
The question is whether it is worthwhile to do it.
Rule 2 : 表语从句的引导词没有if !!!
只用whether ,不用if的情况
whether to do
whether... or not
介词后的宾语从句
从句:句首的主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 3 : 表语从句的虚拟语气
My proposal is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
在表示“建议,劝说,命令”的名词 idea, advice, suggestion, request, proposal 等后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,should可省略。
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 4 : as if/as though 引导的表语从句常跟在look, seem, sound, feel等后面。
若表示真实情况:用陈述语气
若表示非真实情况:用虚拟语气
Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if it’s going to rain.
It seemed as if the night would never end.
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 5 : as if/as though 引导的表语从句的虚拟语气:
若跟现在事实不符:过去式(be动词用were)
若跟过去事实不符:had done
若跟将来事实不符:would/could+动词原形
The little boy talks as if he knew everything in the world.
He felt as if he had met this young lady for a long somewhere.
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 6 : because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because…”结构中。
I do so many things for you. It is because I love you.
I am late this morning. That is because I left my bag on the subway.
Your speech is excellent. This is because you prepared it a lot.
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 7 :当从句描述原因时:
主语为reason 时,引导词用that
It, This, That 开头做主语,引导词用because
She was late this morning. That was because she missed the early bus.
The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus.
语法突破
三、语法规则
Rule 8:引导词that, because, why的区别:
描述原因用that或because.
描述结果用why
The reason was that you don’t trust her.
He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill.
He was ill. That’s why he was sent to the hospital.
语法突破
四、固定句型搭配:
The reason why... is that...(…… 的原因是……)
例:The reason why she left early is that she was ill.
It seems/appears that...(看起来……)
例:It seems that he has known the secret.
That’s because...(那是因为……)/ That’s why...(那就是……的原因)
例:He didn’t study hard. That’s why he failed the exam.(结果)
例:He failed the exam. That’s because he didn’t study hard.(原因)
语法突破
Unit 2 名词性从句
一、概念
名词性从句是在复合句中起名词作用的从句,可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,本质是“用一个句子代替名词”。
其核心特点是:语序为陈述语序、引导词决定从句语义和功能、从句需完整表达一个意思。
语法突破
二、名词性从句的4大类型及功能
从句类型 功能(相当于名词的作用) 常见位置 核心标识词
主语从句 作句子主语 句首;或用 it 作形式主语(句首 it,从句后置) It is + 形容词 / 名词 / 被动语态 + that 从句
宾语从句 作动词 / 介词宾语 及物动词后、介词后 动词(say, think, know...)+ 从句;介词(about, of...)+ 从句
语法突破
二、名词性从句的4大类型及功能
从句类型 功能(相当于名词的作用) 常见位置 核心标识词
表语从句 作系动词表语 系动词(be, seem, become...)之后 主语 + 系动词 + 从句
同位语从句 解释说明前面的名词 抽象名词(fact, news, idea...)之后 名词 + that/whether/ 疑问词 + 从句(从句与名词是 “等同关系”)
语法突破
引导词类型 常见引导词 核心用法
连词(无词义) that(可省略情况:宾语从句中常省,主语 / 表语 / 同位语从句中一般不省) 引导陈述句,仅起连接作用,不充当从句成分。
连接代词(有词义) what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever 引导特殊疑问句,在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
三、引导词分类及通用用法
主语从句中 that 不可省略;宾语从句中若有多个并列从句,仅第一个 that 可省。
语法突破
引导词类型 常见引导词 核心用法
连接副词(有词义) when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 引导特殊疑问句,在从句中充当状语(时间、地点、原因、方式)。
表“是否” whether, if(仅宾语从句可用 if) 引导一般疑问句,表 “是否”,不充当从句成分。
表“疑问 / 不确定” whoever, whatever, whichever 引导泛指的疑问句,表 “无论谁 / 无论什么 / 无论哪一个”,在从句中充当成分。
语法突破
1. that 和what 的区别
that和what 都可引导名词性从句。
what除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当主语、宾语、或表语;
that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。
2. whether和 if 的区别
不能使用if只能使用whether 的情况:前有介词时,后有不定式,
位于句首时,discuss后,
表从和同从,whether or not。
四、易混淆点对比
语法突破
Unit 3 过去完成时及其被动语态
过去完成时(Past Perfect Tense)是表示 “过去的过去” 发生的动作或状态的时态,其被动语态(Past Perfect Passive Voice)则强调 “过去的过去” 动作的承受者。
核心逻辑:以一个明确的过去时间为参照点,描述该时间之前已完成的动作。
语法突破
时态类型 肯定式 否定式 疑问式(一般疑问 / 特殊疑问)
过去完成时(主动) 主语 + had + 过去分词(done) 主语 + had not(hadn’t) + 过去分词 Had + 主语 + 过去分词?
特殊疑问词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词?
过去完成时(被动) 主语 + had been + 过去分词 主语 + had not been + 过去分词 Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词?特殊疑问词 + had + 主语 + been + 过去分词?
一、基本构成
语法突破
二、核心使用条件(必须满足“过去的过去”)
过去完成时的关键是 “存在一个明确的过去参照点”,动作发生在该参照点之前,且已完成。常见参照点形式:
明确的过去时间点(如:yesterday, last week, at 5 pm yesterday);
过去动作(一般过去时的谓语动词,如:arrived, left, came);
时间状语从句(由 before, after, when, until 等引导,从句用一般过去时)。
语法突破
三、常见时间状语(信号词)
以下时间状语常与过去完成时连用,直接暗示“过去的过去”:
①by + 过去时间点:by last year(到去年为止)、by the end of 2023(到 2023 年底)、by the time + 一般过去时从句(到…… 的时候);
②before + 过去时间点 / 过去动作:before he came(在他来之前)、before yesterday(昨天之前);
③after + 过去完成时从句(主句用一般过去时):After she had finished her work, she went home.(她完成工作后就回家了。);
其他:already(已经)、yet(还)、never(从未)、ever(曾经)、just(刚刚)(用于过去完成时中,强调动作在过去参照点前已完成)。
语法突破
1. 表示“过去的过去” 完成的动作
He told me that he had visited Beijing twice.
(他告诉我他去过北京两次。)
2. 表示“截止到过去某一时间”的经历或状态
By the age of 10, she had learned 3 foreign languages.(到 10 岁时,她已经
学了 3 门外语。)
四、过去完成时(主动)的核心用法
语法突破
3. 用于虚拟语气(表示与过去事实相反)
if 引导的虚拟条件句中,从句用过去完成时,主句用“would/ could/ should/ might + have + 过去分词”。
If I had known the truth, I would have told you.
(如果我当时知道真相,我就会告诉你了。)
语法突破
五、过去完成时被动语态的核心用法
强调 “过去的过去” 动作的承受者(动作被完成)
动作的执行者不明确或不重要,重点突出动作的承受者,且动作发生在过去参照点之前。
The classroom had been cleaned before the teachers came.
(老师们来之前,教室已经被打扫干净了。)
The bridge had been built for 20 years by 2020.
(到 2020 年为止,这座桥已经建成 20 年了。)
语法专练
一、选择合适的引导词
__________ he will come to the party depends on his work. (Whether / If)
I don’t know ______ she likes the gift. (that / if)
The fact ______ he failed the exam surprised his parents. (that / what)
The question is __________ we can get enough time. (whether / that)
She is thinking about _________ she should accept the invitation. (what / whether)
________ you said at the meeting made a lot of sense. (What / That)
Whether
What
whether
whether
that
if
语法专练
By the time we got to the airport, the plane _____________ (take) off.
He said he_____________ (never see) such a beautiful sunset before.
The house _____________ (build) by 1990, so it has a long history.
They _____________ (not finish) their project when the manager asked for it.
If she_____________ (know) the answer, she would have raised her hand.
had taken
had never seen
had been built
hadn’t finished
had known
二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
Unit 4~Unit 5 复习
1 知识导航
2 语法突破
3 语法专练
Unit 5
Unit 4
过去分词作表语和状语与动词⁃ing形式的比较
动词⁃ing形式的用法
知识导航
让我们来复习一下这两个单元的语法点吧。
语法突破
过去分词(短语)作表语
过去分词(短语)可放在系动词(如:be, become, get, keep, stay, remain, look, sound, feel等)之后作表语,表示主语所处的状态。
①He seemed quite delighted at the news. 听到这个消息他似乎很高兴。
②The door remained unlocked when I went back home. 我回家时门仍然未锁。
Unit 4 过去分词作表语和状语与动词⁃ing形式的比较
语法突破
1. 与被动语态的区别
过去分词(短语)作表语时,强调主语所处的状态,而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,强调动作。
①The cup is broken.
②The cup was broken by Tom.
系表结构
被动语态
在语境中感知过去分词作表语与被动语态的不同。
语法突破
2. 与现在分词作表语的区别
过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译为“感到……的”;现在分词多表示事物具有的特性,常译为“令人……的”。
①We were surprised by the narrowness of our victory.
我们对自己勉强获胜感到惊讶。
②His words are discouraging, which made many people discouraged.
他的话令人泄气,使得很多人灰心丧气。
语法突破
2. 与现在分词作表语的区别
英语中有很多与感觉相关的及物动词,其现在分词表示主动意义,即“令人有某种感觉的”,多用来修饰物;其过去分词含有被动意义,即“人被引起某种感觉的”多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。常用的这类词有:
{
exciting 令人激动的
excited 激动的;兴奋的
{
astonishing 令人惊讶的
astonished 惊讶的
{
delighting 令人高兴的
delighted 高兴的
{
disappointing 令人失望的
disappointed 感到失望的
一些高频词汇要特殊记忆。
语法突破
过去分词短语作状语
过去分词(短语)作状语,可以表示时间、让步、条件、原因、方式和结果,相当于一个状语从句。其逻辑主语为主句的主语,且与主句主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
语法突破
(1)作时间状语:相当于时间状语从句。可在过去分词前加上连词when、while、until等转换成时间状语,使其时间意义更加明确。
Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
=When it is seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
1. 用法
语法突破
1. 用法
(2)作原因状语:相当于原因状语从句或并列结构。
Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.
=Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.
由于被这个故事深深地感动,孩子们开始哭了起来。
语法突破
(3)作条件状语:相当于条件状语从句。可加连词if、unless等转换成条件状语从句。
Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多给我们点时间,我们会做得更好。
1. 用法
语法突破
(4)作让步状语:相当于让步状语从句。有时可加 although、though、even if、even though、whether...or 等连词(词组)转换成让步状语从句。
Defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.
=Although he was defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.
尽管被对手击败,但是他从未放弃希望。
1. 用法
语法突破
(5)作方式、伴随状语:相当于and连接的并列结构。
The manager of the company came to the factory, followed by some workers.
=The manager of the company came to the factory, and he was followed by some workers.
公司经理在一些工人的陪同下来到工厂。
1. 用法
语法突破
值得注意的是,有些过去分词(短语)因为来源于系表结构,作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有:
lost(迷路)、seated(坐)、hidden(躲)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦)等。
eg. Lost in thought, he didn’t hear the bell.
由于陷入沉思,他没有听见铃声。
1. 用法
语法突破
2. 位置
过去分词(短语)作条件、原因及时间状语时,通常放于句首;作伴随、结果状语时,通常放在句末;作方式状语时,一般放在句末,有时也放在句首;作让步状语时,一般放在句首,有时也放在句末。
eg. Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly.
得知母亲生病了,李雷迅速赶回了家。
语法突破
3. 过去分词(短语)的独立主格
过去分词(短语)作状语时,有时在分词前加上自己的主语,这种带有自身主语的过去分词被称为过去分词的独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。
eg. Extra money given to the poor, he felt very happy.
=Because extra money was given to the poor, he felt very happy.
额外的钱给了穷人后,他感到很高兴。
语法突破
4. 与现在分词作状语的区别与联系
过去分词(短语)与句子的主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系,即表示被动;现在分词(短语)与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即表示主动。
eg.①Asked why he was late, he cried.
被问到他为什么迟到时,他哭了。
②Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.
我朝窗户望去,看见几个学生正在那边玩耍。
语法突破
Unit 5 动词⁃ing形式的用法
一、概念
动词 - ing 形式(V-ing)是动词的三种非谓语形式之一,核心特征是表主动或进行(逻辑上与主语 / 被修饰词是 “主动关系”,或动作正在进行)。其语法功能丰富,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。
语法突破
1. 句法功能
(1) 作主语
①单个动词 -ing 形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Applying oil to the injured area is a bad idea.
②多个动词 -ing 形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Singing songs and dancing are his hobbies.
③多个的动词 -ing 形式作主语时,表示一个整体概念时,谓语动词用单数形式;表示不同意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Singing songs and dancing are his hobbies.
Eating and dressing is a big question.
语法突破
④常用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾的句式。
It is a waste of time doing... 做……是浪费时间。
It is no good/use doing... 做……是没用的。
It is worthwhile doing... 做……是值得的。
It is no fun doing... 做……没有乐趣。
语法突破
(2)作宾语
考虑建议盼原谅,
承认推迟没得想,
避免错过继续练,
否认完成停能赏,
不禁介意准逃亡,
不准冒险凭想象。
consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, pardon
admit, delay / put off, fancy
avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise
deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate
can’t help, mind, allow/ permit, escape
forbid, risk, imagine
尝试用这些词举几个例句巩固一下吧。
语法突破
(3)作表语
①分词作表语,多表示主语具有的特征和状态。现在分词作表语,多表示主语具有的特征,常译为令人……的;过去分词作表语,多表示主语具有的状态,常译为感到……的。
The argument is very convincing.
They were very shocked at the news.
②动名词作表语与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。
His job is serving the people.=Serving the people is his job.
现在分词
过去分词
语法突破
(4)作定语
①现在分词作定语,表示正在进行的或主动的动作,或 “令人……的”。
动名词表示被修饰词的用途。
a sleeping baby
a washing machine
②单个分词作定语一般放在修饰词的前面,现在分词短语作定语通常放在修饰词的后面,并且可以转化为一个定语从句。
a disappointing result
a girl dancing on the stage
语法突破
(5)作宾补
使用v-ing形式作宾补,常表示宾语和宾补之间是主动关系或表示v-ing形式的动作正在进行。
We see her listening to music.
We can see four kids running on the playground.
The police caught the man stealing the money.
语法突破
(6)作状语
①现在分词(短语)作状语,修饰谓语动词,在意义上相当于状语从句,可以与状语从句转换,表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等。其逻辑主语为句子的主语,两者之间为主动关系。
②由when/while/once/if/though/unless/as if等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,如果从句的谓语动词是主动语态,则可以省略从句的主语,而保留原连词,形成“连词+动词-ing形式”的结构形式。
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.
=Though they lacked money, his parents managed to send him to university.
尽管他父母缺钱,但是他们还是设法把他送去上大学了。
语法突破
2. 结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定式 否定式 肯定式 否定式
一般时 doing not doing being done not being done
完成时 having done not having done having been done not having been done
doing 主动,与主句谓语动词同时或基本同时发生
having done 主动,先于谓语动词发生
done 被动
being done 被动,正在进行,一般作原因状语放句首
having been done 被动,先于谓语动词发生
语法突破
3. –ing形式的复合结构
形容词性物主代词+动词-ing
名词所有格+动词-ing
人称代词宾格+动词-ing
名词+动词-ing
1. Do you mind my/ me/ Jack’s/ Jack leaving now?
2. His/ Tom’s winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.
主语、宾语
宾语
语法专练
用括号内动词的适当形式填空
1. The children were _________ (excite) when they heard the good news.
2. ______ (see) from the moon, the Earth looks like a blue ball.
3. The film is so ________ (bore) that many people left early.
4. __________ (criticize) for his mistake, he apologized to his teacher.
5. The door remained ______ (close) for the whole day.
6. ______ (give) enough money, he can buy the house.
Criticized
closed
boring
excited
Seen
Given
语法专练
7. He enjoys _________ (play) football in his free time.
8. It’s no good __________ (waste) time on computer games.
9. I saw them _________ (run) towards the station just now.
10. The girl ________ (sing) in the next room is my classmate.
11. She is looking forward to ________ (see) her grandparents.
12. _________ (learn) English well is not easy for beginners.
playing
Learning
seeing
singing
running
wasting
$