内容正文:
专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期末复习讲义)
内 容 导 航
考情透视·目标导航 透析期末考向,锚定备考重心
知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络,扫除知识盲区
考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练,验收复习成效
复习目标
复习重点:
1.看到任何句子,能快速说出每一部分是什么成分。
2.掌握形式主语、形式宾语、后置定语、复合宾语等高阶结构。
3.能独立完成成分划分、句型判断、改错、语法填空、长难句拆解。
复习难点:
1.七大句子成分完整体系(含义 + 位置 + 功能 + 充当词 + 例句 + 易错点)。
2.各类成分在简单句、长难句中的识别方法。
3.成分判断的标志词与判断技巧。
考情规律
语法填空:必考缺主语、缺宾语、系动词 + 表语、非谓语作定语 / 状语。
阅读 / 写作:长难句 = 主干 + 修饰成分,成分不会,长难句必看不懂。
知识点1 主语 (Subject) —— 句子的主体 / 描述对象
1. 含义
动作的发出者,或被描述的人 / 事物。回答:谁?什么?
2. 位置
一般在句首(疑问句、倒装句除外),有时在特殊句式中放到句末。
3. 常见形式
名词、代词、数词、动名词 (doing)、不定式 (to do)、主语从句、it 作形式主语
4. 例句
Knowledge is power. (名词)
He likes music. (代词)
Three is enough.(数词)
Reading is helpful. (动名词)
To learn English is important. (不定式)
What he said surprised me. (主语从句)
It is necessary to study hard. (it 作形式主语)
易错点 1:形式主语 it 的真正成分判断
It is important to study English. it:形式主语 to study English:真正主语
易错点 2:动名词 (doing) 与不定式 (to do) 作主语的区别
doing:表示抽象、习惯、已知的事Reading is good.(读书是好习惯)
to do:表示具体、一次性、将要做的事To finish the work today is difficult.(今天要完成很难)
易错点 3:名词化形容词作主语
The rich are not always happy.the + 形容词 → 表示一类人,作主语,谓语用复数
易错点 4:主谓一致高频坑
1. 主语带with/together with,只看前面名词
Tom with his friends likes music. 主语Tom,谓语用单数
2. 不定代词作主语,一律单数 everyone、someone、nobody等
3.单个动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语,谓语用单数。
知识点2 谓语 (Predicate) —— 句子的灵魂、核心
1. 含义
谓语用来说明主语的行为、动作或所处的状态。谓语只能由动词充当,一般放在主语的后面。谓语有人称、数和时态的变化。
2. 动词
⑴实义动词(有实际动作含义,能独立作谓语,分两类)
• 及物动词vt:后面必须加宾语(eat、love、buy......)
• 不及物动词vi:后面不加宾语(run、swim、arrive......)
⑵系动词
①状态系动词(最基础)只有be动词,表“是、存在”
am / is / are / was / were / been / being
②感官系动词(五官感觉)五感:看、听、闻、尝、摸
• look 看起来
• sound 听起来
• smell 闻起来
• taste 尝起来
• feel 摸起来/感觉
特点:后面直接加形容词
③变化类系动词(从一种状态变另一种)表变得、长成、变成
• become 变成
• get 变得
• turn 变成(颜色/情绪)
• grow 渐渐变得
• go 变得(变坏)
④保持类系动词(一直维持状态)
• keep 保持
• stay 停留、保持
• remain 仍然
• stand 处于…状态
⑤表象/似乎类系动词(好像、仿佛)
• seem 似乎
• appear 显得、好像
⑥其他系动词 prove
⑶助动词(无意思,帮忙造句)不能单独用,协助构成时态、否定、疑问
• be:am/is/are/was/were(进行、被动)
• do/does/did(疑问、否定)
• have/has/had(完成时)
⑷情态动词(表语气:能、可以、必须)后面只加动词原形
• can could 能
• may might 可以
• must 必须
• should 应该
• will would 将要
2. 谓语动词的分类
①简单谓语;由一个实义动词或者动词短语组成
eg:Running keeps me healthy.
eg:He looked after his sister yesterday.
②复合谓语:由“情态动词+动词原形”,“助动词+动词原形”或者“连系动词+表语”构成的谓语
eg:She can swim very well.
eg:He is reading now.
eg:Tom has gone to Beijing.
eg:Lily is beautiful.
eg:The cake tastes good.
易错点 1:非谓语绝对不能单独作谓语:doing / to do / done
易错点 2:两个谓语错误:I am like English. (×) → I like English. (√)
易错点 3:系动词不和实义动词连用:He is look happy. (×) → He looks happy. (√)
易错点 4:被动 / 进行时态必须有 be: broken the window (×)
知识点3 宾语 (Object) —— 动作的承受者
1. 含义
动作作用的对象,动作的承受者
2. 位置
及物动词后 / 介词后
3. 常见形式
名词、名词短语、代词、数词、动名词 (doing) 、不定式 (to do) 、宾语从句、 it 作形式宾语
4. 例句
I love China. (名词)
I ate a red apple.(名词短语)
I don’t like it.(代词)
I hate seven.(数词)
He enjoys reading. (动名词)
She wants to go home. (不定式)
I think you are right. (宾语从句)
I find it easy to learn English. (形式宾语)
5. 双宾语
•直接宾语:谓语动词直接的承受者,一般是物
•间接宾语:谓语动词的间接承受者,一般是人
eg:He gave me a book.
并不是所有的及物动词都可以跟双宾语的,只有“与格动词”才可以跟双宾语,与格动词表示给予或者传递过程的及物动词。常见的与格动词:give、buy、bring、find、tell、write
易错点 1:只能跟 doing 作宾语的动词
•enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice, suggest, miss, consider
I enjoy reading.(√)I enjoy to read.(×)
易错点 2:只能跟 to do 作宾语的动词
•want, hope, decide, refuse, promise, plan
易错点 3:形式宾语 it 结构(填空必考)
I find it interesting to learn English. it:形式宾语 to learn English:真正宾语
易错点 4:双重宾语(人 + 物)
give sb sth = give sth to sb buy sb sth = buy sth for sb
知识点4 表语 (Predicative) —— 说明主语身份 / 状态
1. 含义
表语就是用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态等,它就像是给主语“贴标签”或者“做描述”,让我们对主语有更好的了解
2. 位置
系动词之后
3. 常见形式
形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动名词(doing)、不定式 (to do) 、过去分词(done)、从句
4. 例句
He is a student. (名词)
The flower smells nice. (形容词)
Is this black car yours?(代词)
The sun is up.(副词)
They are in the classroom. (介词短语)
My hobby is reading. (动名词)
My dream is to become a singer.(不定式)
The glass is broken.(过去分词)
The trouble is that I have lost my dog.(表语从句)
易错点 1:词性混用(最高频)
•常规性质、情绪、感官描述→只用形容词
感官系动词:look/sound/smell/taste/feel 后严禁接普通副词
❌ It feels badly ✅ It feels bad
•位置、开闭、起止状态→方位副词可作表语
常用副词:up/down/in/out/on/off/over/home/here/there
例:The sun is up. / Class is over. / He is out.
• 区分系动词&实义动词
系动词:接形容词/副词表状态
实义动词:动作行为,用副词修饰动作
例:He looks sad.(系动,表样貌) He looked sadly at me.(实义,表动作神态)
易错点 2:表语从句引导词误区
• 表语从句中that不能省略,宾语从句才可省
❌ The fact is he left
✅ The fact is that he left
• 不能用if引导表语从句,统一用whether
❌ The question is if he comes
✅ The question is whether he comes
知识点5 定语 (Attribute) —— 修饰名词 / 代词(…… 的)
1. 含义
修饰、限定名词或代词。
2. 位置
单词作定语时,往往置于名词(代词)前
短语和句子作定语,往往置于名词(代词)后
3. 常见形式
形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、介词短语、动名词(doing)、done、不定式(to do)、定语从句
4. 例句
She is a kind girl.(形容词)
This is a flower shop. (名词)
My pen is new. (代词)
Three boys are playing. (数词)
People there are friendly. (副词)
The book on the desk is mine. (介词短语)
The running water is clean. (现在分词)
A broken glass lies on floor. (过去分词)
I have much work to do. (不定式)
I know the boy who helped me.(定语从句)
易错点 1:后置定语(长难句核心)
名词后出现介词短语、doing、done、to do 多为后置定语
易错点 2:现在分词 vs 过去分词作定语
doing:主动、正在 the crying baby 正在哭的孩子
done:被动、完成 the broken window 被打破的窗户
易错点 3:enough 作定语必须前名后形
enough time(√)time enough(×)good enough(√)enough good(×)
易错点 3:不定代词的定语必须后置
something important(√) important something(×)
知识点6 状语 (Adverbial) —— 修饰动词 / 形容词 / 句子
1. 含义
修饰动词、形容词、副词、整个句子,表示:时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、让步、伴随。
2. 位置
句首、句中、句末都可以
3. 常见形式
副词
形容词
介词短语
不定式 (to do)
分词 (doing/done)
状语从句
4.例句
He runs fast.(副词作状语)
Cold and hungry, they stopped resting.(形容词作状语)
Kids play in the park.(介词短语作状语)
I came here to help you.(不定式作状语)
Walking along, we talked happily.(现在分词作状语)
Seen from top, the park looks nice.(过去分词作状语)
I got up early because it rained.(从句作状语)
5.分类
时间状语 We will have a picnic when the holiday comes.
地点状语 Many children enjoy playing games in the big garden.
原因状语 He stayed indoors because the heavy rain kept falling.
目的状语 She gets up early every day to prepare for the exam.
结果状语 He practiced hard so that he won the final competition.
方式状语 They communicate with each other by writing letters.
程度状语 This interesting story is extremely popular among students.
条件状语 We can go hiking together if the weather turns fine.
让步状语 Although he felt exhausted, he still finished his task.
伴随状语 The old man walked slowly along the street with a stick.
易错点 1:to do 作目的状语(必考)
He went there to see his uncle.(表目的)
易错点 2:only to do 作结果状语(出乎意料)
He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
易错点 3:副词作状语的位置
频度副词:often, always, usually 放助动词 / 系动词后,实义动词前
He is often late.He often goes there.
知识点7 补语 (Complement) —— 补充说明,使句意完整
1. 含义
补语用来补充说明主语 / 宾语的身份、状态、特征、动作结果,去掉补语句意不完整。
2. 分类
分为主语补语和宾语补语两大类
3. 常见形式
形容词、名词、to do、doing、done、介词短语
4. 高频动词
make, keep, find, see, hear, watch, have, get, let
5. 例句
• 主语补语(表语)
She is a nurse.(名词)
This pen is hers.(代词)
The sky is bright.(形容词)
They are at home.(介词短语)
My goal is to travel around China.(不定式)
My favorite activity is swimming.(动名词)
The game is interesting.(现在分词)
I am surprised.(过去分词)
My idea is that we start early.(从句)
• 宾语补语
We named the cat Mimi.(名词)
Please keep the water warm.(形容词)
I met him in the park.(介词短语)
Mom told me to come back soon.(带 to 不定式)
We watched kids run.(不带 to 不定式)
I saw them dancing.(现在分词)
He got his bike repaired.(过去分词)
易错点 1:混淆动名词 & 现在分词作表语(最高频)
易错:只看形式不辨词性,乱用翻译
区分:动名词(名词性):说明主语是什么,主表可互换,不能用 very 修饰
现在分词(形容词性):说明主语怎么样,主表不可互换,可加 very
错句:My hobby is very reading.
正确:My hobby is reading.(动名词) The book is very interesting.(现在分词)
易错点 2:现在分词 & 过去分词作表语混用(-ing /-ed)
规则:-ing:修饰事物,表 “令人…… 的”
-ed:修饰人,表 “(人)感到…… 的”
错句:I am exciting.
正确:I am excited.(我很兴奋) The news is exciting.(消息令人振奋)
易错点 3:不定式作表语,误加多余 to 或漏 to
易错:主语含 do/does/did 时,表语不定式常省略 to
例句: What I want to do is (to) relax.(to 可省)
易错点 4:宾语补语(宾补)易错点
• 感官 / 使役动词:主动省 to,被动必加 to(重中之重)
常用词:see/watch/hear/make/let/have/feel
主动语态(宾补不带 to) 正确:We saw him enter the room. 错句:We saw him to enter the room.
被动语态(必须还原 to) 正确:He was seen to enter the room. 错句:He was seen enter the room.
补充:let 极少用于被动,一般不考被动形式。
• 分不清宾补用 doing /do/done
三者含义差异:
do(原形):强调动作全过程、经常性动作 I watched him cross the street.(看着他过完马路)
doing:强调动作正在进行 I watched him crossing the street.(看着他正在过马路)
done:强调宾语被动作、表被动 / 完成 I found the window broken.(窗户被打碎了)
• 误把状语当成宾补
辨析:宾补依附宾语,补充说明宾语;状语修饰谓语动词。
例句:He kept the room clean.(clean 宾补,说明 room 状态)
He came into the room quietly.(quietly 状语,修饰 came)
易错点4:复合结构:have + 宾语 + 宾补 的三种用法(易混)
have sb do sth 让某人做某事(主动、全过程) I had him fetch water.
have sb doing sth 任由某人一直做某事(持续动作) Don’t have them waiting outside.
have sth done 让某事被别人做(被动,固定搭配) I had my hair cut.(cut原形/过去分词同形)
易错点5:形容词、名词作宾补的固定搭配误用
动词搭配固定,不能随意替换:
✅ make sb happy(形容词作宾补) ✅ call sb Li Lei(名词作宾补) ❌ 不可说call sb happily
知识点8 同位语 (Complement) —— 补充说明,使句意完整
1. 定义
放在名词或代词之后,对其进行解释、说明、补充的成分。 同位语与前面的名词指同一个人 / 同一件事,地位相同,所以叫同位语。
2. 核心特点
去掉同位语,句子依然完整;
同位语 ≈ 前面名词(指同一个人 / 物);不用形容词、副词充当。
3. 常见形式
名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句(同位语从句)
4. 常见结构
名词 / 代词 + ,+ 同位语 + ,
5. 例句
Mr. Li, our English teacher, is very popular.(名词)
We all should work hard.(代词)
There are 50 students, 30 boys and 20 girls.(数词)
He has a plan, to study abroad.(不定式)
His hobby, reading, is good for him.(动名词)
Beijing, the capital of China, is beautiful.(短语)
The news that he won is true.(同位语从句)
易错点 1:同位语从句 vs 定语从句(最容易混淆)
同位语从句:对前面名词解释内容,that 不做成分,不能省略
The news that he won is true.(that 无成分,只起连接作用)
定语从句:对前面名词修饰限定,that 做主语 / 宾语,作宾语可省
The news that he told me is true.(that 作 told 的宾语)
易错点 2:同位语不用副词、形容词充当
错误:He is a clever boy, very happy.(very happy不能作同位语) 正确:He is a clever boy, my best friend.
易错点 3:人称代词作同位语必须用主格 / 宾格一致
错误:Us students should study hard. 正确:We students should study hard.(we 与主语一致,用主格)
易错点 4:名词作同位语单复数要与前面名词一致
错误:My teacher, Mr. Li and Mr. Wang, is kind. 正确:My teachers, Mr. Li and Mr. Wang, are kind.
易错点 5:插入式同位语必须用一对逗号隔开
错误:Tom my brother is a doctor. 正确:Tom, my brother, is a doctor.
易错点 6:同位语从句只能用 that,不能用 which
错误:The news which he won is true. 正确:The news that he won is true.
易错点 7:idea, fact, news, hope, belief, promise 后常接同位语从句
看到这些词,后面从句多半是同位语从句。
知识点8 五大基本句型
句型一:主谓(S + Vi)
•结构
主语 + 不及物动词(vi.) (vi.:后面不能直接加宾语,加宾语必须先加介词)
•特点
句子意思完整,不需要宾语。
•常用动词
come, go, run, walk, jump, swim, work, happen, take place, arrive, listen, look
•例句
Time flies.
The sun rises in the east.
Great changes have taken place in China.
•注意
· 不及物动词无被动语态:happen / take place / break out
· 不能说:The accident was happened.
· 不及物动词不能直接加宾语,但后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等
句型二:主谓宾(S + Vt + O)
•结构
主语 + 及物动词(vt.) + 宾语 (vt.:后面必须加宾语,意思才完整)
•特点
动作有明确的承受对象。
•常用动词
like, love, want, hope, wish, decide, learn, study, play, watch, see, buy
•例句
I like English.
She enjoys reading novels.
We will remember this meaningful day.
•可作宾语的成分
名词、代词、动名词 (doing)、不定式 (to do)、宾语从句
句型三:主系表(S + Link V + P)
•结构
主语 + 系动词 + 表语
•核心
表语用来说明主语是什么 / 怎么样。
•系动词(高中必背全)
1)be 动词:am, is, are, was, were
2)感官动词:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
3)变化类:become, get, turn, grow, go
4)保持类:keep, stay, remain
5)其他:seem, appear, prove
•表语可充当
形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、副词、分词
•例句
He is a student.
The song sounds beautiful.
The leaves turn green in spring.
•易错点
系动词后必须用形容词,不能用副词
系动词无被动、无进行时态
句型四:主谓双宾(S + V + IO + DO)
•结构
主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)
•含义
一个动作涉及两个对象:人 + 物。
•常考动词(必背)
give, pass, send, show, bring, tell, teach, buy, offer, lend
•转换公式
V + sb + sth
V + sth + to sb(给 / 递 / 送)
V + sth + for sb(为 / 替)
•例句
He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me.
My mother bought me a gift. = My mother bought a gift for me.
句型五:主谓宾补(S + V + O + C)
•结构
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
•核心
宾补用来补充说明宾语,使句子意思完整。
•黄金判断法(做题万能)
宾语 + be + 宾补 → 通顺 = 宾补
•可作宾补的成分
形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词
•常考动词
make, keep, find, see, hear, watch, have, get, let, notice
•例句
We made the room clean.
I found him lying on the ground.
He had his hair cut.
【终极区分】
1. 主谓双宾 VS 主谓宾补
双宾:人与物相互独立,不能构成主表 I gave him a book.(him ≠ book)
宾补:宾补说明宾语,能构成主表 We call him Tom.(him = Tom)
2. 及物动词 VS 不及物动词
vt.:后直接加宾语
vi.:后不能直接加宾语,要加介词
3. 系动词 VS 实义动词
系动词:后接表语
实义动词:后接宾语
基础通关练(测试时间:10分钟)
题型 1:句子成分标注(谓语 + 主语 + 宾语 / 表语,共 10 题)
要求:划出谓语动词,并标注句子的主语 (S)、宾语 (O/IO/DO)、表语 (P)。
1.My best friend sent me a birthday gift last week.
2.The students in Class 3 are planting trees in the park.
3.The flowers in the garden smell very sweet in spring.
4.We should keep our classroom clean and tidy every day.
5.The teacher often tells us stories about famous scientists.
6.The little boy broke the window with a stone yesterday.
7.This book has been translated into many languages.
8.It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language well.
9.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
10.Her dream of becoming a singer has finally come true.
题型 2:汉译英(基础句型专项,共 8 题)
1.她每天早上六点起床。(主谓)
2.我们的英语老师非常和蔼可亲。(主系表)
3.我喜欢在空闲时间听流行音乐。(主谓宾)
4.他给了我一些关于英语学习的建议。(主谓双宾)
5.这部电影让我感到非常难过。(主谓宾补)
6.我们必须保护野生动物免受伤害。(主谓宾)
7.她发现学好英语并不难。(主谓宾补 + 形式宾语)
8.他们正在讨论下周的学校旅行计划。(主谓宾)
题型 1:句子成分标注(示例)
1.My best friend(S) sent(V) me(IO, 间接宾语) a birthday gift(DO, 直接宾语) last week(Adv, 状语).
2.The students in Class 3(S) are planting(V) trees(O, 宾语) in the park(Adv, 状语).
3.The flowers in the garden(S) smell(系 V, 系动词) very sweet(P, 表语) in spring(Adv, 状语).
4.We(S) should keep(V) our classroom(O, 宾语) clean and tidy(C, 宾补) every day(Adv, 状语).
5.The teacher(S) often tells(V) us(IO) stories about famous scientists(DO).
6.The little boy(S) broke(V) the window(O) with a stone(Adv) yesterday(Adv).
7.This book(S) has been translated(V, 被动语态) into many languages(Adv).
8.It(形式主语) is(系 V) necessary(P) for us to learn a foreign language well(真正主语).
9.The sun(S) rises(V) in the east(Adv) and sets(V) in the west(Adv).
10.Her dream of becoming a singer(S) has finally come true(V).
题型 2:汉译英(参考译文)
1.She gets up at six o'clock every morning.
2.Our English teacher is very kind and friendly.
3.I like listening to pop music in my free time.
4.He gave me some advice on English learning.
5.This movie made me feel very sad.
6.We must protect wild animals from being hurt.
7.She finds it not difficult to learn English well.
8.They are discussing the plan for the school trip next week.
重难突破练(测试时间:20分钟)
题型 1:语法填空・谓语 & 宾语专项(共 15 空)
阅读短文,在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式,并标注每个句子的谓语动词。
Last month, our school ______(hold) a cultural heritage week. The headmaster ______(give) a speech about the importance of protecting cultural relics. Many students ______(show) their own works of traditional art, such as paper-cutting and calligraphy. The art teacher ______(praise) the students for their creativity. Some old photos of the city ______(display) in the hall, and they ______(show) the great changes of our hometown. A local historian ______(invite) to talk about the history of our city. He ______(tell) us many interesting stories about ancient buildings. All the students ______(listen) carefully and ______(take) notes. At the end of the week, we ______(have) a discussion about how to protect our cultural heritage. I ______(realize) that everyone ______(have) a duty to keep these treasures alive. This activity ______(make) me proud of our culture. I ______(decide) to learn more about our local history in the future.
题型 2:复杂句汉译英(共 6 题)
1.政府正在推行一项新计划来修复城市里的古老街道。(主谓宾 + 目的状语)
2.我发现每天坚持阅读英语文章对提高我的写作能力非常有帮助。(主谓宾补 + 形式宾语)
3.那个穿着红色外套的女孩在昨天的比赛中赢得了第一名。(主谓宾 + 定语从句)
4.我们必须阻止人们砍伐森林,否则许多野生动物将失去家园。(主谓宾 + 条件状语从句)
5.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转,这是一个普遍真理。(主谓双宾 + 宾语从句)
6.为了保护文化遗产,科学家们正在努力研究新的修复技术。(主谓宾 + 目的状语)
题型 1:语法填空答案
1.held
2.gave
3.showed
4.praised
5.were displayed
6.showed
7.was invited
8.told
9.listened
10.took
11.had
12.realized
13.has
14.made
15.decided
题型 2:汉译英(参考译文)
1.The government is carrying out a new plan to restore the old streets in the city.
2.I find it very helpful to keep reading English articles every day to improve my writing skills.
3.The girl who is wearing a red coat won the first place in the competition yesterday.
4.We must stop people from cutting down forests, or many wild animals will lose their homes.
5.The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun, which is a general truth.
6.To protect cultural heritage, scientists are working hard to develop new restoration technologies.
综合拓展练(测试时间:10分钟)
题型 1:语篇语法填空(谓语 & 宾语综合,共 12 空)
阅读短文,填入括号内单词的正确形式,并标注每个句子的谓语动词和宾语 / 表语成分。
Cultural heritage ______(be) the bridge between the past and the present. Many ancient buildings ______(face) serious problems, such as pollution and damage. Volunteers from all over the country ______(come) to help protect these relics. They ______(clean) the buildings and ______(repair) the broken parts. The government ______(provide) money for these projects. Scientists ______(develop) new technologies to keep the relics safe. Every year, many visitors ______(come) to see these famous places. Their support ______(help) to raise awareness of heritage protection. We all ______(hope) that these treasures ______(survive) for thousands of years. It ______(be) our duty to pass them on to the next generation.
题型 2:高考真题改编・句子成分分析(共 4 题)
要求:分析句子结构,标注谓语动词、主语、宾语 / 表语、定语 / 状语 / 从句。
1.(改编自 2025・北京高考) The exhibition, which was held in the city museum last month, attracted more than 10,000 visitors.
2.(改编自 2024・全国卷) It is widely known that reading classic literature helps us understand different cultures and values.
3.(改编自 2023・新高考 I 卷) The teacher who taught us English last year has won the "Best Teacher" award in our school.
4.(改编自 2022・全国卷) We all consider it important to develop good learning habits from an early age.
题型 1:语篇语法填空答案
1.is
2.are facing
3.come
4.clean
5.repair
6.provides
7.are developing
8.come
9.helps
10.hope
11.will survive
12.is
题型 2:高考改编题解析(示例)
The exhibition(S) which was held in the city museum last month(Att, 定语从句) attracted(V) more than 10,000 visitors(O).
It(形式主语) is(系 V) widely known(P) that reading classic literature helps us understand different cultures and values(真正主语从句).
The teacher(S) who taught us English last year(Att, 定语从句) has won(V) the "Best Teacher" award(O) in our school(Adv).
We(S) all consider(V) it(形式宾语) important(C, 宾补) to develop good learning habits from an early age(真正宾语).
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期末复习讲义)
内 容 导 航
考情透视·目标导航 透析期末考向,锚定备考重心
知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络,扫除知识盲区
考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练,验收复习成效
复习目标
复习重点:
1.看到任何句子,能快速说出每一部分是什么成分。
2.掌握形式主语、形式宾语、后置定语、复合宾语等高阶结构。
3.能独立完成成分划分、句型判断、改错、语法填空、长难句拆解。
复习难点:
1.七大句子成分完整体系(含义 + 位置 + 功能 + 充当词 + 例句 + 易错点)。
2.各类成分在简单句、长难句中的识别方法。
3.成分判断的标志词与判断技巧。
考情规律
语法填空:必考缺主语、缺宾语、系动词 + 表语、非谓语作定语 / 状语。
阅读 / 写作:长难句 = 主干 + 修饰成分,成分不会,长难句必看不懂。
知识点1 主语 (Subject) —— 句子的主体 / 描述对象
1. 含义
动作的发出者,或被描述的人 / 事物。回答:谁?什么?
2. 位置
一般在句首(疑问句、倒装句除外),有时在特殊句式中放到句末。
3. 常见形式
名词、代词、数词、动名词 (doing)、不定式 (to do)、主语从句、it 作形式主语
4. 例句
Knowledge is power. (名词)
He likes music. (代词)
Three is enough.(数词)
Reading is helpful. (动名词)
To learn English is important. (不定式)
What he said surprised me. (主语从句)
It is necessary to study hard. (it 作形式主语)
易错点 1:形式主语 it 的真正成分判断
It is important to study English. it:形式主语 to study English:真正主语
易错点 2:动名词 (doing) 与不定式 (to do) 作主语的区别
doing:表示抽象、习惯、已知的事Reading is good.(读书是好习惯)
to do:表示具体、一次性、将要做的事To finish the work today is difficult.(今天要完成很难)
易错点 3:名词化形容词作主语
The rich are not always happy.the + 形容词 → 表示一类人,作主语,谓语用复数
易错点 4:主谓一致高频坑
1. 主语带with/together with,只看前面名词
Tom with his friends likes music. 主语Tom,谓语用单数
2. 不定代词作主语,一律单数 everyone、someone、nobody等
3.单个动名词 / 不定式 / 从句作主语,谓语用单数。
知识点2 谓语 (Predicate) —— 句子的灵魂、核心
1. 含义
谓语用来说明主语的行为、动作或所处的状态。谓语只能由动词充当,一般放在主语的后面。谓语有人称、数和时态的变化。
2. 动词
⑴实义动词(有实际动作含义,能独立作谓语,分两类)
• 及物动词vt:后面必须加宾语(eat、love、buy......)
• 不及物动词vi:后面不加宾语(run、swim、arrive......)
⑵系动词
①状态系动词(最基础)只有be动词,表“是、存在”
am / is / are / was / were / been / being
②感官系动词(五官感觉)五感:看、听、闻、尝、摸
• look 看起来
• sound 听起来
• smell 闻起来
• taste 尝起来
• feel 摸起来/感觉
特点:后面直接加形容词
③变化类系动词(从一种状态变另一种)表变得、长成、变成
• become 变成
• get 变得
• turn 变成(颜色/情绪)
• grow 渐渐变得
• go 变得(变坏)
④保持类系动词(一直维持状态)
• keep 保持
• stay 停留、保持
• remain 仍然
• stand 处于…状态
⑤表象/似乎类系动词(好像、仿佛)
• seem 似乎
• appear 显得、好像
⑥其他系动词 prove
⑶助动词(无意思,帮忙造句)不能单独用,协助构成时态、否定、疑问
• be:am/is/are/was/were(进行、被动)
• do/does/did(疑问、否定)
• have/has/had(完成时)
⑷情态动词(表语气:能、可以、必须)后面只加动词原形
• can could 能
• may might 可以
• must 必须
• should 应该
• will would 将要
2. 谓语动词的分类
①简单谓语;由一个实义动词或者动词短语组成
eg:Running keeps me healthy.
eg:He looked after his sister yesterday.
②复合谓语:由“情态动词+动词原形”,“助动词+动词原形”或者“连系动词+表语”构成的谓语
eg:She can swim very well.
eg:He is reading now.
eg:Tom has gone to Beijing.
eg:Lily is beautiful.
eg:The cake tastes good.
易错点 1:非谓语绝对不能单独作谓语:doing / to do / done
易错点 2:两个谓语错误:I am like English. (×) → I like English. (√)
易错点 3:系动词不和实义动词连用:He is look happy. (×) → He looks happy. (√)
易错点 4:被动 / 进行时态必须有 be: broken the window (×)
知识点3 宾语 (Object) —— 动作的承受者
1. 含义
动作作用的对象,动作的承受者
2. 位置
及物动词后 / 介词后
3. 常见形式
名词、名词短语、代词、数词、动名词 (doing) 、不定式 (to do) 、宾语从句、 it 作形式宾语
4. 例句
I love China. (名词)
I ate a red apple.(名词短语)
I don’t like it.(代词)
I hate seven.(数词)
He enjoys reading. (动名词)
She wants to go home. (不定式)
I think you are right. (宾语从句)
I find it easy to learn English. (形式宾语)
5. 双宾语
•直接宾语:谓语动词直接的承受者,一般是物
•间接宾语:谓语动词的间接承受者,一般是人
eg:He gave me a book.
并不是所有的及物动词都可以跟双宾语的,只有“与格动词”才可以跟双宾语,与格动词表示给予或者传递过程的及物动词。常见的与格动词:give、buy、bring、find、tell、write
易错点 1:只能跟 doing 作宾语的动词
•enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice, suggest, miss, consider
I enjoy reading.(√)I enjoy to read.(×)
易错点 2:只能跟 to do 作宾语的动词
•want, hope, decide, refuse, promise, plan
易错点 3:形式宾语 it 结构(填空必考)
I find it interesting to learn English. it:形式宾语 to learn English:真正宾语
易错点 4:双重宾语(人 + 物)
give sb sth = give sth to sb buy sb sth = buy sth for sb
知识点4 表语 (Predicative) —— 说明主语身份 / 状态
1. 含义
表语就是用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态等,它就像是给主语“贴标签”或者“做描述”,让我们对主语有更好的了解
2. 位置
系动词之后
3. 常见形式
形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动名词(doing)、不定式 (to do) 、过去分词(done)、从句
4. 例句
He is a student. (名词)
The flower smells nice. (形容词)
Is this black car yours?(代词)
The sun is up.(副词)
They are in the classroom. (介词短语)
My hobby is reading. (动名词)
My dream is to become a singer.(不定式)
The glass is broken.(过去分词)
The trouble is that I have lost my dog.(表语从句)
易错点 1:词性混用(最高频)
•常规性质、情绪、感官描述→只用形容词
感官系动词:look/sound/smell/taste/feel 后严禁接普通副词
❌ It feels badly ✅ It feels bad
•位置、开闭、起止状态→方位副词可作表语
常用副词:up/down/in/out/on/off/over/home/here/there
例:The sun is up. / Class is over. / He is out.
• 区分系动词&实义动词
系动词:接形容词/副词表状态
实义动词:动作行为,用副词修饰动作
例:He looks sad.(系动,表样貌) He looked sadly at me.(实义,表动作神态)
易错点 2:表语从句引导词误区
• 表语从句中that不能省略,宾语从句才可省
❌ The fact is he left
✅ The fact is that he left
• 不能用if引导表语从句,统一用whether
❌ The question is if he comes
✅ The question is whether he comes
知识点5 定语 (Attribute) —— 修饰名词 / 代词(…… 的)
1. 含义
修饰、限定名词或代词。
2. 位置
单词作定语时,往往置于名词(代词)前
短语和句子作定语,往往置于名词(代词)后
3. 常见形式
形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、介词短语、动名词(doing)、done、不定式(to do)、定语从句
4. 例句
She is a kind girl.(形容词)
This is a flower shop. (名词)
My pen is new. (代词)
Three boys are playing. (数词)
People there are friendly. (副词)
The book on the desk is mine. (介词短语)
The running water is clean. (现在分词)
A broken glass lies on floor. (过去分词)
I have much work to do. (不定式)
I know the boy who helped me.(定语从句)
易错点 1:后置定语(长难句核心)
名词后出现介词短语、doing、done、to do 多为后置定语
易错点 2:现在分词 vs 过去分词作定语
doing:主动、正在 the crying baby 正在哭的孩子
done:被动、完成 the broken window 被打破的窗户
易错点 3:enough 作定语必须前名后形
enough time(√)time enough(×)good enough(√)enough good(×)
易错点 3:不定代词的定语必须后置
something important(√) important something(×)
知识点6 状语 (Adverbial) —— 修饰动词 / 形容词 / 句子
1. 含义
修饰动词、形容词、副词、整个句子,表示:时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、让步、伴随。
2. 位置
句首、句中、句末都可以
3. 常见形式
副词
形容词
介词短语
不定式 (to do)
分词 (doing/done)
状语从句
4.例句
He runs fast.(副词作状语)
Cold and hungry, they stopped resting.(形容词作状语)
Kids play in the park.(介词短语作状语)
I came here to help you.(不定式作状语)
Walking along, we talked happily.(现在分词作状语)
Seen from top, the park looks nice.(过去分词作状语)
I got up early because it rained.(从句作状语)
5.分类
时间状语 We will have a picnic when the holiday comes.
地点状语 Many children enjoy playing games in the big garden.
原因状语 He stayed indoors because the heavy rain kept falling.
目的状语 She gets up early every day to prepare for the exam.
结果状语 He practiced hard so that he won the final competition.
方式状语 They communicate with each other by writing letters.
程度状语 This interesting story is extremely popular among students.
条件状语 We can go hiking together if the weather turns fine.
让步状语 Although he felt exhausted, he still finished his task.
伴随状语 The old man walked slowly along the street with a stick.
易错点 1:to do 作目的状语(必考)
He went there to see his uncle.(表目的)
易错点 2:only to do 作结果状语(出乎意料)
He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
易错点 3:副词作状语的位置
频度副词:often, always, usually 放助动词 / 系动词后,实义动词前
He is often late.He often goes there.
知识点7 补语 (Complement) —— 补充说明,使句意完整
1. 含义
补语用来补充说明主语 / 宾语的身份、状态、特征、动作结果,去掉补语句意不完整。
2. 分类
分为主语补语和宾语补语两大类
3. 常见形式
形容词、名词、to do、doing、done、介词短语
4. 高频动词
make, keep, find, see, hear, watch, have, get, let
5. 例句
• 主语补语(表语)
She is a nurse.(名词)
This pen is hers.(代词)
The sky is bright.(形容词)
They are at home.(介词短语)
My goal is to travel around China.(不定式)
My favorite activity is swimming.(动名词)
The game is interesting.(现在分词)
I am surprised.(过去分词)
My idea is that we start early.(从句)
• 宾语补语
We named the cat Mimi.(名词)
Please keep the water warm.(形容词)
I met him in the park.(介词短语)
Mom told me to come back soon.(带 to 不定式)
We watched kids run.(不带 to 不定式)
I saw them dancing.(现在分词)
He got his bike repaired.(过去分词)
易错点 1:混淆动名词 & 现在分词作表语(最高频)
易错:只看形式不辨词性,乱用翻译
区分:动名词(名词性):说明主语是什么,主表可互换,不能用 very 修饰
现在分词(形容词性):说明主语怎么样,主表不可互换,可加 very
错句:My hobby is very reading.
正确:My hobby is reading.(动名词) The book is very interesting.(现在分词)
易错点 2:现在分词 & 过去分词作表语混用(-ing /-ed)
规则:-ing:修饰事物,表 “令人…… 的”
-ed:修饰人,表 “(人)感到…… 的”
错句:I am exciting.
正确:I am excited.(我很兴奋) The news is exciting.(消息令人振奋)
易错点 3:不定式作表语,误加多余 to 或漏 to
易错:主语含 do/does/did 时,表语不定式常省略 to
例句: What I want to do is (to) relax.(to 可省)
易错点 4:宾语补语(宾补)易错点
• 感官 / 使役动词:主动省 to,被动必加 to(重中之重)
常用词:see/watch/hear/make/let/have/feel
主动语态(宾补不带 to) 正确:We saw him enter the room. 错句:We saw him to enter the room.
被动语态(必须还原 to) 正确:He was seen to enter the room. 错句:He was seen enter the room.
补充:let 极少用于被动,一般不考被动形式。
• 分不清宾补用 doing /do/done
三者含义差异:
do(原形):强调动作全过程、经常性动作 I watched him cross the street.(看着他过完马路)
doing:强调动作正在进行 I watched him crossing the street.(看着他正在过马路)
done:强调宾语被动作、表被动 / 完成 I found the window broken.(窗户被打碎了)
• 误把状语当成宾补
辨析:宾补依附宾语,补充说明宾语;状语修饰谓语动词。
例句:He kept the room clean.(clean 宾补,说明 room 状态)
He came into the room quietly.(quietly 状语,修饰 came)
易错点4:复合结构:have + 宾语 + 宾补 的三种用法(易混)
have sb do sth 让某人做某事(主动、全过程) I had him fetch water.
have sb doing sth 任由某人一直做某事(持续动作) Don’t have them waiting outside.
have sth done 让某事被别人做(被动,固定搭配) I had my hair cut.(cut原形/过去分词同形)
易错点5:形容词、名词作宾补的固定搭配误用
动词搭配固定,不能随意替换:
✅ make sb happy(形容词作宾补) ✅ call sb Li Lei(名词作宾补) ❌ 不可说call sb happily
知识点8 同位语 (Complement) —— 补充说明,使句意完整
1. 定义
放在名词或代词之后,对其进行解释、说明、补充的成分。 同位语与前面的名词指同一个人 / 同一件事,地位相同,所以叫同位语。
2. 核心特点
去掉同位语,句子依然完整;
同位语 ≈ 前面名词(指同一个人 / 物);不用形容词、副词充当。
3. 常见形式
名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句(同位语从句)
4. 常见结构
名词 / 代词 + ,+ 同位语 + ,
5. 例句
Mr. Li, our English teacher, is very popular.(名词)
We all should work hard.(代词)
There are 50 students, 30 boys and 20 girls.(数词)
He has a plan, to study abroad.(不定式)
His hobby, reading, is good for him.(动名词)
Beijing, the capital of China, is beautiful.(短语)
The news that he won is true.(同位语从句)
易错点 1:同位语从句 vs 定语从句(最容易混淆)
同位语从句:对前面名词解释内容,that 不做成分,不能省略
The news that he won is true.(that 无成分,只起连接作用)
定语从句:对前面名词修饰限定,that 做主语 / 宾语,作宾语可省
The news that he told me is true.(that 作 told 的宾语)
易错点 2:同位语不用副词、形容词充当
错误:He is a clever boy, very happy.(very happy不能作同位语) 正确:He is a clever boy, my best friend.
易错点 3:人称代词作同位语必须用主格 / 宾格一致
错误:Us students should study hard. 正确:We students should study hard.(we 与主语一致,用主格)
易错点 4:名词作同位语单复数要与前面名词一致
错误:My teacher, Mr. Li and Mr. Wang, is kind. 正确:My teachers, Mr. Li and Mr. Wang, are kind.
易错点 5:插入式同位语必须用一对逗号隔开
错误:Tom my brother is a doctor. 正确:Tom, my brother, is a doctor.
易错点 6:同位语从句只能用 that,不能用 which
错误:The news which he won is true. 正确:The news that he won is true.
易错点 7:idea, fact, news, hope, belief, promise 后常接同位语从句
看到这些词,后面从句多半是同位语从句。
知识点8 五大基本句型
句型一:主谓(S + Vi)
•结构
主语 + 不及物动词(vi.) (vi.:后面不能直接加宾语,加宾语必须先加介词)
•特点
句子意思完整,不需要宾语。
•常用动词
come, go, run, walk, jump, swim, work, happen, take place, arrive, listen, look
•例句
Time flies.
The sun rises in the east.
Great changes have taken place in China.
•注意
· 不及物动词无被动语态:happen / take place / break out
· 不能说:The accident was happened.
· 不及物动词不能直接加宾语,但后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等
句型二:主谓宾(S + Vt + O)
•结构
主语 + 及物动词(vt.) + 宾语 (vt.:后面必须加宾语,意思才完整)
•特点
动作有明确的承受对象。
•常用动词
like, love, want, hope, wish, decide, learn, study, play, watch, see, buy
•例句
I like English.
She enjoys reading novels.
We will remember this meaningful day.
•可作宾语的成分
名词、代词、动名词 (doing)、不定式 (to do)、宾语从句
句型三:主系表(S + Link V + P)
•结构
主语 + 系动词 + 表语
•核心
表语用来说明主语是什么 / 怎么样。
•系动词(高中必背全)
1)be 动词:am, is, are, was, were
2)感官动词:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
3)变化类:become, get, turn, grow, go
4)保持类:keep, stay, remain
5)其他:seem, appear, prove
•表语可充当
形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、副词、分词
•例句
He is a student.
The song sounds beautiful.
The leaves turn green in spring.
•易错点
系动词后必须用形容词,不能用副词
系动词无被动、无进行时态
句型四:主谓双宾(S + V + IO + DO)
•结构
主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)
•含义
一个动作涉及两个对象:人 + 物。
•常考动词(必背)
give, pass, send, show, bring, tell, teach, buy, offer, lend
•转换公式
V + sb + sth
V + sth + to sb(给 / 递 / 送)
V + sth + for sb(为 / 替)
•例句
He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me.
My mother bought me a gift. = My mother bought a gift for me.
句型五:主谓宾补(S + V + O + C)
•结构
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
•核心
宾补用来补充说明宾语,使句子意思完整。
•黄金判断法(做题万能)
宾语 + be + 宾补 → 通顺 = 宾补
•可作宾补的成分
形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词
•常考动词
make, keep, find, see, hear, watch, have, get, let, notice
•例句
We made the room clean.
I found him lying on the ground.
He had his hair cut.
【终极区分】
1. 主谓双宾 VS 主谓宾补
双宾:人与物相互独立,不能构成主表 I gave him a book.(him ≠ book)
宾补:宾补说明宾语,能构成主表 We call him Tom.(him = Tom)
2. 及物动词 VS 不及物动词
vt.:后直接加宾语
vi.:后不能直接加宾语,要加介词
3. 系动词 VS 实义动词
系动词:后接表语
实义动词:后接宾语
基础通关练(测试时间:10分钟)
题型 1:句子成分标注(谓语 + 主语 + 宾语 / 表语,共 10 题)
要求:划出谓语动词,并标注句子的主语 (S)、宾语 (O/IO/DO)、表语 (P)。
1.My best friend sent me a birthday gift last week.
2.The students in Class 3 are planting trees in the park.
3.The flowers in the garden smell very sweet in spring.
4.We should keep our classroom clean and tidy every day.
5.The teacher often tells us stories about famous scientists.
6.The little boy broke the window with a stone yesterday.
7.This book has been translated into many languages.
8.It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language well.
9.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
10.Her dream of becoming a singer has finally come true.
题型 2:汉译英(基础句型专项,共 8 题)
1.她每天早上六点起床。(主谓)
2.我们的英语老师非常和蔼可亲。(主系表)
3.我喜欢在空闲时间听流行音乐。(主谓宾)
4.他给了我一些关于英语学习的建议。(主谓双宾)
5.这部电影让我感到非常难过。(主谓宾补)
6.我们必须保护野生动物免受伤害。(主谓宾)
7.她发现学好英语并不难。(主谓宾补 + 形式宾语)
8.他们正在讨论下周的学校旅行计划。(主谓宾)
重难突破练(测试时间:20分钟)
题型 1:语法填空・谓语 & 宾语专项(共 15 空)
阅读短文,在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式,并标注每个句子的谓语动词。
Last month, our school ______(hold) a cultural heritage week. The headmaster ______(give) a speech about the importance of protecting cultural relics. Many students ______(show) their own works of traditional art, such as paper-cutting and calligraphy. The art teacher ______(praise) the students for their creativity. Some old photos of the city ______(display) in the hall, and they ______(show) the great changes of our hometown. A local historian ______(invite) to talk about the history of our city. He ______(tell) us many interesting stories about ancient buildings. All the students ______(listen) carefully and ______(take) notes. At the end of the week, we ______(have) a discussion about how to protect our cultural heritage. I ______(realize) that everyone ______(have) a duty to keep these treasures alive. This activity ______(make) me proud of our culture. I ______(decide) to learn more about our local history in the future.
题型 2:复杂句汉译英(共 6 题)
1.政府正在推行一项新计划来修复城市里的古老街道。(主谓宾 + 目的状语)
2.我发现每天坚持阅读英语文章对提高我的写作能力非常有帮助。(主谓宾补 + 形式宾语)
3.那个穿着红色外套的女孩在昨天的比赛中赢得了第一名。(主谓宾 + 定语从句)
4.我们必须阻止人们砍伐森林,否则许多野生动物将失去家园。(主谓宾 + 条件状语从句)
5.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转,这是一个普遍真理。(主谓双宾 + 宾语从句)
6.为了保护文化遗产,科学家们正在努力研究新的修复技术。(主谓宾 + 目的状语)
综合拓展练(测试时间:10分钟)
题型 1:语篇语法填空(谓语 & 宾语综合,共 12 空)
阅读短文,填入括号内单词的正确形式,并标注每个句子的谓语动词和宾语 / 表语成分。
Cultural heritage ______(be) the bridge between the past and the present. Many ancient buildings ______(face) serious problems, such as pollution and damage. Volunteers from all over the country ______(come) to help protect these relics. They ______(clean) the buildings and ______(repair) the broken parts. The government ______(provide) money for these projects. Scientists ______(develop) new technologies to keep the relics safe. Every year, many visitors ______(come) to see these famous places. Their support ______(help) to raise awareness of heritage protection. We all ______(hope) that these treasures ______(survive) for thousands of years. It ______(be) our duty to pass them on to the next generation.
题型 2:高考真题改编・句子成分分析(共 4 题)
要求:分析句子结构,标注谓语动词、主语、宾语 / 表语、定语 / 状语 / 从句。
1.(改编自 2025・北京高考) The exhibition, which was held in the city museum last month, attracted more than 10,000 visitors.
2.(改编自 2024・全国卷) It is widely known that reading classic literature helps us understand different cultures and values.
3.(改编自 2023・新高考 I 卷) The teacher who taught us English last year has won the "Best Teacher" award in our school.
4.(改编自 2022・全国卷) We all consider it important to develop good learning habits from an early age.
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