上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高二英语期末考试试卷

2024学年高二英语期末考试试卷 满分150分；2025.1 I. Listening Comprehension Section A (1*10=10) Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. The seats there are uncomfortable. B. There are more than enough seats. C. It is popular with customers. D. It provides customers with reading materials. 2. A. Spare his neighbor a key. B. Get his key from his neighbor. C. Study in his neighbor’s apartment. D. Borrow some books from his neighbor. 3. A. Hand in their financial plan later. B. Leave their financial plan unfinished. C. Seek more information for their financial plan. D. Finish their financial plan with what they have. 4. A. He failed in Dr. Parker’s test. B. He didn’t know Dr. Parker at all. C. Dr. Parker’s tests were not difficult. D. The woman’s source of information is reliable. 5. A. The man should be recognized by his parents. B. The man’s parents helped him get the scholarship. C. The man should be praised for his accomplishment. D. The man’s parents stopped boasting about his scholarship. 6. A. She didn’t work hard on it. B. It wasn’t as good as expected. C. Her claims in it were persuasive. D. Her professor was satisfied with it. 7. A. Serve the dish as it is. B. Taste the dish first. C. Put some salt in the dish. D. Ask mum about the dish. 8. A. She’ll call Julia next week. B. She wonders if she’ll see Julia. C. Julia doesn’t want others to see her. D. Julia won’t be able to help the man. 9. A. It is in a better condition than the woman’s. B. It needs a new engine. C. It doesn’t deserve repairing. D. It is a big deal. 10. A. He has a lot of experience as a skier. B. He hasn’t ever been to central mountains. C. He plans to go skiing during his spring break. D. He doesn’t recommend going to central mountains. Section B (2*10=20) Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and the passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. It’s important to set a proper aim. B. What you get determines what you want. C. It’s no use regretting what you haven’t got. D. People are not aware of what they want. 12. A. Shopping. B. Finding a location. C. Inviting a friend. D. Planning. 13. A. How smart they are. B. What they hope to achieve. C. How much they can earn. D. What they can offer. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. It fails for most of the time. B. It happens less frequently now. C. Managers begin to doubt its feasibility. D. Managers are trying to make it simpler. 15. A. When managers want to understand interrelated problems. B. When managers hope to get a general idea of a system. C. When managers are running a successful operation. D. When managers have already grasped the whole thing. 16. A. They have seldom communicated with workers. B. They have no access to complex systems. C. They don’t know what they are ignorant of. D. They don’t know clearly how to explain to managers. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. A writer. B. A journalist. C. A story-teller. D. A photographer. 18. A. They can judge whether the interviewee is lying. B. They can keep in mind the importance of deadline. C. They can research the sense of smell professionally. D. They can use evidence to inform people of the missing parts of the story. 19. A. They might fail to be capable note-takers. B. They might concentrate too much on details. C. They might be lacking in the trick of the trade. D. They might have no idea what can be asked later. 20. A. They are useful to promote the process of interviews. B. They are powerful to prove the truth of news reports. C. They are influential to challenge the content of recordings. D. They are effective to assess the information journalists need to know. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A (1*20 = 20) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) A brief history of bathing For the average American, bathing is commonplace and expected. Natural as that fastidiousness (一丝不苟) (21) ________ seem, it’s far from universal. Even in the developed Western world, routine bathing became a foregone conclusion only in the past century or so. From ancient Rome’s public baths to early-modern Europe’s water aversion (厌恶) to today’s ubiquity of in-home showers, our relationship with cleanliness is (22) ________ but unchanging. The most famous and best documented bathing culture is (23) ________ of ancient Rome, supported by a vast network of aqueducts (输水管道) and luxury bathhouses. Elites and commoners alike soaked daily, in both hot and cold water, scraping their bodies clean with tiny rakes. The custom “went far (24) ________ the functional and hygienic necessities of washing,” writes historian of Roman architecture Fikret Yegül in Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. “It was a personal regeneration and a deeply rooted social and cultural habit.” The buildings were often designed with space for games, physical exercise and, in some larger complexes, libraries and lecture halls. As this suggests, the baths were not built with sanitation (卫生) policy in mind, but rather (25) ________ (satisfy) the public and glorify the sponsors of these luxurious facilities, (26) ________ Virginia Sarah Smith writes in Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. “The public baths mainly existed for reasons of pleasure, politics and propaganda (宣传),” Smith says. “In the long term, the hygienic impact of the public bath system was probably marginal.” Europeans of the early modern age were as obsessed with cleanliness as anyone. But English theologian (神学家) John Wesley’s motto (27) ________ “cleanliness is, indeed, next to Godliness” didn’t extend to bathing. In fact, Westerners of his era believed bathing was downright dangerous. They feared that (28) ________ they submerged themselves in water, they risked toxins infiltrating (渗透) the body through its pores (毛孔). Instead, they changed their shirts frequently and took “dry baths,” wiping themselves down with cloth. Such habits persisted well into the 19th century, (29) ________ bathing entered its current renaissance. With advances in plumbing technology and water infrastructure, more and more Americans installed tubs and showers in their homes, ringing in the regime of private, daily baths. Perceptions of bathing shifted toward widespread acceptance and, eventually, the (30) ________ (suppose) superiority of consistent washing. (B) What Ralph Waldo Emerson knew about money When Ralph Waldo Emerson and his friends developed Transcendentalism in the mid-1830s, it was a light and abstract way of thinking. As theorists, the Transcendentalists insisted that the world (31) ________ (be) a shimmery (闪烁的) projection of consciousness. No wonder many penniless eccentrics (怪人) were drawn to Emerson’s hometown of Concord, Massachusetts, in search of enlightenment. But Emerson himself was not naive when it came to money, partly because he was one of the few Transcendentalists with actual assets. He had grown up in relative poverty, (32) ________ the death of his father, when Emerson was seven, had deprived the family of any substantial income. Yet it was another death, (33) ________ of his first wife Ellen in 1831, that stabilized Emerson’s finances. Ellen, who came from a wealthy merchant family, left him (34) ________ estate worth more than $23,000 — a huge sum at the time. And the dividends from her stocks and bonds supported him for the rest of his life. In a very real sense, the early American stock market indirectly funded Transcendentalism. (35) ________ this unexpected fortune, Emerson was often short of cash. He supported a large household, paid for the care of his learning-disabled brother Bulkeley, and frequently helped his older brother William out of financial trouble. The stock market’s instability also caused his income to dry up on a regular basis. (36) ________ (make) ends meet, Emerson gave public lectures across America for nearly 50 years. “I am no very good economist,” he once regretted, yet he was certainly expert at packaging and promoting Transcendentalism for (37) ________ was then a mass audience. Emerson’s interest in money wasn’t just personal. He read great economists like Thomas Malthus and Adam Smith. The laissez-faire (自由放任政策) arguments (38) ________ (express) in Smith’s book made perfect sense to him. “The basis of political economy is non-interference,” he wrote in a lecture titled “Wealth.” “The only safe rule is found in the self-adjusting meter of demand and supply.” The industrialists of the Gilded Age (39) ________ hardly have found a better mascot (吉祥物). They ignored Emerson’s occasional doubts about his nation’s commercial culture. Instead, they embraced his ideas about self-reliance, (40) ________ had not only shaped the American character but merged quite comfortably with the social Darwinism of the era. Section B (1*20 = 20) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. (A) A. navigating B. amounts C. contributes D. boots E. feature F. pointedly G. emotionally H. defining I. fanciful J. tricks K. overwhelming Pixar’s version of teenage turmoil In Inside Out, a pre-teen girl named Riley hosted five emotions in the form of adorable animated figures, four of which were negative. In Inside Out 2, four new ones form a rival group, and all of them are bad: Anxiety, Envy, Ennui (倦怠) and Embarrassment. At age 13, Riley is dealing with an 8-to-1 ratio of unpleasant emotions (41) ________ the ever-optimistic Joy. To observers of teen girls, that sounds about right. Some sequels seem to try to get one more watery cup of coffee out of the pot. But as directed by Kelsey Mann in his (42) ________ debut, Pixar’s follow-up to its 2015 Oscar winner burrows more deeply into a clever idea. As she prepares to attend hockey camp, the mostly stable Riley enters puberty (青春期). And to the characters living inside her brain, this (43) ________ to literally smashing an alarm button that supercharges every emotion. All forces seek the upper hand, and calm rationality is no longer available. The puberty alarm is one of many ideas that combine the (44) ________ with an underlying consideration of the rough patches in human nature. Unlike its sibling Disney Animation Studios, which has gotten sidetracked on poorly conceived (构思) projects such as Wish and Strange World, Pixar continues to be a cultural leader in (45) ________ rewarding serious comedy. Unless all of the magazines and newspapers are wrong, young people, especially teen girls, are (46) ________ stormy weather these days, and the situation seems to have worsened since the previous film came out. Inside Out 2 uses a superficially ridiculous character to discuss a genuine and alarming trend when a crazy-eyed orange creature called Anxiety marches into Riley’s mind, (47) ________ Joy to the side and takes over the controls. Riley is in an apparently exciting, but actually nerve-wracking, new situation: At hockey camp, she is so impressed by the charm of an older, cooler girl named Val and her group that she betrays her best friends and even herself to fit in. Somewhere deep inside her, there’s a(n) (48) ________ voice saying, “I’m a good person,” but a craving for acceptance is causing it to be drowned out by self-doubt and its destructive impulses. The most accurate cinematic depiction of the behavior of girls in Riley’s age group remains the 1973 documentary The Exorcist, but Inside Out 2 is a worthy successor, a (49) ________ funny and observant fable of teen anxiety that has a lot to say about the state of youth today. The way Anxiety and her fellow emotions seize authority might even help kids understand the (50) ________ emotions play. For the price of a movie ticket, they’ll get a remarkably useful therapy session. (B) A. merited B. rarely C. reduces D. consciousness E. numbers F. automated G. amateurs H. rounds I. fleeing J. accordingly K. retail The Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition showcases beautiful pictures of rare and remarkable creatures. To create these images, dedicated experts went through a wide range of severe conditions. Coming home, I had just one thought: not bad for a bunch of professionals, but this lot would never make it as (51) ________. I know what I am talking about. I have been taking substandard nature photographs for decades. Some have even (52) ________ an exhibition of their own. We had to put something on the walls of our downstairs toilet. In my view, none of the contributors to the show at London’s Natural History Museum has grasped the basic principles of bad nature photography. In this endeavour, the canonic (典型的) image (53) ________ the animal to a small, blurred blob (一小块) in one corner of the frame. Ideally, it should be (54) ________ the snapper as he or she crashes through the underbrush or roars up in a Jeep. I inherited my hobby from my father. He was a titan in the field. One evening every year he would show us his work with slides. Sitting in the dark, shocked with boredom, I would drift in and out of (55) ________. Bad nature photography was easier then. Traditional equipment limited the number of shots you could take. Little of the process was (56) ________. Long lenses were expensive. Digital cameras do the bulk of the decision making these days. It costs nothing to junk shots that flop. Tolerable telephoto lenses (57) ________ for under £1,000. You can take decent landscapes and wildlife shots with a smartphone, too. That’s all fine. But I do fret over the beauty standards created by today’s photo-editing software. This is causing a whole new genre of bad nature photos. It turns photography into digital painting by (58) ________. Taking pictures in the open air becomes a starting point, rather than an end in itself. The products are all the same, without flavour. Slightly changed wildlife photos are equally common. I’m not referring here to obvious fakes like the “Norwegian blue owl” which did the (59) ________ on social media recently. Instead, I’m referring to real animals that have been idealized. Typically, the animal is perfectly lit. It is looking directly out of the frame, as if making conscious eye contact with the viewer. Nature is (60) ________ like this, particularly during the British winter. My feeling is that editing software is best used as an aid to taking photographs. It is not the main event. III. Reading Comprehension Section A (1*15=15) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The good old days? For hundreds of years, nostalgia wasn’t just an emotion, but a potentially deadly disease. Coined by a Swiss physician in 1688, nostalgia struck down servants in 17th-century Germany and killed soldiers in their thousands during the American Civil War. It was a kind of uncontrollable homesickness and while its exact (61) ________ is unclear, it caused people to slowly waste away. Weak and unable to eat, some (62) ________ to death. These days, we view nostalgia very differently. Now, psychologists and neuroscientists think nostalgia is a predominantly positive, although (63) ________, emotion that arises from personally important, tender, wistful (伤感的) memories of one’s past. But nostalgia isn’t just benign. It is also (64) ________ therapeutic — a powerful psychological resource that provides people with a variety of benefits. Researchers have found it can boost self-esteem, increase meaning in life, foster a sense of social (65) ________ and reduce loneliness, stress and anxiety. It can even be used to maintain and improve memory among older adults, enrich psychological health and lessen depression, studies show. This therapeutic version of nostalgia has been put to use in (66) ________ places. Organizations of various kinds have tapped into nostalgia’s feel-good factor and companies have deployed the emotion in their efforts to improve workforce well-being. The sociologist Yiannis Gabriel was one of the first to (67) ________ the term “organizational nostalgia”. He found that nostalgia is a by-product of workplaces where employees have spent many years, especially when the organization is (68) ________ to the local community, like coal mines, hospitals and universities. His research subjects told nostalgic stories about former colleagues and reminisced over old office buildings. Later studies found that organizational nostalgia could be put to use. It strengthened the (69) ________ identities of academics, doctors and nurses, for example, and could be deployed as a personal psychological resource. Nostalgia at work can look like shared (70) ________ about memorable days in a company’s history, or more abstract feelings about the “golden age” of a profession. Psychologists found that this organizational nostalgia helps employees cope with a challenging boss. It could act as an emotional buffer, allowing staff to maintain a feeling of (71) ________ and — helpfully for employers — stop them seeking improved working conditions or altered leadership. Despite the frustrations of, say being denied a(n) (72) ________ in important decisions at work, researchers have found that nostalgia provides an “alternative route to social connectedness” that keeps employees (73) ________. One study that interviewed 23 academics in Finland found they yearned for a past when they had more academic freedom. This “idealization of the past” helped the academics (74) ________ their professional values, researchers found, which helped them (75) ________ current pressures. And when medical professionals had their autonomy threatened by new ways of working, they could draw on nostalgia to make themselves feel better. 61. A. function B. procedure C. mechanism D. origin 62. A. thrilled B. starved C. bored D. sentenced 63. A. fleeting B. tricky C. intense D. bittersweet 64. A. actively B. reluctantly C. occasionally D. exceedingly 65. A. accountability B. collectiveness C. integration D. connectedness 66. A. anticipated B. unexpected C. irrational D. conventional 67. A. forge B. coin C. quote D. popularize 68. A. trivial B. home C. central D. superior 69. A. amateur B. public C. professional D. individual 70. A. recollections B. implications C. predictions D. speculations 71. A. distraction B. hesitation C. resignation D. motivation 72. A. alternative B. promotion C. voice D. refund 73. A. cooperative B. respectable C. productive D. competent 74. A. undermine B. clarify C. sophisticate D. justify 75. A. live up to B. get well along with C. make up for D. come to terms with Section B (2*4*4=32) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by four questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) As countless unmade beds and unfinished homework assignments prove, kids need rules. Yet how parents make demands can powerfully influence a child’s social skills, psychologists at the University of Virginia recently found after the conclusion of a study investigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Initially 184 13-year-olds filled out multiple surveys, including one to assess how often their parents employed psychologically controlling strategies, such as threatening to withdraw affection. The kids rated, for example how typical it would be for Dad to suggest that “if I really cared for him, I would not do things that caused him to worry” or for Mom to become “less friendly when I did not see things her way.” The researchers followed up with the subjects at ages 18 and 21, asking the young adults to bring along a close friend. These pairs were asked to answer questions that were purposefully written to cause a difference of opinion. “We wanted to see whether they could handle a disagreement in a healthy way,” says study leader Barbara Oudekerk, now at the U.S. Department of Justice’s bureau of statistics. In the October issue of Child Development, Oudekerk and her colleagues report that the 13-year-olds who had highly controlling parents floundered in friendly disagreements at age 18. They had difficulty stating their opinions in a confident, reasoned manner in comparison to the kids without controlling parents. And when they did speak up, they often failed to express themselves in warm and productive ways. The researchers suspect that controlling parents affect their child’s ability to learn how to argue his or her own viewpoint in other relationships. Although parents do need to set boundaries, dominating strategies imply that any disagreement will damage the bond itself. Separate findings suggest that parents who explain the reasons behind their rules and turn disagreements into conversations leave youngsters better prepared for future disagreements. The consequences of tense or dominating relationships appear to worsen with time. This study also found that social difficulties at 18 predicted even poorer communication abilities at age 21. Psychologist Shmuel Shulman of Bar-Ilan University in Israel, who did not participate in the work, thinks these conclusions convincingly reveal how relationship patterns “carry forward” into new friendships. 76. What did the researchers from the University of Virginia do in their research? A. They asked kids about how they got along with their parents. B. They surveyed some parents about what rules kids needed. C. They inquired into what the kids’ friends thought of them. D. They traced their subjects for nearly eight years. 77. The phrase “floundered in” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ________. A. struggled with B. dealt with C. looked over D. took over 78. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Shmuel Shulman thinks more evidence is needed for the new research. B. Controlling parents’ influence on their kids gets stronger as time goes by. C. 21-year-olds are more eager to be free of parents’ control than 18-year-olds. D. Kids can handle disagreement better if their parents get along well with each other. 79. What is the passage mainly about? A. Pushy parents could harm their kids’ social skills. B. Kids should learn what friendly disagreements are. C. Parents’ affection matters in terms of kids’ personality. D. Few parents explain the reasons why they set boundaries. (B) Types of Faults A fault is a fracture surface within the earth on which slip or displacement has taken place. The total displacement on a fault may be less than a few centimeters or may be measured in hundreds of kilometers. Large displacements are commonly achieved by a series of sudden slips associated with earthquakes, but under some conditions involving slow slip, called creep. Many possible fault structures are possible; the fracture surface may be planar or curved, and the slip may be uniform everywhere or may change from place to place, as in a rotational displacement or a displacement that becomes smaller and smaller and finally dies out. The three fundamental fault types are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. Normal faults involve a dipping fracture surface on which the block above the fault plane, the hanging-wall block, is downthrown with respect to the block below, called the footwall block. Normal faults are common in regions of crustal (地壳的) extension. In contrast, reverse fault displacements, which are common in regions of compression (压挤), are such that the block above the fracture surface is uplifted with respect to the block below. Strike-slip faults generally involve no vertical motion, but instead are produced by two blocks that are sliding laterally past one another. The sense of lateral motion can be right lateral (dextral) or left lateral (sinistral). Imagine that you are standing on one side of the fault. If the other side has moved to the right, as may be indicated by offset streams, ridges, roads, fences, or other features that cross the fault, it is a right-lateral fault. If the other side has been offset to the left, the fault is left lateral. Few faults are, in fact, purely normal, reverse, or transverse, but instead combine transverse motion with either normal or reverse motion. This combined motion is termed oblique slip. Complex fault types When faults extend to the Earth’s surface, displacing parts of the landscape, landforms are developed or modified. The portion of the fracture surface that is exposed by faulting is called the fault scarp. Fault scarps may initially be angular and well defined, but over time they are modified by weathering and erosion on the upper portions while the lower portions become buried by eroded debris. If a region is sliced by a series of subparallel normal faults with sufficient displacement, horst-and-graben topography may develop. A horst is a block that has remained high relative to those on either side, whereas a graben is depressed relative to the adjacent blocks. 80. Which of the statement is TRUE according to the passage? A. Faults range in length from a few centimeters to many hundreds of kilometers B. Faults are generally caused by a series of slips associated with creep. C. The fracture surface is always in line with the angle of the slip structure. D. The angle of inclination of a specific fault plane is by no means uniform. 81. Which picture correctly illustrates Reverse fault? A. B. C. D. 82. Which part of the picture is called “fault scarp” according to the passage? A. ① B. ② C. ③ D. ④ 83. In which section would you most likely find this article? A. History and Society B. Science and Tech C. Animals and Nature D. Geopolitics and Travel (C) Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells our self-respect, people will try to repeat the accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employee instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people compelled almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to what could be regarded an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 84. What does the author say about the pursuit of work-related self-esteem? A. It may result in negative motivation. B. It contributes to one’s accomplishments. C. It can increase one’s vigor as one keeps trying. D. It costs too much emotionally and psychologically. 85. When pursuing work-related self-esteem, employees tend to ______? A. take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities B. strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being C. resort to all means regardless of the consequences D. exaggerate their sense of shame and worthlessness 86. As for people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem, which of the following statement is TRUE? A. They may often feel superior to their colleagues. B. They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. C. They are never satisfied with their achievements. D. They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 87. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Workers have to make sacrifices to preserve self-esteem. B. Self-esteem swells when its preservation is strongly motivated. C. Pursuit of goals affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent. D. People feel positive about their work as long as they are motivated. (D) When we experience something painful, our brain produces natural painkillers that are chemically similar to powerful drugs such as morphine. Now research suggests these natural painkillers, also called endogenous opioids, play another role: helping regulate the body’s energy balance. Lauri Nummenmaa, a brain-imaging scientist at the University of Turku in Finland, and his colleagues measured endogenous opioid release in the brains of 10 healthy men. The subjects were injected with a radioactive substance that binds to opioid receptors, making it possible to visualize the receptors’ activity using positron-emission tomography (正电子放射断层造影术). The study found evidence of natural painkillers in the men’s brains after they ate a satisfying meal of pizza. Surprisingly, their brains released even more of the endogenous opioids after they ate a far less pleasant — but nutritionally similar — liquid meal of what Nummenmaa called “nutritional goo.” Although the subjects rated the pizza as tastier than the goo, opioid release did not appear to relate to their enjoyment of the meal, the researchers reported earlier this year in the Journal of Neuroscience. “I would’ve expected the opposite result,” says Paul Burghardt, an investigator at Wayne State University, who was not involved in the work. After all, previous human and animal studies led researchers to believe that endogenous opioids helped to convey the pleasure of eating. Nummenmaa, too, was surprised. His group’s earlier research showed that obese people’s brains had fewer opioid receptors — but that receptor levels recover with weight loss. “Maybe when people overeat, endogenous opioids released in the brain constantly attack the receptors, so they decrease in number,” he says. Why more opioids flooded the brain after the goo versus the pizza remains a mystery, but the researchers guess that faster digestion of the liquid meal may have produced more of the chemicals at the time of the scan, 15 minutes after eating. The new results may indicate that opioids play a wider role in energy metabolism than scientists previously thought. One possibility is that the opioid system is activated by the satisfaction of a full stomach and refreshed energy, Nummenmaa says. “If you take a step back and look at conditions that activate opioid release — pain, feeding, pleasure — they are all related to homeostasis,” or keeping the body’s energy in balance, he explains. “The most interesting thing is that eating activated the system even in the absence of sensory pleasure.” 88. What does Paul Burghardt mean by “the opposite result” (in paragraph 4)? A. The body’s energy balance plays an unexpectedly important role in killing pain. B. The more you enjoy your meal, the more the endogenous opioids are released. C. It is the nutrition rather than the taste that give people the pleasure of eating. D. Dissatisfying meals call for brains to produce more natural painkillers. 89. What did Nummenmaa’s group find in their earlier research? A. How many opioid receptors people have in their brain is related to their weight. B. Overeating is a major problem people have if they have fewer opioid receptors. C. Faster digestion can help the body to absorb more endogenous opioid. D. The goo is more effective in activating people’s opioid release. 90. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. A. people need to eat less to keep their body’s energy in good balance B. opioids are released when there is an imbalance in the body’s energy C. eating can repair a person’s opioid system as long as there is sensory pleasure D. conditions that activate opioid release should be rechecked to confirm the findings 91. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The absence of sensory pleasure affects how well opioids work. B. Natural painkillers work better than powerful drugs like morphine. C. The brain releases feel-good chemicals even after unpleasant meals. D. Pain plays the same role as pleasure in giving people a good appetite. Section C (2*4=8) Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. If all your time is spent working, cleaning or looking after your own or others’ health, you will miss out on the benefits of recreation. B. The idea seems to be that one can push through exhaustion by sheer will without repercussion (恶果). C. However, mentally fatigued subjects rated perception of effort during exercise to be significantly higher compared with the control condition. D. This isn’t to say people in general don’t need to eat well and keep physically active. E. But while we are rightly concentrating on Earth’s delicate energy balance, we are ignoring the signs that our own bodies are running on empty. F. In simple words, fatigue is an unpleasant feeling that describes sensations of muscle weakness and low energy, but without having sleepiness. The other energy crisis There can be no doubt that we are in a time of crisis when it comes to our use of the planet’s limited energy resources. We have to leave our bad habits in the past and focus on more sustainable solutions. (92) ________ According to a 2023 meta-analysis, one in five adults worldwide is living with fatigue unrelated to a medical condition. There are many reasons someone might feel tired all the time, such as a poor diet, lack of physical activity or a deficiency (缺少) in a particular nutrient. Mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety, can also lead to feeling exhausted. In a few cases, something more sinister (不祥的) is going on: extreme fatigue can be an early warning sign of cancer, for example. But there are plenty of healthy people, eating well and exercising weekly, who feel burned out by the demands of life. Current advice to keep fatigue at bay is almost always to “do more”. (93) ________ Top of the list of things you can do to help on the UK National Health Service’s page for “tiredness and fatigue”, for example, is to “have a healthy diet and exercise regularly”. But fatigue itself can perpetuate (使持续) the conditions in which it thrives: 35 per cent of UK adults say that being “too tired” holds them back from having a healthier diet and doing more exercise. How can people put effort into finding, planning and cooking new recipes if their existing lifestyle leaves them without any spare energy? How can someone find the time to go to the gym or attend a fitness class when every moment of the day is already allocated by work, school, kids, housework, the admin of life ... (94) ________ But “do more” isn’t the only solution to our exhaustion epidemic. Instead, we need to “do different” or “do smart”. For example, if you feel incapable of dealing with all of life’s demands, swap the unnecessary for the achievable. A 2018 study showed that burnout and exhaustion are often marked by a lack of confidence in one’s ability to meet goals, face challenges and produce good work. To counteract this, focus on doing something you know you are good at. Importantly, don’t use all your energy on the stuff you have to do. (95) ________ We must acknowledge that burning through our own energy supplies makes us stressed and exhausted today, and more at risk of serious health conditions later. IV. Translation (4+4+5+6+6=25) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 96．他本打算交卷前再检查一下单词拼写，但事实证明，他高估了自己的阅读速度。(turn out) 97．你为什么会认为他能够在这个高手如云的赛场中可以不费吹灰之力就能重现往日辉煌呢？(where) 98．尽管他的父母不赞成他进入农学院，但他注意到，越是更近一步地面对挑战，他就越有可能找到解决办法。(Despite; way) 99．无论营销中采用何种策略，确定目标客户群体，进行有效的市场分析并通过个性化推销手段来留住潜在客户是至关重要的。(involve) 100．专家明确表示深度学习的成功与其说是人工智能的新突破，不如说要归功于互联网中可得到的海量数据。(it; as…as) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $