2024-2025学年上海高二英语上学期-定语从句讲解&阅读提高专练

2024-2025学年上海高二英语上学期-定语从句讲解&阅读提高专练T 【课前热身】 定语从句练习基础题 单项选择 1. I want to know the place I was born. A. that B. which C.when D.where 【答案】D 2. Hangzhou is a city I visit most often. A. where B.whose C.in which D.that 【答案】D 3. Where is the boy whose arm was hurt by the window glass is broken? A. which B.whose C.where D.that 【答案】B 4. The reason I was late was my car broken down. A. which; that B. that; why C. why; when D. why; that 【答案】D 5. This is so interesting a book is worth . A. that; reading B. as; reading C. that; being read D. as; being read 【答案】B 6. There are 2.000 workers in our factory, two thirds of are women. A. which B.whom C.them D.who 【答案】B 7. She will never forget the day she was married. A. that B.when C.in which D.which 【答案】B 8. I am so happy about to work in Yunnan, a place which my father spent his childhood. A. having assigned; at B. assigned; at C. being assigned; in D. having been assigned; in 【答案】C 9. is known to us, racial prejudice is still in existence in some countries and no one knows for sure it will be wiped out. A. It: where B. As; when C.What: how D. That: what 【答案】B 10. is reported in the newspaper, the earthquake in the east of Jiangxi Province killed 13 people. A. It B.As C.That D.What 【答案】B 11._ is strongly recommended is that we should never trust such people always over-praise you to your face. A. It; which B. As: that C. What; as D. It: who 【答案】C 12. I' ll never forget the day I met Mr. Li for the first time. A. when B. that C.which D.where 【答案】A 13. I'm one of the boys, never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is 【答案】B 14. Her sister, you met at my home, was a teacher of English. A. whom B.that C.which D.what 【答案】A 15. He is the only person I want to talk with. A. that B.who C.which D.why 【答案】A 16. This is the house he has lived in for l5 years. A. where B.that C.in which D.when 【答案】B 17. the guidance of the scientist on the earth, the astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, much help for knowing space. A. Under, which we think it is B. With; of which we think is C. Under: which we think are of D. With; we think which is of 【答案】C 18. It is in the very gym was built last year I work out on a regular after work. A. that; that; basis B.which;that: base C. which; where:based D. that: where: basis 【答案】A 19. The pencil he was writing broke. A. with which B. in which C.which D.that 【答案】A 20.Hangzhou is a city there is a beautiful lake. A. which B.that C. where D.whose 【答案】C 翻译 1.这段文字让我想起了多年以前看过的一个电视商业广告。(which) 【答案】This passage reminds me of a TV commercial which I saw many years ago. 2.我很荣幸在颁奖典礼上给那些为人类做出重大贡献的天才们颁发奖牌。(present) 【答案】It's an honor for me/I feel greatly honored to present the medals to those geniuses who have made great contributions to mankind at the award ceremony. 3.他既有音乐天赋又有幽默感，这使得他在大学的朋友中很受欢迎。(which) 【答案】He has a gift for music and a sense of humor, which makes him popular with his friends in the college. 4.这部电视剧受年轻父母欢迎的原因是他们很容易与剧中的人物产生共鸣。(identify) 【答案】The reason why this TV series is popular among young parents is that it's very easy for them to identify with the characters in the play. 5.不出所料，这个养身讲座吸引了社区众多老年居民。(expect) 【答案】As was expected, the lecture on health care attracted many elderly community residents. 拓展题 1 .Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages are only spoken by a tiny portion of people, in the presence of world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful. A. that: which B. as: which C. that; whose D. as: whose 【答案】B 2.His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, he could watch what was going on with the special operations mission. A. from which B. where C. from where D. from there 【答案】C 3. He is the very man in pocket I found my lost money. A. that B.who C.whom D.whose 【答案】D 4. There are many traditional tribes in Asia, of which the Kayan tribe may be the only one women have their necks stretched to incredible lengths using brass coils. A. that B.which C.where D.whose 【答案】C 5.“It's a place of exchange and in-betweenness, where not only things and people come in and out, but so do ideas.”That exchange of ideas has led to some of the world's most ambitious architectural projects--- Killa has played an outsize role. 【答案】where 6.And like the city itself, it has become a place of exchange an outsize space where people gather, marvel and commune. “That enjoyment that I saw people having really filled me with something was very special," Killa says of the public reception to the museum. “The building has now been passed to them.” 【答案】that 7.When you cross deep water driving too fast, you risk splashing water up into the air box and having it get sucked into the internal engine, is more common than you think. 【答案】which 8.The Guinness Book of Records first set its sight on satisfying man's inborn curiosity about the natural world. Its two principal fact finders moved wildly around the globe to collect facts.It was their tasks to find aspects of life can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantifed or measured. 【答案】that 9.With all of my foreign trips cancelled this year, I decided to travel north from my home near Stockholm.What began as a two-week trip quickly turned into journeys ,both starting and finishing in midwinter, lasted the entire year. 【答案】that/which 10."No Tobacco Day" is aimed at smokers and those earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes. 【答案】who 【解析】这里是典型的定语从句，先行词是 those 表示那些人，所以用who. 11 .State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.Califomia's plan, is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model. 【答案】which 12.This is a crucial step towards building the resilience of marine ecosystems and securing a sustainable future for those livelihoods depend on our oceans. 【答案】whose 【知识梳理】 一、定语从句关系词 1、关系代词 关系代词 用法 例句 who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略，在口语中常可用 who 来代替。 Li Ming is just the boy(whom)I want to see. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。 This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. that 指人时，相当于who或whom;指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door. The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。 The house whose windows are broken is empty. as 指人、物皆可，当先行词受 so,such,the same,as 等修饰时使用。 I've never heard such stories as he tells. He is as great a painter as ever lived. 注意:当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that 引导定语从句，但与 as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。so，such也可引导状语从句，注意区分。 the same...as(as 引导定从，表示内容与主句相似，同类) the same ...that(that 引导定从，表示内容与主句同一，同一事物) →She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 →She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding:她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 so/such...as(定语从句) so/such...that(结果状语从句) →Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定语从句) →Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(结果状语从句) 2、关系副词 关系副词 用法 例句 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。注意常考的时间名词occasion，interval, period, age 等。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。注意先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如:case,point, situation,activity, job,stage, state 等。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如: →I’ll never forget the day when/on which I first met you. →Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. →The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 3、关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较: I know a place where(作状语)we can have a picnic. I know a place which/that(作主语)is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. I will never forget the days when(作状语)we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that/which(作宾语)we spent together. This is the reason why(作状语)he was dismissed(解雇). This is the reason that/which(作宾语)he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 总结:选用关系词的方法:一找、二还、三提问 ① 找:就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分(关系词划分在从句里面)，再找出先行词和关系词。 ② 还:根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话(可以添词)。 ③提问:用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分。实际上就是对定语从句中添加部分进行提问。对主语和宾语提问，要用代词;对状语提问要用副词。时间状语用when，地点状语用where，原因状语用 why。关系词是 who/whom 和 which 时也可用 that。 二、限制性和非限制性定语从句 1、定义 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号;而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明，即即使去掉，也不会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如: This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 句中的 you want 为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。 He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书，非常有用。 句中的 which was very useful为非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。 2、区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，起“指定是哪一个”的作用，去掉后句意不完整 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后句子意思仍完整 译法上 翻译成先行词的定语,“……的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句 关系词的使用上 A. 作宾语时可省略;B.可用 that;C.可用 who 代替 whom;D.可用why A.不可省;B.不用that;C.不用 who代替 whom;D.why 要换为 for which 1)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的目的不同 限制性定语从句的作用是“指定是哪一个”，而非限制性定语从句的作用是补充一些额外内容。因此，含有限制性定语从句的复合句表达一个主要内容;而含有非限制性定语从句的复合句表达有两个要点，常用作并列句或含有状语从句的复合句。 ① The girl whom he married is very pretty.和他结婚的那个女孩非常漂亮。 定语从句是来指明是哪个女孩(是和他结婚的那个女孩，而不是别的女孩)。本句主要是说“那个女孩很漂亮”。因此本句中定语从句是限制性定语从句。 ②) He met with a pretty girl in the park that day, whom he married two months later. 那天他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩;他两个月后和她结婚了。 定语从句并不是指明是哪个女孩，而是补充说明了一些内容。本句表达了两方面内容:他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩;他两个月后和她结婚了。因此本句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。 2)当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的 这主要是因为名词所指对象已经很明确，定语从句的作用不是起限定作用，而是起补充说明作用。 ①Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 ②His latest novel. which I have read three times, is very touching. 他最近出版的这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。 3)关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。 The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。 4)当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。 He has a daughter, who is studying in England. 他有个女儿，现在正在英国学习。（只有一个女儿） as，which引导的非限制性定语从句： 1)两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。 The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。 2)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。 As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。 3)在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。 She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。 4)which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。 He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。 5)as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 6)在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。 Beijing, which she was born in, is our capital. 北京，她出生的地方，是我们的首都。 7)＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。 8)从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。 He can write a letter in Chinese, which I can not. 他可以用汉语写信，我不能。 9)非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。 He said he had failed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他没有通过考试，这是假的。 限制性定语从句： 1、way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况 在定语从句中，the way 在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which,that 或省略;但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。 先行词是 time，若 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词 that引导定语从句，that 可省略;若 time作“一段时间”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词 when 或介词 at/during+which 引导定语从句。 What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it. He will use the way that/which will work best for him. This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 2、定语从句含插入成份 定语从句中可以在主语后插入像 sb. feel/think/believe/suppose/say….成分，这并不影响定语从句,分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。 This is the man who I think was worth praising.此句缺主语，所以不能用 whom，不要看成think的宾语。 3、分隔式定语从句 一般说来，定语从句是跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，但有时也会出现先行词和定语从句被一个词或一个短语所分隔，或者谓语太短等情况，这时我们要根据定语从句的句意判断哪一个词是先行词。 The days are gone when we used the foreign oil. There was a time in my life when I hated to go to school. 【当堂练习】 单选题 1. Alice bought an ancient Chinese pot at a local market, was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. that price D. the price of that 【答案】B 2. The sushi bar, the walls of painted navy blue, is indeed an ideal place for us office workers,especially after work. A. whose B.which C. what D.it 【答案】B 3. Green Equator Coffee is grown on the Green Equator Estate(庄园), coffee is 100% organic and sells at a very low price. A. where B.whose C. when D.which 【答案】B 4. He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose the control over his car. A. which B.that C.where D.when 【答案】C 5. The place the bridge is supposed to be built should be the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which, that B. at which,where C. at which,that D. where, in which 【答案】B 6. To learn English well, you should put yourself in situations you'll be forced to communicate in English. A. when B.how C.where D.that 【答案】C 7. Scientist are learning more every day about the secret ways plants talk to each other. A. to which B. for which C. in which D.on which 【答案】C 8. China will allow all couples to have three children, , in my opinion, is helpful to cope with the increasingly aging society. A. that B.which C.what D.who 【答案】B 9. You can't wake a person is pretending to be asleep. A. who B.which C.he D.不填 【答案】A 10. It was in this old farm house his grandfather built 50 years ago he was born and bred. A. where; when B. which; that C. that; which D. where; which 【答案】B 11. My cellphone, I couldn't contact my parents, was taken away by my teacher for the reason I had used it in my English class. A. which, why B. with which, that C. without which, why D. without which, that 【答案】D 12. After working for 10 years, I find teaching is a job you are doing something serious but interesting. A. that B.which C.when D.where 【答案】D 13. Could it be in the restaurant you had dinner with your partner yesterday you lost your handbag? A. which; that B. where; that C. that; which D. that; where 【答案】B 14. A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, has happened in Ukraine and other countries. A. what B.as C.where D.which 【答案】B 15. The worsening living conditions on the Carteret Islands finally resulted in we called the relocation of all the islanders, from arose the problem of losing their traditions and celebrations. A. which; what B. which; which C. what: that D. what; which 【答案】D 单句语法填空 1.The cat selected to travel to space was simply known as C341. C341 flew on a French rocket in October 1963, taking it to a place no cat had gone before. 【答案】where 2.This weekend, you could, for instance, seek out some vegan ice cream doesn't taste terrible.You could try running in a pool, which is easier on the joints but as effective as running on land. 【答案】that/which 3. “Three” is the minimum number a two-dimensional shape can be defined. For example,three sticks can create a triangle, a stable structure. Many common phrases are in three words, such as “ready,set, go” 【答案】with which 4.In a paper published in Nature Communications, a group of researchers led by Jorg Muller, an ecologist at the University of Wurzburg, describe a better way: have a computer do the job. Smartphone apps already exist through the sounds of birds or mammals (哺乳动物) can be identified. 【答案】which 5.Dr Ajmal Zemmar, a co-author of the study, said that what the team, then based in Vancouver, Canada,accidentally got, was considered the first-ever recording of a dying brain. So will we get a glimpse back at those moments we stayed with loved ones and other happy memories? 【答案】when 6.“I think there’s something mysterious and spiritual about this whole near-death experience,” Dr Zemmar said.“And findings like this it's a moment scientists live for.” 【答案】that/which 7.But last month I ran across something when I was browsing through Facebook. It was a photo of a little girl I didn’t know, winning first prize in a school talent show. 【答案】who/whom/that 8.To decide if data sets count as big data, they are evaluated using three standards, known as “the three Vs.” The first is volume: Big data involves large amounts of data, most of comes without structure or organization. 【答案】which 9.In the study, there were a few cases cats would approach the speaker playing a voice and meow. “In the end, we had really clear gains in the cat's attention when the owner was using cat-directed speech,”Dr. de Mouzon said. 【答案】where 10 .Senior care facilities across Japan are testing out such new robots deliver a collection of social and physical health care and the government-backed initiative has been met with positive reviews by elderly residents. 【答案】as 11.The success rate for foreign students was a merely 106 students last year, has slightly improved to 216 students this year. 【答案】which 12.What your parents can give you is not necessarily the best in the world, but they will try their best to give you all, and they are afraid that it is not enough;, maybe they never said “I love you", but love you in their own way for a lifetime, is how most parents around the world show their love. 【答案】which 13.The many Generation Z and millennials (typically around 40 years and younger) tend to use this short-term financing, allows them to buy items and pay for them over time. 【答案】which 14.The most common “buy now, pay later" plan is that customers make four equal payments and pay off the debt in six weeks. It's been a lifeline for some people, such as a university student weekly income is not big enough. 【答案】whose 15.There is more than sufficient food for everyone, 40% of is unfortunately, wasted every day. 【答案】which 翻译 1.那个穿白衣服的女孩多才多艺，给我留下了深刻印象。(dress) 【答案】The girl dressed in white was of many gifts, which left a deep impression on me. 2.教师致力于培养孩子的创新能力,这是教书育人的重要使命之一。(which) 【答案】Teachers are devoted/committed to cultivating children's innovative ability, which is one of the important missions/tasks of teaching and educating people. 3.虽然失去了夺冠的希望，但他依然面带微笑奋力完成比赛，这给在场的观众和线上的网友都留下了深刻印象。(which) 【答案】Although he lost the hope of winning the championship, he still managed to finish the race with a smile on his face, which left a deep impression on the audience and online users. 4.这位木偶戏的传承者正在竭尽全力将这项被列为国家非物质文化遗产的娱乐形式引入校园，丰富孩子们的课外活动，同时让他们受到传统文化的熏陶。(list)(汉译英) 【答案】 The inheritor of the puppet show is making every effort to introduce this form of entertainment into campus, which is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, enriching children's extracurricular activities, and at the same time allowing them to be influenced by traditional culture. 【阅读提高】 【十一选十】 A.exposed B.containing C.conditions D. based E.style F.data G.enhancing H. resist I. definitely J.frequently K.complete In an experiment that 1 healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny temper were less likely to fall ill. The findings were built on evidence that a “positive emotional style"can help to 2 the common cold and other illness. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness 3 immune function and subjective as in happy people being less disturbed by a sore throat or running nose. “People with a positive emotional style may have active immune responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr. Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.” Actually, 4 on the previous study results, Cohen and his colleagues have been 5 certain that pleasant people are, for most cases, less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether a person's character itself brings about the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults 6 standard measures of personality tendency, self-conscious health and emotional “style”. Those who tend to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional 7 while those who were often unhappy, tense and opposed had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal(鼻子的) drops 8 either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six years, the researchers collected 9 like daily mucus (哑液) protection. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective analysis of nose 10 ,happy people were less likely to develop a cold. 【答案】1.A 2.H 3.G 4.D 5.I 6.K 7.E 8.B 9.F 10.C 【完形填空】 Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 .That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 .A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership’ but it remains small. for several reasons. The first is that you don't need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow.The word itself is associated with 7 ,weakness and complaints.In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属)have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders,Not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves. If such things explain why leadership is 11 ,the behaviour of followers is still crucial.Hierarchies (等级制度)can be more fluid (流动的)than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve,you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars.Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好)themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively... is a choice.” 1.A. start B. lead C.acquire D.convey 2.A. Special B.Abundant C. Missing D.Competent 3.A.counts on B. reports to C. calls for D. alternates with 4.A.reverse B. authority C.agenda D.convention 5.A. blinded B. reduced C. dedicated D. accustomed 6.A.candidate B.consultant C.executive D. follower 7.A.courage B. passivity C.discrimination D. dignity 8.A. leisure B. duty C. label D. payment 9.A.supervising B. surrounding C.defending D. entertaining 10.A.even if B. now that C. given that D. provided that 11.A. under the weather B. in the dark C.in the spotlight D.on cloud nine 12.A. contributing B. dominating C.selecting D. appointing 13.A. hired B.surveyed C.identified D. designed 14.A. campaign B. category C. trap D. business 15.A. defend B.sponsor C.influence D. challenge 【答案】1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.D 【六选四】 The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea A. But that is complicated by another of the researchers’ findings B. They are predatory birds that will gladly seize unattended eggs C. Now a paper by Libourel and Lee reports another clever adaptation. D. The birds may readily steal nesting materials from unguarded neighbours, for instance E. But the fact that the birds are able to incubate eggs under such conditions proves the naps useful. F. Like ducks, chinstrap penguins can sleep with either their whole brain or with just one hemisphere at a time. Sleep is a bit of an evolutionary mystery. A sleeping animal cannot look for food, defend its territory or flee from danger. The fact that sleep is nonetheless common among animals suggests its restorative powers are essential. So does the fact that, if laboratory animals are deprived of it for long enough, they die. Some animals, though, have developed unique ways to balance the need for sleep and the need for staying alert. Dolphins and ducks can sleep with only half their brains at a time, leaving the other half alert. 1 Chinstrap penguins(帽带企鹅), it seems, take their sleep in the form of thousands of tiny micro-naps. The researchers captured 14 penguins on King George Island, and their brain activity was tracked remotely through electrodes. While ducks sleep in long stretches, the researchers discovered that the penguins were napping for just a few seconds at a time, hundreds of times an hour. They offer two explanations for the penguins’ sleep patterns. The first is to do with external threats.Penguins often incubate (孵化) their eggs alone while their partners are away foraging for food. Colonies are threatened by brown skuas(棕贼鸥). 2 Broken sleep may be an evolutionarily smart way of getting some shut-eye during long egg-guarding watches while still remaining able to react to danger. 3 Birds with nests near the edge of the colony ought to be at greater risk than those in the centre.But birds on the edges of the colony seemed to enjoy longer and deeper naps than those near the middle. That leads to the second suggestion, which is to do with the penguins themselves. Penguin colonies are noisy, crowded places, and threats may come from within as well as without. 4 Birds in the bustling,crime-ridden centre of the colony may simply find it harder to get any shut-eye than those living in the safer,quieter suburbs. Choosing between those theories will require more research. Both, of course, could prove to be true. 【答案】1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 第 1 页 共 13 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $2024-2025学年上海高二英语上学期-定语从句讲解&阅读提高专练S 【课前热身】 定语从句练习基础题 单项选择 1. I want to know the place I was born. A. that B. which C.when D.where 2. Hangzhou is a city I visit most often. A. where B.whose C.in which D.that 3. Where is the boy whose arm was hurt by the window glass is broken? A. which B.whose C.where D.that 4. The reason I was late was my car broken down. A. which; that B. that; why C. why; when D. why; that 5. This is so interesting a book is worth . A. that; reading B. as; reading C. that; being read D. as; being read 6. There are 2.000 workers in our factory, two thirds of are women. A. which B.whom C.them D.who 7. She will never forget the day she was married. A. that B.when C.in which D.which 8. I am so happy about to work in Yunnan, a place which my father spent his childhood. A. having assigned; at B. assigned; at C. being assigned; in D. having been assigned; in 9. is known to us, racial prejudice is still in existence in some countries and no one knows for sure it will be wiped out. A. It: where B. As; when C.What: how D. That: what 10. is reported in the newspaper, the earthquake in the east of Jiangxi Province killed 13 people. A. It B.As C.That D.What 11._ is strongly recommended is that we should never trust such people always over-praise you to your face. A. It; which B. As: that C. What; as D. It: who 12. I' ll never forget the day I met Mr. Li for the first time. A. when B. that C.which D.where 13. I'm one of the boys, never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is 14. Her sister, you met at my home, was a teacher of English. A. whom B.that C.which D.what 15. He is the only person I want to talk with. A. that B.who C.which D.why 16. This is the house he has lived in for l5 years. A. where B.that C.in which D.when 17. the guidance of the scientist on the earth, the astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, much help for knowing space. A. Under, which we think it is B. With; of which we think is C. Under: which we think are of D. With; we think which is of 18. It is in the very gym was built last year I work out on a regular after work. A. that; that; basis B.which;that: base C. which; where:based D. that: where: basis 19. The pencil he was writing broke. A. with which B. in which C.which D.that 20.Hangzhou is a city there is a beautiful lake. A. which B.that C. where D.whose 翻译 1.这段文字让我想起了多年以前看过的一个电视商业广告。(which) 2.我很荣幸在颁奖典礼上给那些为人类做出重大贡献的天才们颁发奖牌。(present) 3.他既有音乐天赋又有幽默感，这使得他在大学的朋友中很受欢迎。(which) 4.这部电视剧受年轻父母欢迎的原因是他们很容易与剧中的人物产生共鸣。(identify) 5.不出所料，这个养身讲座吸引了社区众多老年居民。(expect) 拓展题 1 .Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages are only spoken by a tiny portion of people, in the presence of world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful. A. that: which B. as: which C. that; whose D. as: whose 2.His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, he could watch what was going on with the special operations mission. A. from which B. where C. from where D. from there 3. He is the very man in pocket I found my lost money. A. that B.who C.whom D.whose 4. There are many traditional tribes in Asia, of which the Kayan tribe may be the only one women have their necks stretched to incredible lengths using brass coils. A. that B.which C.where D.whose 5.“It's a place of exchange and in-betweenness, where not only things and people come in and out, but so do ideas.”That exchange of ideas has led to some of the world's most ambitious architectural projects--- Killa has played an outsize role. 6.And like the city itself, it has become a place of exchange an outsize space where people gather, marvel and commune. “That enjoyment that I saw people having really filled me with something was very special," Killa says of the public reception to the museum. “The building has now been passed to them.” 7.When you cross deep water driving too fast, you risk splashing water up into the air box and having it get sucked into the internal engine, is more common than you think. 8.The Guinness Book of Records first set its sight on satisfying man's inborn curiosity about the natural world. Its two principal fact finders moved wildly around the globe to collect facts.It was their tasks to find aspects of life can be sensed or observed, things that can be quantifed or measured. 9.With all of my foreign trips cancelled this year, I decided to travel north from my home near Stockholm.What began as a two-week trip quickly turned into journeys ,both starting and finishing in midwinter, lasted the entire year. 10."No Tobacco Day" is aimed at smokers and those earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes. 11 .State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.Califomia's plan, is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model. 12.This is a crucial step towards building the resilience of marine ecosystems and securing a sustainable future for those livelihoods depend on our oceans. 【知识梳理】 一、定语从句关系词 1、关系代词 关系代词 用法 例句 who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略，在口语中常可用 who 来代替。 Li Ming is just the boy(whom)I want to see. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。 This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. that 指人时，相当于who或whom;指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door. The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. whose 指人、物皆可，与后面的名词有所属关系，在定语从句中做定语。 The house whose windows are broken is empty. as 指人、物皆可，当先行词受 so,such,the same,as 等修饰时使用。 I've never heard such stories as he tells. He is as great a painter as ever lived. 注意:当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that 引导定语从句，但与 as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。so，such也可引导状语从句，注意区分。 the same...as(as 引导定从，表示内容与主句相似，同类) the same ...that(that 引导定从，表示内容与主句同一，同一事物) →She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 →She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding:她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 so/such...as(定语从句) so/such...that(结果状语从句) →Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定语从句) →Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(结果状语从句) 2、关系副词 关系副词 用法 例句 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。注意常考的时间名词occasion，interval, period, age 等。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。注意先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如:case,point, situation,activity, job,stage, state 等。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如: →I’ll never forget the day when/on which I first met you. →Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. →The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 3、关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较: I know a place where(作状语)we can have a picnic. I know a place which/that(作主语)is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. I will never forget the days when(作状语)we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that/which(作宾语)we spent together. This is the reason why(作状语)he was dismissed(解雇). This is the reason that/which(作宾语)he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 总结:选用关系词的方法:一找、二还、三提问 ① 找:就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分(关系词划分在从句里面)，再找出先行词和关系词。 ② 还:根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为完整的一句话(可以添词)。 ③提问:用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分。实际上就是对定语从句中添加部分进行提问。对主语和宾语提问，要用代词;对状语提问要用副词。时间状语用when，地点状语用where，原因状语用 why。关系词是 who/whom 和 which 时也可用 that。 二、限制性和非限制性定语从句 1、定义 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号;而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明，即即使去掉，也不会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如: This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。 句中的 you want 为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。 He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书，非常有用。 句中的 which was very useful为非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。 2、区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，起“指定是哪一个”的作用，去掉后句意不完整 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后句子意思仍完整 译法上 翻译成先行词的定语,“……的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句 关系词的使用上 A. 作宾语时可省略;B.可用 that;C.可用 who 代替 whom;D.可用why A.不可省;B.不用that;C.不用 who代替 whom;D.why 要换为 for which 1)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的目的不同 限制性定语从句的作用是“指定是哪一个”，而非限制性定语从句的作用是补充一些额外内容。因此，含有限制性定语从句的复合句表达一个主要内容;而含有非限制性定语从句的复合句表达有两个要点，常用作并列句或含有状语从句的复合句。 ① The girl whom he married is very pretty.和他结婚的那个女孩非常漂亮。 定语从句是来指明是哪个女孩(是和他结婚的那个女孩，而不是别的女孩)。本句主要是说“那个女孩很漂亮”。因此本句中定语从句是限制性定语从句。 ②) He met with a pretty girl in the park that day, whom he married two months later. 那天他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩;他两个月后和她结婚了。 定语从句并不是指明是哪个女孩，而是补充说明了一些内容。本句表达了两方面内容:他在公园内遇到一个漂亮的女孩;他两个月后和她结婚了。因此本句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。 2)当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的 这主要是因为名词所指对象已经很明确，定语从句的作用不是起限定作用，而是起补充说明作用。 ①Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 ②His latest novel. which I have read three times, is very touching. 他最近出版的这本小说很感人，我已经读了三遍。 3)关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。 The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。 4)当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。 He has a daughter, who is studying in England. 他有个女儿，现在正在英国学习。（只有一个女儿） as，which引导的非限制性定语从句： 1)两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。 The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。 2)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。 As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。 3)在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。 She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。 4)which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。 He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。 5)as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 6)在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。 Beijing, which she was born in, is our capital. 北京，她出生的地方，是我们的首都。 7)＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。 8)从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。 He can write a letter in Chinese, which I can not. 他可以用汉语写信，我不能。 9)非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。 He said he had failed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他没有通过考试，这是假的。 限制性定语从句： 1、way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况 在定语从句中，the way 在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which,that 或省略;但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。 先行词是 time，若 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词 that引导定语从句，that 可省略;若 time作“一段时间”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词 when 或介词 at/during+which 引导定语从句。 What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it. He will use the way that/which will work best for him. This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 2、定语从句含插入成份 定语从句中可以在主语后插入像 sb. feel/think/believe/suppose/say….成分，这并不影响定语从句,分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。 This is the man who I think was worth praising.此句缺主语，所以不能用 whom，不要看成think的宾语。 3、分隔式定语从句 一般说来，定语从句是跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，但有时也会出现先行词和定语从句被一个词或一个短语所分隔，或者谓语太短等情况，这时我们要根据定语从句的句意判断哪一个词是先行词。 The days are gone when we used the foreign oil. There was a time in my life when I hated to go to school. 【当堂练习】 单选题 1. Alice bought an ancient Chinese pot at a local market, was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. that price D. the price of that 2. The sushi bar, the walls of painted navy blue, is indeed an ideal place for us office workers,especially after work. A. whose B.which C. what D.it 3. Green Equator Coffee is grown on the Green Equator Estate(庄园), coffee is 100% organic and sells at a very low price. A. where B.whose C. when D.which 4. He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose the control over his car. A. which B.that C.where D.when 5. The place the bridge is supposed to be built should be the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which, that B. at which,where C. at which,that D. where, in which 6. To learn English well, you should put yourself in situations you'll be forced to communicate in English. A. when B.how C.where D.that 7. Scientist are learning more every day about the secret ways plants talk to each other. A. to which B. for which C. in which D.on which 8. China will allow all couples to have three children, , in my opinion, is helpful to cope with the increasingly aging society. A. that B.which C.what D.who 9. You can't wake a person is pretending to be asleep. A. who B.which C.he D.不填 10. It was in this old farm house his grandfather built 50 years ago he was born and bred. A. where; when B. which; that C. that; which D. where; which 11. My cellphone, I couldn't contact my parents, was taken away by my teacher for the reason I had used it in my English class. A. which, why B. with which, that C. without which, why D. without which, that 12. After working for 10 years, I find teaching is a job you are doing something serious but interesting. A. that B.which C.when D.where 13. Could it be in the restaurant you had dinner with your partner yesterday you lost your handbag? A. which; that B. where; that C. that; which D. that; where 14. A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, has happened in Ukraine and other countries. A. what B.as C.where D.which 15. The worsening living conditions on the Carteret Islands finally resulted in we called the relocation of all the islanders, from arose the problem of losing their traditions and celebrations. A. which; what B. which; which C. what: that D. what; which 单句语法填空 1.The cat selected to travel to space was simply known as C341. C341 flew on a French rocket in October 1963, taking it to a place no cat had gone before. 2.This weekend, you could, for instance, seek out some vegan ice cream doesn't taste terrible.You could try running in a pool, which is easier on the joints but as effective as running on land. 3. “Three” is the minimum number a two-dimensional shape can be defined. For example,three sticks can create a triangle, a stable structure. Many common phrases are in three words, such as “ready,set, go” 4.In a paper published in Nature Communications, a group of researchers led by Jorg Muller, an ecologist at the University of Wurzburg, describe a better way: have a computer do the job. Smartphone apps already exist through the sounds of birds or mammals (哺乳动物) can be identified. 5.Dr Ajmal Zemmar, a co-author of the study, said that what the team, then based in Vancouver, Canada,accidentally got, was considered the first-ever recording of a dying brain. So will we get a glimpse back at those moments we stayed with loved ones and other happy memories? 6.“I think there’s something mysterious and spiritual about this whole near-death experience,” Dr Zemmar said.“And findings like this it's a moment scientists live for.” 7.But last month I ran across something when I was browsing through Facebook. It was a photo of a little girl I didn’t know, winning first prize in a school talent show. 8.To decide if data sets count as big data, they are evaluated using three standards, known as “the three Vs.” The first is volume: Big data involves large amounts of data, most of comes without structure or organization. 9.In the study, there were a few cases cats would approach the speaker playing a voice and meow. “In the end, we had really clear gains in the cat's attention when the owner was using cat-directed speech,”Dr. de Mouzon said. 10 .Senior care facilities across Japan are testing out such new robots deliver a collection of social and physical health care and the government-backed initiative has been met with positive reviews by elderly residents. 11.The success rate for foreign students was a merely 106 students last year, has slightly improved to 216 students this year. 12.What your parents can give you is not necessarily the best in the world, but they will try their best to give you all, and they are afraid that it is not enough;, maybe they never said “I love you", but love you in their own way for a lifetime, is how most parents around the world show their love. 13.The many Generation Z and millennials (typically around 40 years and younger) tend to use this short-term financing, allows them to buy items and pay for them over time. 14.The most common “buy now, pay later" plan is that customers make four equal payments and pay off the debt in six weeks. It's been a lifeline for some people, such as a university student weekly income is not big enough. 15.There is more than sufficient food for everyone, 40% of is unfortunately, wasted every day. 翻译 1.那个穿白衣服的女孩多才多艺，给我留下了深刻印象。(dress) 2.教师致力于培养孩子的创新能力,这是教书育人的重要使命之一。(which) 3.虽然失去了夺冠的希望，但他依然面带微笑奋力完成比赛，这给在场的观众和线上的网友都留下了深刻印象。(which) 4.这位木偶戏的传承者正在竭尽全力将这项被列为国家非物质文化遗产的娱乐形式引入校园，丰富孩子们的课外活动，同时让他们受到传统文化的熏陶。(list)(汉译英) 【阅读提高】 【十一选十】 A.exposed B.containing C.conditions D. based E.style F.data G.enhancing H. resist I. definitely J.frequently K.complete In an experiment that 1 healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny temper were less likely to fall ill. The findings were built on evidence that a “positive emotional style"can help to 2 the common cold and other illness. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness 3 immune function and subjective as in happy people being less disturbed by a sore throat or running nose. “People with a positive emotional style may have active immune responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr. Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.” Actually, 4 on the previous study results, Cohen and his colleagues have been 5 certain that pleasant people are, for most cases, less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether a person's character itself brings about the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults 6 standard measures of personality tendency, self-conscious health and emotional “style”. Those who tend to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional 7 while those who were often unhappy, tense and opposed had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal(鼻子的) drops 8 either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six years, the researchers collected 9 like daily mucus (哑液) protection. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective analysis of nose 10 ,happy people were less likely to develop a cold. 【完形填空】 Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 .That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 .A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership’ but it remains small. for several reasons. The first is that you don't need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow.The word itself is associated with 7 ,weakness and complaints.In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属)have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders,Not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves. If such things explain why leadership is 11 ,the behaviour of followers is still crucial.Hierarchies (等级制度)can be more fluid (流动的)than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve,you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars.Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好)themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively... is a choice.” 1.A. start B. lead C.acquire D.convey 2.A. Special B.Abundant C. Missing D.Competent 3.A.counts on B. reports to C. calls for D. alternates with 4.A.reverse B. authority C.agenda D.convention 5.A. blinded B. reduced C. dedicated D. accustomed 6.A.candidate B.consultant C.executive D. follower 7.A.courage B. passivity C.discrimination D. dignity 8.A. leisure B. duty C. label D. payment 9.A.supervising B. surrounding C.defending D. entertaining 10.A.even if B. now that C. given that D. provided that 11.A. under the weather B. in the dark C.in the spotlight D.on cloud nine 12.A. contributing B. dominating C.selecting D. appointing 13.A. hired B.surveyed C.identified D. designed 14.A. campaign B. category C. trap D. business 15.A. defend B.sponsor C.influence D. challenge 【六选四】 The biology of sleep: Forty thousand naps near the sea A. But that is complicated by another of the researchers’ findings B. They are predatory birds that will gladly seize unattended eggs C. Now a paper by Libourel and Lee reports another clever adaptation. D. The birds may readily steal nesting materials from unguarded neighbours, for instance E. But the fact that the birds are able to incubate eggs under such conditions proves the naps useful. F. Like ducks, chinstrap penguins can sleep with either their whole brain or with just one hemisphere at a time. Sleep is a bit of an evolutionary mystery. A sleeping animal cannot look for food, defend its territory or flee from danger. The fact that sleep is nonetheless common among animals suggests its restorative powers are essential. So does the fact that, if laboratory animals are deprived of it for long enough, they die. Some animals, though, have developed unique ways to balance the need for sleep and the need for staying alert. Dolphins and ducks can sleep with only half their brains at a time, leaving the other half alert. 1 Chinstrap penguins(帽带企鹅), it seems, take their sleep in the form of thousands of tiny micro-naps. The researchers captured 14 penguins on King George Island, and their brain activity was tracked remotely through electrodes. While ducks sleep in long stretches, the researchers discovered that the penguins were napping for just a few seconds at a time, hundreds of times an hour. They offer two explanations for the penguins’ sleep patterns. The first is to do with external threats.Penguins often incubate (孵化) their eggs alone while their partners are away foraging for food. Colonies are threatened by brown skuas(棕贼鸥). 2 Broken sleep may be an evolutionarily smart way of getting some shut-eye during long egg-guarding watches while still remaining able to react to danger. 3 Birds with nests near the edge of the colony ought to be at greater risk than those in the centre.But birds on the edges of the colony seemed to enjoy longer and deeper naps than those near the middle. That leads to the second suggestion, which is to do with the penguins themselves. Penguin colonies are noisy, crowded places, and threats may come from within as well as without. 4 Birds in the bustling,crime-ridden centre of the colony may simply find it harder to get any shut-eye than those living in the safer,quieter suburbs. Choosing between those theories will require more research. Both, of course, could prove to be true. 第 1 页 共 15 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $