衔接点15 句子种类（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，通用版）英语初升高衔接

衔接点15 句子种类 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，学生主要学习简单句，即只包含一个主语和谓语的句子。学生学习基本的句型结构，如主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）。此外，学生也会开始接触复合句，即包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子。 高中阶段，学生需要更深入地理解和使用复合句，包括各种类型的从句（如名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等）。此外，学生需要掌握更复杂的句型结构，如倒装句、强调句、省略句等。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中句子种类考点聚焦】 句子种类 一、英语句子按照其用途可分四种 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 二、英语句子按照其结构可分三大类 (1).简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句， All roads lead to Rome. He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out. Is he a superman? (2).并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，常用的并列连词有and,then,but,or,or else, so, for, while; both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…,but also, as well as He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. Don’t be late, for there is a meeting. Hurry up, or you’ll be late. He works hard while his brother is a lazy bone. (3).复合句（Complex Sentences）：复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。 China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese. The film had been on when we got to the cinema. 【高中句子种类考点聚焦】 课标解读 英语句子按照使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类；按照句子结构（分句数量）可分为简单句、并列句、复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）三类。 陈述句细分肯定句与否定句；疑问句包含一般疑问、特殊疑问、选择疑问、反义疑问句；祈使句侧重肯定结构与否定结构；感叹句聚焦 what/how 两种核心句式。并列句依托 and/but/or/so 等并列连词衔接分句；复合句是高中重难点，三大从句依托从句引导词搭建主从复合结构。 总的来说，高中英语对句子种类不再局限于基础句式识别，侧重在完形、语法填空、短文改错、书面表达中辨析句式类型、精准选用连词与句式结构，要求学生依托句式特征读懂长难句、规范写作造句。 考点清单 英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句 1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下： 1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 6) there be 句型 1）主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有 ①be；②keep, remain, stay；③feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④seem, appear；⑤get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥prove, turn out等。 This is my English book. The weather is getting windy and rainy. The trouble is that they are short of money. 练习：划分句子成分 a. He looked unhappy at that time. b. It seemed like a good idea at the time. c. She turned 21 in June. d. I was so pleased to hear from you. 2) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。 Poems don't translate easily. My recent book sells very well. The sun was shining. 练习：划分句子成分 a. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years. b. Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years. c. This morning we met at the school gate and went there together. 3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。 I look forward to hearing from you soon. You can put the dishes in the kitchen. They ate what was left over. 练习：划分句子成分 a. In the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest. b. I’m looking forward to meeting you soon. c. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. d. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. 4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。 The driver saved us a lot of trouble. They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house. I told him that the bus was late. 练习：划分句子成分 a. Mr Wang taught us English last year. b. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night. c. They offered him a job, but he turned it down. d. Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter and tell him the good news. 5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。 本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例： 1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.  2) The news made him unhappy.  3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.    4) I had the bike repaired.  5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.    6) there be 句型表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词  be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。 a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.  b. There will be a sports meet next week.  c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.  e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.  练习：划分句子成分 a. I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time. b. We are making our country more and more beautiful. c. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon. d. I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning. e. Father asked/got me to bring him some newspapers. f. She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 综合练习：指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。 ①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦He wished me good luck. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V ) _______________ 2. ( S + V +O ) _________________ 3. ( S + V + P ) ____________________ 4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________ 5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________ 6. There be 句型 ______________ 2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例： These flowers are white and those flowers are red. We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. Hurry up; it's getting late. I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on. I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key. 2）并列句的分类： （1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. （2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. （3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. （4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 练习:指出下列划线词属于哪一类并列关系 a. Neither is he mistaken, nor am I. b. Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teacher sang. c. We love peace but we are not afraid of war. d. He worked hard, yet he failed. e. The news may be unexpected; nevertheless it is true. f. Put on your coat, or you'll catch a cold. g. Start out right away, or/ otherwise you'll miss the first train. h. It was late, so we went home. i. We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. 3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。 状语从句（高一学）——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。 定语从句（高一学）——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。 名词性从句（高二学） 主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。 同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句） 2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句） 3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句） 4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句） 5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句） 6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句） 一．分析句子:阅读短文，判断加粗句子所属基本句型 A Now autumn arrives quietly in our neighbourhood.①The weather becomes cool and comfortable.Our community centre gives us ②many interesting outdoor activities every weekend.We find ③outdoor sports relaxing and helpful for our health.④There are many maple trees along both sides of the street.We always enjoy the beautiful scenery in fall. 答案 1. SVP（主系表）2. SVoO（主谓 + 间宾 + 直宾） 3. SVOC（主谓宾宾补.）4. There be 句型 B Tom is a volunteer in the city library.①He works hard every weekday.He usually reads ②various science books during his spare time.The librarian keeps ③the reading room tidy and quiet all year round.④There is a big book sale in the library next Friday.Lots of readers look forward to the coming activity. 答案: 1.SV（主谓） 2. SVO（主谓宾） 3. SVOC（主谓宾宾补） 4.There be 句型 二、句子翻译 1．你应该保持你的房间干净且整齐。(SVOC) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】You should keep your room clean and tidy. 【详解】考查句子结构。主语“你”用人称代词you，“应该”用情态动词should，谓语“保持”用动词keep，在情态动词后用原形，宾语“你的房间”译为your room，“干净且整齐”作宾语补足语，译为clean and tidy；句子使用了“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型，即SVOC。综上，全句译为：You should keep your room clean and tidy. 2．我们的英语老师说话太快了。(S＋V＋Ad) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Our English teacher speaks too quickly. 【详解】考查动词时态。表示“我们的英语老师”应用our English teacher，作主语；表示“说话”应用speak作谓语，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为单数名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式；表示“太快了”应用too quickly，作状语。故翻译成：Our English teacher speaks too quickly.。 3．过去十年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(主语+谓语+状语) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 【详解】考查时态、固定短语、句子结构。表示“巨大的变化”用great changes，作主语，句首单词，首字母大写；表示“发生”用take place，强调已经完成的动作，时态用现在完成时，且主语为复数，故谓语用have taken place；表示“在我的家乡”用in my hometown，作地点状语；表示“过去十年里”用in the past ten years，作时间状语，句子为“主语+谓语+状语”结构。故翻译为Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 4．一群来自英国的交换生下个月要来我们学校参观。(SVOA) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________. 【答案】A group of exchange students from the UK are going to visit our school next month. 【详解】考查句子结构。该句要求使用 SVOA 句型，句首表示“一群来自英国的交换生”为A group of exchange students from the UK，作主语（S），表示“要来参观”是将来要发生的事情，用are going to visit作谓语（V），表示“我们学校”为our school作宾语（O），表示“下个月”为next month作时间状语（A），符合主谓宾状句型要求。故翻译为A group of exchange students from the UK are going to visit our school next month. 5．我们学生应该经常与我们的父母交流想法。（SVOA）(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】We students should often communicate our ideas with our parents. 【详解】考查句子结构和情态动词。句中“我们学生”用We students，“应该”是should，“经常”是often；“与我们的父母交流想法”可以翻译为communicate our ideas with our parents，符合SVOA（主语+谓语+宾语+状语）结构。故翻译为We students should often exchange ideas with our parents. 一、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 International Nurses Day is an annual celebration of the vital work and role of nurses around the world. The event, which was first marked in 1965, 1 (create) by the International Council of Nurses. Since January 1974, the global celebrations are traditionally held 2 12 May. But this year’s celebrations will be “extra special”. The public has been asked to shine a light on Tuesday. The request is in 3 (recognize) of the World Health Organization. Chief nursing officer for England Ruth May has joined other leaders in 4 (urge) people to shine a light from their window at 8:30 pm. on Tuesday 5 (mark) the day. Ms May said of the event, “International Day of the Nurse is 6 (particular) special this year not just because we mark the 200th anniversary of Florence Nightingale’s birthday, 7 because of the extraordinary work all those who have followed in her footsteps are doing in 8 fight against the novel coronavirus. She continued “I want to thank each and every one of our fantastic nurses 9 are on the front line in the battle against the greatest health emergency in NHS history. Their professionalism and skills are helping to save and rebuild countless lives. I know how much the public’s support has cheered my 10 (colleague) during this testing time. It would mean a great deal if people once again showed their gratitude by shining a light for nurses this Tuesday.” 【答案】 1．was created 2．on 3．recognition 4．urging 5．to mark 6．particularly 7．but 8．the/their 9．who/that 10．colleagues 【导语】文章主要介绍了今年国际护士节的特殊庆祝方式及其原因。 【详解】1．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：这件事是由国际护士理事会创办的，于1965年首次被庆祝。空处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语in 1965可知，应使用一般过去时，且主语The event和动词create之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语是单数，谓语动词用单数。 2．考查介词。句意：自从1974年1月份，全球性的庆祝活动传统上在5月12号举行。12 May是表示具体的一天，应使用介词on。 3．考查名词。句意：这个请求得到了世界卫生组织的认可。be in recognition of是固定搭配，意为“得到……认可”。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：英国首席护士长Ruth May联合其他领导呼吁人们在周二晚上8:30照亮他们的窗户来记住这一天。空处作介词in的宾语，应使用动名词形式urging。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意同上。空处表示目的，应使用动词不定式to mark作目的状语。 6．考查副词。句意：梅女士谈到这次活动时说道，国际护士节今年尤其特殊，不仅因为它是Florence Nightingale的200周年纪念日，而且因为那些追随她脚步的人在抗击新型冠状肺炎方面所做的工作。空处修饰形容词special，应使用副词形式particularly。 7．考查固定搭配。句意同上。not…but…是固定搭配，意为“不是……而是……”，在本句中连接两个状语从句。 8．考查冠词/代词。句意：梅女士谈到这次活动时说道，国际护士节今年尤其特殊，不仅因为它是Florence Nightingale的200周年纪念日，而且因为那些追随她脚步的人在抗击新型冠状病毒方面所做的工作。根据“against the novel coronavirus”可知，此处特指“抗击新型冠状病毒”的斗争，所以fight前应使用定冠词the，也可使用形容词性物主代词their修饰名词fight。 9．考查形容词。句意：她接着说道：“我要感谢我们每一位出色的护士，正是她们在抗击英国国家医疗服务体系历史上这场最严重健康危机的前线奋战着。”空处引导定语从句，修饰nurses，从句中作主语，指人，用关系代词who或者that。 10．考查名词。句意：我知道在这关键时期，公众的支持极大地鼓舞了我的同事。colleague是可数名词，同事不止一个，此处应使用复数colleagues。 二、阅读理解 Whether you shop for food in a traditional grocery store or a big-box store, most of your options are junk foods. Terms on food packaging like “low fat,” “gluten-free,” “keto-friendly” and “a good source of fiber” don’t answer the fundamental question: Is this food good for me? There is little reliable guidance available for people who don’t have the time, patience or skill to analyze the nutrition labels (标签). But what we really need is a bold (大胆的) move that would be to prevent people from food that’s bad for them: a warning sign that a high-sugar soda or breakfast cereal product, for example, is an unhealthy choice. Chile, Mexico, Brazil and dozens of other countries have worked to change food labeling. Research has suggested that these labels can help people understand nutritional quality and change their purchasing habits. Finally, the goal of the labels is to improve nutrition and reduce the consumption of over-processed foods. After Chile adopted several rules in 2016, researchers found that the consumption of drinks high in sugar and sodium declined by nearly 25 percent. In Uruguay a survey published in 2020 assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings found that 58 percent of participants who noticed the warning changed their decisions about buying a product. Of those who changed their decisions, 17 percent said they chose a similar product with fewer warnings, and 18 percent decided not to buy a similar product at all. In the United States, new labeling laws will be much more challenging to take effect. As you might expect, food producers will surely try to stop warning labels from being required. They are arguing that these plans would be costly and that those costs would be passed on to consumers. But research conducted soon after Chile’s food labeling and advertising law passed showed no effects on total employment, with negligible effects on wages (工资) and profit, even as consumer consumption of unhealthy foods declined. To be clear, this is just one of many steps toward providing all Americans with a healthy diet. But knowable front-of-package labeling is one of the best levers (杠杆) available to policymakers, and it is already working elsewhere. It can work here, too. 11．What does paragraph 1 focus on? A．The lack of nutrition. B．The problem with labels. C．The shortage of food. D．The doubt about package. 12．What do the examples of Chile and Uruguay show? A．The consumption of over-processed foods has been stopped. B．People in the two countries have better nutrition awareness. C．Food producers there work well with the government. D．Warning labels can effectively change people’s buying behavior. 13．What does the underlined word “negligible” mean in paragraph 5? A．Obvious. B．Lasting. C．Insignificant. D．Undesired. 14．What’s the author’s attitude towards adopting warning labels in the United States? A．Unclear. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 【答案】11．B 12．D 13．C 14．D 【导语】文章指出消费者当下购买的食物多为垃圾食品，包装标签难以帮助他们判断食物好坏，智利等多国改变食品标签且取得成效，美国实施新标签法遇阻，但有研究表明其负面影响小，应该推行这种措施。 【详解】11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether you shop for food in a traditional grocery store or a big-box store, most of your options are junk foods. Terms on food packaging like “low fat,” “gluten-free,” “keto-friendly” and “a good source of fiber” don’t answer the fundamental question: Is this food good for me? There is little reliable guidance available for people who don’t have the time, patience or skill to analyze the nutrition labels (标签). (无论你是在传统的杂货店还是大型商店购买食品，你选择的大部分都是垃圾食品。食品包装上的“低脂肪”、“无麸质”、“适合生酮饮食”和“富含纤维”等字眼并没有回答一个基本问题：这种食物对我有好处吗？对于那些没有时间、耐心或技能来分析营养标签的人来说，几乎没有可靠的指导。)”可知，本段指出食品标签不能有效帮助消费者判断食物是否有益这一问题，强调的是食品标签存在的问题。 12．推理判断题。根据第四段“After Chile adopted several rules in 2016, researchers found that the consumption of drinks high in sugar and sodium declined by nearly 25 percent. In Uruguay a survey published in 2020 assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings found that 58 percent of participants who noticed the warning changed their decisions about buying a product. Of those who changed their decisions, 17 percent said they chose a similar product with fewer warnings, and 18 percent decided not to buy a similar product at all. (智利在2016年通过了几项规定后，研究人员发现，高糖和高钠饮料的消费量下降了近25%。在乌拉圭，2020年发布的一项评估营养警告早期影响的调查发现，58%注意到警告的参与者改变了购买产品的决定。当然，在那些改变了决定的人中，17%的人说他们选择了警告更少的类似产品，18%的人决定根本不买类似的产品。)”可推知，这些具体的数据和例子表明，食品上的警告标签能够切实有效地影响人们在购物时的选择，从而改变他们的购买行为。 13．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“They are arguing that these plans would be costly and that those costs would be passed on to consumers. But research conducted soon after Chile’s food labeling and advertising law passed showed no effects on total employment (他们认为，这些计划成本高昂，而且这些成本将转嫁给消费者。但在智利食品标签和广告法通过后不久进行的研究显示，对总就业没有影响)”和下文“even as consumer consumption of unhealthy foods declined (尽管消费者对不健康食品的消费有所下降)”可知，这里有转折，虽然食品生产商反对警告标签，认为这成本高且成本会转嫁给消费者，但实际上影响不大，对工资和利润影响应该是“微不足道的，不值一提的”，画线词意思与insignificant“微不足道的，不显著的”接近。 14．推理判断题。作者在文中列举了其他国家实施食品警告标签取得的积极效果，并在最后一段中“But knowable front-of-package labeling is one of the best levers (杠杆) available to policymakers, and it is already working elsewhere. It can work here, too. (但是，便于知悉的包装正面标签是政策制定者可用的最佳杠杆之一，而且它已经在其他地方发挥作用。这在这里也行得通。)”指出这一举措在美国应该也是可行的。由此可知，作者对在美国采用警告标签持支持态度。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点15 句子种类 初中视角 高中展望 初中阶段，学生主要学习简单句，即只包含一个主语和谓语的句子。学生学习基本的句型结构，如主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）。此外，学生也会开始接触复合句，即包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子。 高中阶段，学生需要更深入地理解和使用复合句，包括各种类型的从句（如名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等）。此外，学生需要掌握更复杂的句型结构，如倒装句、强调句、省略句等。 衔接引导 初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。 高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。 【初中句子种类考点聚焦】 句子种类 一、英语句子按照其用途可分四种 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 二、英语句子按照其结构可分三大类 (1).简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句， All roads lead to Rome. He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out. Is he a superman? (2).并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，常用的并列连词有and,then,but,or,or else, so, for, while; both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…,but also, as well as He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. Don’t be late, for there is a meeting. Hurry up, or you’ll be late. He works hard while his brother is a lazy bone. (3).复合句（Complex Sentences）：复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。 China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese. The film had been on when we got to the cinema. 【高中句子种类考点聚焦】 课标解读 英语句子按照使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类；按照句子结构（分句数量）可分为简单句、并列句、复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）三类。 陈述句细分肯定句与否定句；疑问句包含一般疑问、特殊疑问、选择疑问、反义疑问句；祈使句侧重肯定结构与否定结构；感叹句聚焦 what/how 两种核心句式。并列句依托 and/but/or/so 等并列连词衔接分句；复合句是高中重难点，三大从句依托从句引导词搭建主从复合结构。 总的来说，高中英语对句子种类不再局限于基础句式识别，侧重在完形、语法填空、短文改错、书面表达中辨析句式类型、精准选用连词与句式结构，要求学生依托句式特征读懂长难句、规范写作造句。 考点清单 英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句 1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下： 1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 6) there be 句型 1）主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有 ①be；②keep, remain, stay；③feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④seem, appear；⑤get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥prove, turn out等。 This is my English book. The weather is getting windy and rainy. The trouble is that they are short of money. 练习：划分句子成分 a. He looked unhappy at that time. b. It seemed like a good idea at the time. c. She turned 21 in June. d. I was so pleased to hear from you. 2) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。 Poems don't translate easily. My recent book sells very well. The sun was shining. 练习：划分句子成分 a. Its economy has developed rapidly in the past ten years. b. Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years. c. This morning we met at the school gate and went there together. 3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。 I look forward to hearing from you soon. You can put the dishes in the kitchen. They ate what was left over. 练习：划分句子成分 a. In the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest. b. I’m looking forward to meeting you soon. c. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. d. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. 4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。 The driver saved us a lot of trouble. They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house. I told him that the bus was late. 练习：划分句子成分 a. Mr Wang taught us English last year. b. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night. c. They offered him a job, but he turned it down. d. Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter and tell him the good news. 5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。 本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例： 1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.  2) The news made him unhappy.  3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.    4) I had the bike repaired.  5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.    6) there be 句型表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词  be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。 a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.  b. There will be a sports meet next week.  c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.  e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.  练习：划分句子成分 a. I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time. b. We are making our country more and more beautiful. c. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon. d. I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning. e. Father asked/got me to bring him some newspapers. f. She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 综合练习：指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。 ①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦He wished me good luck. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V ) _______________ 2. ( S + V +O ) _________________ 3. ( S + V + P ) ____________________ 4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________ 5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________ 6. There be 句型 ______________ 2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例： These flowers are white and those flowers are red. We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. Hurry up; it's getting late. I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on. I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key. 2）并列句的分类： （1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. （2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. （3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. （4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 练习:指出下列划线词属于哪一类并列关系 a. Neither is he mistaken, nor am I. b. Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teacher sang. c. We love peace but we are not afraid of war. d. He worked hard, yet he failed. e. The news may be unexpected; nevertheless it is true. f. Put on your coat, or you'll catch a cold. g. Start out right away, or/ otherwise you'll miss the first train. h. It was late, so we went home. i. We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. 3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。 状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。 定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。 名词性从句 主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。 同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句） 2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句） 3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句） 4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句） 5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句） 6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句） 一．分析句子:阅读短文，判断加粗句子所属基本句型 A Now autumn arrives quietly in our neighbourhood.①The weather becomes cool and comfortable.Our community centre gives us ②many interesting outdoor activities every weekend.We find ③outdoor sports relaxing and helpful for our health.④There are many maple trees along both sides of the street.We always enjoy the beautiful scenery in fall. B Tom is a volunteer in the city library.①He works hard every weekday.He usually reads ②various science books during his spare time.The librarian keeps ③the reading room tidy and quiet all year round.④There is a big book sale in the library next Friday.Lots of readers look forward to the coming activity. 二、句子翻译 1．你应该保持你的房间干净且整齐。(SVOC) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________ 2．我们的英语老师说话太快了。(S＋V＋Ad) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 3．过去十年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(主语+谓语+状语) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 4．一群来自英国的交换生下个月要来我们学校参观。(SVOA) （汉译英） ______________________________________________________________. 5．我们学生应该经常与我们的父母交流想法。（SVOA）(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________________ 一、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 International Nurses Day is an annual celebration of the vital work and role of nurses around the world. The event, which was first marked in 1965, 1 (create) by the International Council of Nurses. Since January 1974, the global celebrations are traditionally held 2 12 May. But this year’s celebrations will be “extra special”. The public has been asked to shine a light on Tuesday. The request is in 3 (recognize) of the World Health Organization. Chief nursing officer for England Ruth May has joined other leaders in 4 (urge) people to shine a light from their window at 8:30 pm. on Tuesday 5 (mark) the day. Ms May said of the event, “International Day of the Nurse is 6 (particular) special this year not just because we mark the 200th anniversary of Florence Nightingale’s birthday, 7 because of the extraordinary work all those who have followed in her footsteps are doing in 8 fight against the novel coronavirus. She continued “I want to thank each and every one of our fantastic nurses 9 are on the front line in the battle against the greatest health emergency in NHS history. Their professionalism and skills are helping to save and rebuild countless lives. I know how much the public’s support has cheered my 10 (colleague) during this testing time. It would mean a great deal if people once again showed their gratitude by shining a light for nurses this Tuesday.” 二、阅读理解 Whether you shop for food in a traditional grocery store or a big-box store, most of your options are junk foods. Terms on food packaging like “low fat,” “gluten-free,” “keto-friendly” and “a good source of fiber” don’t answer the fundamental question: Is this food good for me? There is little reliable guidance available for people who don’t have the time, patience or skill to analyze the nutrition labels (标签). But what we really need is a bold (大胆的) move that would be to prevent people from food that’s bad for them: a warning sign that a high-sugar soda or breakfast cereal product, for example, is an unhealthy choice. Chile, Mexico, Brazil and dozens of other countries have worked to change food labeling. Research has suggested that these labels can help people understand nutritional quality and change their purchasing habits. Finally, the goal of the labels is to improve nutrition and reduce the consumption of over-processed foods. After Chile adopted several rules in 2016, researchers found that the consumption of drinks high in sugar and sodium declined by nearly 25 percent. In Uruguay a survey published in 2020 assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings found that 58 percent of participants who noticed the warning changed their decisions about buying a product. Of those who changed their decisions, 17 percent said they chose a similar product with fewer warnings, and 18 percent decided not to buy a similar product at all. In the United States, new labeling laws will be much more challenging to take effect. As you might expect, food producers will surely try to stop warning labels from being required. They are arguing that these plans would be costly and that those costs would be passed on to consumers. But research conducted soon after Chile’s food labeling and advertising law passed showed no effects on total employment, with negligible effects on wages (工资) and profit, even as consumer consumption of unhealthy foods declined. To be clear, this is just one of many steps toward providing all Americans with a healthy diet. But knowable front-of-package labeling is one of the best levers (杠杆) available to policymakers, and it is already working elsewhere. It can work here, too. 11．What does paragraph 1 focus on? A．The lack of nutrition. B．The problem with labels. C．The shortage of food. D．The doubt about package. 12．What do the examples of Chile and Uruguay show? A．The consumption of over-processed foods has been stopped. B．People in the two countries have better nutrition awareness. C．Food producers there work well with the government. D．Warning labels can effectively change people’s buying behavior. 13．What does the underlined word “negligible” mean in paragraph 5? A．Obvious. B．Lasting. C．Insignificant. D．Undesired. 14．What’s the author’s attitude towards adopting warning labels in the United States? A．Unclear. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $