衔接点03 句子结构和成分（初高考点差异及衔接）（讲义，江苏专用）英语初升高衔接

衔接点03 句子结构和成分 初中视角 高中展望 句子成分：了解主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的基本概念；能识别简单句的五种基本句型（S+V, S+V+P, S+V+O, S+V+IO+DO, S+V+DO+OC）。 句子结构：掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的基本构成；理解There be句型与have/has的区别。 考查形式：单句成分划分、句型转换（如同义句转换）、简单句的合并，重在识别与基础应用。 句子成分：深入理解双重谓语、宾语与补语的逻辑关系、同位语、独立主格结构；掌握非谓语动词短语（不定式、分词、动名词）充当句子成分的用法。 句子结构：重点突破复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）与并列句；理解倒装、强调、省略等特殊句式；具备长难句分析能力（剥离修饰，寻找主干）。 考查形式：长难句语法填空、复杂句改错、完形填空中的逻辑推断、书面表达中的句式升级与多样化。 衔接引导 初中阶段：以简单句为核心，句子成分相对单一，结构清晰，重在识别与套用。 高中阶段：以复杂句为核心，句子成分名词化（从句/非谓语），修饰语变长（定语/状语后置），重在分析与重构。学生需具备主干意识，学会在冗长的修饰中迅速锁定主语和谓语。 【初中句子结构和成分考点聚焦】 一、句子成分基础 考点1 主语与谓语的一致 1．Neither he nor I ______ (be) interested in playing basketball. 2．The number of the students in our class ______ (be) 45. 考点2 宾语与表语 3．I bought a new dictionary for ______ (he). 4．Her dream is ______ (become) a scientist. 二、简单句结构 考点1 五种基本句型 1．We should keep our classroom ______ (clean). 2．My mother told me ______ (not play) in the street. 考点2 There be句型 3．There ______ (be) a pen and two books on the desk. 【答案】is 【解析】There be句型遵循“就近原则”，离be最近的主语是a pen（单数），故用is。 【高中句子结构和成分考点聚焦】 课标解读 句子结构与成分是理解长难句和进行高级写作的基石。新课标要求学生能够识别并运用非谓语动词、从句等复杂结构，具备“解剖”长难句的能力。 考点清单 一、句子成分的扩展与升级 1.非谓语动词作成分： 不定式作主语/宾语/定语/状语：To see is to believe. 分词作定语/状语/补语：The girl standing under the tree is my sister. 2.复合句成分： 名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）：What he said is true. 定语从句（关系代词/副词）：The book that I borrowed is interesting. 状语从句（时间、条件、原因、让步等）：Although he is tired, he keeps working. 3.特殊成分： 独立主格结构：Weather permitting, we will go out. 同位语：The news that our team won is true. 二、句子结构的复杂化 1.并列句：and, but, or, so, while等连接两个或多个简单句。 2.主从复合句：一个主句包含一个或多个从句，从句在主句中充当名词、形容词或副词。 3.特殊句式： 倒装：Never have I seen such a beautiful view. 强调：It was in the park that I met him. 省略：If (it is) possible, please help me. 三、易错警示 1.主谓一致的特殊情况： 集合名词（family, class, team）强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数。 分数/百分数+名词，谓语与of后的名词保持一致。 2.宾语从句的语序与时态： 从句必须用陈述语序（连接词+主语+谓语）。 主句过去时，从句通常退一步（一般现在时→一般过去时）。 3.定语从句的关系词选择： 先行词是人用who/whom，是物用which，是地点用where，是原因用why。 介词+which/whom时，介词的选择取决于从句中的搭配。 一、单词拼写 1.他们说那天如此美好以至于他们永远都不会忘记。 They said it was __________ a beautiful day __________ they would remember it forever. 2.下次你去看电影时,要想一想所有那些才华横溢的幕后工作者. __________ you go to the cinema, you’ll spare a thought for all those talented people behind the scenes. 3.这件事很有可能已经在我们的论坛讨论过了。 __________the matter has already been discussed on our forum. 4.振作起来！我相信成功会眷顾你的。 __________! I am sure success will smile on you. 5.用时间去熟悉环境并且冷静。 Use time to familiarize yourself with the environment and __________. 二、单句语法填空 1.Follow the detailed map carefully, __________ you will discover hidden cafes that most tourists never find. 2.His sister seldom argues with people, __________ she? 3.Keep a positive attitude, __________ you will overcome challenges more easily. 4.Call a taxi, __________ you won’t be able to catch the underground train. 5.The Jungle Book lasts for about two hours but there __________ (be) enough tension and humour to hold your attention during the whole film. 6.We don’t know __________ life holds in store for us. That’s where its charm lies. 7.The good news is __________ this stormy period will not last. 8.I was so caught up in the party fever __________ I hardly noticed five hours fly by! 9.__________ my friend first suggested that we join the new Tai Chi Club at school, I hesitated. 10.__________ the task was a bit tough, all the team members bravely and confidently rose to the challenges. 一、语法填空（句子结构和成分专练） I have a good friend. He is a smart and hard­working boy.________ makes him special is that he always thinks 2. ________ (careful) about everything. Every morning, he gets up early 3. ________ (do) sports. It is a good habit 4. ________ helps him keep healthy.He is good at 5. ________ (learn) English. He often tells me that 6. ________ (read) English every day is very important.We usually study together and encourage each other. The time 7. ________ we spend together is always happy.We believe that we 8. ________ (become) better students as long as we keep trying. It is our positive attitude 9. ________ makes our school life more meaningful.We hope 10. ________ (do) more fun activities together in the future. 二、短文改错（句子结构和成分专练） 文中共有10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号 (∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线 () 划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 Last week, I take part in a school activity. It was very interested. I meet a lot of classmates and teachers. They are friendly and kindly. In the morning, we walked to the park and did many funny things. The teacher asked us tell a story about our school. I was too nervous that I couldn’t say nothing. The teacher he encouraged me to try again. Finally, I did it successful. I felt so happy. It was a excited day and I learned a lot of. 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 衔接点03 句子结构和成分 初中视角 高中展望 句子成分：了解主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的基本概念；能识别简单句的五种基本句型（S+V, S+V+P, S+V+O, S+V+IO+DO, S+V+DO+OC）。 句子结构：掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的基本构成；理解There be句型与have/has的区别。 考查形式：单句成分划分、句型转换（如同义句转换）、简单句的合并，重在识别与基础应用。 句子成分：深入理解双重谓语、宾语与补语的逻辑关系、同位语、独立主格结构；掌握非谓语动词短语（不定式、分词、动名词）充当句子成分的用法。 句子结构：重点突破复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）与并列句；理解倒装、强调、省略等特殊句式；具备长难句分析能力（剥离修饰，寻找主干）。 考查形式：长难句语法填空、复杂句改错、完形填空中的逻辑推断、书面表达中的句式升级与多样化。 衔接引导 初中阶段：以简单句为核心，句子成分相对单一，结构清晰，重在识别与套用。 高中阶段：以复杂句为核心，句子成分名词化（从句/非谓语），修饰语变长（定语/状语后置），重在分析与重构。学生需具备主干意识，学会在冗长的修饰中迅速锁定主语和谓语。 【初中句子结构和成分考点聚焦】 一、句子成分基础 考点1 主语与谓语的一致 1．Neither he nor I ______ (be) interested in playing basketball. 【答案】am 【解析】neither...nor...连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”，I后用am。 2．The number of the students in our class ______ (be) 45. 【答案】is 【解析】the number of...作主语时，中心词是number（单数），谓语用is。 考点2 宾语与表语 3．I bought a new dictionary for ______ (he). 【答案】him 【解析】介词for后接宾格代词。 4．Her dream is ______ (become) a scientist. 【答案】to become 【解析】be动词后的表语，常用动词不定式表示将来的愿望。 二、简单句结构 考点1 五种基本句型 1．We should keep our classroom ______ (clean). 【答案】clean 【解析】S+V+DO+OC（宾语补足语），形容词clean补充说明宾语classroom的状态。 2．My mother told me ______ (not play) in the street. 【答案】not to play 【解析】S+V+IO+DO，tell sb. not to do sth.为固定句型，不定式作宾语补足语。 考点2 There be句型 3．There ______ (be) a pen and two books on the desk. 【答案】is 【解析】There be句型遵循“就近原则”，离be最近的主语是a pen（单数），故用is。 【高中句子结构和成分考点聚焦】 课标解读 句子结构与成分是理解长难句和进行高级写作的基石。新课标要求学生能够识别并运用非谓语动词、从句等复杂结构，具备“解剖”长难句的能力。 考点清单 一、句子成分的扩展与升级 1.非谓语动词作成分： 不定式作主语/宾语/定语/状语：To see is to believe. 分词作定语/状语/补语：The girl standing under the tree is my sister. 2.复合句成分： 名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）：What he said is true. 定语从句（关系代词/副词）：The book that I borrowed is interesting. 状语从句（时间、条件、原因、让步等）：Although he is tired, he keeps working. 3.特殊成分： 独立主格结构：Weather permitting, we will go out. 同位语：The news that our team won is true. 二、句子结构的复杂化 1.并列句：and, but, or, so, while等连接两个或多个简单句。 2.主从复合句：一个主句包含一个或多个从句，从句在主句中充当名词、形容词或副词。 3.特殊句式： 倒装：Never have I seen such a beautiful view. 强调：It was in the park that I met him. 省略：If (it is) possible, please help me. 三、易错警示 1.主谓一致的特殊情况： 集合名词（family, class, team）强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数。 分数/百分数+名词，谓语与of后的名词保持一致。 2.宾语从句的语序与时态： 从句必须用陈述语序（连接词+主语+谓语）。 主句过去时，从句通常退一步（一般现在时→一般过去时）。 3.定语从句的关系词选择： 先行词是人用who/whom，是物用which，是地点用where，是原因用why。 介词+which/whom时，介词的选择取决于从句中的搭配。 一、单词拼写 1.他们说那天如此美好以至于他们永远都不会忘记。 They said it was __________ a beautiful day __________ they would remember it forever. 2.下次你去看电影时,要想一想所有那些才华横溢的幕后工作者. __________ you go to the cinema, you’ll spare a thought for all those talented people behind the scenes. 3.这件事很有可能已经在我们的论坛讨论过了。 __________the matter has already been discussed on our forum. 4.振作起来！我相信成功会眷顾你的。 __________! I am sure success will smile on you. 5.用时间去熟悉环境并且冷静。 Use time to familiarize yourself with the environment and __________. 【答案】1.such that 2.Next time 3.It is likely that 4.Cheer up 5. calm down 二、单句语法填空 1.Follow the detailed map carefully, __________ you will discover hidden cafes that most tourists never find. 2.His sister seldom argues with people, __________ she? 3.Keep a positive attitude, __________ you will overcome challenges more easily. 4.Call a taxi, __________ you won’t be able to catch the underground train. 5.The Jungle Book lasts for about two hours but there __________ (be) enough tension and humour to hold your attention during the whole film. 6.We don’t know __________ life holds in store for us. That’s where its charm lies. 7.The good news is __________ this stormy period will not last. 8.I was so caught up in the party fever __________ I hardly noticed five hours fly by! 9.__________ my friend first suggested that we join the new Tai Chi Club at school, I hesitated. 10.__________ the task was a bit tough, all the team members bravely and confidently rose to the challenges. 【答案】 1.and 2. does 3. and 4. or 5. is 6.what 7. that 8. that 9. When 10.While/ Although/Though 1. and【解析】考查并列连词。句意：仔细跟着这份详细的地图走，你就会发现大多数游客从未找到过的隐藏咖啡馆。分析句子结构可知，此空考查“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”的固定句式，连词and表顺承关系，意为“就、便”，符合“按地图走”与“发现隐藏咖啡馆”的逻辑衔接。 2. does【解析】考查助动词。句意：他的妹妹很少和人争吵，是吗？分析句子可知，此句为反义疑问句，在反义疑问句中如果陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom，nobody, nothing, no one, none, neither等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式，又因为时态是一般现在时，主语是第三人称， 3.and【解析】考查连词。句意：保持积极的态度，这样你将更容易克服挑战。此处为固定句型“祈使句+and+陈述句”，祈使句与后面的句子是顺承关系，表示如果按照祈使句所说的去做，就会产生后面陈述句所阐述的结果。 4.or【解析】考查连词。句意：叫辆出租车，否则你赶不上地铁了。根据Call a taxi及you won’t be able to catch the underground train.可知，空处为连词，表示“否则”，用or。 5. is【解析】考查时态。句意：《奇幻森林》片长约两个小时，但整部电影有足够的紧张和幽默来吸引你的注意力。陈述客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，此处考查there be结构，主语为tension and humour，为复数，但根据就近原则，谓语动词应与离它较近的tension保持一致，用is。 6. what【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我们不知道生活将为我们带来什么，这正是它的魅力所在。空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少动词 holds 的宾语，指代“事物”，因此用连接代词 what。故填what。 7. that【解析】考查表语从句。句意：好消息是这段多风暴的时期不会持续下去。空处引导表语从句，从句“this stormy period will not last”结构完整、语义明确，不缺任何成分，所以此处使用连接词“that”，仅起引导作用，无实际含义。 8. that【解析】考查固定句型。句意：我沉浸在聚会的狂热中，几乎没有注意到五个小时飞逝而过！根据句意可知，此处是固定句型so...that...，表示“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。 9. When【解析】考查时间状语从句。句意：当我的朋友第一次建议我们加入学校新成立的太极俱乐部时，我犹豫了。设空处引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”，符合语境。该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。 10. While/Although/Though【解析】考查状语从句。句意：尽管这项任务有点艰巨，但所有团队成员都勇敢且自信地迎接了挑战。结合上下文的句意可知，此处表示“尽管、虽然”，所以，此处使用连词while/although/though引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母需大写。 一、语法填空（句子结构和成分专练） I have a good friend. He is a smart and hard­working boy.________ makes him special is that he always thinks 2. ________ (careful) about everything. Every morning, he gets up early 3. ________ (do) sports. It is a good habit 4. ________ helps him keep healthy.He is good at 5. ________ (learn) English. He often tells me that 6. ________ (read) English every day is very important.We usually study together and encourage each other. The time 7. ________ we spend together is always happy.We believe that we 8. ________ (become) better students as long as we keep trying. It is our positive attitude 9. ________ makes our school life more meaningful.We hope 10. ________ (do) more fun activities together in the future. 【答案】1.What 2.carefully 3.to do 4. that/which 5.learning 6.reading 7.that/which 8.will become 9.that 10. to do 1.What【解析】考查主语从句。从句缺主语，指代 “…… 的事情”，用 What 引导主语从句。 2.carefully【解析】考查状语。修饰动词 thinks，用副词形式作状语。 3.to do【解析】考查状语。不定式 to do 作目的状语，表示 “早起去做运动”。 4.that/which【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为 habit，关系代词在从句中作主语，用 that/which。 5.learning【解析】考查宾语。介词 at 后接动名词作宾语。 6.reading【解析】考查主语。动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 is。 7.that/which【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为 time，关系代词在从句中作 spend 的宾语，用 that/which。 8.will become【解析】考查谓语。as long as 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时。 9.that【解析】考查强调句。It is...that... 强调主语 our positive attitude。 10.to do【解析】考查宾语。hope to do sth. 为固定搭配，不定式作宾语。 二、短文改错（句子结构和成分专练） 文中共有10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号 (∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线 () 划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 Last week, I take part in a school activity. It was very interested. I meet a lot of classmates and teachers. They are friendly and kindly. In the morning, we walked to the park and did many funny things. The teacher asked us tell a story about our school. I was too nervous that I couldn’t say nothing. The teacher he encouraged me to try again. Finally, I did it successful. I felt so happy. It was a excited day and I learned a lot of. 【答案】1.take→took 2.interested→interesting 3.meet→met 4.kindly→kind 5.us后加to 6.too→so 7. nothing→anything 8.去掉he 9.successful→successfully 10. 去掉of 1.take→took解析：考查谓语时态。Last week 为过去时间，谓语用一般过去时。 2.interested→interesting解析：考查表语。修饰事物 it，用 - ing 形容词 interesting；interested 修饰人。 3.meet→met解析：考查谓语时态。全文为过去时，meet 改为 met。 4.kindly→kind解析：考查表语。系动词 are 后接形容词 kind 作表语，副词不能作表语。 5.us后加to解析：考查宾语补足语。ask sb. to do sth. 固定结构，不定式作宾补。 6.too→so解析：考查状语从句。so...that...“如此…… 以至于……”，固定句型。 7.nothing→anything解析：考查宾语。否定句中用 anything；nothing 与 not 重复。 8.去掉he解析：考查句子结构。The teacher 与 he 重复，一个句子只能有一个主语。 9.successful→successfully解析：考查状语。修饰动词 did，用副词 successfully 作状语。 10.去掉of解析：考查宾语。a lot 修饰动词；a lot of 后接宾语，此处无宾语，去掉 of。 1 / 12 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $