专题1 分类过关-题组3 主旨大意(实战册)-【实战高考】2026年高考英语总复习（山东专版）

实战册 实战高考·英语 题组目主旨大意 Passage17(2024一2025山东青岛四区联考期末，B)》 主题：科技创新答案：P400 Bhavin Shastri's interest in light started young.He recalls an experiment that he saw as a child:A plastic water bottle was stuck near its base such that a steady stream of water flowed out and downward under the force of gravity.A light shined through the hole in the bottle and,to Shastri's amazement,it didn't continue on a horizontal path.Instead,it bent downward with the stream of water."I was just so completely blown away by this experiment,"he says. Since then,Shastri has been thinking about how light can be controlled,while also explo- ring other research interests.In college,he worked with a professor who was researching machine learning.As a postdoc at Princeton University,Shastri met physicist Paul Prucnal.He told Shastri about his research creating a light that behaves like a biological neuron(神经元)， and how the team was looking to compute with such light.That idea caught Shastri's attention. Though researchers have used light to send,store and process data in the lab,photonic( computing is still at its early stage.Shastri has set out to push those boundaries.He engi- neers,builds and performs experiments on chip-sized(芯片大小的)photonic devices.His team began by studying simpler devices similar to a single neuron,analyzing how they could function like a biological neuron.Years later,in a yet-to-be-published work,the researchers have demonstrated that a chip with 100,000 neuron-like components can perform 120 billion opera- tions per second,about 40 times faster than the average electronic computer. Daniel Brunner,a computing researcher at FEMTO-ST Institute,praised Shastri's ground- breaking work."I can't even count the publications where he basically laid the foundation for using photonics to create physical neural networks,Brunner says. Shastri may be set on transforming computing,but his work is motivated by a decades-old fascination with light and its properties."I have been very lucky to be able to do something," he says,"that has always been my childhood dream. 1.What attracted Shastri most about the experiment in paragraph 1? A.Effects of gravity on objects. B.Properties of plastic products C.The pressure of flowing water. D.The phenomenon of light bending. 2.What did Prucnal inspire Shastri to do? A.Take an interest in light. B.Analyse the function of neurons. C.Research into photonic computing. D.Learn about machine learning. 3.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A.Challenges Shastri faces in developing the chip. B.The practical application of photonic computing. C.The computing performance of electronic computers. D.Achievements Shastri's team makes in photonic computing. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.The Wonders of Light B.The Light Pursuer's Journey C.In the Footsteps of Scientists D.Development of Computing Technology 44☐ 0专题1阅读理解 Passage18(2025山东临沂一模，C) 主题：科技创新答案：P401 Statistics show that the market value of global Extended Reality (XR)industry has gone beyond 20.4 billion.XR,an umbrella term including technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR),Augmented Reality (AR)and Mixed Reality (MR),refers to real-and-virtual combined environments and human-machine interactions generated by wearable devices and computer technology.As XR technologies become more mature,they have been gradually applied in more scenarios()that are closely related to the daily life of ordinary people,and have seen new consumer markets in recent years. The application of XR technologies has made it possible for users to "travel to the past" and "wander in the universe"through virtual trips.An XR experience store in Shenzhen, recently launched a program for citizens,which involved digital tours to the Jurassic period( 罗纪)and outer space. XR technologies have also been integrated into the application scenarios concerning smart tourism projects.XR technologies can help tourist attractions launch systems that enable visitors to better learn about faraway places and remote times in immersive(沉浸式的)scenes,. as well as tourist guide systems and other systems that bring wonderful experiences for visitors through VR or AR glasses,mobile apps and browsers.Compared with offline tours,scenarios reproduced by XR technologies can enrich the experiences of users. China's Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies,enabling singers who couldn't be present at the gala to give performances remotely. The XR industry is full of possibilities,and the 5G technology is considered a catalyst( for further stimulating its potential.Last January,the branch of China Mobile,a major Chinese telecommunications operator in Zhengzhou,built the province's first "5G+XR* commercial complex in shopping mall. Industry insiders pointed out that with constant progress being made in the large-scale deployment of the 5G network and its innovative applications,the "5G+XR"model is produ- cing a large number of new application scenarios including social networking,office work, entertainment,exhibition and education,which will provide broad development space for the XR industry. 1.What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A.The historical development of XR technologies. B.The XR technologies and their commercial value. C.The challenges faced by the XR industry in the global market. D.The comparison between XR and other emerging technologies. 2.How does XR help in daily life? A.Help visitors better plan their travel routes. B.Take users to travel in outer space in person. C.Let singers in different places share the same stage. D.Make tourist attractions more environmentally friendly 3.What can be inferred from the passage about the "5G+XR"model? A.It has been widely used in Zhengzhou. B.It will lead to more people to fail to socialize. C.It will create many new opportunities for people D.It has made traditional shopping malls disappear. 4.How does the writer introduce the use of XR technologies in the text? A.By listing data. B.By giving examples. C.By making comparisons. D.By explaining reasons. 45 实战册 实战高考·英语 Passage19(2025山东菏泽一模，C) 主题：发展与环境答案：P401 Disastrous floods are becoming more and more common around the world.The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall,but as cities expand,and more and more land is under concrete or paving,less water is absorbed and more needs to be channelled away by storm drains and sewerage(雨污排水)systems.As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water,the risk of flash flooding increases.Could the way that cities are growing be making things worse?Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding? Chinese landscape architect Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so.Early in 2013,he proposed the concept of“sponge((海绵)cities'”,which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge reducing the risk of sudden floods.Natural solutions are encouraged,using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater.Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world.Auckland,in New Zealand,was named the spongiest city in one study.It has replaced the concrete culverts()around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated pollutants which used to be washed into the sea. Auckland has taken a natural approach,but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam.The Dutch city has installed blue-green roofs on a number of buildings.These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside,and then layers beneath which collect and store rainwater.This water can be used by people to water plants or wash toilets.Advanced software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to maximize the system's ability to absorb rainwater. Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city approach as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing.Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally.What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding. 1.What may cause the risk of city flooding? A.The city size. B.The city design. C.The city location. D.The city population. 2.Which of the following fail to serve as "sponge"? A.Riverside parks. B.Ponds. C.Blue-green roofs. D.Culverts. 3.What can be inferred about the sponge city approach from the last paragraph? A.It uses boxing with nature. B.It works well without doubt. C.Its further function needs testing. D.It is sufficient for future flooding 4.What's the main idea of the text? A.How sponge cities could prevent floods B.Why the concept of "sponge cities"was proposed. C.Why floods are becoming more and more common. D.How the natural approach combines with high-tech methods. 46 0专题1阅读理解 Passage20(2024一2025山东日照期末，D) 主题：生活方式答案：P401 One of my favorite things about the parenting stage I'm at is the amount of hugs I get to give on a daily basis.My child is quite young and a good long hug still works to calm her down when she's upset or trying to will herself to stay awake at bedtime.But that golden touch isn't something unique to our parent-child relationship.Parents all over the world use a gentle caress (爱抚)to calm our children. Scientists say that special touch is something all of us mammals use on our children.It's thought to activate the C-tactile fibers under the parts of our skin covered with hair,which results in relief,said neurobiologist Ishmail Abdus-Saboor.As the story explains,it turns out that the fibers,which have sensory terminals that appear to be free nerve endings,are "espe- cially equipped to detect a gentle,stroking caress and are part of a system activating the warm, calm and peaceful feeling you have when you are with people who love you". At the start of the year,Abdus-Saboor published a paper in Cell that demonstrated the activation of these neurons in mice.Apparently,touch sparks the dopamine()pathways in their brains,causing them to seek the hug or touch again and again."These nerves basically have a dedicated,neuronal highway to the brain's reward centers,"he explained."So why would you wire a system like this?Well,turning on these neurons is so important for social encounters,relationships,bonding,calming and stress relief." There is some evidence that the nerves may also activate the release of endorphins( in people's brains.But even neuroscientists who are unsure about an endorphin link agree that you rarely need words to calm a bad-tempered kid:A parental caress may be all that's needed for children to feel cared for and safe."Being touched is just a basic need,like having dinner when you are hungry,"said neuroscientist Helena Wessling."You need to have this touch in order for you to reach a good,steady state in your body.You need it so you can feel safe enough to go out and explore the world. 1.What do scientists say about the C-tactile fibers? A.They are sensitive to sounds. B.They are unique to human beings. C.They can contribute to positive feelings.D.They can be found throughout our body. 2.Why did Abdus-Saboor conduct the experiment on mice? A.To learn more about their brain structure. B.To prove the favorable outcomes of touch. C.To identify similarities between them and humans. D.To confirm the existence of C-tactile fibers in their bodies. 3.What can be inferred from Helena Wessling's words? A.Touch is not suitable for everyone. B.Touch is essential for one's well-being. C.The value of touch is often underestimated. D.Parents'touch is especially useful for angry kids 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Calming kids without words B.Children's emotional needs C.Touch-a secret language D.Effective parenting tricks 47 实战册 实战高考·英语 Passage21(2024山东潍坊二模，C) 主题：人类文明答案：P402 Some people today might be early risers because of DNA they take after Neanderthals tens of thousands of years ago,suggests new research. When early humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia roughly 70,000 years ago,some of them mated with Neanderthals,who had already adapted to the colder,darker climates of the north.The ripple()effects of that intermating still exist today:Modern humans of non- African ancestry()have between 1 and 4 percent Neanderthal DNA.Some of that DNA relates to sleep more specifically,the internal body clock known as the circadian rhythm. For the new study,researchers compared DNA from today's humans and DNA from Nean- derthal fossils().In both groups,they found some of the same genetic variants involved with the circadian rhythm.And they found that modern humans who carry these variants also reported being early risers. For Neanderthals,being"morning people"might not have been the real benefit of carry- ing these genes.Instead,scientists suggest,Neanderthals'DNA gave them faster,more flexible internal body clocks,which allowed them to adjust more easily to annual changes in daylight. This connection makes sense in the context of human history.When early humans moved north out of Africa,they would have experienced variable daylight hours-shorter days in the winter and longer days in the summer for the first time.The Neanderthals'circadian rhythm genes likely helped early humans'offspring()adapt to this new environment. Notably,the findings do not prove that Neanderthal genes are responsible for the sleep habits of all early risers.Lots of different factors beyond genetics can contribute,including social and environmental influences.The study also only included DNA from a database called the U.K.Biobank-so the findings may not necessarily apply to all modern humans.Next,the research team hopes to study other genetic databases to see if the same link holds true for people of other ancestries.If the findings do apply more broadly,they may one day be useful for improving sleep in the modern world,where circadian rhythms are disturbed by night shifts and glowing smartphones. 1.What does the new research focus on? A.DNA's dramatic changes. B.Genes'influence on early risers. C.Neanderthals'sleeping patterns. D.Ancestors'environmental adaptability. 2.What is paragraph 2 intended to show concerning the new research? A.Historical context. B.Additional proof. C.Sample analysis. D.Studying process. 3.What is the real benefit of carrying Neanderthals'DNA for modern humans? A.Getting up earlier. B.Having healthier daily routines. C.Being more flexible in their work. D.Possessing a better circadian rhythm. 4.What can be inferred about the findings from the last paragraph? A.They get proof from other studies. B.They are confirmed by early risers. C.They suggest potential applications. D.They reveal factors in sleeping disorders. 48 0专题1阅读理解 Passage22(2024山东泰安二模，D) 主题：语言演变答案：P402 When Spanish meets English,new dialects emerge,giving us real-time insight into language evolution,linguists say. For instance,"Vamos de punchespunchespunches",Yamilet Munoz texted her friends in Austin,Texas.It means "let's go and party",but it's not a phrase you'll find in any dictionary. It's a remix of Spanish and English words seasoned with an in-joke about punching the air as you dance. "Our language has always been a very big indicator of our cultural pride,says Munoz, whose parents migrated from Mexico to San Antonio,Texas,in the 1990s.Around 66%of the city's population identify as Hispanic or Latino/Latina.For Munoz and her friends there is pride in speaking Spanish,but also in mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish. The evolution of Spanglish has been documented for decades,with each generation adding its unique twist.Now a growing body of research,as well as the experiences of bilingual( speakers like Munoz,shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other in the United States,resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish,but also,transforming the underlying languages. For the past decade,Carter and his colleagues have studied language change in Miami,a city where some 72%identify as Latino or Hispanic and which is strongly shaped by historical migration from Cuba.Their research documents the emergence of a distinct "Miami English" dialect as a result of that Spanish-language heritage. The Spanish influence has also shown up in ways people may not immediately notice,such as sounds like the“oo”in“boot”being pronounced in a more Spanish-style way in Miami,more like the Spanish "u"vowel,according to separate research by Carter,Lydda Lopez Valdez at the University of Miami and Nandi Sims at Ohio State University. "This is the work of language change,this is the work of dialect formation,this is how it happens.It happens in things that are really noticeable,like the phrase 'get down from the car',but it also happens in really slight ways,"he says. 1.Why is an example introduced in paragraph 2? A.To illustrate the language innovation. B.To explain the advantage of Spanish C.To highlight the mix of Spanish and English. D.To prove the enrichment of English vocabulary. 2.What can be inferred from Munoz and her friends? A.Spanish and English are interrelating. B.Mixing two languages is complicated. C.Languages dominate cultural development. D.Bilingualists tend to observe their own culture. 3.What does Carter intend to convey? A.Dialects evolve flexibly and frequently B.Spanish possesses more sounds than English C.Phrases are changing more slowly than before. D.Language change is progressive and dynamic. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.How Researchers Are Studying Languages B.How Modern English Is Changing Globally C.How a Generation Is Reinventing Spanglish D.How Spanglish Is Influencing American Culture 49 实战册 实战高考·英语 Passage23(2024山东菏泽二模，B) 主题：艺术和科学答案：P403 Science is always seen as hard-core and hard to understand.But could you imagine hundreds of people being attracted by the cover of a science magazine? The achievement was completed after Wang Yixi and his team made the cover of an October issue of Structure,a US-based Cell Press journal.The cover shows a Chinese ink painting that vividly shows the process in which a special enzyme(酶)involved in the biosynthesis(生物合 of an important organic compound is activated-the latest breakthrough by a Chinese scientific research team.Another one of his popular works that carries distinctive Chinese elements is a composite image,describing a scientist as the folk goddess Nyuwa,carrying her newly discovered compound to fill a crack in the sky. While studying chemistry at university,Wang Yixi often came across an experimental preparation process that he had to explain,but the amount of text was too large and abstract. As he had been interested in drawing,and related software like Photoshop,he decided to turn his graphics into a fine art.He went on to study 3D graphics software in order to better display the microscopic structures in his field and improve the presentation of his papers. It didn't take long before his classmates and professors noticed his talents and asked him to help them with their papers.By word of mouth,more people beat a path to Wang's door and were willing to pay for his service.Over the past four years,Wang and his team have come up with more than 10,000 visual works for academic papers across a variety of fields,many of which have made their way to the world's top academic journals,including Nature,Science and Cell. "Every scientific paper is innovative,and graphics are an essential part of scientific papers,"Wang says,adding that what he tries to achieve is an explanation of models or methods,to showcase experimental results,visually process data or compare differences among experiments. 1.What play a special role in Wang's works? A.Fairytales.B.Chinese elements. C.Rich colors. D.Complex structures. 2.What can we learn about Wang Yixi from paragraph 3? A.He preferred painting to chemistry. B.He developed useful mapping software. C.He had an active mind to solve problems. D.He had trouble conducting his experiment. 3.How does Wang make abstract papers easily understood? A.By visualizing them vividly. B.By showing them accurately. C.By explaining them in detail. D.By constructing them uniquely. 4.Which is the best title for the text? A.The power of art B.Dilemmas of science C.Mysteries of chemistry D.Inspiration from science 50 0专题1阅读理解 Passage24(2024山东济南一模，C) 主题：科学研究成果答案：P403 A new study reveals that pigeons()can tackle some problems just like artificial intel- ligence,enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans.Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy,involving a trial-and-error approach,which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans'reliance on selective attention and rule use.To examine it,Brandon Turner,a psychology professor at the Ohio State University,and his colleagues conducted the new study. In the study,the pigeons were presented with various visual images,including lines of different widths and angles,and different types of rings.The pigeons had to peck()a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.If they got it correct, they received food;if they were wrong,they received nothing.Results showed that,through trial and error,the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks,increasing their correct choices from about 55%to 95%. Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning,which is linking two phenomena with each other.For example,it is easy to understand the link between“water”and“wet” "Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,"Turner said.But that's exactly what the researchers found. The researchers'AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use:associative learning and error correction.And,like the pigeons,the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers.For humans,the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier.But in this case,there were no rules,which upsets humans. "What's interesting,though,is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans,"Turner said."We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence:at the same time,we regard pigeons as not clever animals,"he said. 1.What is the purpose of the new study? A.To test a theory. B.To evaluate a model. C.To employ a strategy. D.To involve an approach 2.What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment? A.Draw circles.B.Correct errors. C.Copy gestures.D.Identify images. 3.What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study? A.They are of equal intelligence. B.They are good at making rules. C.They respond rapidly to orders from humans.D.They employ simple ways to get things done. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Pigeons'trial-and-error method is revealed B.Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks C."Not smart"pigeons may be as smart as AI D.AI models after pigeons'learning approach 51答案 实战高考·英语 AstroAccess组织的一次零重力飞行任务，参与人员为来 自五个不同国家的14名残疾的科学家、工程师和医生， 目的是测试如何使太空旅行对残疾人更加友好，并评估 残疾人进行太空旅行的可能性。 ①A推理判断题。文章开头提到，这次飞行的目的是 帮助理解如何让宇航服和飞船更适合残障人士使用， 同时文章结尾引用了Zero-G公司CEO的话“Space should be open to everyone.”,这直接体现了这次飞行 的理念是让太空旅行变得无障碍，适合所有人。故 选A。 2B细节理解题。根据第二段“The group of 14,who were from five different countries,including Australia,Brazil,Germany,Spain and the US,was made up of scientists,engineers and doctors.They have mobility,vision and hearing difficulties.”可知， 这次飞行的目的是测试如何让太空旅行更适合残障人 士，因此它的特别之处在于它是为残障人士设计的。 故选B。 ③D细节理解题。根据第四段“On climbing to a height of 25,000ft,the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeu- vres(抛物线演习)，allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities..”可知，这些测试是为了评估残 障人士进行太空旅行的可能性。故选D。 [解题陷阱本题考生容易根据信息句中的“allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space”误选A项。提醒考生仔细阅读信息句，全面 理解。 ④D推理判断题。Matt Gohd提到“the only limits you have are the ones you place on yourself”,并强调 “Space should be open to everyone..”。这些话传达了 一种积极的信息，即只要不自我设限，任何事情都是可 能的，包括残障人土参与太空旅行。故选D。 长难句分析 One group tested a set of tactile graphics to be added to cabin walls that would allow both blind crew members and short-sighted crew members to maintain a sense of direction during emergencies and help them find emergency device in zero gravity if the lights went off 400 【分析】不定式to be added to cabin walls作后置定语； that引导定语从句，修饰先行词tactile graphics,定语 从句中的谓语动词是would allow和help;if引导条件 状语从句。 【译文】一个小组测试了一套将被添加到舱壁上的触觉 图形，这些图形可以让盲人船员和近视船员在紧急情 况下保持方向感，并在灯光熄灭时帮助他们在零重力 环境中找到应急设备。 Passage 17 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Shastri 从小对光感兴趣，到后来研究光子计算，并取得成就的 过程。 ①D细节理解题。第一段中，Shastri回忆起小时候看 到的一个实验：一个塑料水瓶在靠近底部的地方被刺 穿，水在重力作用下流出来。一束光穿过瓶子的孔，让 他惊讶的是，光并没有继续水平传播，而是随着水流向 下弯曲。他说：“我对这个实验感到非常震惊。”由此可 知，Shastri最感兴趣的是光随着水流弯曲的现象。故 选D。 2C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As a postdoc at Princeton University,Shastri met physicist Paul Pruc- nal.He told Shastri about his research creating a light that behaves like a biological neuron(神经元)，and how the team was looking to compute with such light. That idea caught Shastri''s attention.”可知，Prucnal告 诉Shastri,他正在研究一种像生物神经元一样行为的 光，并且团队希望用这种光进行计算。这个想法引起 了Shastri的注意。因此，Prucnal激发了Shastri研究 光子计算。故选C。 3D段落大意题。第三段主要讲述了Shastri团队在光 子计算领域取得的成就，特别是他们开发的芯片性能 远超传统电子计算机。故选D。 ④B标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中的 “Bhavin Shastri's interest in light started young.”、第 二段中的“Since then,Shastri has been thinking about how light can be controlled,while also exploring other research interests.”以及第三段中的“Shastri has set out to push those boundaries..”可知，文章主要讲述了 Shastri从小对光感兴趣，到后来研究光子计算，并取得 成就的过程。因此，标题应突出他对光的追求和研究 的过程。故选B。 Passage 18 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了扩展现 实(XR)技术的定义、应用场景及其与5G技术结合所带 来的潜力。 ①B段落大意题。根据第一段前两句可知，全球扩展现 实(XR)行业的市场价值已超过204亿美元。XR是一 个涵盖虚拟现实(VR)、增强现实(AR)和混合现实 (MR)等技术的总称，指的是通过可穿戴设备和计算机 技术生成的虚实环境和人机互动。因此，第一段主要 讨论了XR技术及其商业价值。故选B。 2C细节理解题。根据第四段“China's Spring Festival Gala last year adopted XR technologies,enabling singers who couldn't be present at the gala to give performances remotely.”可知，去年中国的春节联欢 晚会采用了XR技术，使得无法到场的歌手能够远程 表演。这说明XR技术可以让不同地方的歌手共享同 一个舞台，从而在日常生活中帮助人们。故选C。 3C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Industry insiders pointed out that with constant progress being made in the large-scale deployment of the 5G network and its innovative applications,the 5G +XR'model is producing a large number of new application scenarios including social networking,office work,entertain- ment,exhibition and education,which will provide broad development space for the XR industry.”可知， “5G+XR”模式将应用于多种新场景，为人们创造许 多新的机会。故选C。 4B推理判断题。作者在文中通过多个例子介绍了 XR技术的使用，例如深圳的XR体验店推出的虚拟旅 行项目、XR技术在智能旅游项目中的应用以及春节 联欢晚会中XR技术的使用等。因此，作者是通过举 例来介绍XR技术的使用的。故选B。 Passage 19 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了“海绵 城市”的概念及其如何通过自然解决方案来吸收雨水，减 少洪水风险。 ①B细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，随着城市扩 张，越来越多的土地被混凝土或铺装覆盖，导致雨水无 法被吸收。当排水系统不堪重负时，突发洪水的风险 增加。因此，城市的设计（如铺装面积增加、排水系统 O实战册参考答案及解析 不足)是导致洪水风险增加的主要原因。故选B ②D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Auckland,in New Zealand,was named the spongiest city in one study.It has replaced the concrete culverts (around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated pollutants which used to be washed into the sea.”可知，奥克兰市 将Oakley溪流周围的混凝土涵洞替换为绿色河岸和 连接的公园，从而减少了附近居民区的洪水风险，这表 明涵洞(culverts)不具备“海绵”功能。故选D。 ③C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is suffi- cient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flood- ig.”可知，“海绵城市”的功能还需要进一步测试和验 证。故选C。 ④A主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了“海绵城市”的概念 及其如何通过自然解决方案（如河滨公园、池塘、蓝绿 色屋顶等)来吸收雨水，减少洪水风险。虽然也提到了 洪水频发的原因(C)和高科技方法(D),但文章的核心 内容是“海绵城市”如何预防洪水。故选A。 Passage 20 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了拥抱和 轻柔抚摸对孩子具有安抚作用，科学家发现这种触摸会 激活哺乳类动物皮肤下的C触觉纤维，从而产生温暖、平 静的感觉，对人类社交、关系建立、缓解压力等都很重要， 是满足人类基本需求的一种方式。 ①C细节理解题。第二段提到，神经生物学家[shmail Abdus-.Saboor说，触摸被认为可以激活我们皮肤上长 满毛发的部位下的C触觉纤维，从而带来缓解。这些 纤维的感觉终端似乎是自由的神经末梢，“特别适合探 测温柔、抚摸的爱抚，是一个系统的一部分，它激活了 你和爱你的人在一起时产生的温暖、平静和和平的感 觉”。因此，科学家们认为触摸能够触发我们皮肤下毛 发覆盖部分的C触觉纤维，C触觉纤维能够触发积极 的感觉。故选C。 ②B推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“At the start of the year,Abdus-Saboor published a paper in Cell that 401 答案册 实战高考·英语 demonstrated the activation of these neurons in mice. Apparently,touch sparks the dopamine（多巴胺) pathways in their brains,causing them to seek the hug or touch again and again.”可推知，进行小鼠实验是为 了证明触摸的有益效果。故选B。 3B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“‘Being touched is just a basic need,like having dinner when you are hungry,'said neuroscientist Helena Wessling. You need to have this touch in order for you to reach a good,steady state in your body.You need it so you can feel safe enough to go out and explore the world..”可知，触摸对人的身心健康至关重要。故 选B。 ④A标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了科 学家发现触摸可以激活C触觉纤维，产生舒缓的感觉， 有助于社会交往、关系建立、缓解压力和焦虑等，由此 强调了爱抚在亲子关系中的重要性，以及它对儿童情 绪调节和心理健康的积极作用。因此，文章的核心主 题是如何通过非语言的方式（如触摸）来安抚孩子。故 选A。 Passage 21 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。新的研究发现，一些人 早起可能与他们数万年前从尼安德特人那里继承的 DNA有关。 ①B细节理解题。第一段“Some people today might be early risers because of DNA they take after Neander- thals tens of thousands of years ago,suggests new research.”的意思是“新的研究表明，今天的一些人之 所以成为早起者，可能是因为他们继承了数万年前尼 安德特人的DNA”;第二段至第四段描述了这项研究 的背景和具体研究内容，指出现代人中有1%到4%的 尼安德特人DNA,且其中一些DNA与睡眠，特别是被 称为昼夜节律的内部生物钟有关。由此可知，这项新 的研究主要关注的是基因对早起者的影响。故选B。 2A段落大意题。第二段讲述了大约7万年前，当早期 人类从非洲迁移到欧亚大陆时，他们中的一些人与已 经适应了北方更冷、更阴暗气候的尼安德特人交配。 这种通婚的连锁反应至今仍然存在。非非洲血统的现 代人拥有1%到4%的尼安德特人DNA。由此可推 知，第二段主要是在讲述这项新研究的历史背景。故 选A。 402 ③D细节理解题。第四段提到“Neanderthals'DNA gave them faster,more flexible internal body clocks, which allowed them to adjust more easily to annual changes in daylight'”,这句话的意思是“尼安德特人的 DNA给了他们更快、更灵活的内部生物钟，使他们更 容易适应日光的年度变化”。由此可知，携带尼安德特 人的DNA对现代人真正的益处是拥有更好的昼夜节 律。故选D。 ④C推理判断题。最后一段提到“If the findings do apply more broadly,they may one day be useful for improving sleep in the modern world,where circadian rhythms are disturbed by night shifts and glowing smartphones..”,这句话的意思是“如果这些发现能更 广泛地应用，它们也许有一天能用于改善现代人的睡眠， 因为在现代世界中，昼夜节律受到夜班和发光的智能手 机的干扰”。由此可推断，这项研究的发现提出了潜在的 应用，即未来可能用于改善现代人的睡眠。故选C。 Passage 22 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西班牙 语和英语混合形成的“Spanglish(西班牙式英语)”及其在 美国的演变和影响。 ①A推理判断题。第二段通过Yamilet Munoz给朋友 发的短信“Vamos de punches punches punches'”展示了 西班牙语和英语的混合使用，创造了一种新的表达方 式。这种表达方式在词典中找不到，但它体现了语言 的创新和演变。因此，引入这个例子是为了说明语言 的创新。故选A。 解题陷阱本题考生容易根据第二段最后一句中的 信息“It's a remix of Spanish and English words'”误选 C。提醒考生做题时对文章建立宏观概念，注意前后段 落的结构和逻辑关系，避免过于关注个别细节，落入 陷阱。 2A推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“For Munoz and her friends there is pride in speaking Spanish,but also in mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish.”和第四段中的“Now a growing body of research...shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other...”可推知，Munoz和她的 朋友们在说话中混合使用西班牙语和英语，这表明两 种语言是相互关联的。故选A。 3D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“‘This is the work of language change,this is the work of dialect formation,this is how it happens.It happens in things that are really noticeable...but it also happens in really slight ways,’he says.”可推知，Carter想要传达 的是语言变化是渐进的和动态的。故选D。 ④C标题归纳题。文章主要讨论了西班牙语和英语混 合形成的Spanglish及其在美国的演变和影响，尤其是 年轻一代如何通过他们的语言使用和创新来塑造这种 混合语言。选项C“一代人是如何重塑西班牙式英语 的”直接概括了文章的主题，突出了年轻一代在塑造 “Spanglish'”这一混合语言方面所起的作用。因此，选 项C是最佳标题。故选C。 解题陷阱本题考生容易误选B项。文章第一段中 "giving us real-time insight into language evolu- tion”、第五段中的“Carter and his colleagues have studied language change”以及最后一段中的“This is the work of language change,this is the work of dialect formation..”会使考生误认为文章主要讲述 目前语言的变化，对应到B项“HHow Modern English is Changing Globally”。提醒考生注意识别文章的陈述 对象，是Spanglish,而不是English,避免落入陷阱。 Passage 23 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Wang Yx和他的团队为学术论文创作视觉作品，让学术论文 变得生动有趣，并被多家顶级学术期刊采用的故事。 ①B细节理解题。文中提到，Wang Yixi的作品中融入 了独特的中国元素，例如中国水墨画和神话人物女娲， 这些元素使他的作品更具吸引力和文化特色。故 选B。 2C推理判断题。第三段提到，Wang Yixi在化学实验 中遇到需要解释复杂实验过程的问题，但他通过自己 对绘画和相关软件的兴趣，将图形转化为艺术形式，并 进一步学习3D图形软件来更好地展示微观结构，这表 明他具有积极解决问题的思维。故选C。 3A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“He went on to study 3D graphics software in order to better display the microscopic structures in his field and improve the presentation of his papers.”和最后一段“.what he tries to achieve is an explanation of models or methods,to O实战册参考答案及解析 showcase experimental results,visually process data or compare differences among experiments..”可知，Wang Yixi通过让论文内容可视化的方式，让抽象的论文变 得容易理解。故选A。 ④D标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了Wang Yixi和他的 团队为学术论文创作视觉作品，让学术论文变得生动 有趣，并被多家顶级学术期刊采用的故事。文章强调 的是艺术和科学的结合，科学通过艺术表达获得灵感 的传播，D项“科学的灵感”适合作文章的标题。故 选D。 Passage 24 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研 究发现，鸽子解决某些问题的能力与人工智能相似。 ①A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Previous research has theorized...To examine it,Brandon Turner,a psychology professor at the Ohio State University,and his colleagues conducted the new study.”可知，这项新 研究的目的是检验一个理论。故选A。 2D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the study,the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles,and different types of rings.The pigeons had to peck()a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged..”可知，鸽子在实验中需要 识别图像。故选D。 3D推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The researchers'AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use:associative learning and error correc- tion.”以及最后一段中的“What's interesting,though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans'”可知，鸽子和人工智 能都采用简单的方法来完成任务。故选D。 ④C标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了研究发现，鸽子解决 某些问题的能力与人工智能相似。C项“‘不聪明’的 鸽子可能和人工智能一样聪明”既概括了文章的主要 内容（鸽子和AI的相似性），又具有一定的吸引力。故 选C。 解题陷阱本题考生容易根据第一段中的信息“A new study reveals that pigeons()can tackle some 403 答案册 实战高考·英语 problems"pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial--and-error approach”误选A项。提醒 考生，关键词的提取要全面，避免落入陷阱。 长难句分析 Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy,involving a trial- and-error approach,which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans'reliance on selective attention and rule use. 【分析】主句是Previous research has theorized;that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy是宾语从 句，作has theorized的宾语；involving a trial-and-error approach是现在分词短语作定语，修饰strategy;which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans'reliance on selective attention and rule use是定语从句，修饰先行词a trial-and-error approach。 【译文】先前的研究提出了一个理论，认为鸽子采用了 一种问题解决策略，这种策略涉及试错法，与AI模型 使用的方法相似，但与人类依赖选择性注意力和规则 运用的方式不同。 Passage 25 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍新发现的 水熊虫物种及其抗辐射机制，展示了科学家如何通过基 因测序等手段揭示这些微小生物的独特生存能力，并探 讨了这些发现的实际应用潜力。 ①A细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Tardigrades,mostly less than 1 millimeter in length with their sausage-shaped bodies and four pairs of short,unjointed legs,have long interested scientists with their ability to withstand extreme conditions,including radiation.”可知， 水熊虫的生存能力吸引了科学家。故选A。 2D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When the researchers exposed H.henanensis to radiation levels of 200 and 2,000 grays-far beyond what would be survivable for humans-they found one of the genes, called TRID1,edits a protein that helps to repair double-strand breaks in DNA by gathering specialized 404 proteins at sites of damage.”可知，研究人员发现水熊 虫中的一个基因TRD1能够编辑一种蛋白质，这种蛋 白质通过聚集在损伤部位的特定蛋白质来帮助修复 DNA的双链断裂。因此，水熊虫体内的TRID1能修 复受损的DNA。故选D。 3B词义猜测题。文章第五段提到，DODA1基因能够 使水熊虫产生甜菜碱(betalains),这些物质可以“mop up”辐射在细胞内产生的有害活性化学物质。根据上 下文可知，mop up在这里的意思是“清除”或“去除”。 故选B。 ④D标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了科学家如何通过研 究新发现的水熊虫物种来揭示其抗辐射的机制，并探 讨了这些发现可能的应用，如保护宇航员免受辐射、清 理核污染或改进癌症治疗。因此，选项D“解锁水熊虫 的抗辐射防御机制”是最合适的标题。故选D。 Passage 26 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了天生无双手 的Aubrey热爱打鼓却无法握住鼓槌，Tech Engineering for Kids项目的学生团队为其设计3D打印义肢，助她逐 梦，体现了技术赋能梦想。 ①D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However,.her pas- sion for drumming presented a special barrier:how could she hold the drumsticks without them slipping out?”可知，令Aubrey困扰的是无法握住鼓槌，即无法 操作鼓这一乐器。故选D。 2C细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Tech Engineering for Kids是一个通过田纳西理工大学初级工程课程运 行的项目，旨在为有特殊需求的儿童设计定制的辅助 技术设备。因此，它的目的是创建个性化的适应性工 具。故选C。 ③B词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“The team created about six iterations of the prostheses until they were satisfied with the final product,which was not only hard-wearing but also flexible,allowing for drumstick attachments on both arms.”可知，团队为Aubrey设计 了大约六个iterations的义肢，直到他们对最终产品感 到满意。这里的iterations应该指不同版本的设计。