专题01 定语从句（考点全解析）（暑假复习讲义）新高二英语外研版

专题01 定语从句（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 定语从句概述 考点二 关系代词that用法 考点三 关系代词which用法 考点四 关系代词who, whom, whose用法 考点五 关系代词as的用法 考点六 关系副词when, where, why用法 考点七 定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法 考点八 定语从句中的主谓一致用法 考点九 关系代词和关系副词易混点 考点十 关系代词that和which易混点 考点十一 “介词+关系代词”易错点 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 定语从句即从句起着定语的作用，修饰名词或代词。由于英语的定语在大于词的概念时，要置于其所修饰的名词或代词后，所以被修饰的词叫做先行词。正如宾语从句、状语从句等由相应的连词引导一样，定语从句也有自己的引导词，引导定语从句的的词叫关系词。关系词不但起连接作用，并在从句中充当句法成分。 英语定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 关系词 先行词 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人（主语） Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中做宾语，口语中可由who代替，但介词提前时只能用whom。 whom 人（宾语） She is the new student who I want to introduce to you. The policeman to whom I spoke just now is my brother. which 物（主语，宾语） The picture which was about the accident was terrible. The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. that 人，物（主语，宾语） A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? that在从句中即可指人也可指物，但介词提前时，指人只用whom，指物用which that 人或物 I’ll tell you all (that) I know about it. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? I’ve brought everything (that) you need. He is the only person that is believable. John is the very person that she wants to see. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 当先行词为all, little, much 和 some, any, every, no 构成的复合代词等表示物时，关系代词只能用 that, 在从句中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用 that 或who (whom) 均可 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或强调词the only, the very, the same等修饰时定语从句用that引导。 whose 人，物（定语） The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. whose 在从句中做定语可指人或物，可分别用…of whom或of which代替 as 人，物（主语，宾语，表语） He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. He’s not the same man as he was. 先行词由so, such, the same等词修饰时定语从句用as引导。 as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间（状语） I will never forget the day when we met there. 可根据具体的时间选用相应的介词+which结构 where 地点（状语） He showed me the building where he used to work, 可根据具体的地点选用相应的介词+which结构 why 原因（状语） Can you tell me the reason why you are so interested in science?. 可用for which替代 非限制性定语从句 先行词 关联词 例句 说明 人、物、地点、时间 who、whom、which、whose、where、when George, who is my classmate, has won a scholarship. Dr. Li, whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow. I gave him a New Year card, which he enjoyed very much. The’ll fly to Washington, where they plan to stay for two or three days. who, whom不能省去，也不能用that代替 which 指物，不可省去，也不能用that代替 一个句子 which as He cycled from Dongguan to Shenzhen, which/as is pretty good for a woman of 75. He gets up early，as/which is always his habit. Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody. John was admitted into the college, as we had expected. The earth, as is known to all, is round. As you may have heard, there was a fire in one of the neighborhoods around. 当先行词为前面的整个句子时，须用which或as引导，即which或as指代前面整个句子。但 which只能作主语（= and it）。 as 指代前面整个句子，常表示说话人的看法、态度、评论等，指说话人和听话人双方都知道的事实，因此可翻译为“正如、像”等意思。在从句中可做主语或宾语。此外，as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首，句中或句末。 当前、后两个句子面互为明显的因果关系时，只能用which指代前面整个句子。 其它 which，whom There are two thousand students in our school, of whom two thirds are girls (or ‘…, two thirds of whom are…’). Here are the questions, some of which (or ‘…, of which some’) are maybe a little difficult for you. some/many/few/a few/none/either/one/two, etc.+ of which/whom of which/whom 也可置于some/many/few/a few/none/either/one/two, etc前 II. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意义 限定意义，因此不可缺少；否则意思不完整或不明确。 附加说明，省去后主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 关系代词 可使用that 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 不可使用that和why 关系代词作宾语时也不可省 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 既可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰前面整个主句 翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子 注： 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 非限制性定语从句还能修饰前面整个句子,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.　　　 The Earth is round, as is known to us. Ⅲ. 定语从句的省略 介词+关系代词+不定式 注：主句的主语必须与不定式主语一致 I haven’t got enough money with which I’d like to buy a new computer. → I haven’t got enough money with which to buy a new computer. 省略关系代词为分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等各种短语 I know the men (who are )sitting in that car. The boys helped the people (that were) hurt in the accident.  . The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money. The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel. Pass me the book (which is) on the desk. 有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，需首先变动词为分词，例如： The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking. →The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking. ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 定语从句概述 【知识精讲】 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 分割型定语从句：指先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（如谓语动词、介词短语等）隔开的结构。这种分隔是为了避免句子头重脚轻原则（将较长成分置于句尾）。 The days (are gone)when we had to rely on manual labor. He is the only person (in the company)who can solve this problem. 考点二 关系代词that用法 【知识精讲】 1.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 2.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that I bought with my own money.这是我用自己钱买的第一本书。 She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我见过最美的女孩。 3.先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 He is the only person that can solve this problem. 他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。 This is the very house that I grew up in. 这正是我长大的房子。 4.先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 他们谈论了记得的人和事。 5.主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那边的人是谁？ Which is the book that you want? 哪本是你想要的书？ 7.当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 The way in which he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 The way (that) he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 6.【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 The book (that) I read last night was fascinating. 我昨晚读的书很精彩。 7.【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.他又迟到了，这次这让他的老师非常生气。 【巩固提升】 1．The reason the teacher explained at the meeting convinced all of us. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：老师在会上解释的那个理由说服了我们所有人。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为reason，表事物，从句中explained缺少宾语，可用关系代词that/which引导此定语从句。 2．All we need to do now is to stay calm and take action. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：我们现在所要做的一切就是保持冷静并采取行动。空处引导定语从句，从句缺宾语，先行词为不定代词All，定语从句中关系代词只能用that。 3．You can take anything you like. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：你可以拿走任何你喜欢的东西。限制性定语从句修饰先行词anything，在从句作宾语，指物，且为不定代词，只能用that引导。 4．This is the most valuable scroll I have ever seen in the museum. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：这是我在博物馆里见过最珍贵的画卷。空处引导定语从句，从句缺宾语，先行词scroll被最高级the most valuable修饰，定语从句中关系代词只能用that。 5．There is nothing can stop us from chasing our dreams. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：没有什么能够阻止我们去追寻自己的梦想。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词nothing，关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that引导从句。 6．This is the very book I was looking for in the library yesterday. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：这正是我昨天在图书馆里寻找的那本书。空处引导定语从句，从句缺宾语，先行词book被the very修饰，属于定语从句特殊限定情况，此时关系代词只能用that。 7．He is the only person can solve this difficult problem. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：他是唯一能解决这个难题的人。空处引导定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词为person，指人且被the only修饰，此时关系代词只能用that。 8．Which is the pen you borrowed from your deskmate last week? 【答案】that 【详解】句意：哪支是你上周从同桌那里借的钢笔？本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the pen，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作borrowed的宾语，主句以Which提问，关系代词只用that。 9．This is the small town I visited last week. 【答案】which/that 【详解】句意：这就是我上周参观的那个小镇。此句为定语从句，先行词是the small town，指物，在从句I visited last week中作visited的宾语，所以关系词可用which或that。 10．There is nothing can strengthen the bond between cultures better than communication. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：没有什么比交流更能增进文化之间的联系。空处引导限制性定语从句，从句缺主语，先行词为不定代词nothing，定语从句中关系代词只能用that。 考点三 关系代词which用法 【知识精讲】 1.引导限定性定语从句（不用逗号分隔）,先行词指物，对句子意思的表达起着关键作用。 You should select the option which best suits your requirements. 你要挑选最符合你需求的选项。 2.引导非限定性定语从句（用逗号和主句分隔），先行词可以是一个名词，也可以指代前面整个主句的内容。 The book, which I read last night, is extremely captivating. 我昨晚读的那本书特别吸引人。 She resigned from her job, which was quite unexpected. 她辞去了工作，这十分出人意料。 3.用于“介词 + which”结构，这种结构较为正式，常见于书面语中。 The city in which I was born is located in the southern part of the country.我出生的城市位于这个国家的南部。 4.【警告】空格前出现逗号，未必后边就用关系代词which, 也可能用关系代词whom（先行词指人）或where（定语从句不缺少主语或宾语）。 Elon Musk, who founded SpaceX, is a well - known entrepreneur.埃隆・马斯克创立了太空探索技术公司，他是一位著名的企业家。 This café, where we often have meetings, offers free Wi - Fi.这家咖啡馆，我们经常在那里开会，提供免费的无线网络。 【巩固提升】 1．Can you tell me the name of the stadium you visited last week? 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：你能告诉我上周你去的那个体育场的名字吗？空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the stadium，关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that或which引导从句。 2．The koala broke into the Australian woman’s house was waving a pole as if performing. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：那只闯入这位澳大利亚女士家中的考拉正挥舞着杆子，仿佛在表演。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替指物的先行词koala在从句中作主语，用关系代词that/which。 3．Recently, many Western musical artists have released their live albums — a format has seemingly lost its appeal. 【答案】which/that 【详解】句意：近来，许多西方音乐艺人纷纷发行了他们的现场专辑——但这种形式似乎已失去了其原有的吸引力。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a format，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that作引导词。 4．Keeping seniors close to their original communities helps preserve their routines and interests once brought them joy and well-being at home. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：让老年人留在他们原来的社区附近，有助于保持他们的日常生活和兴趣，而这些日常生活和兴趣曾经给他们在家中带来快乐和幸福。设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为routines and interests，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that或which引导该从句。 5．Drawing on these natural advantages, Donglan has positioned TCM as a key foundation in recent years, adopting a strategy combines ecological planting, intensive processing, and cultural tourism. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：凭借这些天然优势，东兰近年来将中医药确立为重要基础，并采取了生态种植、精深加工以及文化旅游相结合的策略。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a strategy，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。 6．Personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour make a person unique. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：性格是使人与众不同的思想、情感和行为的特有模式。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是characteristic patterns，指物，且从句缺少主语，故用关系代词that或which引导从句。 7．However, it has proven less effective for abstract knowledge can be taught just as well traditionally. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：然而，事实证明它对于那些用传统方式同样可以教授的抽象知识效果较差。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是abstract knowledge，指物，且从句缺少主语，需用关系代词that/which引导从句。 8．These night markets are run by local hospitals and health centers, provide some health services like acupuncture, massage, and herbal tea. 【答案】which/that 【详解】句意：这些由当地医院和卫生中心运营的夜市提供一些健康服务，如针灸、按摩和凉茶。本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是These night markets，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that引导。 9．The lively displays of these lanterns create a magical atmosphere attracts tourists and locals alike. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：这些灯笼的生动展示营造出一种神奇的氛围，吸引了游客和当地人。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词a magical atmosphere，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词that/which引导。 10．Today, the smartphone in your pocket is millions of times more powerful than the computers guided the Apollo missions to the moon. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：如今，你口袋里的智能手机的运算能力是当年指导阿波罗登月任务的计算机的数百万倍。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the computers，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。 考点四 关系代词who, whom, whose用法 【知识精讲】 1. who用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。注意Anyone who…以及Those who…句型。 She is the girl who/that won the first prize in the competition.她就是在比赛中获得一等奖的那个女孩。 Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。 Those who love reading often have rich inner worlds.热爱阅读的人往往有丰富的内心世界。 2. whom用作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。作宾语，可以省略。 The girl whom you saw at the party is a famous singer.（whom引导限制性定语从句） 你在派对上看到的那个女孩是位著名歌手。 The author, whom the students admire, gave a speech.（whom引导非限制性定语从句） 那位受学生钦佩的作家做了演讲。 3.whom可以用于“介词+关系代词”结构，who不能。 This is the professor from whom I learned a lot.这就是我从他身上学到很多东西的教授。 4. whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。 Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。 →I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea. →I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea. 【巩固提升】 1．Any person tries to manage anger by taking the easy way may become more violent. 【答案】who 【详解】句意：任何试图通过简单方式来控制愤怒情绪的人，都可能会变得更加暴力。定语从句修饰先行词person，在从句作主语，指人，故用who。 2．She wants to reach young people might not otherwise have access to the arts and give them a voice through comics. 【答案】who/ that 【详解】句意：她想接触到原本可能无法接触艺术的年轻人，并通过漫画为他们发声。空处引导定语从句，先行词是young people，指人，从句中缺主语，用关系代词who或that。 3．I am grateful to my headteacher always assists me with my learning. 【答案】who/that 【详解】句意：我很感谢我的班主任，他总是在学习上帮助我。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词headteacher指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who/that作引导词。 4．The man you referred to is a famous scientist. 【答案】whom/who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你提到的那个人是一位著名的科学家。此处引导定语从句，先行词为the man指人，关系词在从句中作宾语，可用whom/who/that。故填whom/who/that。 5．The boy with my mother is talking is my cousin. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：正在和我妈妈说话的那个男孩是我的表弟。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词boy指人，作介词with的宾语，只能用关系代词whom。 6．The young teacher we all admire very much always tries her best to help every student who is in trouble. 【答案】that/who/whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都非常钦佩的那位年轻教师总是竭尽全力去帮助每一个遇到困难的学生。此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是the young teacher，指人，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that/who/whom引导。故填that/who/whom。 7．The student the parents of are teachers is very hardworking. → The student parents are teachers is very hardworking. 【答案】 whom whose 【详解】句意：那个父母都是老师的学生学习非常刻苦。两处均为定语从句，①处先行词是表示人的the student，定语从句中of后缺宾语，需接指代人的宾格关系代词whom。②处先行词是the student，定语从句中需要表达“……的”所属关系，修饰名词parents，用关系代词whose作定语。 8．The house the window of is broken belongs to my uncle → The house window is broken belongs to my uncle.（指物，替换后更简洁） 【答案】 which whose 【详解】句意：那间窗户已经破损的房子属于我叔叔。第一空为“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词window，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which；第二空定语从句修饰先行词house，在从句作定语，故用whose引导。 9．The house windows face north belongs to me. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：那座窗户朝北的房子是我的。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，先行词house和windows之间是所属关系，因此用表所属的关系代词whose引导定语从句。 10．Each builds a body of knowledge content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：每一个都构建了一个知识体系，其内容由描述事实、趋势和观察如何相互关联的一般法则、原理和概括组成。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a body of knowledge，与从句主语content构成所属关系，用关系代词whose。 考点五 关系代词as的用法 【知识精讲】 1. as引导限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，作从句的主语、宾语或表语，as不可省略，用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。 Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.不要相信当面表扬你的这种人。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 ★易错提醒1：the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday. 他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） ★易错提醒2：so…that…, such…that…引导结果状语从句，that只起连接作用不作句子成分。 She is such a kind girl that many students like her. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(状语从句是完整的，前面的that只起引导作用，不作成分。) She is such a kind girl as many students like. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(定语从句缺少宾语，前面的as代替先行词girl，作宾语。) 2. as引导非限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从；as从句位于主句的前、中、后，强调前后逻辑一致，表示“正如……；从句多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词。 as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样； as is well known＝as is known to all 众所周知； as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样； as is often the case正如经常发生的那样； as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句首） Taiwan, as is known to all, belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句中） She has married again, as was expected. 不出所料，她又结婚了。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句末） ★易错提醒：which和as引导非限制性定语从句用法区别： ①位置上：which从句只能位于主句之后，as从句位于主句的前、中、后； ②逻辑上：which强调前后不一；as强调前后逻辑一致，“正如”； ③句式上：当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which；as多用于as we all know/see, as is often the case with sb等句型。 As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。 He sold his new car, which made me surprised. 他把车卖掉，这让我很吃惊。 【巩固提升】 1．I want the same shirt my friend bought yesterday. 【答案】as 【详解】句意：我想要和朋友昨天买的同款衬衫。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，使用关系代词，先行词shirt被the same修饰，所以此处使用关系代词as。 2．He is such a lovely student everyone likes. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他是一个人人都喜欢的可爱的学生。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是a lovely student，关系词代替先行词在从句作宾语，且先行词被such修饰，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 3．Such a good boy he is, everyone likes him. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：像他这样好的一个男孩，所有人都喜欢他。“______ he is”为定语从句，修饰先行词boy ，关系词在从句中作表语，用as引导 。故填as。 4．Such courses (关系词) are recommended by Mr. Smith are optional for us. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：史密斯先生推荐的这类课程对我们来说是选修课。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词courses被such修饰，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词as作引导词。故填as。 5．Such mistakes you made should be corrected in time. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你犯的这样的错误应该及时改正。“___ you made”为定语从句，先行词mistakes，关系词在定语从句中作宾语，且空前有such修饰，需用关系代词as引导。故填as。 6．Edward is such a good teacher every student respects. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句引导词。句意：爱德华是一位如此好的老师，以至于每个学生都尊敬他。此处考查“such+a/an+形容词+名词+as...”结构，as在此处引导定语从句，指代先行词a good teacher，并在从句中作宾语。故填as。 7．The school organized so meaningful an activity left a deep impression on all the students. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这所学校组织了一场意义非凡的活动，给所有学生都留下了深刻的印象。空处引导限制性定语从句， 先行词activity被so meaningful修饰，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词as引导。故填as。 8．He is so naughty a boy annoyed his teacher. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他是一个如此调皮的男孩，惹恼了他的老师。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，当先行词被 so 修饰，且定语从句中缺少主语时，需用关系代词 as 引导定语从句。故填 as。 9．Dali is such a cozy destination for backpackers has been nicknamed Dalifornia. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大理是背包客的温馨之地，被戏称为“大理弗尼亚”。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a cozy destination，关系词在从句中作主语，且先行词前有such修饰，所以用关系代词as引导定语从句。故填as。 10．Tom is such a kind-hearted boy we all admire. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：汤姆是这样一个我们都钦佩的善良的男孩。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词boy，先行词指人，在从句中作admire的宾语，先行词前有such修饰，应用as作引导词。故填as。 考点六 关系副词when, where, why用法 【知识精讲】 1. when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。其先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year；还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） ★易错提醒： 当 time 表示“次数”时，用 that 引导从句（可省略）；当 time 表示“时间”时，用 when 引导从句。 This is the first time that I’ve heard this song. I’ll never forget the time when we worked together in the village. 2. where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。其先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre；还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the hospital where my sister used to work. (the hospital是先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语。) The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here. 我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） There are many cases where this rule doesn’t apply. 在许多情况下，这条规则不适用。（先行词cases是抽象地点） 3. why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作状语） The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作宾语） 【巩固提升】 1．I still remember the time we visited the expo and saw various ceramics on display. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：我仍然记得那次我们参观博览会的情景，当时看到那里陈列着各种各样的陶瓷制品。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the time，关系词作从句中作时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导从句。 2．There are occasions silence is better than words. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：有些时候沉默胜于言语。 空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词occasions“时机”在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。 3．There are moments you need to make brave decisions by yourself. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：有些时刻你需要自己做出勇敢的决定。本空引导定语从句，moments为先行词，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导定语从句。 4．You need to be aware that there are some cases this rule does not hold good. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：您需要明白，在某些情况下，这条规则是不适用的。定语从句修饰先行词cases，在从句作地点状语，故用where。 5．He reached a point he had to ask for help from others. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：他到了不得不向别人求助的地步。空处引导定语从句，先行词point表示抽象地点，定语从句主干成分完整，需用关系副词where作地点状语。 6．This is the small town I spent my childhood. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这就是我度过童年时光的小镇。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the small town，在从句中作地点状语，应填关系副词where。 7．Do you know the reason he refused the invitation? 【答案】why 【详解】句意：你知道他拒绝邀请的原因吗？空处引导定语从句，先行词为reason表原因，定语从句主干成分完整，用关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。 8．She didn’t tell me the reason she was late for the meeting. 【答案】why 【详解】句意：她没有告诉我她开会迟到的原因。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，需用关系副词why引导。 9．The reason he was late was that he got up late. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他迟到的原因是他起晚了。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导。故填why。 10．The reason he gave up the outdoor activity is that the weather was too bad. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他放弃户外活动的原因是天气太糟糕了。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，所以应用关系副词why引导。故填why。 11．We have entered an age many things are done by smart phones. 【答案】when/in which 【详解】考查定语从句的引导词。句意：我们已经进入了一个很多事情都由智能手机完成的时代。先行词age表示“时代”，在定语从句中作时间状语，结合固定搭配in the age，故用in which，相当于关系副词 when引导。故填when/in which。 12．The reason she came late was that she was stuck in the traffic. 【答案】why/for which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她迟到的原因是堵车了。for the reason“由于这个原因”。“____she came late”为定语从句，先行词是The reason，关系词代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，可用关系副词why或“介词for+关系代词which”引导。故填why/for which。 13．The reason she did it is that she wouldn’t let her parents feel disappointed. 【答案】why/for which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她做这件事的原因是她不想让父母失望。在这个句子中，The reason是先行词，后面的“she did it”是定语从句。定语从句中缺少原因状语，即“她做这件事的原因”，所以要用关系副词why来引导定语从句，why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。故填why/for which。 14．Creating an atmosphere students feel free to express themselves is a big challenge for us teachers. 【答案】where / in which 【详解】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：对我们老师来说，创造一个学生可以自由表达自己的氛围是一个很大的挑战。此处atmosphere是先行词，关系词替代先行词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，也用in which=where。故答案为where/in which。 15．The company I am working employed more than 7, 100 people. 【答案】where / in which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我现在工作的公司有超过7100名员工。此处为定语从句，先行词The company在定语从句中充当地点状语，用where或in which引导。故填where/in which。 考点七 定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法 【知识精讲】 1.先行词指人，关系代词用whom；先行词指物，关系代词用which。注意此结构不能用that/who； I'll never forget the day on which we moved to our house.（先行词the day指物，关系代词用which） This is the teacher to whom I’m grateful. （先行词the teacher指人，关系代词用whom） 2.介词选择的原则：一看先行词特殊搭配，如to a degree；二看从句谓语动词搭配，如learn from；三看整个语境逻辑。特殊结构如in which case, with whose help等。 Can you tell me the reason for which you are so late? （先行词the reason常与介词for连用） Mathematics is the subject in which I am most interested. （定语从句谓语动词be interested in是固定搭配） Do you like the teacher from whom she learned a lot? （定语从句谓语动词learn from…是固定搭配） My computer, without which I can’t surf the Internet, broke down yesterday. （从句根据语境应用without which） 3.在特定情况下出现“介词+whose+名词”结构，whose作定语。 The tool, with whose help we finished the task, is very useful. （with one’s help是固定搭配） 【巩固提升】 1．The tool with he repaired the machine is missing. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：他用来修理这台机器的工具不见了。“with ____ he repaired the machine”是“介词+关系代词”引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词tool，作介词的宾语，指物，故用关系代词which。 2．The girl to he lent his bike is his deskmate. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：他把自行车借给的那个女孩就是他的同桌。空格处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the girl，关系词在从句中作介词to的宾语，所以用关系代词whom。 3．We climbed up to the ancient tower overlooking the Gan River, from we can admire the breathtaking view in the setting sun. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：我们登上那座俯瞰着赣江的古老塔楼，在那里我们可以欣赏到夕阳映照下那令人叹为观止的美景。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词tower，作介词的宾语，指物，故用which。 4．This is the house in Lu Xun once lived. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：这就是鲁迅先生曾经居住过的房子。此处为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词为house表示事物，介词后缺宾语，只能用关系代词which指代事物，引导定语从句。 5．On my way to work I met the girl about you told us yesterday. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：在我上班的路上，我遇见了你昨天和我们说起的那个女孩。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the girl，指人，在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，固定搭配：tell sb. about sb.意为“说起/谈及某人 ”，介词about提前，后面指代人，只能用whom引导该从句。 考点八 定语从句中的主谓一致用法 【知识精讲】 1．定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 2．定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 【巩固提升】 1. She is the only one of the girls in our class who ___________ (win) the prize so far. 【答案】has won 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。“the only one of...”结构中，先行词为单数the only one，从句谓语用单数现在完成时has won。 2. The children, each of whom ___________ (own) a toy car, are playing happily. 【答案】owns 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。each of whom 强调个体，从句谓语 own 用单数形式。 3. The problems which ___________ (cause) by pollution require immediate attention. 【答案】are caused 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。先行词problems 为复数，且从句用被动语态，因此谓语用are caused。 考点九 关系代词和关系副词易混点 【知识精讲】 1.先行词是地点名词，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词，关系词不一定用when；先行词是原因名词，关系词不一定用why。 2.窍门：关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在定语从句中作时间、地点和原因状语。 ★易错提醒：学会分析句子成分，原句含有主谓宾或者不缺少宾语才能用关系副词；原句缺少主语或宾语用关系代词。 I remember the year when he was born.（不及物动词，需加介词 in the year） I remember the year that/which saw great changes.（及物动词，即 the year saw changes） This is the park where we had a picnic.（不及物动词，需加介词 in the park） This is the park that/which we visited.（及物动词，直接说 visited the park） The reason why he left is still unknown.（why作原因状语，可替换成 for which） The reason that he gave for being late was acceptable. （why作gave宾语） 【巩固提升】 1. Do you still remember the days________ we traveled together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once paid a visit to? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 【答案】1. when2. that/which3. where4. that/which5. why6. that/which 考点十 关系代词that和which易混点 【知识精讲】 只用关系代词that场合 典型示例 先行词既为人又为物时 Look at the man and his dog that are crossing the street.  先行词被序数词修饰时 This is the first book that I bought. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰 This is the best movie that I have ever seen. 先行词是nothing, anything, all, much, little等不定代词 All that glitters is not gold. I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault. 先行词被only, very, little, all等限定词修饰时 All the money that I had was stolen.  The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 当主句是以who 或 which 开头的疑问句时 Which book is the one that you recommended? Who is the person that called me just now? 只用关系代词which场合 典型示例 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句或主句一部分，标志为逗号。 My car, which is very old, still runs well. He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. 用于“介词+关系代词”结构，如in which, both of which等，标志为介词。 This is the housein which I lived last year. The problem about which we were talking is very complex. 【巩固提升】 1. The third place ________ they visited was the Great Wall. 2. The book, ___________ I bought yesterday, is already out of print. 3. There is nothing ________ can stop me from achieving my goals. 4. They photographed the city and its people___________ that had survived the earthquake. 5. Please tell me the reason ___________can explain your absence reasonably. 【答案】1.that 2.which 3.that 4.that 5.that/which 考点十一 “介词+关系代词”易错点 【知识精讲】 先行词指人时，关系代词用whom; 先行词指物时，关系代词用which；且不可省略。 The table on which I put my book is wooden. The person to whom I spoke is my teacher. 【巩固提升】 1. The city in __________ I was born is famous for its ancient temples. 2. The professor to __________ I spoke yesterday is a Nobel laureate. 3. The book from __________ I borrowed the idea won the Pulitzer Prize. 【答案】1. which 2. whom 3. which 一．单句语法填空 1．Elon Musk, for time is very precious, will continue to push the boundaries of space exploration. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：对埃隆·马斯克来说，时间是非常宝贵的，他将继续推动太空探索的边界。空处和空前的for搭配，形成“介词+关系代词”的结构，引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词Elon Musk作补充说明，先行词指人，作介词for的宾语，因此应用关系代词whom。 2．The Amazon River, which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6400 kilometres in length. 【答案】from 【详解】句意：亚马逊雨林因亚马逊河而得名，该河全长近 6400 公里。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句，结合短语get name from可知用介词from。 3．The book was written in 1946, since the education system has witnessed great changes. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：这本书写于 1946 年，从那时起教育体制发生了巨大变化。此处为 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句，先行词为 1946（表示时间），关系词在从句中作时间状语，故用when。 4．..., these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through we understand our lives. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：……这些核心特征与我们的记忆结合在一起，通过它们我们理解自己的生活，从而创造出一个个人的故事。story后为定语从句，修饰先行词a personal story，且关系词在从句中作介词through的宾语，应用关系代词which。 5．Wu Yize, won the World Snooker Championship final, has set a new benchmark for young Chinese players. 【答案】who 【详解】句意：吴宜泽赢得了世界斯诺克锦标赛决赛冠军，他为年轻的中国选手树立了新的标杆。“______ won the World Snooker Championship final”为定语从句，先行词是Wu Yize，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导。 6．The reason Tom came late for the wedding was he was ill. 【答案】 why that 【详解】句意：汤姆婚礼迟到的原因是他生病了。第一空引导定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导；第二空引导表语从句，从句句意完整、成分齐全，应用只起连接作用、无实意的that引导。 7．You need to be aware that there are some cases this rule does not hold good. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：您需要明白，在某些情况下，这条规则是不适用的。定语从句修饰先行词cases，在从句作地点状语，故用where。 8．The reason we organize monthly garbage-sorting lectures is many students still don’t know how to classify waste properly. 【答案】 why that 【详解】句意：我们组织每月垃圾分类讲座的原因是许多学生仍然不知道如何正确分类垃圾。“______ we organize monthly garbage-sorting lectures”为定语从句，先行词为the reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导。“______ many students still don’t know how to classify waste properly”为表语从句，从句中不缺少成分或含义，用that引导。 9．He is a professor, I have been looking forward to becoming. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：他是一名教授，这也是我一直向往成为的身份。此处引导非限制性定语，先行词professor在从句中作表语，指职业身份，用关系代词which。 10．He bought a new computer with he can edit videos easily. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：他买了一台新电脑，借助它他可以轻松剪辑视频。此处为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词computer表事物，空格前有介词with，介词后作宾语，指代事物只能用关系代词which。 11．She gave me a novel, I finished reading within two days. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：她送给我一本小说，我两天内就把它读完了。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是a novel，关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词which引导从句。 12．The sports meeting was put off, astonished me. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：运动会被推迟了，这让我感到很惊讶。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，主语是前面整个主句的内容，因此用关系代词which引导定语从句。 13．This is the best film, the ending of made all audiences cry. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：这是一部绝佳的影片，影片的结局让所有观众都潸然落泪。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是film，指物，指代事物且作介词of的宾语，关系代词只能用which。 14．She won the first prize in the competition, made her parents very proud. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：她在比赛中获得一等奖，这让她的父母十分自豪。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文整件事情，从句中缺少主语，应用which引导。 15．The factory has developed a new type of product has been popular since its launch. 【答案】that/which 【详解】句意：这家工厂研发出一种新产品，这款产品一经推出就备受欢迎。空处引导定语从句，先行词为表事物的product，定语从句缺少主语，关系代词用that/which。 16．This is the book about we talked in the class yesterday. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：这就是我们在昨天课堂上讨论过的那本书。介词+关系代词结构定语从句，修饰先行词book，作介词的宾语，指物，故用which。 17．He visited the Great Wall last month, was the most unforgettable experience in his life. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：他上个月游览了长城，这是他一生中最难忘的经历。此处是非限制性定语从句，空格处指代前面整件事，从句缺少主语，只能用关系代词which。 18．She has three brothers, one of   is a doctor. 【答案】whom 【详解】句意：她有三个兄弟，其中一个是医生。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是three brothers，关系词在从句中作介词of的宾语，应该用关系代词whom。 19． we all know, pandas are native to China. 【答案】As 【详解】句意：众所周知，大熊猫原产于中国。as we all know表示“众所周知”，as引导非限制性定语从句。首字母大写。 20．I still remember the day I first met my best friend. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：我仍然记得那一天——那是我第一次见到我最好的朋友的日子。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词day是时间，因此用关系副词when引导定语从句。 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Palace Lantern, as its name indicates, originated in the imperial palace. It is a perfect marriage between lighting and art, and has both highly 1 (practice) and aesthetic (美学的) values. As an important element of Chinese decorative art 2 a symbol of the Chinese culture, every Palace Lantern is a fine work of art, with beautiful 3 (carve) on the wooden frame, lively painted landscapes, flowers, animals, and human figures 4 the silk or glass shell, and exquisite fringes (流苏). The production of a lantern of the average size and design takes more than one month, with the larger ones 5 (require) even more time. As the capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties, 6 the lantern making craftsmanship reached its peak, Beijing was once home to a number of the country’s best lantern makers. Today the Beijing Palace Lantern is still 7 (total) handmade throughout the 100-plus procedures, and it 8 (name) an intangible cultural heritage item of the city in 2007. In recent years, the younger generations 9 (absorb) in making traditional lanterns. Han Zixing, one of 10 country’s best lantern masters, explained, “What’s craftsmanship? It’s maintaining inner peace, enduring loneliness, and remaining seated for long to work on a product. I hope more youngsters will love the Palace Lantern, and pass down this craft.” 【答案】1．practical 2．and 3．carvings 4．on 5．requiring 6．when 7．totally 8．was named 9．have been absorbed 10．the 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国宫廷灯笼的起源、特点、制作工艺及传承情况。 【详解】1．考查形容词。句意：它是照明与艺术的完美结合，既有很高的实用价值，又有很高的美学价值。空处和形容词aesthetic并列作定语，修饰名词values，应用形容词practical“实用的”。故填practical。 2．考查连词。句意：作为中国装饰艺术的重要组成部分和中国文化的象征，每一盏宫灯都是一件精美的艺术品，木框上雕刻精美，丝绸或玻璃外壳上绘有生动的山水、花卉、动物和人物，还有精致的流苏。空前an important element of Chinese decorative art和空后a symbol of the Chinese culture为并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。 3．考查名词。句意同上。根据空前形容词beautiful可知，空处应用名词carving“雕刻”，作介词with的宾语，为可数名词，此处指数量不止一个，应用复数形式。故填carvings。 4．考查介词。句意同2小题。此处表示“在丝绸或玻璃外壳上”，应用介词on。故填on。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：一个一般大小和普通设计的灯笼的生产需要超过一个月的时间，而较大的灯笼则需要更多的时间。空处在with复合结构中作宾语补足语，宾语the larger ones与动词require之间是逻辑主动关系，应用现在分词形式。故填requiring。 6．考查定语从句。句意：作为明清两代的都城，灯笼制作工艺在当时达到了顶峰，北京曾汇聚着全国众多最优秀的灯笼匠人。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Ming and Qing dynasties，关系词替代先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。 7．考查副词。句意：如今，北京宫灯在100多道工序中仍然是完全手工制作的，并于2007年被列为北京市非物质文化遗产项目。空处修饰形容词handmade，应用副词totally“完全地”作状语。故填totally。 8．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。根据时间状语in 2007可知，句子应用一般过去时，主语it与name之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语it是第三人称单数，be动词用was。故填was named。 9．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：近年来，年轻一代热衷于制作传统灯笼。根据时间状语In recent years可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语the younger generations是复数，助动词用have，be absorbed in“全神贯注于”为固定短语。故填have been absorbed。 10．考查冠词。句意：中国最好的灯笼大师之一韩子兴解释说：“什么是工艺？它是保持内心的平静，忍受孤独，长时间坐着制作一件产品。我希望更多的年轻人会喜欢宫灯，并传承这项工艺。”此处特指“中国最好的灯笼大师”，应用定冠词the，one of the +形容词最高级+名词复数。故填the。 B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China is set to open the world’s tallest bridge in June, the latest achievement of engineering from the infrastructure (基础设施)-focused country. The Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge is currently nearing the end of 1 (construct) in Gui Zhou, southwest China. It will measure 2, 051 feet above river level, 947 feet taller than France’ s Millau Viaduct, the current record holder. Guizhou province is a 2 (mountain) area of China with complex terrain(地形). The bridge crosses the dramatic Huajiang Grand Canyon, also 3 (call) the “earth crack.” China has been improving infrastructure nationwide, especially in relatively underdeveloped areas like Guizhou, 4 is 800 miles west of the city of Shenzhen. Thus, the bridge isn’t just about breaking a record — once 5 operation, it’ll make travel much 6 (easy) for cars and trucks. According to Guizhou local state media, it 7 (reduce) travel time over the Huajiang Grand Canyon from two hours to just one minute. The bridge is a steel suspension bridge (悬索桥) with 8 total length of 9, 482 feet, which started 9 (official) on January 18, 2022 and is expected 10 (complete) on June 30, 2025, the state media said. Altogether, the frame weighs about 22, 000 tons, equal to three Eiffel Towers. 【答案】1．construction 2．mountainous 3．called 4．which 5．in 6．easier 7．will reduce 8．a 9．officially 10．to be completed 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述的是中国即将在六月开放世界最高桥梁——花江峡谷大桥，这座桥位于中国西南部的贵州省，建成后将比目前的世界纪录保持者法国米洛高架桥高出947英尺。 【详解】1．考查名词。句意：花江峡谷大桥目前正在中国西南部的贵州接近完工。根据空前的介词of可知，此处应用名词形式，construct的名词形式为construction，表示“建设，建造”，为不可数名词。故填construction。 2．考查形容词。句意：贵州省是中国的一个多山地区，地形复杂。此处应用形容词形式作定语，修饰名词area，mountain的形容词形式为mountainous，表示“多山的”。故填mountainous。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：这座桥横跨壮观的花江大峡谷，也被称为“地球裂缝”。句中crosses为谓语动词，call在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语The bridge构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填called。 4．考查定语从句。句意：中国一直在改善全国的基础设施，特别是在像贵州这样相对欠发达的地区，贵州位于深圳以西800英里处。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Gui Zhou，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，故用关系代词which引导。故填which。 5．考查介词。句意：因此，这座桥不仅仅是打破纪录——一旦投入运营，它将使汽车和卡车的出行变得更加容易。结合句意表示“投入运营”可知短语为in operation。故填in。 6．考查形容词比较级。句意：因此，这座桥不仅仅是打破纪录——一旦投入运营，它将使汽车和卡车的出行变得更加容易。much修饰比较级，easy的比较级为easier，表示“更容易的”。此处使用形容词比较级作宾补。故填easier。 7．考查动词时态。句意：据贵州当地官方媒体报道，它将把横渡花江大峡谷的旅行时间从两小时缩短到一分钟。设空处使用动词作谓语，此处表示“将会缩短”故使用一般将来时。故填will reduce。 8．考查冠词。句意：据官方媒体报道，这座桥是一座钢悬索桥，总长9482英尺，于2022年1月18日正式开工，预计将于2025年6月30日完工。结合句意表示“总长”可知短语为a total length of。故填a。 9．考查副词。句意：据官方媒体报道，这座桥是一座钢悬索桥，总长9482英尺，于2022年1月18日正式开工，预计将于2025年6月30日完工。修饰动词start应用副词officially，作状语，表示“正式地”。故填officially。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：据官方媒体报道，这座桥是一座钢悬索桥，总长9482英尺，于2022年1月18日正式开工，预计将于2025年6月30日完工。结合句意表示“预计做某事”可知短语为be expected to do sth.，complete与bridge构成被动关系，故用to be done形式。故填to be completed。 C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Music therapy (疗法) is a science-backed way to use music to help people with dementia (痴呆)live better. It supports their 1 (person) goals, such as feeling closer to others, staying emotionally healthy, and thinking more clearly. The best part is that it’s highly accessible, for no special training or tools 2 (require). Just singing a favorite song with someone can have a positive effect. Why does music help so much? People often feel a strong connection to music. Dr. Alvaro Pascual-Leone, 3 expert at Harvard Medical School, says that songs which matter 4 someone can create happy feelings, bring back old memories, and spread joy. This is especially powerful for dementia patients, 5 often struggle with memory loss. Professional music therapy includes various 6 (activity). For example, playing peaceful music can calm patients, while moving to a beat (like tapping hands) might help them walk or speak 7 (easy). Music makes many parts of the brain work together, 8 (improve) how they “talk” to each other. A group music program, whether it’s singing in a choir 9 playing instruments together, also helps people connect with others. Sharing these moments builds teamwork, encourages 10 (communicate) and strengthens relationships. By mixing brain exercises with social time, music therapy offers a caring and uplifting way to care for those with dementia. 【答案】1．personal 2．are required 3．an 4．to 5．who 6．activities 7．easily 8．improving 9．or 10．communication 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了音乐疗法这一基于科学的方法如何帮助痴呆症患者改善生活，包括其目标、作用原理、专业疗法的内容以及集体音乐项目的益处等。 【详解】1．考查形容词。句意：它支持他们的个人目标，比如感觉与他人更亲近、保持情绪健康和思维更清晰。此处修饰名词goals，用person的形容词personal，意为“个人的”。故填personal。 2．考查动词语态。句意：最棒的是它非常容易获得，因为不需要特殊的训练或工具。此处为谓语动词，training or tools与require为被动关系，描述客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态；or连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，tools为复数，所以用are required。故填are required。 3．考查冠词。句意：哈佛医学院的专家阿尔瓦罗·帕斯夸尔-莱昂内博士说，对某人重要的歌曲可以创造快乐的感觉，带回旧记忆，并传播快乐。expert为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，此处表示“一位专家”，为泛指，且expert是以元音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词an。故填an。 4．考查介词。句意：同上。此处为固定搭配matter to sb.，意为“对某人重要”，用介词to。故填to。 5．考查定语从句。句意：这对痴呆症患者尤其有效，他们常常与记忆丧失作斗争。此处为关系词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为dementia patients，指人，在从句中作主语，用关系代词who。故填who。 6．考查名词复数。句意：专业音乐疗法包括各种活动。activity为可数名词，根据various可知用复数形式activities。故填activities。 7．考查副词。句意：例如，播放平静的音乐可以让患者平静下来，而随着节拍移动（如拍手）可能帮助他们更轻松地行走或说话。此处修饰动词walk or speak，用easy的副词easily，意为“轻松地”。故填easily。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：音乐使大脑的许多部分协同工作，改善它们之间的“交流”方式。此处为非谓语动词作状语，music与improve为主动关系，用现在分词improving。故填improving。 9．考查连词。句意：集体音乐项目，无论是在合唱团唱歌还是一起演奏乐器，也有助于人们与他人建立联系。此处为固定搭配whether...or...，引导让步状语从句，意为“无论是……还是……”，用连词or。故填or。 10．考查名词。句意：分享这些时刻可以建立团队合作，鼓励交流，并加强人际关系。此处作encourages的宾语，用communicate的名词communication，意为“交流”，为不可数名词。故填communication。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 定语从句（考点全解析） 考点序号 考点聚焦 考点一 定语从句概述 考点二 关系代词that用法 考点三 关系代词which用法 考点四 关系代词who, whom, whose用法 考点五 关系代词as的用法 考点六 关系副词when, where, why用法 考点七 定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法 考点八 定语从句中的主谓一致用法 考点九 关系代词和关系副词易混点 考点十 关系代词that和which易混点 考点十一 “介词+关系代词”易错点 ( 脉 ｜ 络 ｜ 重 ｜ 构 ) 定语从句即从句起着定语的作用，修饰名词或代词。由于英语的定语在大于词的概念时，要置于其所修饰的名词或代词后，所以被修饰的词叫做先行词。正如宾语从句、状语从句等由相应的连词引导一样，定语从句也有自己的引导词，引导定语从句的的词叫关系词。关系词不但起连接作用，并在从句中充当句法成分。 英语定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 关系词 先行词 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人（主语） Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中做宾语，口语中可由who代替，但介词提前时只能用whom。 whom 人（宾语） She is the new student who I want to introduce to you. The policeman to whom I spoke just now is my brother. which 物（主语，宾语） The picture which was about the accident was terrible. The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. that 人，物（主语，宾语） A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? that在从句中即可指人也可指物，但介词提前时，指人只用whom，指物用which that 人或物 I’ll tell you all (that) I know about it. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? I’ve brought everything (that) you need. He is the only person that is believable. John is the very person that she wants to see. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 当先行词为all, little, much 和 some, any, every, no 构成的复合代词等表示物时，关系代词只能用 that, 在从句中做宾语可省去。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用 that 或who (whom) 均可 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或强调词the only, the very, the same等修饰时定语从句用that引导。 whose 人，物（定语） The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. whose 在从句中做定语可指人或物，可分别用…of whom或of which代替 as 人，物（主语，宾语，表语） He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. He’s not the same man as he was. 先行词由so, such, the same等词修饰时定语从句用as引导。 as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间（状语） I will never forget the day when we met there. 可根据具体的时间选用相应的介词+which结构 where 地点（状语） He showed me the building where he used to work, 可根据具体的地点选用相应的介词+which结构 why 原因（状语） Can you tell me the reason why you are so interested in science?. 可用for which替代 非限制性定语从句 先行词 关联词 例句 说明 人、物、地点、时间 who、whom、which、whose、where、when George, who is my classmate, has won a scholarship. Dr. Li, whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow. I gave him a New Year card, which he enjoyed very much. The’ll fly to Washington, where they plan to stay for two or three days. who, whom不能省去，也不能用that代替 which 指物，不可省去，也不能用that代替 一个句子 which as He cycled from Dongguan to Shenzhen, which/as is pretty good for a woman of 75. He gets up early，as/which is always his habit. Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody. John was admitted into the college, as we had expected. The earth, as is known to all, is round. As you may have heard, there was a fire in one of the neighborhoods around. 当先行词为前面的整个句子时，须用which或as引导，即which或as指代前面整个句子。但 which只能作主语（= and it）。 as 指代前面整个句子，常表示说话人的看法、态度、评论等，指说话人和听话人双方都知道的事实，因此可翻译为“正如、像”等意思。在从句中可做主语或宾语。此外，as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首，句中或句末。 当前、后两个句子面互为明显的因果关系时，只能用which指代前面整个句子。 其它 which，whom There are two thousand students in our school, of whom two thirds are girls (or ‘…, two thirds of whom are…’). Here are the questions, some of which (or ‘…, of which some’) are maybe a little difficult for you. some/many/few/a few/none/either/one/two, etc.+ of which/whom of which/whom 也可置于some/many/few/a few/none/either/one/two, etc前 II. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意义 限定意义，因此不可缺少；否则意思不完整或不明确。 附加说明，省去后主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 关系代词 可使用that 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 不可使用that和why 关系代词作宾语时也不可省 修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 既可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰前面整个主句 翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子 注： 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 非限制性定语从句还能修饰前面整个句子,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.　　　 The Earth is round, as is known to us. Ⅲ. 定语从句的省略 介词+关系代词+不定式 注：主句的主语必须与不定式主语一致 I haven’t got enough money with which I’d like to buy a new computer. → I haven’t got enough money with which to buy a new computer. 省略关系代词为分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等各种短语 I know the men (who are )sitting in that car. The boys helped the people (that were) hurt in the accident.  . The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money. The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel. Pass me the book (which is) on the desk. 有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，需首先变动词为分词，例如： The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking. →The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking. ( 考 ｜ 点 ｜ 精 ｜ 讲 ) 考点一 定语从句概述 【知识精讲】 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 分割型定语从句：指先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（如谓语动词、介词短语等）隔开的结构。这种分隔是为了避免句子头重脚轻原则（将较长成分置于句尾）。 The days (are gone)when we had to rely on manual labor. He is the only person (in the company)who can solve this problem. 考点二 关系代词that用法 【知识精讲】 1.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 2.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that I bought with my own money.这是我用自己钱买的第一本书。 She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我见过最美的女孩。 3.先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 He is the only person that can solve this problem. 他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。 This is the very house that I grew up in. 这正是我长大的房子。 4.先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 他们谈论了记得的人和事。 5.主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那边的人是谁？ Which is the book that you want? 哪本是你想要的书？ 7.当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 The way in which he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 The way (that) he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 6.【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 The book (that) I read last night was fascinating. 我昨晚读的书很精彩。 7.【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.他又迟到了，这次这让他的老师非常生气。 【巩固提升】 1．The reason the teacher explained at the meeting convinced all of us. 2．All we need to do now is to stay calm and take action. 3．You can take anything you like. 4．This is the most valuable scroll I have ever seen in the museum. 5．There is nothing can stop us from chasing our dreams. 6．This is the very book I was looking for in the library yesterday. 7．He is the only person can solve this difficult problem. 8．Which is the pen you borrowed from your deskmate last week? 9．This is the small town I visited last week. 10．There is nothing can strengthen the bond between cultures better than communication. 考点三 关系代词which用法 【知识精讲】 1.引导限定性定语从句（不用逗号分隔）,先行词指物，对句子意思的表达起着关键作用。 You should select the option which best suits your requirements. 你要挑选最符合你需求的选项。 2.引导非限定性定语从句（用逗号和主句分隔），先行词可以是一个名词，也可以指代前面整个主句的内容。 The book, which I read last night, is extremely captivating. 我昨晚读的那本书特别吸引人。 She resigned from her job, which was quite unexpected. 她辞去了工作，这十分出人意料。 3.用于“介词 + which”结构，这种结构较为正式，常见于书面语中。 The city in which I was born is located in the southern part of the country.我出生的城市位于这个国家的南部。 4.【警告】空格前出现逗号，未必后边就用关系代词which, 也可能用关系代词whom（先行词指人）或where（定语从句不缺少主语或宾语）。 Elon Musk, who founded SpaceX, is a well - known entrepreneur.埃隆・马斯克创立了太空探索技术公司，他是一位著名的企业家。 This café, where we often have meetings, offers free Wi - Fi.这家咖啡馆，我们经常在那里开会，提供免费的无线网络。 【巩固提升】 1．Can you tell me the name of the stadium you visited last week? 2．The koala broke into the Australian woman’s house was waving a pole as if performing. 3．Recently, many Western musical artists have released their live albums — a format has seemingly lost its appeal. 4．Keeping seniors close to their original communities helps preserve their routines and interests once brought them joy and well-being at home. 5．Drawing on these natural advantages, Donglan has positioned TCM as a key foundation in recent years, adopting a strategy combines ecological planting, intensive processing, and cultural tourism. 6．Personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour make a person unique. 7．However, it has proven less effective for abstract knowledge can be taught just as well traditionally. 8．These night markets are run by local hospitals and health centers, provide some health services like acupuncture, massage, and herbal tea. 9．The lively displays of these lanterns create a magical atmosphere attracts tourists and locals alike. 10．Today, the smartphone in your pocket is millions of times more powerful than the computers guided the Apollo missions to the moon. 考点四 关系代词who, whom, whose用法 【知识精讲】 1. who用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。注意Anyone who…以及Those who…句型。 She is the girl who/that won the first prize in the competition.她就是在比赛中获得一等奖的那个女孩。 Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。 Those who love reading often have rich inner worlds.热爱阅读的人往往有丰富的内心世界。 2. whom用作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。作宾语，可以省略。 The girl whom you saw at the party is a famous singer.（whom引导限制性定语从句） 你在派对上看到的那个女孩是位著名歌手。 The author, whom the students admire, gave a speech.（whom引导非限制性定语从句） 那位受学生钦佩的作家做了演讲。 3.whom可以用于“介词+关系代词”结构，who不能。 This is the professor from whom I learned a lot.这就是我从他身上学到很多东西的教授。 4. whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。 Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。 →I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea. →I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea. 【巩固提升】 1．Any person tries to manage anger by taking the easy way may become more violent. 2．She wants to reach young people might not otherwise have access to the arts and give them a voice through comics. 3．I am grateful to my headteacher always assists me with my learning. 4．The man you referred to is a famous scientist. 5．The boy with my mother is talking is my cousin. 6．The young teacher we all admire very much always tries her best to help every student who is in trouble. 7．The student the parents of are teachers is very hardworking. → The student parents are teachers is very hardworking. 8．The house the window of is broken belongs to my uncle → The house window is broken belongs to my uncle.（指物，替换后更简洁） 9．The house windows face north belongs to me. 10．Each builds a body of knowledge content consists of general laws, principles, and generalizations describing how facts, trends, and observations are related. 考点五 关系代词as的用法 【知识精讲】 1. as引导限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，作从句的主语、宾语或表语，as不可省略，用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。 Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.不要相信当面表扬你的这种人。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 ★易错提醒1：the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday. 他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） ★易错提醒2：so…that…, such…that…引导结果状语从句，that只起连接作用不作句子成分。 She is such a kind girl that many students like her. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(状语从句是完整的，前面的that只起引导作用，不作成分。) She is such a kind girl as many students like. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(定语从句缺少宾语，前面的as代替先行词girl，作宾语。) 2. as引导非限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从；as从句位于主句的前、中、后，强调前后逻辑一致，表示“正如……；从句多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词。 as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样； as is well known＝as is known to all 众所周知； as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样； as is often the case正如经常发生的那样； as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句首） Taiwan, as is known to all, belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句中） She has married again, as was expected. 不出所料，她又结婚了。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句末） ★易错提醒：which和as引导非限制性定语从句用法区别： ①位置上：which从句只能位于主句之后，as从句位于主句的前、中、后； ②逻辑上：which强调前后不一；as强调前后逻辑一致，“正如”； ③句式上：当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which；as多用于as we all know/see, as is often the case with sb等句型。 As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。 He sold his new car, which made me surprised. 他把车卖掉，这让我很吃惊。 【巩固提升】 1．I want the same shirt my friend bought yesterday. 2．He is such a lovely student everyone likes. 3．Such a good boy he is, everyone likes him. 4．Such courses (关系词) are recommended by Mr. Smith are optional for us. 5．Such mistakes you made should be corrected in time. 6．Edward is such a good teacher every student respects. 7．The school organized so meaningful an activity left a deep impression on all the students. 8．He is so naughty a boy annoyed his teacher. 9．Dali is such a cozy destination for backpackers has been nicknamed Dalifornia. 10．Tom is such a kind-hearted boy we all admire. 考点六 关系副词when, where, why用法 【知识精讲】 1. when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。其先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year；还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） ★易错提醒： 当 time 表示“次数”时，用 that 引导从句（可省略）；当 time 表示“时间”时，用 when 引导从句。 This is the first time that I’ve heard this song. I’ll never forget the time when we worked together in the village. 2. where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。其先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre；还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the hospital where my sister used to work. (the hospital是先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语。) The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here. 我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） There are many cases where this rule doesn’t apply. 在许多情况下，这条规则不适用。（先行词cases是抽象地点） 3. why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作状语） The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作宾语） 【巩固提升】 1．I still remember the time we visited the expo and saw various ceramics on display. 2．There are occasions silence is better than words. 3．There are moments you need to make brave decisions by yourself. 4．You need to be aware that there are some cases this rule does not hold good. 5．He reached a point he had to ask for help from others. 6．This is the small town I spent my childhood. 7．Do you know the reason he refused the invitation? 8．She didn’t tell me the reason she was late for the meeting. 9．The reason he was late was that he got up late. 10．The reason he gave up the outdoor activity is that the weather was too bad. 11．We have entered an age many things are done by smart phones. 12．The reason she came late was that she was stuck in the traffic. 13．The reason she did it is that she wouldn’t let her parents feel disappointed. 14．Creating an atmosphere students feel free to express themselves is a big challenge for us teachers. 15．The company I am working employed more than 7, 100 people. 考点七 定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法 【知识精讲】 1.先行词指人，关系代词用whom；先行词指物，关系代词用which。注意此结构不能用that/who； I'll never forget the day on which we moved to our house.（先行词the day指物，关系代词用which） This is the teacher to whom I’m grateful. （先行词the teacher指人，关系代词用whom） 2.介词选择的原则：一看先行词特殊搭配，如to a degree；二看从句谓语动词搭配，如learn from；三看整个语境逻辑。特殊结构如in which case, with whose help等。 Can you tell me the reason for which you are so late? （先行词the reason常与介词for连用） Mathematics is the subject in which I am most interested. （定语从句谓语动词be interested in是固定搭配） Do you like the teacher from whom she learned a lot? （定语从句谓语动词learn from…是固定搭配） My computer, without which I can’t surf the Internet, broke down yesterday. （从句根据语境应用without which） 3.在特定情况下出现“介词+whose+名词”结构，whose作定语。 The tool, with whose help we finished the task, is very useful. （with one’s help是固定搭配） 【巩固提升】 1．The tool with he repaired the machine is missing. 2．The girl to he lent his bike is his deskmate. 3．We climbed up to the ancient tower overlooking the Gan River, from we can admire the breathtaking view in the setting sun. 4．This is the house in Lu Xun once lived. 5．On my way to work I met the girl about you told us yesterday. 考点八 定语从句中的主谓一致用法 【知识精讲】 1．定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 2．定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 【巩固提升】 1. She is the only one of the girls in our class who ___________ (win) the prize so far. 2. The children, each of whom ___________ (own) a toy car, are playing happily. 3. The problems which ___________ (cause) by pollution require immediate attention. 考点九 关系代词和关系副词易混点 【知识精讲】 1.先行词是地点名词，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词，关系词不一定用when；先行词是原因名词，关系词不一定用why。 2.窍门：关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在定语从句中作时间、地点和原因状语。 I remember the year when he was born.（不及物动词，需加介词 in the year） I remember the year that/which saw great changes.（及物动词，即 the year saw changes） This is the park where we had a picnic.（不及物动词，需加介词 in the park） This is the park that/which we visited.（及物动词，直接说 visited the park） The reason why he left is still unknown.（why作原因状语，可替换成 for which） The reason that he gave for being late was acceptable. （why作gave宾语） 【巩固提升】 1. Do you still remember the days________ we traveled together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once paid a visit to? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 考点十 关系代词that和which易混点 【知识精讲】 只用关系代词that场合 典型示例 先行词既为人又为物时 Look at the man and his dog that are crossing the street.  先行词被序数词修饰时 This is the first book that I bought. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰 This is the best movie that I have ever seen. 先行词是nothing, anything, all, much, little等不定代词 All that glitters is not gold. I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault. 先行词被only, very, little, all等限定词修饰时 All the money that I had was stolen.  The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 当主句是以who 或 which 开头的疑问句时 Which book is the one that you recommended? Who is the person that called me just now? 只用关系代词which场合 典型示例 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句或主句一部分，标志为逗号。 My car, which is very old, still runs well. He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. 用于“介词+关系代词”结构，如in which, both of which等，标志为介词。 This is the housein which I lived last year. The problem about which we were talking is very complex. 【巩固提升】 1. The third place ________ they visited was the Great Wall. 2. The book, ___________ I bought yesterday, is already out of print. 3. There is nothing ________ can stop me from achieving my goals. 4. They photographed the city and its people___________ that had survived the earthquake. 5. Please tell me the reason ___________can explain your absence reasonably. 考点十一 “介词+关系代词”易错点 【知识精讲】 先行词指人时，关系代词用whom; 先行词指物时，关系代词用which；且不可省略。 The table on which I put my book is wooden. The person to whom I spoke is my teacher. 【巩固提升】 1. The city in __________ I was born is famous for its ancient temples. 2. The professor to __________ I spoke yesterday is a Nobel laureate. 3. The book from __________ I borrowed the idea won the Pulitzer Prize. 一．单句语法填空 1．Elon Musk, for time is very precious, will continue to push the boundaries of space exploration. 2．The Amazon River, which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6400 kilometres in length. 3．The book was written in 1946, since the education system has witnessed great changes. 4．..., these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through we understand our lives. 5．Wu Yize, won the World Snooker Championship final, has set a new benchmark for young Chinese players. 6．The reason Tom came late for the wedding was he was ill. 7．You need to be aware that there are some cases this rule does not hold good. 8．The reason we organize monthly garbage-sorting lectures is many students still don’t know how to classify waste properly. 9．He is a professor, I have been looking forward to becoming. 10．He bought a new computer with he can edit videos easily. 11．She gave me a novel, I finished reading within two days. 12．The sports meeting was put off, astonished me. 13．This is the best film, the ending of made all audiences cry. 14．She won the first prize in the competition, made her parents very proud. 15．The factory has developed a new type of product has been popular since its launch. 16．This is the book about we talked in the class yesterday. 17．He visited the Great Wall last month, was the most unforgettable experience in his life. 18．She has three brothers, one of   is a doctor. 19． we all know, pandas are native to China. 20．I still remember the day I first met my best friend. 二．语法填空 A 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Palace Lantern, as its name indicates, originated in the imperial palace. It is a perfect marriage between lighting and art, and has both highly 1 (practice) and aesthetic (美学的) values. As an important element of Chinese decorative art 2 a symbol of the Chinese culture, every Palace Lantern is a fine work of art, with beautiful 3 (carve) on the wooden frame, lively painted landscapes, flowers, animals, and human figures 4 the silk or glass shell, and exquisite fringes (流苏). The production of a lantern of the average size and design takes more than one month, with the larger ones 5 (require) even more time. As the capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties, 6 the lantern making craftsmanship reached its peak, Beijing was once home to a number of the country’s best lantern makers. Today the Beijing Palace Lantern is still 7 (total) handmade throughout the 100-plus procedures, and it 8 (name) an intangible cultural heritage item of the city in 2007. In recent years, the younger generations 9 (absorb) in making traditional lanterns. Han Zixing, one of 10 country’s best lantern masters, explained, “What’s craftsmanship? It’s maintaining inner peace, enduring loneliness, and remaining seated for long to work on a product. I hope more youngsters will love the Palace Lantern, and pass down this craft.” B 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China is set to open the world’s tallest bridge in June, the latest achievement of engineering from the infrastructure (基础设施)-focused country. The Huajiang Grand Canyon Bridge is currently nearing the end of 1 (construct) in Gui Zhou, southwest China. It will measure 2, 051 feet above river level, 947 feet taller than France’ s Millau Viaduct, the current record holder. Guizhou province is a 2 (mountain) area of China with complex terrain(地形). The bridge crosses the dramatic Huajiang Grand Canyon, also 3 (call) the “earth crack.” China has been improving infrastructure nationwide, especially in relatively underdeveloped areas like Guizhou, 4 is 800 miles west of the city of Shenzhen. Thus, the bridge isn’t just about breaking a record — once 5 operation, it’ll make travel much 6 (easy) for cars and trucks. According to Guizhou local state media, it 7 (reduce) travel time over the Huajiang Grand Canyon from two hours to just one minute. The bridge is a steel suspension bridge (悬索桥) with 8 total length of 9, 482 feet, which started 9 (official) on January 18, 2022 and is expected 10 (complete) on June 30, 2025, the state media said. Altogether, the frame weighs about 22, 000 tons, equal to three Eiffel Towers. C 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Music therapy (疗法) is a science-backed way to use music to help people with dementia (痴呆)live better. It supports their 1 (person) goals, such as feeling closer to others, staying emotionally healthy, and thinking more clearly. The best part is that it’s highly accessible, for no special training or tools 2 (require). Just singing a favorite song with someone can have a positive effect. Why does music help so much? People often feel a strong connection to music. Dr. Alvaro Pascual-Leone, 3 expert at Harvard Medical School, says that songs which matter 4 someone can create happy feelings, bring back old memories, and spread joy. This is especially powerful for dementia patients, 5 often struggle with memory loss. Professional music therapy includes various 6 (activity). For example, playing peaceful music can calm patients, while moving to a beat (like tapping hands) might help them walk or speak 7 (easy). Music makes many parts of the brain work together, 8 (improve) how they “talk” to each other. A group music program, whether it’s singing in a choir 9 playing instruments together, also helps people connect with others. Sharing these moments builds teamwork, encourages 10 (communicate) and strengthens relationships. By mixing brain exercises with social time, music therapy offers a caring and uplifting way to care for those with dementia. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $