专题1 模拟精练-题组1 细节理解(实战册)-【实战高考】2026年高考英语总复习（山东专版）

实战册 实战高考·英语 模拟精练) 题组一细节理解 Passage9(2025广东汕头一模，C) 主题：科学研究与健康生活答案：P417 Expecting pleasure or pain before tasting hot sauce()appears to influence how the brain responds to the spicy(flavour.Brain scans of people tasting drops of hot sauce have revealed how positive and negative expectations can influence brain activity patterns for pleasure and pain. Yi Luo at East China Normal University and her colleagues employed 47 volunteers- roughly half liked spicy foods and half didn't-to receive drops of both mild and strong hot sauce in their mouths while lying inside a brain imaging scanner.Computer controlled the liquids sent out not-so-spicy and very spicy sauce,as well as water to clean their mouths, through a bunch of three really long tubes that went right into the participants'mouths.The researchers conducted one round of experiments without setting expectations.But in the second run,they signaled to participants what intensity hot sauce they would get using different- coloured shapes.An image of two red peppers,for example,signaled the hottest sauce,while one red and one blue pepper signaled the mildest. The brain scans showed that,for hot haters,the negative expectation of receiving a spicy sample enlarged activity in brain regions that process pain.This provides a "critical warning" for how medical patients'negative expectations could increase pain,says Luana Colloca at the University of Maryland.By comparison,the positive expectation of receiving a spicy treat boosted a pleasure signature in the brain of hot sauce lovers,but only for the mild version.This represents "parallel subjective realities",a theory on how expectations shape subjective experi- ences and perceptions of reality. "Future studies could investigate how strongly such brain patterns track subjective experi- ences of pain or pleasure,"says Tor Wager at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire."The broader implications are beyond spicy food,"says Yi Luo."Understanding how positive and negative expectations influence understanding can inform approaches in medicine. 1.What is the research mainly about? A.How the brain reacts to food. B.How expectations affect feelings. C.How spicy flavour influences the brain D.How the brain activity patterns are formed 2.What can we learn about the experiments in paragraph 2? A.Participants received three tubes of spicy liquid each time. B.The second run was conducted without setting expectations. C.Participants'brain activities were monitored during the trials. D.Different images were used to confuse participants'expectations. 3.What can be concluded from the result of the experiment? A.Hot haters raise their negative expectations. B.Participants'expectations influence their experiences. C.Hot lovers'expectations have little impact on the result. D.Patients'increasing pain results in their negative expectations. 4.According to the text,which area will the research probably be applied to? A.Clinical research. B.Psychological test. C.Medical insurance. D.Restaurant industry. 84■ 0专题1阅读理解 Passage10(2025福建龙岩一模，D) 主题：季节变化与价值观答案：P417 As leaves fall,snow sweeps in or flowers blossom,humans change in measurable ways,too. Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena-such as our emotional state,diet and exercise habits,and even color preferences-swing throughout the year.And now a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA demonstrates how moral values can also shift. For the study,researchers analyzed more than 230,000 online survey responses-a decade's worth-from people in the U.S.The questions were based on a standardized frame- work social scientists use to assess people's judgments of right and wrong.This framework, called moral foundations theory,sets up a taxonomy(分类学)of“five pretty fundamental values that shape human social behavior",says lead author Ian Hohm,a psychology graduate student at the University of British Columbia. The framework considers loyalty,authority,and purity to be“binding'(有约束力的)values that promote group unity and observance.These principles,often associated with political conserva- tism,consistently received weaker recognition in summer and winter.And in summer,the more extreme the seasonal weather differences,the more pronounced the effect.Care and fairness are considered "individualizing"values related to individual rights.These principles showed no consistent seasonal pattern. One explanation for seasonal swings could be anxiety.Using a 90,000-respondent survey dataset,as well as data on Internet search frequencies,the researchers found that anxiety levels also peak in spring and fall."There is a close relationship between anxiety and threat,"says University of Nottingham psychologist and study coauthor Brian O'Shea.Other studies have shown that people who are at higher risk of seasonal illnesses tend to be more distrustful and more likely to follow majority opinion."When you're threatened,"O'Shea explains,"you then want to get protection from your group."These findings suggest seasonal timing could affect jury()decisions,vaccination campaigns-and even election outcomes,the study authors say. Howard University psychologist Ivory A.Toldson notes that the study relies on data from "Western,educated,industrialized,rich and democratic (WEIRD)"populations and cautions that generalizing from such results runs the risk of "overlooking the unique moral experiences of marginalized(边缘化的)groups”.Ian Hohm agrees that such a pattern wouldn't affect everyone the same way but emphasizes that the study highlights the seasons'effect on human psychology. 1.What did the researchers do in the study? A.They examined people's digital feedback.B.They evaluated netizens'social behavior. C.They set up a scientific moral framework.D.They categorized different value patterns. 2.Which behavior is most closely related to seasonal anxiety peaks? A.Safeguarding individual rights. B.Seeking in-group protection. C.Being faithful to one's team. D.Making reliable decisions. 3.What can be inferred from Ivory A.Toldson's words? A.The study overemphasizes data from the West. B.The survey should cover a larger range of subjects. C.Humans are seasonal beings with varied behaviors. D.Ignoring the research of sidelined groups is risky. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A.The changes in nature and humans. B.Moral values vary from person to person. C.Values may shift with the time of the year. D.The impact of seasons on one's mental health. 85 实战册 实战高考·英语 Passage11(2025江苏常州一模，C) 主题：人类文明答案：P417 Today's digital media deliver rapid messages-such as phone notifications and text over- lays on videos-to our brains at an impressive speed,far faster than spoken words reach us.But can we process these texts as quickly as we can determine the makeup of the visuals that are also a part of our screen life? The scientists began their research by considering current scientific explanations of how we understand language,which center on word-by-word sentence processing models.They concluded these don't effectively account for how quickly our brains can process entire sentences seen at a glance,as opposed to word by word like in speech. The scientists used a technique called magnetoencephalography,which uses magnetic( fields to track electrical activity in the brain.While being scanned,volunteers were presented with a three-word sentence structure that flashed onto a screen for 300 milliseconds,followed by a second set of words that was either identical or differed by one word.The participants were asked to assess whether the second sentence was the same as the first or had been changed. The scans revealed that the left temporal cortex of the brain,which is an important part of the brain's ability to understand language,showed higher levels of activity for three-word sentences than random word lists.The activity appeared in just 125 milliseconds.The fastest brain activity was observed when phrases like "nurses clean wounds"were presented,in comparison to noun lists such as "hearts lungs livers". A similar rapid response was noted when sentences with a subject,verb and object were altered so that they contained an agreement error-for example "nurses cleans wounds"-or became implausible(难以置信的)，for example“wounds clean nurses'”.But the effect disap- peared when the sentences were given less typical structures,for example "wounds nurses clean”or“wounds cleans nurses'”. While the authors note they focused on English,adding that rapid at-a-glance comprehen- sion may rely on other features in different languages,they say the study offers new insights. "The earliest stage of at-a-glance comprehension appears to be more structure than meaning driven,”they write. 1.What did the new research focus on? A.The impact of constant flood of short messages. B.Human brain's comprehension of screen visuals. C.The essence of word-by-word sentence processing. D.Human brain's at-a-glance sentence comprehension. 2.What task did researchers set for volunteers of the experiment? A.Indicating whether the sentences match. B.Correcting mistakes in the flashed sentences C.Interpreting the meanings of unstructured sentences. D.Combining unrelated words to form meaningful sentences. 3.Which of the following was associated with the quickest brain response? A.Lists of nouns. B.Three-word sentences. C.Unstructured words. D.Less typical structures. 4.What does the last paragraph talk about concerning the research? A.Its implication. B.Its practical application. C.Expectations for follow-up studies. D.Scientists with new perspectives. 86态”的核心展开，强调其低维护、可持续和生态友好的 特点，暗示这是园艺的未来趋势。“WILD”呼应其看 似野性实则精心设计的本质。故选A。 Passage 9 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发 现，人的期望会影响对快乐和痛苦的体验。 ①B细节理解题。根据第一段可知，在品尝辣酱之前， 对快乐或痛苦的预期似乎会影响大脑对辛辣味道的反 应。人们品尝辣酱时的脑部扫描揭示了积极和消极的 期望如何影响大脑对快乐和痛苦的活动模式。因此， 该研究主要是关于期望如何影响人的感受的。故 选B。 2C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Yi Luo at East China Normal University and her colleagues employed 47 volunteers-roughly half liked spicy foods and half didn't-to receive drops of both mild and strong hot sauce in their mouths while lying inside a brain imaging scanner.”可知，研究者雇用了47名志愿者一大约一半 喜欢吃辣，一半不喜欢—让他们躺在脑成像扫描仪 里，嘴里滴上淡辣酱和浓辣酱。这表明在试验过程中 监测了参与者的大脑活动。故选C。 3B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The brain scans showed that,for hot haters,the negative expectation of receiving a spicy sample enlarged activity in brain regions that process pain...By comparison,the posi- tive expectation of receiving a spicy treat boosted a pleasure signature in the brain of hot sauce lovers,but only for the mild version.”可知，对于讨厌辣的人，消 极的预期会增加处理疼痛的大脑区域的活动；对于喜 欢辣的人，积极的预期会提升大脑中的快乐信号。这 说明参与者的预期会影响他们的体验。故选B。 4A推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Understanding how positive and negative expectations influence understanding can inform approaches in medicine. 知，了解积极和消极期望如何影响理解，可以为医学领 域提供有益的指导方法。因此，该研究可能会应用于 临床研究。故选A。 Passage 10 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发 现，季节变化会对人类的道德价值观产生影响，并分析了 可能的原因，同时指出了研究的意义和局限性。 O实战册参考答案及解析 ①A细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“For the study, researchers analyzed more than 230,000 online survey responses-a decade's worth-from people in the U.S.”可知，研究人员分析了来自美国的超过23万份 在线调查回复，这些回复涵盖了十年的数据。也就是 说，研究人员调查了人们的数字反馈。故选A。 2B细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“..the researchers found that anxiety levels also peak in spring and fall.'There is a close relationship between anxiety and threat,'...Other studies have shown that people who are at higher risk of seasonal illnesses tend to be more distrustful and more likely to follow major- ity opinion.When you're threatened,'O'Shea explains,'you then want to get protection from your group.”可知，研究人员发现焦虑水平在春季和秋季 达到峰值，且焦虑与威胁密切相关，受季节性疾病影响 风险较高的人更倾向于寻求群体保护。所以寻求群体 保护的行为与季节性焦虑峰值关系最密切。故选B。 ③B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Howard University psychologist Ivory A.Toldson notes that the study relies on data from Western,educated, industrialized,rich and democratic (WEIRD)'popu- lations and cautions that generalizing from such results runs the risk of 'overlooking the unique moral experi- ences of marginalized(边缘化的)groups'.”可知， Ivory A.Toldson指出，该研究依赖于来自“西方、受过 教育、工业化、富裕且民主”的人群的数据，并警告说， 从这样的结果中进行概括存在“忽视边缘化群体独特 道德体验”的风险。这意味着，当前研究的调查对象范 围较窄，可能会忽略边缘化群体的独特道德体验，所以 调查应该涵盖更广泛的对象。故选B。 ④C主旨大意题。文章指出人类心理现象（包括道德价 值观)随季节变化（第一段），研究显示“约束性价值观” 在夏冬季认可度降低（第三段），且焦虑水平变化进一 步解释季节性影响（第四段）。因此本文的核心观点是 “价值观可能随季节变化”。故选C。 Passage 11 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关 于人类大脑如何对句子瞬时理解的研究，并介绍了研究 开展的经过以及研究的意义。 ①D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They concluded 417 答案册 实战高考·英语 these don't effectively account for how quickly our brains can process entire sentences seen at a glance,as opposed to word by word like in speech.”可知，科学家 们认为现有的逐词句子处理模式不能有效地解释大脑 如何快速处理一眼看到的整个句子，所以新研究聚焦 于人类大脑对句子的瞬时理解能力。故选D。 2A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The participants were asked to assess whether the second sentence was the same as the first or had been changed.”可知，参与 者被要求评估第二句与第一句是否相同还是已被修 改，即判断句子是否匹配。故选A。 ③B细节理解题。根据第四段“The scans revealed that the left temporal cortex of the brain,which is an important part of the brain's ability to understand language,showed higher levels of activity for three- word sentences than random word lists.The activity appeared in just 125 milliseconds.The fastest brain activity was observed when phrases like'nurses clean wounds'were presented,in comparison to noun lists such as‘hearts lungs livers'.”可知，与随机单词列表 和名词列表相比，三个单词的句子能让大脑产生最快 的反应。故选B。 ④A段落大意题。根据最后一段可知，这项研究提供 了新的见解，“瞬时理解”的早期阶段更依赖结构而非 意义，这是研究的意义所在，也就是研究的启示 (implication)。故选A。 Passage 12 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科幻小说之 父之一Jules Verne及其作品。 ①D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“He described the 'phonotelephone'which sent sound and images over great distances.”和第三段“Mr.Smith was able distinctly to see his wife despite the distance that separated him from her...Mrs.Smith immediately appeared on the telephotic screen.,.”可知，在《2889 年》中，史密斯先生是通过能远距离传输声音和图像的 “电话”与妻子联系的，妻子会出现在屏幕上，所以他通 过即时视频聊天和妻子联系。故选D。 2C细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Unlike other writers of his day who penned more fanciful or super- natural stories,Verne aimed for realism in his futuristic 418 visions,always basing them on cutting-edge science and his own extensive research.This laid the founda- tion for the 'hard science fiction'of the 20th century and beyond.”可知，凡尔纳的未来愿景以现实主义为 目标，基于前沿科学和他自己的广泛研究，这为“硬科 幻小说”奠定了基础，所以“硬科幻小说”基于最新的研 究发现。故选C。 3B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Many of his stories feature a brilliant but mad scientist whose inventions ultimately bring more harm than good. Captain Nemo in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea uses his submarine (to violently attack ships.For Verne,human nature determined whether technology would be a force for good or a source of destruction." 可知，通过描写尼莫船长使用他的潜艇猛烈攻击船只， Verne认为人性决定了技术是有益的力量还是毁灭的 源头。这说明他意识到了技术的危险性。故选B。 ④D推理判断题。第一段中提到，凡尔纳在作品中预 测了100多项现代发明和技术，且下文提到他以现实 主义的方式想象未来，基于前沿科学进行创作，这些都 说明他是有前瞻性的。故选D。 Passage 13 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发 现，镜像细菌可能会给人类、动植物和环境健康带来重大 危险。 ①B细节理解题。根据第一段“A group of researchers has published new findings in Science on potential risks from the development of mirror bacteria- synthetic organisms in which all molecules()have reversed chirality(i.e.are‘mirrored')(反向手性).” 可知，镜像细菌是一种合成生物，其中所有分子都具有 反向手性。故选B。 2C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Scientists had begun early work toward creating mirror bacteria,and while the capability is at least a decade away,recent years have seen significant progress.”可知，科学家们 已经开始了创造镜像细菌的早期工作，虽然这种能力 至少还需要十年的时间，但近年来已经取得了重大进 展。故选C。 3C推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Immune defenses in humans,animals,and plants rely on identifying