专题04 名词和冠词（暑假复习讲义）新八年级英语新教材仁爱科普版

专题04 名词和冠词（暑假复习讲义） 内容导航 01 复习目标→ 明考向、知权重、晓关联、以目标导学，以考向定标 02 知识重构 → 系统讲解核心知识，重构整合形成体系 脉络重构：快速扫描高频考点，定位薄区 典例破题：精选例题，呈现思路点拨+规范解答+方法提炼 巩固提升：趁热打铁练一练，强化巩固所学 03综合通关 → 综合演练，梯度设题；查漏补缺，闭环收官 知识点 常考考点 命题风向 名词 1.名词由单数变复数的基本方法 2.名词复数的不规则变化 3.名词的所有格 1. 越来越注重语境理解，单纯的时间标志词识别题减少； 2. 不同时态进行对比辨析； 3. 在语篇中考查时态的一致性。 冠词 1. 不定冠词的用法 2. 定冠词的用法 3. 零定冠词的用法 考情解码：一般在单项选择题，完形填空、语法填空、选词填空题出现 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 知识点一 名词 【课标要求】 考点1名词的数 一、单数可数名词变复数的变化规则 1.规则变化 规则 例词 一般情况加-s（在清辅音后的s读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后的s读/z/，以ce、se、ge结尾的名词加-s后词尾读/ɪz/） desk—desks，dog—dogs，apple—apples，boy—boys 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加-es（-es读作/ɪz/） class—classes，box—boxes，brush—brushes （特例:stomach—stomachs） 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，把y变为i,再加-es（-ies读作/ɪz/） country—countries，city—cities 以f或fe结尾的名词，多数把f或fe变为v,再加-es（-ves读作/vz/） wife—wives，leaf—leaves 以o结尾的名词，无生命的通常在词尾加-s,有生命的通常加-es（-es读作/z/） radio—radios，photo—photos （特例：kangaroo—kangaroos） hero—heroes，potato—potatoes，tomato—tomatoes （口诀：英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆） 2.不规则变化 情况 例词 改变名词中的元音字母 man—men,woman—women，foot—feet,tooth—teeth 单复数形式相同 sheep—sheep,deer—deer，series—series,aircraft—aircraft 某国人 （变复数口诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面） Chinese—Chinese，Japanese—Japanese Englishman—Englishmen，Frenchman—Frenchmen German—Germans，Roman—Romans Australian—Australians，American—Americans 部分复合名词和名词词组 man teacher—men teachers，work of art—works of art passer-by—passers-by，place of interest—places of interest 其他情况 mouse—mice,child—children 注意由man和woman与另一单词组成的复合名词变复数时，两部分都发生变化。 考点2名词所有格 名词所有格主要表示名词与名词之间的所有关系。 一、's所有格 1.'s所有格的类别 类别 构成方法 例词 单数名词 加's my boss's car Lily's twin sister 复数名词 不以-s结尾 加's Children's Day Women's Day 以-s结尾 加' the teachers'office the boys'hobbies 2.'s所有格的用法 （1）主要用在表示人或动物的名词后,表示所有关系，意为“……的”。 I took over my father's company last year. （2）用and连接的两个或多个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，在最后一个名词后面加's；如果不表示共有关系,则在每个名词后面分别加's。 Lily and Lucy's mother is a doctor. These are Tom's and Mary's bags. （3）表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等地点时，常在名词后加上's。 at the doctor's（clinic） go to my uncle's（home） （4）复合不定代词（如someone、everybody等）和else连用时，'s应加在else后。 somebody else's pencil （5）表示时间、距离等的名词也可以在词尾加's或'来构成所有格。 today's newspaper今天的报纸 five minutes'ride/walk/drive骑车/走路/开车5分钟的路程 an arm's length一臂之距 二、of所有格 “of+名词”构成of所有格，一般用于无生命的名词，有时可与's所有格互换。 the visitor's arrival=the arrival of the visitor Shakespeare's plays=the plays of Shakespeare 三、双重所有格 结构 示例 of+名词's a friend of her mother's of+名词性物主代词 a friend of mine 注意双重所有格与of所有格表达的区别 双重所有格侧重表示全体中的一部分,而of所有格只表示所属关系。 a friend of her mother's她母亲的一个朋友（强调只是她母亲朋友中的一个） a friend of her mother她母亲的一个朋友（强调是她母亲的朋友） 【巩固提升1】 1．—What can I do for you? —I’d like ________ and ________. A．sandwich; sugar B．sandwiches; sugars C．sandwiches; sugar 2．There are two watches and three ________ in the lost and found box. A．knife B．knifes C．knives 3．This is _______ mother. They love her. A．Tom and Mary B．Tom and Mary’s C．Tom’s and Mary’s 4．—What do you usually have for breakfast? —I usually have ________ and ________. A．breads, milk B．eggs, beans C．coffees, noodle 5．—You have ________ time left to review your lessons before the exam, so start now! —Don’t worry about that. I still have ________ days left for it. A．little; few B．little; a few C．a little; a few 【巩固提升2】 1．People always regard those who help others as national ________ (hero). 2．It’s not a good idea to give up when you face ________ (difficult). 3．The old ________ (village) has lived in the small mountain for over 60 years. 4．________ (fisherman) use nets to catch the fish in the sea. 5．Many ________ (tourist) come to visit this old town every year. 【巩固提升3】 1．我通常喝粥、吃一个鸡蛋和一些蔬菜。 I usually have ________, an egg and some ________. 2．世界各地共有24个时区。 There are twenty-four ________ ________ around ________ ________ . 3．你能谈一谈这两个国家有什么不同吗？ Can you talk about the ________ between the two ________? 4．我们学校有 30 个女老师参加了这次运动会。 There are 30 ________ teachers and they all took part in this ________ meeting. 5．确保有充足的饮用水，否则我们会陷入麻烦。 ________ ________ there is enough ________ ________, or we will be in trouble. 【巩固提升2】 请根据括号内的提示填空。 It was late at night. Two 1.　　　　　(German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly， one of them， Mrs. Green， was woken up and found somebody slipping into their room to try his 2.　　　　　(lucky). She had three thousand dollars in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.　　　　　(小偷) usually bring lethal weapons(凶器) with them，” she thought in 4.　　　　　(silent) and worried about her 5.　　　　　(safe). And at the same time the thief happened to touch a6.　　　　　(sport) suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room， so he went out to the next room with luxurious(奢华的) 7.　　　　　(decorate). When he was looking for some 8.　　　　　(钱) or jewellery in the next room， Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. In five 9.　　　　　(minute) time， the police showed up. Finally， the police caught the man. For Mrs. Green， it was really one of the most unusual 10.　　　　　(经历).  知识点二 冠词 考点1 不定冠词（a/an） 一、基本用法 1.泛指某人、某物、某类人或物 Would you like a sandwich? A child needs love and affection. 2.用于第一次提到的可数名词单数前 He bought a house, but this is not the house he bought. 3.表示数量，相当于one You'll have to wait an（=one） hour or two. 4.表示“每一”“某一”“同一” The eggs cost ＄2 a dozen. There is a Mr Tom Wilkins on the phone. They are children of an age. 5.在重量、长度、时间或单位名词前，表示“每一”，相当于every once a week ·twice a month 二、用于某些固定搭配中 have a look看一看 have a good time玩得开心 in a hurry匆忙 have a try 试一试 take a shower 洗澡 in a word总而言之 as a result 结果 an average of... 平均…… 三、a与an的区别 冠词 用法 例句 a 用于发音以辅音音素开头的单词前 Lin Tao is a university student. an 用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前 I think Jenny is an honest girl. 注意不定冠词a/an的选择取决于其后单词音标的首音素而不是单词的首字母。 知识拓展 26个英文字母的音标 A /eɪ/ B /bi:/ C /si:/ D /di:/ E /i:/ F /ef/ G /dʒi:/ H /eɪtʃ/ I /aɪ/ J /dʒeɪ/ K /keɪ/ L /el/ M /em/ N /en/ O /əʊ/ P /pi:/ Q /kju:/ R /ɑ:(r)/ S /es/ T /ti:/ U /ju:/ V /vi:/ W /ˈdʌblju:/ X /eks/ Y /waɪ/ Z /zed/ 易错警示 常见易误判元、辅音素的单词 单词 音标 冠词使用 European /ˌjʊərəˈpi:ən/ a European country university /ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səti/ a university umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ an umbrella unfinished（un-作否定前缀使用时） /ʌnˈfɪnɪʃt/ an unfinished letter honest /ˈɒnɪst/ an honest man hour /ˈaʊə(r)/ an hour one /wʌn/ a one-year-old baby eight /eɪt/ an 8-year-old girl eleven /ɪˈlevn/ an 11-story building 四、特殊用法 1.名词被what、such、half等词修饰时，不定冠词位于这些词之后 What an interesting movie! I've never seen such a good one before. 2.名词前的形容词被quite修饰时，用“quite a/an+adj.+n.”结构，被how、so、as等修饰时，a/an位于形容词之后 John has quite a few friends in China, because he is so kind a boy. 考点2 定冠词（the） 一、基本用法 1.特指某人或某物、上文提到的或双方都知道的人或物（需要结合上下文） I bought an English dictionary this morning. The dictionary is very good. There is someone at the door. 2.用于单数名词前，指某类人或事物 The computer has changed our way of life. 3.表示世界上独一无二的事物 The earth moves around the sun. 4.用于表示乐器名称的名词前 I like playing the piano/violin. 5.用于形容词最高级、序数词、last、only或same前 Of all the boys, Alan is the best student who speaks Spanish. After the game, the first thing they want to do is to take a hot bath. Elephants are the only animals in Africa that dig deep holes in search of water. he and her cousin go to the same school. 注意（1）最高级前面有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格时,不加冠词。 This dress is my nicest one. The Yangtze River is China's longest river. （2）序数词用于表示名次时，通常省略定冠词。 He came third in the long jump. 6.与某些形容词连用，表示某一类人 the disabled残疾人 ·the old老年人 7.用于姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Greens live next to us. 8.用于表示方位、方向的名词前 Jiangsu lies in the east of China while Japan is to the east of China. My office is just to the left of the main door. 9.一般用在表示江、河、湖、海、山、岛、沙漠等地理名称的专有名词前 the Alps 阿尔卑斯山脉 the River Thames 泰晤士河 注意有些含有mount、lake、river等的专有名词前也可用零冠词。 Mount Taishan泰山 Lake Baikal贝加尔湖 10.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Palace颐和园 11.用于整十的年份的复数之前表示年代 I began to learn English in the 1980s. 12.当名词后有具体的后置定语修饰，表示特指时，要用定冠词the After taking class from the Tiangong space station, I became interested in science. A. a B. an C. the D. / 二、用于某些固定搭配中 at the age of 在……岁时 at the beginning of... 在……开始时 at the same time同时 in the daytime在白天 in the end 最后 in the middle of... 在……的中间 in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上 on the other side of... 在……的另一边 考点3 零冠词 一、基本用法 1.不可数名词表示一般概念或复数名词为泛指时 The desk is made of wood. They are teachers, not students. 2.名词前已有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、this、that、every等词时 Every child likes watching cartoons. 3.在表示日期、星期、月份、季节、night、day、morning（表示时间特征）等词的前面 June 1st is Children's Day. He likes spring, because in spring, everything begins to grow. 注意若特指某年的某个月份或某个季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。 In the spring of 1999, he came to the lonely island and planted many trees. 4.学科、一日三餐、球类运动和棋牌类游戏前 —Do you like physics? —No, but I like playing basketball and chess. I went to school without breakfast today. 注意 一日三餐前有形容词修饰时，要加冠词。如:a big dinner 一顿丰盛的晚餐。 5.与by连用的交通工具名词前 by car ·by train 注意 take a car、in a boat、on the bike等短语中的交通工具名词前需加冠词。 6.一些国家名、人名、街道名、广场、车站等专有名词前 Tian'anmen Square天安门广场 Wall Street华尔街 Nanjing Road南京路 二、用于某些固定搭配中 on time准时 make fun of取笑 on earth到底 in time及时 【巩固提升1】 1．Lily went to Disneyland last winter vacation. It was ________ unforgettable holiday for her. A．a B．an C．the 2．Jack is ________ 8-year-old boy, but he can play ________baseball very well. A．a; the B．an; the C．an; / 3．There is ________ eagle in the forest. ________ eagle is very friendly. A．a; The B．an; The C．an; / 4．Tom, ________ American boy, is very good at playing ________ guitar. A．an; the B．a; the C．an; / 5．There is ________ “u” in the word “use”. A．a B．/ C．an 【巩固提升2】 语篇填空 请根据需要，在短文空格处填入合适的冠词，用零冠词的地方填“/”。 Wang Yueyue works at a supermarket in Yangzhou. 1.　　　　　 other day， her mobile phone travelled from Yangzhou to Shanghai for a day without its owner. And this story has brought 2.　　　　　 smile to lots of Chinese netizens(网民).  After she lost it on Monday， Wang didn’t expect to see 3.　　　　　 mobile phone again. Wang was packing vegetables into boxes to be sent to Shanghai to help with the city’s food supply(供应) during the lockdown(封控).  Wearing 4.　　　　　 sweater with small pockets， she had already dropped her phone on the floor three times before the phone disappeared. Looking around， Wang couldn’t find her phone anywhere. She guessed that it dropped in one of the boxes. Her sister posted on Sina Weibo: “Anyone in Shanghai who got a mobile phone in 5.　　　　　 delivery box(快递箱) please contact me. My sister was busy packing the supplies and carelessly left her phone in one of the boxes.”  6.　　　　　 post was quickly spread online. Wang Yongyong， a supply chain manager in 7.　　　　　 Shanghai’s Hongqiao Town， saw it on Tuesday. She， together with some volunteers， helped to search the packs and managed to find the phone in a truck.  Many local people said in their WeChat groups that they should try their best to find the phone in order not to fail the people who were helping them. It was 8.　　　　　 interesting experience for Wang Yueyue， and her mobile phone.  一、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Johnny is so hungry that he can eat up all the 　 　(bread).  2.This morning market sells different kinds of fresh 　 　(fish).  3.How amazing! The little cat caught two 　 　(mouse) last night.  4.The little boy has to peel three baskets of 　 　(potato) before lunch.  5.Jack spent about two hours sweeping 　 　(leaf) in the back garden.  6.It's about twenty 　 　(minute) drive from my house to the park.  7.There are few spelling and grammar 　 　(mistake) in Lily's homework.  8.The old man likes reading books very much.He owns two private 　 　(library).  9.There are more than one hundred teachers in our school, and most of them are 　 　(man) teachers.  10.The worst thing about working in the shopping mall is that you're on your 　 　(foot) all day.  11.Different people have different 　 　(hobby).  12.You can look for 　 　(information) about the shop on the Internet.  13.She bought a pair of 　 　(glove).  14.—Are those 　 　(sheep)?  —No, they aren't.They're 　 　(cow).  15.15. 　( Lucy and Lily ) room is on the 5th floor.  二．用适当的冠词完成下列句子 1.There's 　 　 new schoolbag on Bill's desk.  2.Don't forget to turn left at 　 　third crossing.I'll wait for you there.  3.My grandma used to tell me 　 　old story before going to bed every night.  4.My red sweater is in the washing machine, so I have to choose 　 　another one.  5.It's very surprising that the 65-year-old man has 　 　e-mail address.  6.It is increasingly clear that 　 　Internet is becoming more and more important.  7.What's 　 　address of your new school,Lily? I would like to visit you next month.  8.We all believe that Michael will become 　 　 important and useful member of the society in the future.  9.　 　 Greens arrived in Beijing last week.They will leave for Shanghai this weekend.  10.There will be 　 　talk on teenage problems tomorrow. All the students are asked to attend 　 　 talk.  11.Tomorrow Mr.Smith will leave Paris, 　 　 capital of 　 　 France, for Washington by　 　 air.  12.We were having　 　lunch when they came in.  13.This is the book you gave me last week. 　 　 book is interesting.  14.What did you do 　 　 last Saturday?  15.March 8 is 　 　 Women's Day.  16.If 　 　 weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.  17.I prefer playing 　 　 piano to playing　 　 basketball.  18.At 　 　 age of five, he read a lot of books.  19.Tom and Lucy are of 　 　 same age.  20.　 　 harder we study, 　 　 more we learn.  三、语法填空 A （24-25七年级下·福建福州·期末）阅读下面短文，根据语境、首字母或所给单词的提示，在每空中填入适当的词，每空最多不超过两个词，要求所填的词意义准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 Today is Wednesday. It’s World Environment Day and it’s a 1 my birthday. My dad gives me a gift. It’s a blue bike. My dad 2 (work) for the environmental protection (环境保护). He hopes I can ride the bike to school. I like the bike a lot. But that’s not all. He wants to give me another gift. Then we go to the park. There are some cleaners doing some 3 . My dad and I join 4 (they). Dad says it’s my 5 (two) gift. I feel very happy about that. We work together and have a meaningful day. There is a flower shop near the park. When we finish cleaning, we go to the shop. We buy some beautiful flowers there, 6 the day after tomorrow is my mother’s birthday. 7 getting home, we plant the flowers in the yard. “Mum, please come here. We have a birthday gift for you,” I say. Mum is excited 8 (see) the flowers and says, “Thank you, my son.” Dad teaches me a lot 9 my birthday. I know that a good environment is the best gift for anyone. I hope I can do something for the environment. As we know, green 10 (hill) and clear waters (青山和绿水) are as good as mountains of gold (金) and silver (银). B （24-25七年级下·福建福州·期末）阅读下列短文，根据提示，在空格内填入一个或者两个适当的词，要求所填的词意思准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 Dear John, I am glad to share with you an amazing book called The Art of War: It is a book about how to fight in a war. This is the 1 (three) time that I recommend (推荐) the book! This book is full of clever sayings. One of 2 most important ideas is “know the enemy and know 3 (you), and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat (击败)”. It means in a war, there were many things people should think about 4 (careful), such as the places and the things they had. It mainly tells us 5 (make) good plans before we do something. If we do this, we will have more chances to get what we want. The book also 6 (teach) us to be patient (耐心的) and not be too quick to act. We have to wait 7 the right time to do something. For example, when we play chess, we can think about the ways in this book. It helps us to be smarter and make 8 (good) choices. So far, many people have read the book. It is not only for wars in the past, 9 also for our daily life. It is really a great and 10 (use) book. Hope you will read it soon. Best wishes, Li Hua 四、选词填空 （24-25七年级下·河南洛阳·期末）阅读下列句子，从方框中选出恰当的词并用其正确形式填空，使句子通顺、完整。注意：每空限填一词，每词限用一次。请把答案填写在答题卷相应处的横线上。 but, from, much, we, China, eat, knife, leave, middle, be I’m Lin. I’m eleven and I’m from China. 1 food is really delicious. We eat a lot of rice, noodles, vegetables and meat. It is good for 2 health. In China, people don’t usually eat with 3 or forks. Instead, we use chopsticks and we sometimes use spoons. We usually eat from big plates. We put them in the 4 of the table, but we sometimes put rice in small bowls. When your bowl 5 empty, someone will give you 6 food. When you are full, you can put your hand over your bowl or 7 some food in your bowl. We don’t put our chopsticks on the top of our bowls. We put them on the table next to us when we finish 8 . We don’t use napkins, 9 we usually clean our hands with hot towels at the end of the meal. Do you like Chinese food? Is it very different 10 food in your country? B （24-25七年级下·河南平顶山·期末）阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺，意思完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。 with, in, heavy, we, meaningful, short, help, suggestion, a, volunteer I live in Sunshine Community. Last Sunday was the Community Volunteer Day. Many neighbors got together and helped out in the community. My family also took 1 active (积极) part in it. My mother is a doctor. She 2 to provide medical services. She gave the old people free medical exams and young people some 3 about how to keep healthy. My father is an English teacher. He helped children 4 their homework. Most of these children’s parents were very busy with their work and couldn’t have enough time to care about their children’s study. Children in my community were happy to study with him. I took part in the cleaning activity. Yesterday it rained 5 . There were many rubbish in our community. So the four group members and I collected the rubbish in the community. We worked for about three hours and collected fifteen kilos of rubbish 6 all. In 7 , the Community Volunteer Day is 8 . Everyone tried his or her best to lend a 9 hand. We love 10 community. We all wanted to make our community a place of love and care. 五、任务型阅读 A （24-25七年级下·江苏扬州·期末）根据短文内容回答问题，每小题答案不超过6个单词。 On a sunny September morning, Bobbie, Peter, and Phyllis walked along the railway near their home. The autumn sun made everything look warm and golden. Bobbie was placing small white stones on the ground to spell “HELLO” for the passing train drivers to see—something she often did for fun. “Look! There’s smoke coming from that old red building!” Phyllis suddenly shouted. Peter, always the bravest, moved closer carefully and pushed the door open. Inside, they saw something that made their hearts beat fast—a man was sitting on the dirty floor, his left wrist (手腕) locked with a metal chain to a big iron pipe! His face was dirty with black marks like coal dust, and his shirt showed a bleeding cut on his arm. “Water…please…” the man said weakly. Though he looked poor and tired, Bobbie noticed he spoke like a well-educated man. Quickly, she gave him their water bottle while Phyllis used her hair ribbon to tie around his wounded arm. “My name…is Jim,” the man said. “They stole my important papers…I need to catch the 11:15 train to London…” Just then, the loud whistle of a coming train made Peter rush to close the door so nobody outside would hear them. When Mother arrived with the village policeman later that evening, the building was empty. The broken chain lay on the floor like a dead snake, and the only signs left were footprints. But Bobbie noticed something shiny in the dirt, a gold button with a special design. That night, Bobbie heard the familiar whistle of the 11:15 train passing by. But tonight it sounded different—two short calls instead of one. The train’s yellow lights went through the darkness like fireflies running along the railway. —Taken from The Railway Children 1．Why did Bobbie spell “HELLO” to make train drivers see? 2．Where did the children find Jim? 3．How was Jim when he was found by the children? 4．What was tonight’s whistle like? 5．What do you think of the children? (言之有理即可) B （24-25七年级下·江苏扬州·期末）阅读短文，回答下面问题。（每题答案不超过10个单词） Zoos are often favorite places for parents with kids. However, they have also won the hearts of young people. “Zoo walk” has become a popular activity among young Chinese people. These days, zoos from the whole country have welcomed a larger number of daily visitors. The top places include Beijing Wildlife Park, Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, Shanghai Wild Animal Park and Guangzhou Chimelong Safari Park. Each zoo’s related hashtag (话题标签) got over millions of views online, and the hashtag “zoo” reached about 2 billion views. Animal stars are a main reason for young people’s visiting. Many zoos are recording interesting videos of their animals and sharing them on social media. Some of these animals become quite popular. At Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, for example, a white-faced monkey named Dudu, famous for its ugly appearance but good character, became a local attraction. Shen Zhijun, director of the zoo, believes zoos like Hongshan are getting popular among young people. The reason is they provide a sense of relaxation. Today’s young people are ready to be close to nature and animals. Modern zoos offer them a space to relax and leave the stress of life behind. The trend of the “zoo walk” has taken the young people of China by storm. Zoos are getting creative, introducing movie nights, live music, art shows to make visits more interesting. So if you have time and a chance, why not have a “zoo walk”? 1．Who likes to visit the zoo? 2．How many views did the hashtag “zoo” reach? 3．What is the white-faced monkey named Dudu famous for? 4．What activities make visits to the zoos more interesting? 5．Would you like to try “zoo walk”? Why? 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 名词和冠词（暑假复习讲义） 内容导航 01 复习目标→ 明考向、知权重、晓关联、以目标导学，以考向定标 02 知识重构 → 系统讲解核心知识，重构整合形成体系 脉络重构：快速扫描高频考点，定位薄区 典例破题：精选例题，呈现思路点拨+规范解答+方法提炼 巩固提升：趁热打铁练一练，强化巩固所学 03综合通关 → 综合演练，梯度设题；查漏补缺，闭环收官 知识点 常考考点 命题风向 名词 1.名词由单数变复数的基本方法 2.名词复数的不规则变化 3.名词的所有格 1. 越来越注重语境理解，单纯的时间标志词识别题减少； 2. 不同时态进行对比辨析； 3. 在语篇中考查时态的一致性。 冠词 1. 不定冠词的用法 2. 定冠词的用法 3. 零定冠词的用法 考情解码：一般在单项选择题，完形填空、语法填空、选词填空题出现 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 知识点一 名词 【课标要求】 考点1名词的数 一、单数可数名词变复数的变化规则 1.规则变化 规则 例词 一般情况加-s（在清辅音后的s读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后的s读/z/，以ce、se、ge结尾的名词加-s后词尾读/ɪz/） desk—desks，dog—dogs，apple—apples，boy—boys 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加-es（-es读作/ɪz/） class—classes，box—boxes，brush—brushes （特例:stomach—stomachs） 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，把y变为i,再加-es（-ies读作/ɪz/） country—countries，city—cities 以f或fe结尾的名词，多数把f或fe变为v,再加-es（-ves读作/vz/） wife—wives，leaf—leaves 以o结尾的名词，无生命的通常在词尾加-s,有生命的通常加-es（-es读作/z/） radio—radios，photo—photos （特例：kangaroo—kangaroos） hero—heroes，potato—potatoes，tomato—tomatoes （口诀：英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆） 2.不规则变化 情况 例词 改变名词中的元音字母 man—men,woman—women，foot—feet,tooth—teeth 单复数形式相同 sheep—sheep,deer—deer，series—series,aircraft—aircraft 某国人 （变复数口诀:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面） Chinese—Chinese，Japanese—Japanese Englishman—Englishmen，Frenchman—Frenchmen German—Germans，Roman—Romans Australian—Australians，American—Americans 部分复合名词和名词词组 man teacher—men teachers，work of art—works of art passer-by—passers-by，place of interest—places of interest 其他情况 mouse—mice,child—children 注意由man和woman与另一单词组成的复合名词变复数时，两部分都发生变化。 考点2名词所有格 名词所有格主要表示名词与名词之间的所有关系。 一、's所有格 1.'s所有格的类别 类别 构成方法 例词 单数名词 加's my boss's car Lily's twin sister 复数名词 不以-s结尾 加's Children's Day Women's Day 以-s结尾 加' the teachers'office the boys'hobbies 2.'s所有格的用法 （1）主要用在表示人或动物的名词后,表示所有关系，意为“……的”。 I took over my father's company last year. （2）用and连接的两个或多个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，在最后一个名词后面加's；如果不表示共有关系,则在每个名词后面分别加's。 Lily and Lucy's mother is a doctor. These are Tom's and Mary's bags. （3）表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等地点时，常在名词后加上's。 at the doctor's（clinic） go to my uncle's（home） （4）复合不定代词（如someone、everybody等）和else连用时，'s应加在else后。 somebody else's pencil （5）表示时间、距离等的名词也可以在词尾加's或'来构成所有格。 today's newspaper今天的报纸 five minutes'ride/walk/drive骑车/走路/开车5分钟的路程 an arm's length一臂之距 二、of所有格 “of+名词”构成of所有格，一般用于无生命的名词，有时可与's所有格互换。 the visitor's arrival=the arrival of the visitor Shakespeare's plays=the plays of Shakespeare 三、双重所有格 结构 示例 of+名词's a friend of her mother's of+名词性物主代词 a friend of mine 注意双重所有格与of所有格表达的区别 双重所有格侧重表示全体中的一部分,而of所有格只表示所属关系。 a friend of her mother's她母亲的一个朋友（强调只是她母亲朋友中的一个） a friend of her mother她母亲的一个朋友（强调是她母亲的朋友） 【巩固提升1】 1．—What can I do for you? —I’d like ________ and ________. A．sandwich; sugar B．sandwiches; sugars C．sandwiches; sugar 【答案】C 【详解】句意为：——我能为你做点什么？——我想要三明治和糖。 sandwich意为“三明治”，是可数名词，在点餐场景中常用复数形式sandwiches表示一类食物；sugar意为“糖”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式sugars。 2．There are two watches and three ________ in the lost and found box. A．knife B．knifes C．knives 【答案】C 【详解】句意：失物招领箱里有两块手表和三把刀。 knife刀（单数）；knifes错误拼写；knives刀（复数）。根据three可知，后面修饰的可数名词需用复数形式，knife以fe结尾，变复数要变fe为v再加es，所以用knives。 3．This is _______ mother. They love her. A．Tom and Mary B．Tom and Mary’s C．Tom’s and Mary’s 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这是汤姆和玛丽的妈妈。他们爱她。 Tom and Mary汤姆和玛丽；Tom and Mary’s汤姆和玛丽的（共同所有）；Tom’s and Mary’s汤姆的和玛丽的（各自所有）。Tom and Mary’s表示两人共同的妈妈，与后句的“they love her”（他们爱她）对应，符合“两人共有一位母亲”的语境，语法和语义均正确。 4．—What do you usually have for breakfast? —I usually have ________ and ________. A．breads, milk B．eggs, beans C．coffees, noodle 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你早餐通常吃什么？——我通常吃鸡蛋和豆子。 bread面包，milk牛奶，coffee咖啡，是不可数名词，无复数形式，排除A和C；eggs鸡蛋，复数和beans豆子，复数；均为可数名词复数，符合语法，应填eggs, beans。 5．—You have ________ time left to review your lessons before the exam, so start now! —Don’t worry about that. I still have ________ days left for it. A．little; few B．little; a few C．a little; a few 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——考试前你剩下的复习时间不多了，所以现在就开始吧！——别担心。我还有几天时间可以用来复习。   little很少（修饰不可数名词，表否定）；few很少（修饰可数名词复数，表否定）；a few一些（修饰可数名词复数，表肯定）。第一个空修饰不可数名词“time”，表示时间不多，应用little；第二个空修饰可数名词“days”，表示还有一些日子，应用a few。 【巩固提升2】 1．People always regard those who help others as national ________ (hero). 【答案】heroes 【详解】句意：人们总是把那些乐于助人的人视为民族英雄。句中“those who help others”指代复数对象，提示此处需用名词复数形式，hero的复数形式为heroes，故填heroes。 2．It’s not a good idea to give up when you face ________ (difficult). 【答案】difficulty 【详解】句意：当你面对困难时，放弃不是一个好主意。句中“face”为动词，后接名词作宾语，提示此处需填名词，difficult的名词形式为difficulty，表示“困难”，符合句意。 3．The old ________ (village) has lived in the small mountain for over 60 years. 【答案】villager 【详解】句意：这位老村民已经在这座小山村里住了六十多年了。句中“The old”后接名词指代人，提示此处需填表示人的名词，village对应的职业人物名词为villager，结合助动词has可知，需名词单数形式。 4．________ (fisherman) use nets to catch the fish in the sea. 【答案】Fishermen 【详解】句意：渔民们在海里用网捕鱼。所给的词fisherman为可数名词，意为“渔民”；句子谓语动词use是原形，说明时态为一般现在时，主语要用复数形式，fisherman的复数是fishermen，句首首字母大写。 5．Many ________ (tourist) come to visit this old town every year. 【答案】tourists 【详解】句意：每年有许多游客前来参观这座古镇。句中“Many”表示“许多”，后面需要接可数名词复数形式，名词tourist的复数变化为直接在词尾加-s，故填tourists。 【巩固提升3】 1．我通常喝粥、吃一个鸡蛋和一些蔬菜。 I usually have ________, an egg and some ________. 【答案】 porridge vegetables 【详解】原句中“粥”和“蔬菜”是关键词，分别用porridge和vegetable表示，some后接可数名词的复数形式vegetables。 2．世界各地共有24个时区。 There are twenty-four ________ ________ around ________ ________ . 【答案】 time zones the world 【详解】原句中“时区”以及“世界各地”是关键词，“时区”的英语是time zone，“世界各地”的常用表达是around the world。由于前面有数字twenty-four修饰，表示复数概念，因此zone变为复数zones；题干中已经给出了介词around，因此后两空只需填写the world。 3．你能谈一谈这两个国家有什么不同吗？ Can you talk about the ________ between the two ________? 【答案】 differences countries 【详解】原句中“不同之处”以及“国家”是关键词，different名词形式为difference，此处表多处区别用复数differences；country“国家”，前有two，country变复数countries。 4．我们学校有 30 个女老师参加了这次运动会。 There are 30 ________ teachers and they all took part in this ________ meeting. 【答案】 women sports 【详解】原句中“女老师”和“运动”是关键词，woman作定语时，复数要变为women；“运动会”固定搭配sports meeting。 5．确保有充足的饮用水，否则我们会陷入麻烦。 ________ ________ there is enough ________ ________, or we will be in trouble. 【答案】 Make sure drinking water 【详解】原句中“确保”和“饮用水”是关键词。表示“确保”的短语是“make sure”；“饮用水”翻译为“drinking water”。该句为祈使句，动词原形开头，位于句首首字母大写。故填Make；sure；drinking；water。 【巩固提升2】 请根据括号内的提示填空。 It was late at night. Two 1.　　　　　(German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly， one of them， Mrs. Green， was woken up and found somebody slipping into their room to try his 2.　　　　　(lucky). She had three thousand dollars in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.　　　　　(小偷) usually bring lethal weapons(凶器) with them，” she thought in 4.　　　　　(silent) and worried about her 5.　　　　　(safe). And at the same time the thief happened to touch a6.　　　　　(sport) suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room， so he went out to the next room with luxurious(奢华的) 7.　　　　　(decorate). When he was looking for some 8.　　　　　(钱) or jewellery in the next room， Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. In five 9.　　　　　(minute) time， the police showed up. Finally， the police caught the man. For Mrs. Green， it was really one of the most unusual 10.　　　　　(经历).  【答案】1.Germans　设空处作主语，应用名词。根据空格前的Two可知，此处填名词的复数形式。German变复数是在词尾直接加⁃s，故填Germans。 2.luck　由空前的his可知，此处填名词，lucky的名词形式为luck。try one’s luck碰碰运气。 3.thieves　根据中文和空格前的Many可知，此处填thief的复数形式，故填thieves。 4.silence　in silence是固定搭配，指“沉默地，无声地”。 5.safety　根据空格前的物主代词her可知，此处填名词，safe的名词形式为safety。 6.sports　sport修饰名词时，用复数形式，如a sports meeting， sports shoes等，“sports suit”指运动装。 7.decoration　根据空格前的luxurious可知，此处填名词，decorate的名词形式为decoration，此处指“奢华的装饰”。 8.money　money是不可数名词，故此空填原形money。 9.minutes’　根据空格前的five可知，此处填minute的复数形式;结合空格后的time可知，此处填名词所有格，指“5分钟的时间”，故填minutes’。 10.experiences　根据空格前的one of...可知，此处填名词的复数形式。“经历”experience是可数名词，故填experiences。 知识点二 冠词 考点1 不定冠词（a/an） 一、基本用法 1.泛指某人、某物、某类人或物 Would you like a sandwich? A child needs love and affection. 2.用于第一次提到的可数名词单数前 He bought a house, but this is not the house he bought. 3.表示数量，相当于one You'll have to wait an（=one） hour or two. 4.表示“每一”“某一”“同一” The eggs cost ＄2 a dozen. There is a Mr Tom Wilkins on the phone. They are children of an age. 5.在重量、长度、时间或单位名词前，表示“每一”，相当于every once a week ·twice a month 二、用于某些固定搭配中 have a look看一看 have a good time玩得开心 in a hurry匆忙 have a try 试一试 take a shower 洗澡 in a word总而言之 as a result 结果 an average of... 平均…… 三、a与an的区别 冠词 用法 例句 a 用于发音以辅音音素开头的单词前 Lin Tao is a university student. an 用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前 I think Jenny is an honest girl. 注意不定冠词a/an的选择取决于其后单词音标的首音素而不是单词的首字母。 知识拓展 26个英文字母的音标 A /eɪ/ B /bi:/ C /si:/ D /di:/ E /i:/ F /ef/ G /dʒi:/ H /eɪtʃ/ I /aɪ/ J /dʒeɪ/ K /keɪ/ L /el/ M /em/ N /en/ O /əʊ/ P /pi:/ Q /kju:/ R /ɑ:(r)/ S /es/ T /ti:/ U /ju:/ V /vi:/ W /ˈdʌblju:/ X /eks/ Y /waɪ/ Z /zed/ 易错警示 常见易误判元、辅音素的单词 单词 音标 冠词使用 European /ˌjʊərəˈpi:ən/ a European country university /ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səti/ a university umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/ an umbrella unfinished（un-作否定前缀使用时） /ʌnˈfɪnɪʃt/ an unfinished letter honest /ˈɒnɪst/ an honest man hour /ˈaʊə(r)/ an hour one /wʌn/ a one-year-old baby eight /eɪt/ an 8-year-old girl eleven /ɪˈlevn/ an 11-story building 四、特殊用法 1.名词被what、such、half等词修饰时，不定冠词位于这些词之后 What an interesting movie! I've never seen such a good one before. 2.名词前的形容词被quite修饰时，用“quite a/an+adj.+n.”结构，被how、so、as等修饰时，a/an位于形容词之后 John has quite a few friends in China, because he is so kind a boy. 考点2 定冠词（the） 一、基本用法 1.特指某人或某物、上文提到的或双方都知道的人或物（需要结合上下文） I bought an English dictionary this morning. The dictionary is very good. There is someone at the door. 2.用于单数名词前，指某类人或事物 The computer has changed our way of life. 3.表示世界上独一无二的事物 The earth moves around the sun. 4.用于表示乐器名称的名词前 I like playing the piano/violin. 5.用于形容词最高级、序数词、last、only或same前 Of all the boys, Alan is the best student who speaks Spanish. After the game, the first thing they want to do is to take a hot bath. Elephants are the only animals in Africa that dig deep holes in search of water. he and her cousin go to the same school. 注意（1）最高级前面有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格时,不加冠词。 This dress is my nicest one. The Yangtze River is China's longest river. （2）序数词用于表示名次时，通常省略定冠词。 He came third in the long jump. 6.与某些形容词连用，表示某一类人 the disabled残疾人 ·the old老年人 7.用于姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩 The Greens live next to us. 8.用于表示方位、方向的名词前 Jiangsu lies in the east of China while Japan is to the east of China. My office is just to the left of the main door. 9.一般用在表示江、河、湖、海、山、岛、沙漠等地理名称的专有名词前 the Alps 阿尔卑斯山脉 the River Thames 泰晤士河 注意有些含有mount、lake、river等的专有名词前也可用零冠词。 Mount Taishan泰山 Lake Baikal贝加尔湖 10.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Palace颐和园 11.用于整十的年份的复数之前表示年代 I began to learn English in the 1980s. 12.当名词后有具体的后置定语修饰，表示特指时，要用定冠词the After taking class from the Tiangong space station, I became interested in science. A. a B. an C. the D. / 【答案】C 【解析】空后的名词class由后置定语“from the Tiangong space station”修饰，所以这里是特指，要用定冠词，故选C。 二、用于某些固定搭配中 at the age of 在……岁时 at the beginning of... 在……开始时 at the same time同时 in the daytime在白天 in the end 最后 in the middle of... 在……的中间 in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上 on the other side of... 在……的另一边 考点3 零冠词 一、基本用法 1.不可数名词表示一般概念或复数名词为泛指时 The desk is made of wood. They are teachers, not students. 2.名词前已有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、this、that、every等词时 Every child likes watching cartoons. 3.在表示日期、星期、月份、季节、night、day、morning（表示时间特征）等词的前面 June 1st is Children's Day. He likes spring, because in spring, everything begins to grow. 注意若特指某年的某个月份或某个季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。 In the spring of 1999, he came to the lonely island and planted many trees. 4.学科、一日三餐、球类运动和棋牌类游戏前 —Do you like physics? —No, but I like playing basketball and chess. I went to school without breakfast today. 注意 一日三餐前有形容词修饰时，要加冠词。如:a big dinner 一顿丰盛的晚餐。 5.与by连用的交通工具名词前 by car ·by train 注意 take a car、in a boat、on the bike等短语中的交通工具名词前需加冠词。 6.一些国家名、人名、街道名、广场、车站等专有名词前 Tian'anmen Square天安门广场 Wall Street华尔街 Nanjing Road南京路 二、用于某些固定搭配中 on time准时 make fun of取笑 on earth到底 in time及时 【巩固提升1】 1．Lily went to Disneyland last winter vacation. It was ________ unforgettable holiday for her. A．a B．an C．the 【答案】B 【详解】句意：莉莉去年寒假去了迪士尼乐园，对她来说那是一段难忘的假期。 a一个，用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前；an一个，用于元音音素开头的单数可数名词前；the这、那，用来特指某一个人或事物。本句中“unforgettable”是以元音音素开头的单词，此处泛指一段假期，应填an。 2．Jack is ________ 8-year-old boy, but he can play ________baseball very well. A．a; the B．an; the C．an; / 【答案】C 【详解】句意：杰克是一个 8 岁的男孩，但是他棒球打得很好。 a一个，用于以辅音音素开头的单词前；an一个，用于以元音音素开头的单词前；the表特指；/零冠词。第一空，表示泛指“一个”，且8(eight)发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an；第二空，在play后接球类运动名词baseball，中间不加冠词。 3．There is ________ eagle in the forest. ________ eagle is very friendly. A．a; The B．an; The C．an; / 【答案】B 【详解】句意：森林里有一只鹰。这只鹰非常友好。 第一空，eagle是以元音音素开头的单词，表示泛指“一只”，需用不定冠词an；第二空，第二次提到这只鹰，表示特指，需用定冠词The。 4．Tom, ________ American boy, is very good at playing ________ guitar. A．an; the B．a; the C．an; / 【答案】A 【详解】句意：美国男孩汤姆非常擅长弹吉他。 第一空表示泛指“一个”，American是以元音音素开头的单词，故用不定冠词an；乐器前需加定冠词the，play the guitar意为“弹吉他”。 5．There is ________ “u” in the word “use”. A．a B．/ C．an 【答案】A 【详解】句意：单词“use”中有一个字母u。 a一个（不定冠词，用于辅音音素前）；/零冠词；an一个（不定冠词，用于元音音素前）。字母“u”的发音以辅音音素/j/开头（发音为/juː/），应填a。 【巩固提升2】 语篇填空 请根据需要，在短文空格处填入合适的冠词，用零冠词的地方填“/”。 Wang Yueyue works at a supermarket in Yangzhou. 1.　　　　　 other day， her mobile phone travelled from Yangzhou to Shanghai for a day without its owner. And this story has brought 2.　　　　　 smile to lots of Chinese netizens(网民).  After she lost it on Monday， Wang didn’t expect to see 3.　　　　　 mobile phone again. Wang was packing vegetables into boxes to be sent to Shanghai to help with the city’s food supply(供应) during the lockdown(封控).  Wearing 4.　　　　　 sweater with small pockets， she had already dropped her phone on the floor three times before the phone disappeared. Looking around， Wang couldn’t find her phone anywhere. She guessed that it dropped in one of the boxes. Her sister posted on Sina Weibo: “Anyone in Shanghai who got a mobile phone in 5.　　　　　 delivery box(快递箱) please contact me. My sister was busy packing the supplies and carelessly left her phone in one of the boxes.”  6.　　　　　 post was quickly spread online. Wang Yongyong， a supply chain manager in 7.　　　　　 Shanghai’s Hongqiao Town， saw it on Tuesday. She， together with some volunteers， helped to search the packs and managed to find the phone in a truck.  Many local people said in their WeChat groups that they should try their best to find the phone in order not to fail the people who were helping them. It was 8.　　　　　 interesting experience for Wang Yueyue， and her mobile phone.  【答案】1.The　the other day是固定搭配，指“几天前”。故填The。 2.a　bring a smile to sb.指“给某人带来欢乐”。故填a。 3.the　此处特指王月月丢失的那部手机。故填the。 4.a　sweater是可数名词，此处指“一件口袋很小的毛衣”。故填a。 5.a　box是可数名词，此处泛指“一个快递箱”。故填a。 6.The　此处特指王月月的姐姐在网上发布的帖子。故填The。 7./　在表示地名的专有名词前，通常不需要加冠词。故不填冠词。 8.an　空格后的experience指“经历”，是可数名词，interesting以元音音素开头，故填an。 一、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1.Johnny is so hungry that he can eat up all the 　 　(bread).  2.This morning market sells different kinds of fresh 　 　(fish).  3.How amazing! The little cat caught two 　 　(mouse) last night.  4.The little boy has to peel three baskets of 　 　(potato) before lunch.  5.Jack spent about two hours sweeping 　 　(leaf) in the back garden.  6.It's about twenty 　 　(minute) drive from my house to the park.  7.There are few spelling and grammar 　 　(mistake) in Lily's homework.  8.The old man likes reading books very much.He owns two private 　 　(library).  9.There are more than one hundred teachers in our school, and most of them are 　 　(man) teachers.  10.The worst thing about working in the shopping mall is that you're on your 　 　(foot) all day.  11.Different people have different 　 　(hobby).  12.You can look for 　 　(information) about the shop on the Internet.  13.She bought a pair of 　 　(glove).  14.—Are those 　 　(sheep)?  —No, they aren't.They're 　 　(cow).  15.15. 　( Lucy and Lily ) room is on the 5th floor.  【答案】1.bread　2.fishes 　3.mice 　4.potatoes　5.leaves 6.minutes' 　7.mistakes　8.libraries　9.men　10.feet 　11.hobbies　12.information　13.gloves　14.sheep　cows15.Lucy and Lily's 二．用适当的冠词完成下列句子 1.There's 　 　 new schoolbag on Bill's desk.  2.Don't forget to turn left at 　 　third crossing.I'll wait for you there.  3.My grandma used to tell me 　 　old story before going to bed every night.  4.My red sweater is in the washing machine, so I have to choose 　 　another one.  5.It's very surprising that the 65-year-old man has 　 　e-mail address.  6.It is increasingly clear that 　 　Internet is becoming more and more important.  7.What's 　 　address of your new school,Lily? I would like to visit you next month.  8.We all believe that Michael will become 　 　 important and useful member of the society in the future.  9.　 　 Greens arrived in Beijing last week.They will leave for Shanghai this weekend.  10.There will be 　 　talk on teenage problems tomorrow. All the students are asked to attend 　 　 talk.  11.Tomorrow Mr.Smith will leave Paris, 　 　 capital of 　 　 France, for Washington by　 　 air.  12.We were having　 　lunch when they came in.  13.This is the book you gave me last week. 　 　 book is interesting.  14.What did you do 　 　 last Saturday?  15.March 8 is 　 　 Women's Day.  16.If 　 　 weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.  17.I prefer playing 　 　 piano to playing　 　 basketball.  18.At 　 　 age of five, he read a lot of books.  19.Tom and Lucy are of 　 　 same age.  20.　 　 harder we study, 　 　 more we learn.  【答案】1.a　2.the 　3.an 　4./ 　5.an 　6.the　7.the　8.an　9.The　10.a　the　11.the　/　/　12./　13.The　14./15./　16.the　17.the　/　18.the　19.the　20.The　the 三、语法填空 A （24-25七年级下·福建福州·期末）阅读下面短文，根据语境、首字母或所给单词的提示，在每空中填入适当的词，每空最多不超过两个词，要求所填的词意义准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 Today is Wednesday. It’s World Environment Day and it’s a 1 my birthday. My dad gives me a gift. It’s a blue bike. My dad 2 (work) for the environmental protection (环境保护). He hopes I can ride the bike to school. I like the bike a lot. But that’s not all. He wants to give me another gift. Then we go to the park. There are some cleaners doing some 3 . My dad and I join 4 (they). Dad says it’s my 5 (two) gift. I feel very happy about that. We work together and have a meaningful day. There is a flower shop near the park. When we finish cleaning, we go to the shop. We buy some beautiful flowers there, 6 the day after tomorrow is my mother’s birthday. 7 getting home, we plant the flowers in the yard. “Mum, please come here. We have a birthday gift for you,” I say. Mum is excited 8 (see) the flowers and says, “Thank you, my son.” Dad teaches me a lot 9 my birthday. I know that a good environment is the best gift for anyone. I hope I can do something for the environment. As we know, green 10 (hill) and clear waters (青山和绿水) are as good as mountains of gold (金) and silver (银). 【答案】1．(a)lso 2．works 3．cleaning 4．them 5．second 6．because 7．After 8．to see 9．on 10．hills 【导语】本文讲述了周三世界环境日这天也是作者生日，爸爸送蓝色自行车，还带作者去公园和清洁工一起打扫卫生当作另一份礼物，之后去花店为妈妈生日买花，作者从中体会到良好环境是珍贵礼物，希望为环保出力。 1．句意：今天是周三。它是世界环境日，也是我的生日。根据“Today is Wednesday. It’s World Environment Day and”及首字母提示可知，前文提到是世界环境日，这里补充说明也是生日，also表示“也”，用于肯定句中，故填(a)lso。 2．句意：我的爸爸为环境保护工作。根据“for the environmental protection (环境保护).”及所给词可知，句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语My dad是第三人称单数，动词第三人称单数形式是works，故填works。 3．句意：有一些清洁工在做清洁工作。根据“There are some cleaners doing some”可知，这里说清洁工在做清洁相关事，“do some+动词-ing形式，表示“做某事”，clean的-ing形式是cleaning，故填cleaning。 4．句意：我的爸爸和我加入了他们。根据“My dad and I join”可知，join是动词，后需接宾语，they的宾格形式是them，故填them。 5．句意：爸爸说这是我的第二份礼物。根据“Dad says it’s my”及所给词可知，这里说在公园做清洁是另一份礼物，表示“第二”用序数词，two的序数词是second，故填second。 6．句意：我们在那里买了一些漂亮的花，因为后天是我妈妈的生日。根据“the day after tomorrow is my mother’s birthday.”可知，前后句存在因果关系，后句解释买花原因，because意思是“因为”，引导原因状语从句，故填because。 7．句意：到家后，我们在院子里种花。根据“getting home, we plant the flowers in the yard.”及语境可知，这里表示是先到家，然后种花，after表示“在……之后”，句首首字母大写，故填After。 8．句意：妈妈看到花很兴奋，说：“谢谢你，我的儿子。”根据“Mum is excited”及所给词可知，be excited to do sth.是固定搭配，意思是“做某事很兴奋”，故填to see。 9．句意：在我的生日这天，爸爸教了我很多。根据“my birthday.”可知，on my birthday表示“在我生日这天”，“在具体某一天”用介词on。故填on。 10．句意：正如我们所知，青山和绿水就像金山银山一样宝贵。根据“and clear waters (青山和绿水) are as good as mountains of gold (金) and silver (银).”及所给词可知，hill是可数名词，根据语境可知，这里不是指一座山，要用复数形式，故填hills。 B （24-25七年级下·福建福州·期末）阅读下列短文，根据提示，在空格内填入一个或者两个适当的词，要求所填的词意思准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 Dear John, I am glad to share with you an amazing book called The Art of War: It is a book about how to fight in a war. This is the 1 (three) time that I recommend (推荐) the book! This book is full of clever sayings. One of 2 most important ideas is “know the enemy and know 3 (you), and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat (击败)”. It means in a war, there were many things people should think about 4 (careful), such as the places and the things they had. It mainly tells us 5 (make) good plans before we do something. If we do this, we will have more chances to get what we want. The book also 6 (teach) us to be patient (耐心的) and not be too quick to act. We have to wait 7 the right time to do something. For example, when we play chess, we can think about the ways in this book. It helps us to be smarter and make 8 (good) choices. So far, many people have read the book. It is not only for wars in the past, 9 also for our daily life. It is really a great and 10 (use) book. Hope you will read it soon. Best wishes, Li Hua 【答案】1．third 2．the 3．yourself 4．carefully 5．to make 6．teaches 7．for 8．better 9．but 10．useful 【导语】本文主要介绍了《孙子兵法》这本书。 【详解】1．句意：这是我第三次推荐这本书了。空前有定冠词the，此处应用序数词，third“第三”，为序数词。故填third。 2．句意：最重要的观点之一是“知已知彼，百战不殆”。根据“... most important”可知，此处为形容词最高级，前面需要加定冠词修饰。故填the。 3．句意：最重要的观点之一是“知已知彼，百战不殆”。根据“know the enemy”可知此处指“知已知彼”，应填you的反身代词yourself，故填yourself。 4．句意：这意味着在战争中，人们应该仔细考虑很多事情，比如他们拥有的地方和东西。careful为形容词，意为“仔细的”，其副词形式为carefully，意为“仔细地”，此处用副词修饰动词短语“think about”。故填carefully。 5．句意：它主要告诉我们，在做某事之前要制定好计划。tell sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“告诉某人做某事”，所以此处需要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to make。 6．句意：这本书还教会我们要有耐心，不要急于行动。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少谓语动词，且此处描述的是客观事实，所以需要用一般现在时，主语“The book”为第三人称单数，所以谓语需要用第三人称单数形式teaches。故填teaches。 7．句意：我们必须等到合适的时间才去做某事。wait for为固定短语，意为“等待”，所以此处需要用介词for。故填for。 8．句意：它帮助我们变得更聪明做出更好的选择。根据“be smarter and…”可知此处与smarter是并列关系，good的比较级是better。故填better。 9．句意：它不仅适用于过去的战争，也适用于我们的日常生活。not only ... but also ...为固定短语，意为“不仅……而且……”，所以此处需要用连词but。故填but。 0．句意：这确实是一本好而有用的书。根据“great and…”可知此处与“great”并列，需用形容词，use的形容词是useful。故填useful。 四、选词填空 （24-25七年级下·河南洛阳·期末）阅读下列句子，从方框中选出恰当的词并用其正确形式填空，使句子通顺、完整。注意：每空限填一词，每词限用一次。请把答案填写在答题卷相应处的横线上。 but, from, much, we, China, eat, knife, leave, middle, be I’m Lin. I’m eleven and I’m from China. 1 food is really delicious. We eat a lot of rice, noodles, vegetables and meat. It is good for 2 health. In China, people don’t usually eat with 3 or forks. Instead, we use chopsticks and we sometimes use spoons. We usually eat from big plates. We put them in the 4 of the table, but we sometimes put rice in small bowls. When your bowl 5 empty, someone will give you 6 food. When you are full, you can put your hand over your bowl or 7 some food in your bowl. We don’t put our chopsticks on the top of our bowls. We put them on the table next to us when we finish 8 . We don’t use napkins, 9 we usually clean our hands with hot towels at the end of the meal. Do you like Chinese food? Is it very different 10 food in your country? 【答案】1．Chinese 2．our 3．knives 4．middle 5．is 6．more 7．leave 8．eating 9．but 10．from 【导语】本文主要以Lin的视角介绍了中国的饮食相关情况，包括中国食物、餐具使用、用餐习惯等，并询问对方是否喜欢中国食物以及其与本国食物是否差异大。 1．句意：中国的食物真的很美味。根据“I’m from China”和备选词汇可知，此处是指中国的食物，应用China的形容词形式Chinese“中国的”作定语，修饰名词food。故填Chinese。 2．句意：它对我们的健康有好处。此处指代前文提到的“we”，结合备选词汇可知，此处是指对我们的健康有益；应用we的形容词性物主代词our“我们的”作定语，修饰名词health。故填our。 3．句意：在中国，人们通常不用刀或叉吃饭。根据“or forks”及备选词汇可知，此处是指刀；knife为可数名词，此处应用其复数形式knives与forks并列。故填knives。 4．句意：我们把它们放在桌子中央，但有时我们把米饭放在小碗里。结合“in the...of the table”和备选词汇可知，此处是指桌子中央；应用middle“中间”，构成短语in the middle of“在……中间”。故填middle。 5．句意：当你的碗空了，会有人给你更多的食物。此处缺少系动词，结合备选词汇及主语“your bowl”可知，主语为单数，应用be动词的第三人称单数形式is。故填is。 6．句意：当你的碗空了，会有人给你更多的食物。结合“When your bowl ...”及备选词汇可知，此处是指给更多的食物；应用much的比较级more“更多的”修饰名词food。故填more。 7．句意：当你吃饱了，你可以把手放在碗上，或者在碗里剩下一些食物。结合“...some food in your bowl.”及备选词汇可知，此处是指剩下一些食物；应用leave“留下”，情态动词can后接动词原形。故填leave。 8．句意：当我们吃完后，我们把它们放在我们旁边的桌子上。结合“We put them on the table next to us when we finish ...”及备选词汇可知，此处是指吃完；finish后接动名词形式，应用eat的动名词eating。故填eating。 9．句意：我们不用餐巾，但我们通常在 meal 结束时用热毛巾擦手。根据“We don’t use napkins”和“we usually clean our hands with hot towels”可知，二者之间为转折关系，结应用but“但是”连接。故填but。 10．句意：它和你们国家的食物很不一样吗？结合“...food in your country?”及备选词汇可知，此处是指与……不同；应用from，构成短语be different from“与……不同”。故填from。 B （24-25七年级下·河南平顶山·期末）阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺，意思完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。 with, in, heavy, we, meaningful, short, help, suggestion, a, volunteer I live in Sunshine Community. Last Sunday was the Community Volunteer Day. Many neighbors got together and helped out in the community. My family also took 1 active (积极) part in it. My mother is a doctor. She 2 to provide medical services. She gave the old people free medical exams and young people some 3 about how to keep healthy. My father is an English teacher. He helped children 4 their homework. Most of these children’s parents were very busy with their work and couldn’t have enough time to care about their children’s study. Children in my community were happy to study with him. I took part in the cleaning activity. Yesterday it rained 5 . There were many rubbish in our community. So the four group members and I collected the rubbish in the community. We worked for about three hours and collected fifteen kilos of rubbish 6 all. In 7 , the Community Volunteer Day is 8 . Everyone tried his or her best to lend a 9 hand. We love 10 community. We all wanted to make our community a place of love and care. 【答案】1．an 2．volunteered 3．suggestions 4．with 5．heavily 6．in 7．short 8．meaningful 9．helping 10．our 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一家参与社区志愿日活动的情况，包括妈妈、爸爸和作者各自在活动中所做的事。 1．句意：我的家人也积极参与其中。“take an active part in”是固定短语，意为“积极参与”，active 以元音音素开头，所以用an。故填an。 2．句意：她自愿提供医疗服务。根据前文“My mother is a doctor.”以及语境可知，这里需要一个动词，“volunteer”有“自愿做”之意，文章叙述过去的事，应用一般过去时，volunteer的过去式是volunteered。故填volunteered。 3．句意：她给老年人免费体检，给年轻人一些关于如何保持健康的建议。“some”后接可数名词复数或不可数名词，“suggestion”是可数名词，意为“建议”，其复数形式suggestions符合语境。故填suggestions。 4．句意：他帮助孩子们做家庭作业。“help sb. with sth.”是固定搭配，意为“帮助某人做某事”。故填with。 5．句意：昨天下了大雨。“rained”是动词，要用副词修饰，“heavy”的副词形式 heavily，意为“大量地，猛烈地”，符合“雨下得大”的语境。故填heavily。 6．句意：我们工作了大约3个小时，总共收集了15公斤垃圾。“in all”是固定短语，意为“总共，合计”。故填in。 7．句意：简而言之，社区志愿日是有意义的。“in short”是固定短语，意为“简而言之，总之”。故填short。 8．句意：简而言之，社区志愿日是有意义的。这里需要一个形容词作表语，“meaningful”表示“有意义的”，符合社区志愿日的性质。故填meaningful。 9．句意：每个人都尽力伸出援手。“lend a helping hand”是固定短语，意为“伸出援手”。故填helping。 10．句意：我们热爱我们的社区。这里需要一个形容词性物主代词修饰“community”，“our”表示“我们的”，符合语境。故填our。 五、任务型阅读 A （24-25七年级下·江苏扬州·期末）根据短文内容回答问题，每小题答案不超过6个单词。 On a sunny September morning, Bobbie, Peter, and Phyllis walked along the railway near their home. The autumn sun made everything look warm and golden. Bobbie was placing small white stones on the ground to spell “HELLO” for the passing train drivers to see—something she often did for fun. “Look! There’s smoke coming from that old red building!” Phyllis suddenly shouted. Peter, always the bravest, moved closer carefully and pushed the door open. Inside, they saw something that made their hearts beat fast—a man was sitting on the dirty floor, his left wrist (手腕) locked with a metal chain to a big iron pipe! His face was dirty with black marks like coal dust, and his shirt showed a bleeding cut on his arm. “Water…please…” the man said weakly. Though he looked poor and tired, Bobbie noticed he spoke like a well-educated man. Quickly, she gave him their water bottle while Phyllis used her hair ribbon to tie around his wounded arm. “My name…is Jim,” the man said. “They stole my important papers…I need to catch the 11:15 train to London…” Just then, the loud whistle of a coming train made Peter rush to close the door so nobody outside would hear them. When Mother arrived with the village policeman later that evening, the building was empty. The broken chain lay on the floor like a dead snake, and the only signs left were footprints. But Bobbie noticed something shiny in the dirt, a gold button with a special design. That night, Bobbie heard the familiar whistle of the 11:15 train passing by. But tonight it sounded different—two short calls instead of one. The train’s yellow lights went through the darkness like fireflies running along the railway. —Taken from The Railway Children 1．Why did Bobbie spell “HELLO” to make train drivers see? 2．Where did the children find Jim? 3．How was Jim when he was found by the children? 4．What was tonight’s whistle like? 5．What do you think of the children? (言之有理即可) 【答案】1．For fun. 2．In the old red building. 3．Weak and injured. 4．Two short calls (instead of one). 5．Helpful/Brave/Kind. 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，节选自《铁路边的孩子们》，讲述了彼得和孩子们帮助受伤的吉姆的故事。 1．根据“Bobbie was placing small white stones on the ground to spell ‘HELLO’ for the passing train drivers to see—something she often did for fun.”可知，她是为了好玩。故填For fun. 2．根据“There’s smoke coming from that old red building!”可知，孩子们是在一个旧红房子里找到他的。故填In the old red building. 3．根据“‘Water…please…’ the man said weakly.”以及“His face was dirty with black marks like coal dust, and his shirt showed a bleeding cut on his arm.”可知，他被发现时身体虚弱、受伤。故填Weak and injured. 4．根据“But tonight it sounded different—two short calls instead of one.”可知，火车汽笛的声音是两声短鸣而不是一声。故填Two short calls (instead of one). 5．开放性问题，言之有理即可。参考答案为：Helpful/Brave/Kind. B （24-25七年级下·江苏扬州·期末）阅读短文，回答下面问题。（每题答案不超过10个单词） Zoos are often favorite places for parents with kids. However, they have also won the hearts of young people. “Zoo walk” has become a popular activity among young Chinese people. These days, zoos from the whole country have welcomed a larger number of daily visitors. The top places include Beijing Wildlife Park, Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, Shanghai Wild Animal Park and Guangzhou Chimelong Safari Park. Each zoo’s related hashtag (话题标签) got over millions of views online, and the hashtag “zoo” reached about 2 billion views. Animal stars are a main reason for young people’s visiting. Many zoos are recording interesting videos of their animals and sharing them on social media. Some of these animals become quite popular. At Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, for example, a white-faced monkey named Dudu, famous for its ugly appearance but good character, became a local attraction. Shen Zhijun, director of the zoo, believes zoos like Hongshan are getting popular among young people. The reason is they provide a sense of relaxation. Today’s young people are ready to be close to nature and animals. Modern zoos offer them a space to relax and leave the stress of life behind. The trend of the “zoo walk” has taken the young people of China by storm. Zoos are getting creative, introducing movie nights, live music, art shows to make visits more interesting. So if you have time and a chance, why not have a “zoo walk”? 1．Who likes to visit the zoo? 2．How many views did the hashtag “zoo” reach? 3．What is the white-faced monkey named Dudu famous for? 4．What activities make visits to the zoos more interesting? 5．Would you like to try “zoo walk”? Why? 【答案】1．Parents with kids and young (Chinese) people. 2．About 2 billion. 3．Its ugly appearance but good character. 4．Movie nights, live music and art shows. 5．Yes, because it is interesting. /People can relax/ be close to nature and animals./It brings joy to kids. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“逛动物园”成为中国年轻人中流行的活动，全国动物园游客量增加，动物明星是吸引年轻人的主要原因，动物园还通过多种创意活动让参观更加有趣。 【详解】1．根据“Zoos are often favorite places for parents with kids. However, they also won the hearts of young people.”可知，带孩子的父母和年轻人喜欢参观动物园，故填Parents with kids and young (Chinese) people. 2．根据“and the hashtag ‘zoo’ reached about 2 billion views.”可知，“zoo”这个话题标签的浏览量约为20亿，故填About 2 billion. 3．根据“a white-faced monkey named Dudu, famous for its ugly appearance but good character”可知，这只白脸猴嘟嘟以其丑陋的外表但良好的性格而闻名，故填Its ugly appearance but good character. 4．根据“Zoos are getting creative, introducing movie nights, live music, art shows to make visits more interesting.”可知，电影之夜、现场音乐和艺术展让动物园参观更有趣，故填Movie nights, live music, art shows. 5．根据文章内容，“逛动物园”能让人放松、亲近自然和动物等，可据此回答。故填Yes, because it is interesting./People can relax/be close to nature and animals./It brings joy to kids. 19 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $