专题05 阅读理解说明文（阅读与结构图解）（培优专练）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习高效培优系列

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读核心能力，通过真题感知、强化演练、模拟预测三阶训练，系统覆盖说明方法、段落逻辑、概念界定等考点，提升语言理解与逻辑思维能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |真题·命题感知|3部分5篇|说明方法作用分析、段落逻辑关系判断、概念界定理解|从具体说明方法到抽象逻辑关系，再到核心概念定义，形成由浅入深认知链| |进阶·强化演练|6篇模拟题|细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测|围绕科学主题，强化说明文体裁下信息定位与逻辑推理能力| |拔高·模拟预测|6篇预测题|标题选择、观点态度、主旨归纳|综合考查说明文结构把握与深层意义理解，衔接高考命题趋势|

专题05 阅读理解说明文（阅读与结构图解）（培优专练） 目录 真题·命题感知............................................................................................................................................................01 进阶·强化演练............................................................................................................................................................08 拔高·模拟预测............................................................................................................................................................20 真题·命题感知 第一部分：说明方法 Passage 1 2025年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇改编 (1) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (2) Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap: boiling and filtering it. In a study published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. (3) Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water (rich in minerals) containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. However, in soft water samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. The research team also noted they only focused on three common types of plastics and didn’t study other existing chemicals. (4) Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Interestingly, scientists found earlier this year that bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (5) “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics,” says Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer. 1. The author uses the example of “bottled water” in paragraph 4 mainly to ______. A. prove that bottled water is healthier than tap water B. highlight the severity of the microplastic problem C. suggest that we should stop drinking bottled water D. explain why boiling is ineffective for bottled water 2. According to the passage, what is the crucial factor influencing the efficiency of boiling in removing microplastics? A. The boiling time. B. The temperature of the water. C. The hardness of the water. D. The type of filtering equipment. Passage 2 2025年全国II卷改编 (1) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. (2) Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher, finds that plants can improve our state of mind mainly by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone. “Students who are around plants perform better academically,” says Knuth. “Our study also showed a 30% decrease in sick leave for people in plant-rich workplaces.” (3) However, the structure of the environment also matters. A cluttered (杂乱的) space with too many dying plants can actually increase anxiety. Experts suggest focusing on “green visibility” — placing plants where you can see them while working or resting. Moreover, the act of caring for a living thing provides a sense of routine and purpose, which is particularly beneficial for mental health. 1. How does the author explain the mental health benefits of plants in Paragraph 3？ A. By listing statistical data. B. By presenting contrasting situations. C. By quoting famous people. D. By describing a historical event. 2. What does the underlined word “cluttered” in paragraph 3 most probably mean？ A. Well-organized. B. Spacious and empty. C. Messy and crowded. D. Brightly decorated. 第二部分：段落逻辑 Passage 1 2025年八省联考 (1) Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city – in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity. (2) For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions. (3) Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. (4) Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people‘s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused. (5) Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood. What is the logical relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5？ A. Paragraph 4 presents a problem，and paragraph 5 offers a solution. B. Paragraph 4 introduces a concept，and paragraph 5 provides supporting evidence. C. Paragraph 4 describes a cause，and paragraph 5 explains its effects. D. Paragraph 4 states a general principle，and paragraph 5 gives a specific example. 第三部分：概念界定 2026年湖南高考英语二模（真题改编） (1) Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone, when you look over and find them standing in exactly the same pose as you, or holding the same facial expression? It may seem like they have consciously copied you, but it is more likely that this is the chameleon (变色龙) effect at play. The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person‘s gestures or mannerisms. (2) The chameleon effect was demonstrated in an experiment by psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand. The first part included 78 people, each speaking with an experimenter for 10 minutes. Bargh and Chartrand studied whether participants would mimic (模仿) the actions of someone they hadn’t met before — such as touching the face and moving a foot. When these gestures were performed by the experimenter, participants increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50%. The mimicry was unconscious. The second part involved half of the participants being mimicked by an experimenter. The results showed that those who were mimicked rated the experimenter more favorably. (3) Why do we do it? To understand the empathetic theory, think about how you would respond if your close friend tells you he has just passed an exam. If your friend tells you in an excited manner, chances are you respond in a similar tone. Another theory is an adapted survival trait. Being able to fit in with those around you may have helped when under threat. In modern life, the brain may react similarly when moving abroad or into a new group. -7 (4) In some instances, the chameleon effect targets speech. If you spend enough time talking to someone using a particular phrase, you may unintentionally use it in your own speech. In a French interview, Joe Banton, an English football player, displayed French pronunciations instead of his native Scouse accent. He later explained that he was unaware of this change at the time. (5) The main reasons behind social mimicry are positive. However, too much of the chameleon effect can be damaging. Some people carry this trait to the extreme, causing them to completely change in different social settings. These people can lose their sense of self. One study found that most people felt they had to suppress (抑制) some aspect of their personality at work to appear professional. What is the “chameleon effect” according to the passage？ A. A conscious effort to copy others‘ behavior to gain social acceptance. B. The unconscious imitation of another person‘s gestures or mannerisms. C. A psychological disorder that causes people to lose their sense of identity. D. The tendency to change one’s accent when speaking a foreign language. 进阶·强化演练 Passage 1 （2026·山东·三模）Researchers in China have been looking into several species of medicinal fungi (真菌) to find new ways to address problems of the central nervous system, where conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Dr. Yang Liu, from a Shandong-based research group, emphasizes that these mushrooms have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The team’s recent findings suggest that bioactive ingredients found in several fungi may support brain function without causing burdensome side effects. Many fungal juice appear to reduce harmful inflammation. That matters because chronic inflammatory (慢性炎症的) reactions in the brain can lead to diminished thinking skills and worsen certain diseases of the nervous system. By restraining the overproduction of pro-inflammatory substances, fungi may help maintain a steadier internal environment for nerve cells. As people live longer, the number of those affected by diseases of the nervous system is expected to rise sharply. Age is one of the biggest risk factors for conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, which makes prevention and early support more important than ever. This current trend is pushing scientists to find solutions that don’t rely solely on synthetic (合成的) drugs. Many older adults prefer natural options with fewer side effects, and medicinal mushrooms could offer one such path if their benefits continue to be confirmed through research. Modern pharmaceuticals for diseases of the nervous system often work on specific symptoms. Yet they don’t always slow the actual progression of conditions like Alzheimer’s. Scientists suspect some mushrooms could do more than manage symptoms. Early findings hint at better antioxidant (抗氧化的) protection and improved cellular cleanup processes, which are vital for the brain’s long-term health. Many studies also note that certain fungi support a balanced intestinal microbiome (微生物组织). The microbiome influences health beyond digestion by affecting how the body regulates mood, memory, and inflammatory signals. A healthy gut environment often agrees with greater mental sharpness, which is why the microbiome has turned into a hotspot for brain-related research. 1．Why are researchers focusing on medicinal fungi for central nervous system diseases? A．Fungi can cure Alzheimer’s completely. B．Fungi can replace all modern medicines. C．TCM provides historical usage evidence. D．Research on neurological disorders is in serious need. 2．What role do fungal juice play in brain health? A．They absorb inflammatory substances. B．They stabilize the surroundings for nerve cells. C．They identify damage signals for nerve cells. D．They directly repair damaged neurons in patients. 3．What is a key advantage of medicinal mushrooms over synthetic drugs? A．They are cheaper to produce globally. B．They can replace synthetic drugs. C．They work faster to cure diseases. D．They have fewer side effects. 4．What does the underlined word “pharmaceuticals” mean in paragraph 5? A．Medicines. B．Experiments. C．Treatments. D．Devices. Passage 2 （2026·江苏·二模）Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. While bioluminescence — the ability of living things to produce their own light — has long interested scientists, a lesser-known phenomenon called bio-fluorescence (生物荧光) is now stealing the spotlight. Bio-fluorescence occurs when sea animals absorb light at one wavelength and send it out at another, creating vivid lights in colors like green, red, or orange. Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow. This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions. In the coral reefs (珊瑚礁) of the Pacific, researchers observed corals sending out green under blue light. “It’s a dance of partnership guided by light,” explains marine biologist Dr. Kenji Nakamura. Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up. Another wonder comes from the Hawaiian bobtail squid (短尾乌贼). When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape. Dr. Emily Carter who led the study notes, “This is evolution’s version of a smoke screen — but far more shining.” The discovery of GFP — green fluorescent protein (绿色荧光蛋白) — in jellyfish in 1962 revolutionized science. Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s. “GFP is a window into the brain’s hidden workings,” says brain scientist Dr. Maria Gonzalez. Scientists are now copying bio-fluorescence to develop sustainable technologies. For example, fluorescent proteins inspire energy-efficient LED lighting, and bio-fluorescent markers could improve medical imaging. “Nature’s designs are blueprints for human innovation,” says materials scientist Dr. Raj Patel. Yet mysteries remain. Over 200 species of bio-fluorescent fish were recently discovered, their purposes still unclear. As submarines dive deeper, each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show, proving that the ocean’s depths still guard ancient secrets. 5．How is bio-fluorescence different from bioluminescence? A．It is drawing less attention. B．It produces brighter lights. C．It needs an outside light source. D．It makes better use of chemical reactions. 6．What can we learn about the examples in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．They both describe light-based hunting methods. B．They both explain the formation of a close partnership. C．They both highlight potential threats to the environment. D．They both show survival functions of bio-fluorescence. 7．What is the main use of GFP in science? A．To protect corals from bleaching. B．To create more efficient LED lights. C．To treat the disease of Alzheimer’s. D．To visualize cells for better observation. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Hidden Light Show B．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Display of Beauty C．Bioluminescence: Ocean’s Ancient Magic Power D．Bioluminescence: Colourful Window into Ocean Secret Passage 3 （2026·福建福州·三模）A household washing machine can generate up to 500 grams of microplastics each year, with much ending up at wastewater treatment plants and ultimately spread onto fields. Scientists have been seeking ways to remove microplastics before they enter the environment. “Existing filter (过滤) systems, however, have serious disadvantages,” explains Dr. Leandra Hamann of the University of Bonn. “Some quickly become blocked, others do not work efficiently.” To find a better solution, Hamann turned to biology for ideas. The team focused on fish that feed by filtering water — the result of evolution. Their gill arch (鳃弓) system forms a structure that is widest at the mouth and narrows towards the gullet (食道). The structure is covered in tiny teeth, creating a natural filter network. “During food intake, the water flowing through it is filtered, and the microplastic-free water is then released back into the environment,” explains Hamann. “However, some organisms are too big for this. Thanks to the shape, they then roll towards the gullet, where they are collected until the fish swallows, which empties the system.” This nature-inspired design prevents blockages and traps nearly all microplastics — exactly the two key advantages needed for a washing machine microplastic filter. To build a version for washing machines, the researchers recreated the gill arch system and tested various filter sizes and opening angles. After comparing different structural dimensions, ultimately, the team identified a combination of parameters, which enabled the system to separate more than 99% of the microplastics without blockage in lab experiments. With no complex moving parts, the design is low-cost. Captured microplastics could be pressed inside the machine to squeeze out remaining water, with the resulting tiny plastic balls removed and thrown in the ordinary garbage. The researchers hope companies will refine the design for potential commercial application, which could at least partially reduce microplastic spread. The need is pressing: studies suggest microplastics may pose severe health risks, and they’ve already been found in breast milk — and even human brains. 9．What do the researchers aim to do? A．To remove microplastics completely. B．To overcome the existing drawbacks. C．To upgrade wastewater treatment plants. D．To improve washing machine efficiency. 10．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．What problems plastics bring to fish. B．Where some organisms are collected. C．Why the gill arch system has tiny teeth. D．How fish trap microplastics from water. 11．What does the underlined “parameters” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Lab methods. B．Mechanical tools. C．Processed data. D．Replacement parts. 12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the design? A．It can end microplastics spread. B．It will pose potential health risks. C．It will revolutionize home appliances. D．It may have application prospects. Passage 4 （2026·安徽·二模）For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. This lack of diversity can lead to misdiagnosis or ineffective treatment for underrepresented groups. Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. These synthetic images are not of real people; they are digitally generated representations designed to fill the gaps in existing datasets. The potential is transformative. By training diagnostic AI on a more balanced dataset enriched with these synthetic images, the system’s accuracy across all population groups improves significantly. Early tests show that the technique can reduce a form of algorithmic bias known as “underspecification,” where models perform well on paper but fail in real-world, diverse clinical settings. “We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model.” explains lead researcher Dr. Sarah Chen. However, the method is a double-edged sword. While it can “unbias” data, the very same technology could be weaponized to increase bias. If an ill-intentioned researcher uses the same technique to generate synthetic data that over-represents a particular group or leads to harmful stereotypes (刻板印象), it could create AI models that are even more prejudiced than those trained on real-world data. The line between correcting historical unfairness and creating new, synthetic ones is pretty thin. This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. After all, in the scientists’ eyes it can promise fairer healthcare in the years to come. 13．What problem has puzzled researchers in cancer treatment? A．High cost of collecting data. B．Overuse of AI in diagnosis. C．Biased data sampling. D．Misdiagnosis for patients. 14．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The principle of the technique. B．The process of the representation. C．The purpose of the study. D．The achievements of the design. 15．What is Dr. Sarah Chen’s attitude towards the new method? A．Objective. B．Worried. C．Optimistic D．Doubtful. 16．What should future scientists pay attention to when using AI models? A．Getting rid of the concern. B．Creating more training images. C．Checking for ethical risks. D．Avoiding negative stereotypes. Passage 5 （2026·河南开封·一模）Roadkill isn’t the most pleasant of subjects. As much as people try to avoid it and not contribute to it, the untimely animal deaths are an unfortunate, unavoidable byproduct of a society reliant on cars. In Brazil alone, it’s estimated that two to eight million birds and mammals are killed on roadways every year. In Europe, the potential tally may climb as high as 194 million. While viral headlines occasionally highlight different kinds of roadkill, the dead creatures actually have many other benefits. A team of biologists investigated what happens when scientists frequently use these dead creatures in their own work. According to their findings, roadkill is being used for a wide range of research — but the possibilities are even greater and more sustainable than most people realize. “Because the animals are already dead, researchers can often avoid live capture and handling, aligning (一致) perfectly with global animal-ethics principles that encourage replacing invasive methods wherever possible,” biologist Christa Beckmann explained. Along with colleagues from Western Sydney University, Deakin University, and Trent University, Beckmann evaluated 312 peer-reviewed studies from 67 countries around the world that focused on goals “other than counting or reducing roadkill”. They recorded at least 650 species — mostly mammals, followed by reptiles, birds, amphibians, and invertebrates. In total, the team identified around 117 different scientific uses for roadkill in various scientific projects. “We found examples of successfully using roadkill to map species distributions, monitor disease and environmental pollution, study diets, track invasive species, and supply museum collections, Beckmann said. In some instances, she added that roadkill also helped identify local populations previously believed extinct and even included species “previously unknown to science”. Beckmann knows the roadkill isn’t appropriate for all research projects and comes with its own biosafety considerations, but still believes there are far more uses waiting to be explored. “While roadkill will always be tragic, using these losses wisely could help drive scientific discovery and conservation forward, rather than letting valuable information decompose by the roadside,” she said. 17．What does the first paragraph primarily emphasize? A．The need for safer transportation. B．The severity of the roadkill issue. C．The impact of roadkill animals. D．The causes of different car accidents. 18．Why does Beckmann advocate using roadkill in research? A．It helps avoid harming live animals. B．It minimizes the research expenses. C．It provides fresh biological samples. D．It yields more accurate research results. 19．What do the numbers in paragraph 4 imply? A．The complexity of research methods. B．The development of international cooperation. C．The declining health of global ecosystem. D．The roadkill’s global scientific significance. 20．What is the best title for the text? A．Roadkill — A Possible Alternative in Scientific Research. B．Cars — The Main Threat to Animals. C．The Moral Concerns Are Rising from Roadkill. D．Effective Methods of Preventing Roadkill Are in Need. Passage 6 （2026·湖北·三模）A Chinese company says it has rolled out the world’s first fully recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade (涡轮叶片), a development that could bring the wind industry closer to a carbon-neutral, waste-free future. The 110-meter blade is made of recyclable carbon fiber panels that are both strong and lightweight, and the carbon fiber can be completely recovered and reused. One 2017 study estimates that the world will face 43 million tonnes of wind turbine blade waste by 2050. While scientists are working to develop better recycling processes, it’s still a lot of waste to tackle for an energy technology the world will need to rely on in the future — we need better solutions like this. Conventional wind turbine blades are currently difficult to recycle because their resin (树脂) and fiber makeup are permanently bonded when they’re manufactured. The new blade, the MySE23X, is more than 110 meters (about 361 feet) long and is designed to be recycled at the end of its life, tackling one of wind energy’s growing waste problems as turbines become larger and more powerful. Wind turbine blades have long been a recycling headache, since most are made from composite materials that are hard to break down. The company says its new carbon fiber blade can be chemically separated using a special degradation solution that works at room temperature and pressure. The company says this allows the composite materials to be efficiently broken apart and fully recycled. The company isn’t the only turbine maker working on recyclable blades. A German company already manufactures its recyclable blade, which is about 95% recyclable. The German company aims to make its blades fully recyclable by 2040. As wind turbines continue to scale up, solutions like this could play a growing role in cutting waste and pushing the industry toward a more circular supply chain. 21．Why is the MySE23X blade a revolution? A．It’s the longest blade ever produced. B．It costs less than conventional blades. C．It can be fully recycled and reused. D．It generates more power than previous models. 22．What does the author say about the wind turbine blade waste problem? A．Current technology alone is insufficient to tackle the massive waste. B．It remains uncertain whether recycling solutions will work. C．It has been ignored by most turbine manufacturers. D．It has been completely solved by MySE23X blade. 23．What can we know about the German company? A．It produces the most powerful blade worldwide. B．It aims to achieve full recyclability. C．It uses the same degradation technology. D．It significantly reduces the production cost. 24．What is the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in wind turbine blade technology. B．The environmental impact of traditional wind turbines. C．The development of wind turbine blade technology. D．The global competition in wind energy production. 拔高·模拟预测 Passage 1 （2026·全国·模拟预测）Cities breathe through trees. They cool streets, clean the air, and comfort minds. Yet, few notice the invisible worlds beneath their bark and roots. Each tree hosts a vast community of microorganisms that shape its health and resilience (适应力). As heat, drought, and pollution grow, those microscopic partners face intense stress. Researchers from the Bhatnagar Lab at Boston University explored how city life reshapes these hidden ecosystems. The results reveal how urban stress changes fungal (真菌的) and bacterial balance, affecting not just trees but entire city ecosystems. “Microorganisms are everywhere, and they drive critical ecosystem services such as decomposition, nutrient cycling, tree growth, and carbon absorption,” explained Professor Jenny Bhatnagar, senior author of the study. Kathryn Atherton, the paper’s first author, noted that studying urban microbiomes (微生物组) reveals how cities disturb those natural systems. “When those microbial communities are disturbed, trees may become more likely to suffer a decline, and the ecological and health benefits they provide to city residents may be reduced,” she said. “Everything that can go wrong in a microbiome goes wrong for trees living in cities,” said Bhatnagar. Urban trees lose crucial fungal partners and gain harmful bacteria. Some bacteria even release greenhouse gases. On the bright side, these effects connect to factors like soil quality, temperature, and pollution — elements humans can control. Adjusting urban soil management could help correct this microbial imbalance. Urban areas are expanding fast. Yet, our understanding of urban ecosystems lags behind. According to Atherton, the findings reveal deep shifts in microbial life, threatening the survival of trees and the balance of urban nature. She emphasized that without forward-looking research and sustainable planning, cities may lose vital ecological functions that keep them livable. The delicate microbial partnerships beneath urban soil are as essential as the trees themselves, influencing air quality, soil nutrient content, and even climate resilience. Protecting these invisible ecosystems could determine how cities face future environmental challenges. 25．What does the author imply about city trees in paragraph 1? A．They depend on hidden microorganisms. B．They solve urban environmental problems. C．They provide enough cooling for city streets. D．They are being damaged by human activities. 26．What’s the author’s purpose in quoting Bhatnagar in paragraph 3? A．To introduce main findings. B．To stress problem severity. C．To present a balanced view. D．To explain fungal partner loss. 27．How can humans help improve trees’ microbial balance? A．By limiting urban soil management. B．By controlling environmental factors. C．By removing bacteria from tree roots. D．By increasing helpful microorganisms. 28．What is the best title for the text? A．The Growing Crisis of City Trees B．The New Findings of Soil Microbes C．The Hidden Helpers of Urban Trees D．The Future Challenges of Urban Greening Passage 2 （2026·福建·三模）The story of the Zeigarnik Effect began in a busy restaurant in Vienna in the 1920s. Bluma Zeigarnik, a Russian psychologist, was dining with her professors when she noticed something fascinating about the waiters. They had an incredible ability to remember long, complex orders from multiple tables without writing anything down. However, Zeigarnik observed a strange detail: as soon as the bill was paid and the customers left, the waiters instantly forgot the orders. Curious, Zeigarnik asked a waiter about a party he had just served. The waiter simply said he couldn’t remember a single dish. He explained that he only held the information in his mind as long as the order was “open.” Once the task was completed, his brain deleted the data to make room for new customers. Interested by this observation, Zeigarnik returned to her lab to conduct a series of experiments. She asked participants to perform simple tasks, such as solving puzzles or stringing beads (串珠子). Halfway through, she interrupted some of them, leaving their tasks unfinished. Her findings confirmed her suspicion (怀疑): people remembered the interrupted tasks nearly twice as well as the completed ones. She concluded that an unfinished task creates a state of mental stress in the brain. This tension keeps the task active in our memory, constantly reminding us until we finish it. Psychologists named this phenomenon the “Zeigarnik Effect.” While this effect can cause anxiety — keeping us awake at night thinking about unread emails — it can also be a powerful tool for productivity. One of the biggest obstacles to working is procrastination (拖延), often caused by the fear of a large, difficult project. The Zeigarnik Effect offers a simple solution: set the process in motion. You don’t need to finish the project; you just need to take the first small step. Once you begin, the “psychological tension” kicks in. Your brain will naturally want to fill the mental gap, making it much easier to keep working. In this way, the same mental mechanism that causes anxiety can be used effectively to help us achieve our goals. 29．What can be learned about the waiters’ memory? A．It was better than that of the professors. B．It functioned best when orders were written down. C．It was more focused on unfinished work. D．It disappeared quickly when they were under stress. 30．What can we conclude from Zeigarnik’s lab experiments? A．People hate being disturbed during tasks. B．Half-done tasks stand out in the human brain. C．Solving puzzles requires a strong memory. D．Interruption helps people relax during work. 31．Why does the author mention unread emails in paragraph 5? A．To provide an example of daily anxiety. B．To encourage us to check our inbox often. C．To explain the reason for our procrastination. D．To show the dark side of the Zeigarnik effect. 32．What does the author suggest we do when facing difficult projects? A．Wait until the mental stress is relieved. B．Make a detailed plan to reduce anxiety. C．Finish the most difficult part of the job first. D．Activate the brain’s drive by getting started. Passage 3 （2026·江西·模拟预测）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell you about the thrill of identifying a new species. Scientists have often seen curiosity as motivation to discover new information. That framing suggests that curiosity is all about acting now — that it drives us to find answers as soon as possible. This impatience for answers corresponds with what psychologists think is a main function of curiosity: to reduce uncertainty. The state of not knowing can be uncomfortable, like an itch (痒) that needs to be scratched (挠). But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. Consider how people watch a murder-mystery movie. As the tension builds, viewers want to know the identity and the motive of the murderer — but unlike the desire to identify a strange new bird, most don’t feel the urge to resolve that curiosity. Instead, people enjoy the unexpected turns of the plot as they gather more information. In a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, we found that although interest can indeed drive an urgent desire for answers, it can also set people up for those moments of discovery. While our study participants watched each video, we asked them to report how curious they were about what the drawing would become. Interestingly, when participants were more curious about what the drawing would become, they were more likely to continue watching rather than skipping ahead to the answer. Our experiment also revealed that curiosity was highest at two key points: first, when uncertainty was the greatest, and second, when people were very close to identifying the drawings. When uncertainty was greatest, curiosity was experienced with joy. But during the second peak, as people got closer to the big reveal, curiosity coincided with frustration, perhaps like the sensation when a word is right on the tip of your tongue. Our work underlines the complexity of curiosity. Thinking about curiosity as going beyond the need for quick answers also highlights the power of what happens when we face uncertainty: having to think over and anticipate answers can improve learning and memory. 33．What is the traditional view of curiosity? A．It brings discomfort to human beings. B．It facilitates discovering new species. C．It pushes people to seek quick answers. D．It helps improve learning and memory. 34．Why are murder-mystery movies mentioned? A．To attract readers to watch such movies. B．To introduce people’s love for mysteries. C．To show the risk of revealing movie plots. D．To illustrate a different feature of curiosity. 35．What can we learn about the participants? A．They lost interest as the video went on. B．They chose to wait when highly curious. C．They often skipped to the end of the video. D．They felt frustrated at the greatest uncertainty. 36．What can be the best title for the text? A．Uncertainty: Face It in Life Wisely B．The Two Peaks of Human’s Curiosity C．The Way Curiosity Shapes Our Emotions D．Curiosity: More Than a Rush for Answers Passage 4 （2026·湖北·三模）Chinese researchers have built an ocean carbon recycling system for capturing oceanic carbon dioxide and turning it into succinic acid, a chemical used to make biodegradable plastic. The system extracted carbon dioxide from Shenzhen Bay’s seawater for more than 530 hours continuously, recording a 70% carbon capture efficiency. The project was led by Gao Xiang and Xia Chuan from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology and the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, respectively. The cost was just 230 dollars per metric ton of CO2, matching the leading carbon capture technologies in the market today. Firstly, seawater is sent to a 5-chamber electrochemical reactor (五室电化学反应器), where the electric field causes water splitting. The protons (质子) acidify in one chamber while changing dissolved carbonate species into gaseous CO2, which is then separated through a hollow-fibre membrane (中空纤维膜) and sent to a second reactor. In the reactor, a kind of catalyst (催化剂 ) reduces the CO2 into formic acid (蚁酸). After this, a sort of marine bacterium changes the formic acid into succinic acid. The modular (模块化的) nature of this system means it can be repurposed to produce several kinds of chemicals, enabling the transformation of oceanic carbon into market-ready materials. The system is not only useful for making plastics but could also be used to decrease the burden on land-based methods to achieve the same. It will help in turning CO2 to high-value products, which drive a low-carbon economy. According to researchers, integrating the system with offshore renewable energy sources, like wind or tidal power, could make the process more efficient and sustainable. Oceans absorb around one-third of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions, and this system could change its role from being a passive sink to an active participant in finding a solution to the climate problem. 37．Why have the researchers built the ocean carbon recycling system? A．To generate electricity from seawater. B．To collect sea CO2 for a valuable chemical. C．To explore deep sea biological resources. D．To detect hidden ocean carbon waste. 38．What does the third paragraph mainly focus on? A．The technical process. B．The working principle. C．The CO2 data collection. D．The reactor equipment. 39．What does the underlined words “the same” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Boosting economic development. B．Producing chemicals. C．Decreasing CO2 emissions. D．Making plastics. 40．What can be inferred about the system in the passage? A．It barely integrates with existing technologies. B．It owns broad application prospect. C．It sustains offshore energy output. D．It balances global climate. Passage 5 （2026·江苏苏州·三模） The Backyard Bird Chronicles — A Nature Journal About This Book In 2016, Amy Tan grew overwhelmed by the state of the world: hatred and misinformation became a daily presence on social media, and the country felt more divisive than ever. In search of peace, Tan turned toward the natural world just beyond her window and, specifically, the birds visiting her yard. She began watching the birds that visited her feeders—and took up drawing them. This book collects her journal entries and sketches from 2017 to 2021, including the months of the COVID-19 quarantine in 2020. It is published by Alfred A．Knopf (New York, 2024). From the Foreword by David Allen Sibley The drawings and essays in this book do a lot more than just describe the birds. They carry a sense of discovery through observation and drawing, suggest the layers of patterns in the natural world, and emphasize a deep personal connection between the watcher and the watched. The birds that inhabit Amy Tan’s backyard seem a lot like the characters in her novels. A Sample Journal Entry—April 15, 2020 Morning, 7:30 a.m.—Sunny, light breeze. A hummingbird visited the feeder for the first time this spring. I sat so still that it came within two feet of my face. Its throat flashed ruby-red in the sunlight. I tried to draw it—but my first sketch looked like a fat bee with wings. Fiona, a 13-year-old nature lover I once met, told me that “pencil miles” matter more than talent. So I drew it again. And again. What I learned: Hummingbirds don’t just hover — they think while hovering. They tilt their heads, judge distances, and guard their territory like tiny fighter jets. 41．Why did Amy Tan start observing birds in her backyard in 2016? A．To finish a nature journal. B．To get away from worldly disturbances. C．To prepare for her new book. D．To learn drawing skills from birds. 42．What does David Allen Sibley think of birdwatching? A．It helps people understand life in a broader way. B．It requires rich experience and great talent. C．It is merely a way to record daily routines. D．It makes people addicted to lonely observation. 43．What can we learn from the journal entry of April 15, 2020? A．The hummingbird kept a long distance from Tan. B．Tan was satisfied with her first sketch at first. C．Fiona advised her to value practice over talent. D．Fiona taught Tan how to draw hummingbirds. 44．The hummingbird’s behavior described in the journal suggests that it is ________. A．carefree and lazy B．cautious and strategic C．noisy and aggressive D．shy and silent Passage 6 （2026·湖南长沙·三模）Listening to music while driving is a common habit for many people. It helps us stay awake, improves our mood, and makes long trips more enjoyable. Over 80% of drivers play music on most journeys, especially younger drivers who find it hard to concentrate without it. Researchers have studied the effects of music on driving for many years in virtual driving environments. They measure things like speed, reaction time, and crash incidents under different music conditions. The results show that music can both help and harm driving performance. Overall, listening to music tends to lead to more simulated (模拟的) crashes, poorer speed control, and less stable following distances compared to driving in silence. However, music can temporarily help tired drivers stay alert on long, dull drives, though this effect fades after 15-25 minutes. Loud or fast-paced music is often thought to be risky, but research shows the picture is more complex. High volume tends to slightly increase speed, while low volume makes people drive more slowly. Fast music does not always make driving worse, but very energetic or aggressive songs can lead to riskier behaviour, especially for young or inexperienced drivers. Music that drivers choose themselves tends to be less distracting (分心的) than music they do not like, as it helps them stay calm and focused. Inexperienced drivers are more easily affected by music. Studies show that when they listen to upbeat or fast music, they are more likely to speed, miss road signs, and react slowly to dangers. In contrast, calm or slow music can help them stay more aware and respond better to dangers on the road. For safer driving, it is best to listen to recognizable songs, at a moderate volume, and avoid very loud or aggressive tracks. New drivers, in particular, may want to lower the volume or even turn off the music in difficult driving conditions. 45．How do most researchers study the effects of music on driving? A．By conducting experiments in driving simulators. B．By analyzing real car crash data involving music. C．By surveying drivers’ personal preferences for music. D．By measuring drivers’ physical health after long trips. 46．Which type of driver should be most cautious about listening to music while driving? A．Drivers who are feeling excited. B．Drivers with little driving experience. C．Drivers who prefer popular music. D．Drivers travelling long distances. 47．What is the safest practice for drivers regarding music? A．Listening to loud music on boring road trips. B．Enjoying fast music to keep the brain active. C．Choosing familiar songs at a medium volume. D．Letting the passengers choose the music to enjoy. 48．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To discourage drivers from listening to music. B．To explore the driving habits between different drivers. C．To criticize young drivers for their bad listening habits. D．To explain how music affects driving and offer advice. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 17 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解说明文（阅读与结构图解）（培优专练） 目录 真题·命题感知............................................................................................................................................................01 进阶·强化演练............................................................................................................................................................08 拔高·模拟预测............................................................................................................................................................20 真题·命题感知 第一部分：说明方法 Passage 1 1.答案： B 2.答案： C Passage 2 1.答案： B 2.答案： C 第二部分：段落逻辑 Passage 1 答案： D 第三部分：概念界定 答案：B 进阶·强化演练 Passage 1 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A Passage 2 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．D 8．A Passage 3 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．C 12．D Passage 4 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．C 16．C Passage 5 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．D 20．A Passage 6 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．A 拔高·模拟预测 Passage 1 【答案】25．A 26．B 27．B 28．C Passage 2 【答案】29．C 30．B 31．D 32．D Passage 3 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．B 36．D Passage 4 【答案】37．B 38．A 39．D 40．B Passage 5 【答案】41．B 42．A 43．C 44．B Passage 6 【答案】45．A 46．B 47．C 48．D 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 17 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解说明文（阅读与结构图解）（培优专练） 目录 真题·命题感知............................................................................................................................................................01 进阶·强化演练............................................................................................................................................................08 拔高·模拟预测............................................................................................................................................................20 真题·命题感知 第一部分：说明方法 Passage 1 2025年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇改编 (1) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (2) Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap: boiling and filtering it. In a study published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. (3) Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water (rich in minerals) containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. However, in soft water samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. The research team also noted they only focused on three common types of plastics and didn’t study other existing chemicals. (4) Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Interestingly, scientists found earlier this year that bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (5) “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics,” says Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer. 1. The author uses the example of “bottled water” in paragraph 4 mainly to ______. A. prove that bottled water is healthier than tap water B. highlight the severity of the microplastic problem C. suggest that we should stop drinking bottled water D. explain why boiling is ineffective for bottled water 1.答案： B 详解：定位与理解： 题干要求分析第四段提到“瓶装水”的写作目的。原文第四段指出，减少微塑料暴露的任务“变得越来越困难”，紧接着提到科学家发现“瓶装水中的微塑料含量是原来想象的10到1000倍”。 逻辑推理： 作者在此处使用了举例子的说明方法。原本人们可能认为瓶装水更干净，但这里的数据通过强烈的对比（预期含量 vs 实际含量），意在说明微塑料污染无处不在且极其严重，以此来支持前文“任务艰巨”的观点。 选项辨析： A (证明瓶装水更健康)： 与原文提到的“微塑料更多”相反，属于反向干扰。 B (强调微塑料问题的严重性)： 正确。这正是作者使用对比数据想要突出的核心逻辑。 C (建议停止喝瓶装水)： 文中并未提出该建议，属于过度推断。 D (解释为什么煮沸对瓶装水无效)： 文中未涉及煮沸瓶装水的讨论。 2. According to the passage, what is the crucial factor influencing the efficiency of boiling in removing microplastics? A. The boiling time. B. The temperature of the water. C. The hardness of the water. D. The type of filtering equipment. 2.答案： C 详解：定位与理解： 题干关键词为“crucial factor”和“efficiency of boiling”。直接定位到第三段第一句：“this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics”。 科学原理（说明方法）： 原文使用了作比较和列数字的说明方法。通过对比含300毫克碳酸钙的硬水（去除率近90%）和含60毫克以下的软水（去除率仅25%），清晰地揭示了“碳酸钙含量”（即水的硬度）是决定效果的关键。 选项辨析： C (The hardness of the water)： “Hardness”对应文中的“hard water”和“calcium carbonate”含量，是决定塑料被吸附 trapped 的关键，正确。 A (The boiling time)： 第二段提到了“煮沸五分钟”，但后文指出这不是效率高低的决定性变量，软水煮再久也无法形成足够的碳酸钙外壳。 B (The temperature of the water)： 文中只提到“煮沸”和“冷却”，未比较不同温度的影响。 D (The type of filtering equipment)： 虽然提到了过滤，但设备类型不是本文讨论决定效率的核心因素。 Passage 2 2025年全国II卷改编 (1) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. (2) Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher, finds that plants can improve our state of mind mainly by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone. “Students who are around plants perform better academically,” says Knuth. “Our study also showed a 30% decrease in sick leave for people in plant-rich workplaces.” (3) However, the structure of the environment also matters. A cluttered (杂乱的) space with too many dying plants can actually increase anxiety. Experts suggest focusing on “green visibility” — placing plants where you can see them while working or resting. Moreover, the act of caring for a living thing provides a sense of routine and purpose, which is particularly beneficial for mental health. 1. How does the author explain the mental health benefits of plants in Paragraph 3？ A. By listing statistical data. B. By presenting contrasting situations. C. By quoting famous people. D. By describing a historical event. 1.答案： B 详解：写作手法分析： 本题考察说明文中的说明方法。第三段在结构上分为两层：第一层讲“杂乱的、有死植物的空间”会增加焦虑（负面）；第二层讲“放在视线内”和“照顾生物的行为”有好处（正面）-6。 技巧判断： 作者通过对比“错误的植物摆放（杂乱/濒死）”带来的坏处与“正确的绿色可见度”带来的好处，形成了一个鲜明的对比（Contrast） 或对照结构，以此来全面论证环境结构的重要性。 选项辨析： B (By presenting contrasting situations)： 正确。通过展示“杂乱” vs “有序”以及“视觉接触” vs “忽视”的不同结果来论证。 A (By listing statistical data)： 统计数据出现在第二段（30%的数据），而非第三段。 C (By quoting famous people)： 文中未引用名人名言。 D (By describing a historical event)： 文中未描述历史事件。 2. What does the underlined word “cluttered” in paragraph 3 most probably mean？ A. Well-organized. B. Spacious and empty. C. Messy and crowded. D. Brightly decorated. 2.答案： C 详解： 词义猜测（语境推理）： 本题考查通过上下文逻辑关系猜测词义。该句为：“A cluttered space with too many dying plants can actually increase anxiety.”-6 线索分析： 后文提到了解决方案是“focusing on ‘green visibility’”，且关键词“dying plants (濒死的植物)”以及“increase anxiety (增加焦虑)”给出了强烈的负面暗示。 逻辑推断： 什么样的空间会因为“太多濒死的植物”导致焦虑？显然不是“整齐的”或“宽敞空旷的”，而是“杂乱的、拥挤的”。 选项辨析： C (Messy and crowded)： “杂乱的/拥挤的”，符合语境中因植物状态差且数量多导致的混乱感，正确。 A (Well-organized)： 有条理的，这是反义干扰。 B (Spacious and empty)： 宽敞空旷的，与“充满濒死植物”的环境逻辑矛盾。 D (Brightly decorated)： 装饰明亮的，与焦虑的情绪无关，且原文未提及光线或装饰风格。 第二部分：段落逻辑 Passage 1 2025年八省联考 (1) Jane Jacobs spent her working life advancing a distinct vision of the city – in particular focusing on what makes a successful urban community. At the heart of her vision is the idea that urban life should be an energetic and rich affair, whereby people are able to interact with one another in dense and exciting urban environments. She prefers disorder to order, walking to driving, and diversity to uniformity. (2) For Jacobs, urban communities are organic beings that should be left to grow and change by themselves and not be subject to the grand plans of so-called experts and officials. The best judges of how a city should be — and how it should develop — are the local residents themselves. Jacobs argues that urban communities are best placed to understand how their city functions, because city life is created and sustained through their various interactions. (3) Jacobs notes that the built form of a city is crucial to the life of an urban community, especially the sidewalks. The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, and get to know one another. Such a complex but ultimately enriching set of encounters helps individuals know their neighbours and neighbourhood better. (4) Diversity and mixed-use of space are also, for Jacobs, key elements of this urban form. The commercial, business, and residential elements of a city should not be separated out but instead be side by side, to allow for greater integration of people. There should also be a diversity of old and new buildings, and people‘s interactions should determine how buildings get used and reused. (5) Finally, urban communities grow better in places where a critical mass of people live, work, and interact. Such high-density spaces are, she feels, engines of creativity and vitality. They are also safe places to be, because the higher density means that there are more “eyes on the street”: shopkeepers and locals who know their area and maintain a close watch over the neighbourhood. What is the logical relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5？ A. Paragraph 4 presents a problem，and paragraph 5 offers a solution. B. Paragraph 4 introduces a concept，and paragraph 5 provides supporting evidence. C. Paragraph 4 describes a cause，and paragraph 5 explains its effects. D. Paragraph 4 states a general principle，and paragraph 5 gives a specific example. 答案： D 详解：定位与审题： 本题考查对段落之间逻辑关系的理解。要求判断第四段与第五段在文章结构上的关联方式。 段落内容分析： 第四段提出Jacobs城市规划理念中的“多样性”原则：商业区、办公区和住宅区不应分离，而应并列共存；新老建筑也应多样并存。这是一个概括性的核心理念。 第五段进一步阐释“高密度”的价值：密集的人口是创造力和活力的“引擎”，同时因为“街上的眼睛”更多而更安全。这是对第四段“多样化空间”理念在“密度”维度的具体延伸和细化。 逻辑关系识别： 第四段建立了“空间多样化”这一抽象原则。 第五段则具体说明当这种多样化空间达到“临界人口密度”时，会产生怎样的积极结果（活力、创造力、安全性）。 这种从“原则”到“具体论证”的推进方式，属于从一般到特殊的逻辑结构。 选项辨析： A（问题-解决方案）：错误。第四段未提出问题，第五段也未提供解决方案，两者都是正向阐述理念。 B（概念-支撑证据）：有干扰性，但不够准确。第五段不是对第四段的“证据性支撑”，而是在第四段“多样性”基础上的平行延展，提出了“高密度”这一新维度的益处。 C（原因-结果）：错误。文中未建立因果关系，而是并列的核心理念阐述。 D（一般原则-具体例证）：正确。“多样性原则”是一般性理念，“高密度带来安全与活力”是对该原则在具体人口维度上的进一步阐发，符合“一般到具体”的段落逻辑。 第三部分：概念界定 2026年湖南高考英语二模（真题改编） (1) Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone, when you look over and find them standing in exactly the same pose as you, or holding the same facial expression? It may seem like they have consciously copied you, but it is more likely that this is the chameleon (变色龙) effect at play. The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person‘s gestures or mannerisms. (2) The chameleon effect was demonstrated in an experiment by psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand. The first part included 78 people, each speaking with an experimenter for 10 minutes. Bargh and Chartrand studied whether participants would mimic (模仿) the actions of someone they hadn’t met before — such as touching the face and moving a foot. When these gestures were performed by the experimenter, participants increased face touching by 20% and foot movement by 50%. The mimicry was unconscious. The second part involved half of the participants being mimicked by an experimenter. The results showed that those who were mimicked rated the experimenter more favorably. (3) Why do we do it? To understand the empathetic theory, think about how you would respond if your close friend tells you he has just passed an exam. If your friend tells you in an excited manner, chances are you respond in a similar tone. Another theory is an adapted survival trait. Being able to fit in with those around you may have helped when under threat. In modern life, the brain may react similarly when moving abroad or into a new group. -7 (4) In some instances, the chameleon effect targets speech. If you spend enough time talking to someone using a particular phrase, you may unintentionally use it in your own speech. In a French interview, Joe Banton, an English football player, displayed French pronunciations instead of his native Scouse accent. He later explained that he was unaware of this change at the time. (5) The main reasons behind social mimicry are positive. However, too much of the chameleon effect can be damaging. Some people carry this trait to the extreme, causing them to completely change in different social settings. These people can lose their sense of self. One study found that most people felt they had to suppress (抑制) some aspect of their personality at work to appear professional. What is the “chameleon effect” according to the passage？ A. A conscious effort to copy others‘ behavior to gain social acceptance. B. The unconscious imitation of another person‘s gestures or mannerisms. C. A psychological disorder that causes people to lose their sense of identity. D. The tendency to change one’s accent when speaking a foreign language. 答案：B 详解： 定位与审题： 本题考查对文中核心概念“chameleon effect”的理解与界定。此类题目要求考生准确找到作者对某一术语所下的定义，通常出现在说明文的开篇段落。 原文定位： 第一段最后一句明确给出了定义：“The chameleon effect is the non-conscious mirror of another person‘s gestures or mannerisms.” 这句话直接阐释了该概念的内涵——非自觉地映射他人姿态或习惯举止。 定义要素分析： 这个定义包含了两个关键要素： “non-conscious”（非自觉的/无意识的）——强调模仿行为并非有意为之； “mirror of another person’s gestures or mannerisms”（对他人姿态或习惯举止的映射）——说明其外在表现特征。 选项辨析： A（有意识地模仿以获取社会接纳）：错误。文中强调“non-conscious”，与“conscious effort”相反，属于含义相反的干扰项。 B（对他人姿态或习惯举止的无意识模仿）：正确。准确概括了“non-conscious mirror of gestures or mannerisms”这一核心定义。 C（导致人们丧失自我认同感的心理障碍）：错误。这是第五段讨论的“过度”表现（too much of the chameleon effect can be damaging），而非概念本身——概念是中性描述，过度表现是其极端后果。 D（说外语时改变口音的倾向）：错误。这仅是第四段提到的“speech”层面的表现之一，是以偏概全，且未捕捉“无意识”这一关键特征。 进阶·强化演练 Passage 1 （2026·山东·三模）Researchers in China have been looking into several species of medicinal fungi (真菌) to find new ways to address problems of the central nervous system, where conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Dr. Yang Liu, from a Shandong-based research group, emphasizes that these mushrooms have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The team’s recent findings suggest that bioactive ingredients found in several fungi may support brain function without causing burdensome side effects. Many fungal juice appear to reduce harmful inflammation. That matters because chronic inflammatory (慢性炎症的) reactions in the brain can lead to diminished thinking skills and worsen certain diseases of the nervous system. By restraining the overproduction of pro-inflammatory substances, fungi may help maintain a steadier internal environment for nerve cells. As people live longer, the number of those affected by diseases of the nervous system is expected to rise sharply. Age is one of the biggest risk factors for conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, which makes prevention and early support more important than ever. This current trend is pushing scientists to find solutions that don’t rely solely on synthetic (合成的) drugs. Many older adults prefer natural options with fewer side effects, and medicinal mushrooms could offer one such path if their benefits continue to be confirmed through research. Modern pharmaceuticals for diseases of the nervous system often work on specific symptoms. Yet they don’t always slow the actual progression of conditions like Alzheimer’s. Scientists suspect some mushrooms could do more than manage symptoms. Early findings hint at better antioxidant (抗氧化的) protection and improved cellular cleanup processes, which are vital for the brain’s long-term health. Many studies also note that certain fungi support a balanced intestinal microbiome (微生物组织). The microbiome influences health beyond digestion by affecting how the body regulates mood, memory, and inflammatory signals. A healthy gut environment often agrees with greater mental sharpness, which is why the microbiome has turned into a hotspot for brain-related research. 1．Why are researchers focusing on medicinal fungi for central nervous system diseases? A．Fungi can cure Alzheimer’s completely. B．Fungi can replace all modern medicines. C．TCM provides historical usage evidence. D．Research on neurological disorders is in serious need. 2．What role do fungal juice play in brain health? A．They absorb inflammatory substances. B．They stabilize the surroundings for nerve cells. C．They identify damage signals for nerve cells. D．They directly repair damaged neurons in patients. 3．What is a key advantage of medicinal mushrooms over synthetic drugs? A．They are cheaper to produce globally. B．They can replace synthetic drugs. C．They work faster to cure diseases. D．They have fewer side effects. 4．What does the underlined word “pharmaceuticals” mean in paragraph 5? A．Medicines. B．Experiments. C．Treatments. D．Devices. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍我国科研人员研究药用真菌，探索其改善中枢神经系统疾病的作用，并对比合成药物，说明药用真菌天然、副作用少的应用优势。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Dr. Yang Liu, from a Shandong-based research group, emphasizes that these mushrooms have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).(来自山东某研究小组的刘阳博士强调，这些菌类长期以来一直被用于传统中药中)”可知，研究人员研究药用真菌治疗中枢神经系统疾病，是因为中药有长期使用的历史依据。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“By restraining the overproduction of pro-inflammatory substances, fungi may help maintain a steadier internal environment for nerve cells.(通过抑制促炎物质的过量产生，真菌有助于为神经细胞维持更稳定的内部环境)”可知，真菌汁液能够稳定神经细胞的生存环境，保护大脑健康。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Many older adults prefer natural options with fewer side effects, and medicinal mushrooms could offer one such path.(许多老年人更喜欢副作用较少的天然疗法，而药用蘑菇可以提供这样一种途径)”可知，与合成药物相比，药用蘑菇的关键优势是副作用更少。 4．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“Modern pharmaceuticals for diseases of the nervous system often work on specific symptoms.(用于治疗神经系统疾病的现代pharmaceuticals通常只针对特定症状起作用)”可知，能对特定症状起作用的应是药物，因此猜测划线单词pharmaceuticals意为“药物”，即medicines。 Passage 2 （2026·江苏·二模）Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. While bioluminescence — the ability of living things to produce their own light — has long interested scientists, a lesser-known phenomenon called bio-fluorescence (生物荧光) is now stealing the spotlight. Bio-fluorescence occurs when sea animals absorb light at one wavelength and send it out at another, creating vivid lights in colors like green, red, or orange. Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow. This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions. In the coral reefs (珊瑚礁) of the Pacific, researchers observed corals sending out green under blue light. “It’s a dance of partnership guided by light,” explains marine biologist Dr. Kenji Nakamura. Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up. Another wonder comes from the Hawaiian bobtail squid (短尾乌贼). When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape. Dr. Emily Carter who led the study notes, “This is evolution’s version of a smoke screen — but far more shining.” The discovery of GFP — green fluorescent protein (绿色荧光蛋白) — in jellyfish in 1962 revolutionized science. Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s. “GFP is a window into the brain’s hidden workings,” says brain scientist Dr. Maria Gonzalez. Scientists are now copying bio-fluorescence to develop sustainable technologies. For example, fluorescent proteins inspire energy-efficient LED lighting, and bio-fluorescent markers could improve medical imaging. “Nature’s designs are blueprints for human innovation,” says materials scientist Dr. Raj Patel. Yet mysteries remain. Over 200 species of bio-fluorescent fish were recently discovered, their purposes still unclear. As submarines dive deeper, each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show, proving that the ocean’s depths still guard ancient secrets. 5．How is bio-fluorescence different from bioluminescence? A．It is drawing less attention. B．It produces brighter lights. C．It needs an outside light source. D．It makes better use of chemical reactions. 6．What can we learn about the examples in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．They both describe light-based hunting methods. B．They both explain the formation of a close partnership. C．They both highlight potential threats to the environment. D．They both show survival functions of bio-fluorescence. 7．What is the main use of GFP in science? A．To protect corals from bleaching. B．To create more efficient LED lights. C．To treat the disease of Alzheimer’s. D．To visualize cells for better observation. 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Hidden Light Show B．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Display of Beauty C．Bioluminescence: Ocean’s Ancient Magic Power D．Bioluminescence: Colourful Window into Ocean Secret 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．D 8．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了海洋中的生物荧光现象及绿色荧光蛋白在科学领域的应用以及基于生物荧光的可持续技术发展，最后指出海洋中仍有许多关于生物荧光的未解之谜。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow.(与通过化学反应产生光的生物发光不同，生物荧光依赖于吸收外界的光来发光。)”可知，生物荧光需要外部光源才能发光，这是它与生物发光的核心区别。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up.(如果没有这种相互作用，珊瑚白化 —— 珊瑚生态系统面临的一个重大威胁 —— 将会加速。)”可知，第三段以珊瑚礁为例，说明了珊瑚的生物荧光能减缓白化速度；根据第四段“When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape.(当受到猎人的威胁时，它会释放出一团生物荧光墨汁。突然迸发的亮光会迷惑攻击者，为乌贼争取宝贵的几秒钟时间来逃跑。)”可知，第四段以短尾乌贼为例，介绍了它的生物荧光墨水能迷惑捕食者。结合第二段“This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions.(这种自然的灯光秀不仅仅是为了美观；它还具有重要的生存功能。)”可知，这两个例子均是为了说明生物荧光的生存功能。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段“Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s.(研究人员意识到绿色荧光蛋白可以用来标记特定细胞，使看不见的过程变得可见。如今，它在大脑研究中照亮神经细胞，帮助绘制阿尔茨海默病等疾病中的神经连接。)”可知，GFP在科学中的主要用途是标记细胞使其可视化，便于观察研究。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. (海洋表面之下隐藏着一个秘密的光世界)”和最后一段“each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show”(每次探险都揭示了这场美丽的水下灯光秀中的新角色)”及文章内容可知，全文围绕“生物荧光”展开，介绍了其原理、生存功能、科学应用和未解之谜，故“生物荧光：大自然隐藏的灯光秀”最能概括全文内容。 Passage 3 （2026·福建福州·三模）A household washing machine can generate up to 500 grams of microplastics each year, with much ending up at wastewater treatment plants and ultimately spread onto fields. Scientists have been seeking ways to remove microplastics before they enter the environment. “Existing filter (过滤) systems, however, have serious disadvantages,” explains Dr. Leandra Hamann of the University of Bonn. “Some quickly become blocked, others do not work efficiently.” To find a better solution, Hamann turned to biology for ideas. The team focused on fish that feed by filtering water — the result of evolution. Their gill arch (鳃弓) system forms a structure that is widest at the mouth and narrows towards the gullet (食道). The structure is covered in tiny teeth, creating a natural filter network. “During food intake, the water flowing through it is filtered, and the microplastic-free water is then released back into the environment,” explains Hamann. “However, some organisms are too big for this. Thanks to the shape, they then roll towards the gullet, where they are collected until the fish swallows, which empties the system.” This nature-inspired design prevents blockages and traps nearly all microplastics — exactly the two key advantages needed for a washing machine microplastic filter. To build a version for washing machines, the researchers recreated the gill arch system and tested various filter sizes and opening angles. After comparing different structural dimensions, ultimately, the team identified a combination of parameters, which enabled the system to separate more than 99% of the microplastics without blockage in lab experiments. With no complex moving parts, the design is low-cost. Captured microplastics could be pressed inside the machine to squeeze out remaining water, with the resulting tiny plastic balls removed and thrown in the ordinary garbage. The researchers hope companies will refine the design for potential commercial application, which could at least partially reduce microplastic spread. The need is pressing: studies suggest microplastics may pose severe health risks, and they’ve already been found in breast milk — and even human brains. 9．What do the researchers aim to do? A．To remove microplastics completely. B．To overcome the existing drawbacks. C．To upgrade wastewater treatment plants. D．To improve washing machine efficiency. 10．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．What problems plastics bring to fish. B．Where some organisms are collected. C．Why the gill arch system has tiny teeth. D．How fish trap microplastics from water. 11．What does the underlined “parameters” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Lab methods. B．Mechanical tools. C．Processed data. D．Replacement parts. 12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the design? A．It can end microplastics spread. B．It will pose potential health risks. C．It will revolutionize home appliances. D．It may have application prospects. 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．C 12．D 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了家用洗衣机每年产生大量微塑料，现有过滤装置存在缺陷。科学家模仿鱼类鳃弓结构研发新型滤网，高效防堵塞且成本低，有望商用以减少微塑料带来的健康隐患。 【详解】9．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Existing filter (过滤) systems, however, have serious disadvantages,” explains Dr. Leandra Hamann of the University of Bonn. “Some quickly become blocked, others do not work efficiently.”(但“现有的过滤系统存在严重的缺陷”，波恩大学的勒安德拉·哈曼博士解释道。“有些过滤器很快就会堵塞，而另一些则无法有效工作。”)”以及第三段中“To find a better solution, Hamann turned to biology for ideas.( 为了找到更好的解决方案，哈曼转向生物学寻求灵感。)”可知，研究人员的目的是克服现有的缺陷。 10．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Their gill arch (鳃弓) system forms a structure that is widest at the mouth and narrows towards the gullet (食道). The structure is covered in tiny teeth, creating a natural filter network. “During food intake, the water flowing through it is filtered, and the microplastic-free water is then released back into the environment,” explains Hamann. “However, some organisms are too big for this. Thanks to the shape, they then roll towards the gullet, where they are collected until the fish swallows, which empties the system.”(它们的鳃弓系统形成了一种结构，即在口部最宽，向食道逐渐变窄。这种结构覆盖着许多微小的牙齿，形成了一个天然的过滤网络。哈曼解释说：“在摄取食物时，流经其中的水流会被过滤，然后不含微塑料的水会重新释放到环境中。”“然而，有些生物太大无法利用这种机制。由于这种形状，它们会滚向食道，在那里被收集，直到鱼吞食时，系统才会被清空。”)”可知，第三段主要讲的是鱼类是如何从水中捕获微塑料的。 11．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“To build a version for washing machines, the researchers recreated the gill arch system and tested various filter sizes and opening angles.( 为了为洗衣机打造这样的过滤器，研究人员重新构建了鳃弓系统，并测试了各种过滤器的尺寸和开口角度。)”以及划线单词句中“After comparing different structural dimensions(在比较了不同的结构尺寸后)”可知，前文提到研究人员“测试了各种过滤器尺寸和开口角度”“对比了不同的结构尺寸”，最终确定了一组最佳的“parameters”。这里的parameters指的是经过实验测试和对比得到的、关于过滤器结构的各项数值参数，即处理后的数据。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The researchers hope companies will refine the design for potential commercial application, which could at least partially reduce microplastic spread.( 研究人员希望相关公司能对这一设计进行改进，以实现潜在的商业应用，这至少能部分减少微塑料的扩散。)”可推知，该设计具备实际应用的可能性和前景。 Passage 4 （2026·安徽·二模）For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. This lack of diversity can lead to misdiagnosis or ineffective treatment for underrepresented groups. Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. These synthetic images are not of real people; they are digitally generated representations designed to fill the gaps in existing datasets. The potential is transformative. By training diagnostic AI on a more balanced dataset enriched with these synthetic images, the system’s accuracy across all population groups improves significantly. Early tests show that the technique can reduce a form of algorithmic bias known as “underspecification,” where models perform well on paper but fail in real-world, diverse clinical settings. “We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model.” explains lead researcher Dr. Sarah Chen. However, the method is a double-edged sword. While it can “unbias” data, the very same technology could be weaponized to increase bias. If an ill-intentioned researcher uses the same technique to generate synthetic data that over-represents a particular group or leads to harmful stereotypes (刻板印象), it could create AI models that are even more prejudiced than those trained on real-world data. The line between correcting historical unfairness and creating new, synthetic ones is pretty thin. This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. After all, in the scientists’ eyes it can promise fairer healthcare in the years to come. 13．What problem has puzzled researchers in cancer treatment? A．High cost of collecting data. B．Overuse of AI in diagnosis. C．Biased data sampling. D．Misdiagnosis for patients. 14．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The principle of the technique. B．The process of the representation. C．The purpose of the study. D．The achievements of the design. 15．What is Dr. Sarah Chen’s attitude towards the new method? A．Objective. B．Worried. C．Optimistic D．Doubtful. 16．What should future scientists pay attention to when using AI models? A．Getting rid of the concern. B．Creating more training images. C．Checking for ethical risks. D．Avoiding negative stereotypes. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．C 16．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了麻省理工学院（MIT）研究团队开发的一项新技术，利用生成式人工智能解决癌症研究中医疗数据集缺乏多样性的问题。文章阐述了该技术的工作原理、潜力、面临的伦理风险以及对未来科研的启示。 【详解】13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. (几十年来，癌症研究一直被一个顽固的问题困扰：用于训练人工智能的数据往往排除了多样化的人群。许多医疗数据集绝大多数来自欧洲血统的患者，这意味着人工智能模型是在人类的一个狭窄切片上进行癌症诊断和治疗的。)”可知，困扰癌症治疗研究人员的核心问题是数据采样存在偏见，缺乏多样性。 14．主旨大意题。第二段首句“Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. (现在，麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室的一个团队开发了一种新技术，利用生成式人工智能正面解决这种不平等。)”点明了段落主旨；随后进一步说明：“Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. (他们的模型不是简单地剔除有偏差的数据，而是创造合成医学图像——如乳腺癌扫描图像——这些图像基于来自不同种族和民族背景的真实患者的特征。)”可知，本段整体围绕这项技术的运作原理展开介绍。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段中Dr. Chen所说的“We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model. (我们不仅仅是在修复数据；我们从根本上重新设计了模型的公平性。)”可知，Dr. Chen对这项新方法持积极乐观的态度，认为它能从根本上重新设计模型的公平性，而不仅仅是修补数据。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. (这种担忧给研究人员带来了重大的伦理负担。现在需要确认的不再是人工智能模型的准确性，而是其伦理合理性。)”可知，未来的科学家在使用人工智能模型时应关注伦理风险的核查。 Passage 5 （2026·河南开封·一模）Roadkill isn’t the most pleasant of subjects. As much as people try to avoid it and not contribute to it, the untimely animal deaths are an unfortunate, unavoidable byproduct of a society reliant on cars. In Brazil alone, it’s estimated that two to eight million birds and mammals are killed on roadways every year. In Europe, the potential tally may climb as high as 194 million. While viral headlines occasionally highlight different kinds of roadkill, the dead creatures actually have many other benefits. A team of biologists investigated what happens when scientists frequently use these dead creatures in their own work. According to their findings, roadkill is being used for a wide range of research — but the possibilities are even greater and more sustainable than most people realize. “Because the animals are already dead, researchers can often avoid live capture and handling, aligning (一致) perfectly with global animal-ethics principles that encourage replacing invasive methods wherever possible,” biologist Christa Beckmann explained. Along with colleagues from Western Sydney University, Deakin University, and Trent University, Beckmann evaluated 312 peer-reviewed studies from 67 countries around the world that focused on goals “other than counting or reducing roadkill”. They recorded at least 650 species — mostly mammals, followed by reptiles, birds, amphibians, and invertebrates. In total, the team identified around 117 different scientific uses for roadkill in various scientific projects. “We found examples of successfully using roadkill to map species distributions, monitor disease and environmental pollution, study diets, track invasive species, and supply museum collections, Beckmann said. In some instances, she added that roadkill also helped identify local populations previously believed extinct and even included species “previously unknown to science”. Beckmann knows the roadkill isn’t appropriate for all research projects and comes with its own biosafety considerations, but still believes there are far more uses waiting to be explored. “While roadkill will always be tragic, using these losses wisely could help drive scientific discovery and conservation forward, rather than letting valuable information decompose by the roadside,” she said. 17．What does the first paragraph primarily emphasize? A．The need for safer transportation. B．The severity of the roadkill issue. C．The impact of roadkill animals. D．The causes of different car accidents. 18．Why does Beckmann advocate using roadkill in research? A．It helps avoid harming live animals. B．It minimizes the research expenses. C．It provides fresh biological samples. D．It yields more accurate research results. 19．What do the numbers in paragraph 4 imply? A．The complexity of research methods. B．The development of international cooperation. C．The declining health of global ecosystem. D．The roadkill’s global scientific significance. 20．What is the best title for the text? A．Roadkill — A Possible Alternative in Scientific Research. B．Cars — The Main Threat to Animals. C．The Moral Concerns Are Rising from Roadkill. D．Effective Methods of Preventing Roadkill Are in Need. 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．D 20．A 【导语】本文介绍公路车祸致死动物并非毫无价值，可作为科研材料，有广泛且待开发的科学用途。 【详解】17．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Roadkill isn’t the most pleasant of subjects. As much as people try to avoid it and not contribute to it, the untimely animal deaths are an unfortunate, unavoidable byproduct of a society reliant on cars. In Brazil alone, it’s estimated that two to eight million birds and mammals are killed on roadways every year. In Europe, the potential tally may climb as high as 194 million.( 车祸致死动物并不是一个让人愉快的话题。尽管人们尽量避让、也不愿造成这类悲剧，但动物非正常死亡，是依赖汽车出行的社会所产生的令人遗憾且无法避免的附带后果。仅在巴西，据估计每年就有200万至800万只鸟类和哺乳动物死于公路。在欧洲，这一潜在死亡数量甚至高达1.94亿。)”可知，开篇点明车祸动物致死是难以避免的社会产物，再用巴西、欧洲的庞大死亡数据，凸显问题的严重程度。由此可知，第一段强调公路动物致死问题的严重性。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段““Because the animals are already dead, researchers can often avoid live capture and handling, aligning (一致) perfectly with global animal-ethics principles that encourage replacing invasive methods wherever possible,” biologist Christa Beckmann explained.( 生物学家克里斯塔・贝克曼解释道：“因为这些动物本就已经死亡，研究人员往往可以避开活体捕捉与处置，这完全契合全球动物伦理准则——准则倡导尽可能取代侵入性的活体研究方式。”)”可知，Beckman提倡科研使用公路致死动物是因为这有助于避免伤害活体动物。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段“Along with colleagues from Western Sydney University, Deakin University, and Trent University, Beckmann evaluated 312 peer-reviewed studies from 67 countries around the world that focused on goals “other than counting or reducing roadkill”. They recorded at least 650 species — mostly mammals, followed by reptiles, birds, amphibians, and invertebrates. In total, the team identified around 117 different scientific uses for roadkill in various scientific projects.(贝克曼与来自西悉尼大学、迪肯大学、特伦特大学的同事一起，评估了全球67个国家的312项同行评审研究，这些研究的目标并非统计或减少公路动物死亡数量。他们记录到至少650个物种，以哺乳动物居多，其次是爬行动物、鸟类、两栖动物和无脊椎动物。研究团队总计发现，公路致死动物在各类科研项目中有约117种不同的科学用途。)”可知，来自全球67国的312项研究、650个物种、117种科研用途这些数据，体现公路致死动物在全球范围都有很高的科研价值。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二段“While viral headlines occasionally highlight different kinds of roadkill, the dead creatures actually have many other benefits. A team of biologists investigated what happens when scientists frequently use these dead creatures in their own work. According to their findings, roadkill is being used for a wide range of research — but the possibilities are even greater and more sustainable than most people realize.(虽然网络热搜新闻偶尔会报道各类公路动物遇难事件，但这些死去的动物其实还有诸多其他价值。 一组生物学家开展了研究，探究科研人员频繁将这类动物遗体用于科研工作会带来怎样的作用。 研究结果表明，公路动物遗体现已应用于各类广泛的科研领域，而它的潜在价值远比大多数人所想的更大，也更具可持续性。)”本文介绍公路车祸致死动物并非毫无价值，可作为科研材料，有广泛且待开发的科学用途。A选项“公路致死动物——科研领域的一种可行替代选择”贴合全文核心主旨。 Passage 6 （2026·湖北·三模）A Chinese company says it has rolled out the world’s first fully recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade (涡轮叶片), a development that could bring the wind industry closer to a carbon-neutral, waste-free future. The 110-meter blade is made of recyclable carbon fiber panels that are both strong and lightweight, and the carbon fiber can be completely recovered and reused. One 2017 study estimates that the world will face 43 million tonnes of wind turbine blade waste by 2050. While scientists are working to develop better recycling processes, it’s still a lot of waste to tackle for an energy technology the world will need to rely on in the future — we need better solutions like this. Conventional wind turbine blades are currently difficult to recycle because their resin (树脂) and fiber makeup are permanently bonded when they’re manufactured. The new blade, the MySE23X, is more than 110 meters (about 361 feet) long and is designed to be recycled at the end of its life, tackling one of wind energy’s growing waste problems as turbines become larger and more powerful. Wind turbine blades have long been a recycling headache, since most are made from composite materials that are hard to break down. The company says its new carbon fiber blade can be chemically separated using a special degradation solution that works at room temperature and pressure. The company says this allows the composite materials to be efficiently broken apart and fully recycled. The company isn’t the only turbine maker working on recyclable blades. A German company already manufactures its recyclable blade, which is about 95% recyclable. The German company aims to make its blades fully recyclable by 2040. As wind turbines continue to scale up, solutions like this could play a growing role in cutting waste and pushing the industry toward a more circular supply chain. 21．Why is the MySE23X blade a revolution? A．It’s the longest blade ever produced. B．It costs less than conventional blades. C．It can be fully recycled and reused. D．It generates more power than previous models. 22．What does the author say about the wind turbine blade waste problem? A．Current technology alone is insufficient to tackle the massive waste. B．It remains uncertain whether recycling solutions will work. C．It has been ignored by most turbine manufacturers. D．It has been completely solved by MySE23X blade. 23．What can we know about the German company? A．It produces the most powerful blade worldwide. B．It aims to achieve full recyclability. C．It uses the same degradation technology. D．It significantly reduces the production cost. 24．What is the main idea of the text? A．A breakthrough in wind turbine blade technology. B．The environmental impact of traditional wind turbines. C．The development of wind turbine blade technology. D．The global competition in wind energy production. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．A 【导语】文章主要讲述了一家中国公司推出全球首款完全可回收的碳纤维风力涡轮叶片（MySE23X）及其意义。 【详解】21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The 110-meter blade is made of recyclable carbon fiber panels that are both strong and lightweight, and the carbon fiber can be completely recovered and reused.(这款110米长的叶片由可回收的碳纤维面板制成，既坚固又轻便，碳纤维可以完全回收再利用。)”可知，MySE23X叶片之所以具有革命性，是因为它可以完全回收再利用。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While scientists are working to develop better recycling processes, it’s still a lot of waste to tackle for an energy technology the world will need to rely on in the future — we need better solutions like this.(尽管科学家们正在努力开发更好的回收工艺，但对于这种未来世界将依赖的能源技术来说，仍然需要处理大量的废物——我们需要更好的解决方案。)”可知，作者认为仅靠目前的技术还不足以处理如此大量的废物。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The German company aims to make its blades fully recyclable by 2040.(这家德国公司计划到2040年使其叶片完全可回收。)”可知，这家德国公司的目标是实现叶片的完全可回收性。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A Chinese company says it has rolled out the world’s first fully recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade (涡轮叶片), a development that could bring the wind industry closer to a carbon-neutral, waste-free future.(一家中国公司表示，已经推出了世界上第一款完全可回收的碳纤维风力涡轮叶片，这一发展可能使风电行业更接近碳中和、无废物的未来。)”可知，文章主要讲述了一家中国公司推出全球首款完全可回收的碳纤维风力涡轮叶片（MySE23X）及其意义。 拔高·模拟预测 Passage 1 （2026·全国·模拟预测）Cities breathe through trees. They cool streets, clean the air, and comfort minds. Yet, few notice the invisible worlds beneath their bark and roots. Each tree hosts a vast community of microorganisms that shape its health and resilience (适应力). As heat, drought, and pollution grow, those microscopic partners face intense stress. Researchers from the Bhatnagar Lab at Boston University explored how city life reshapes these hidden ecosystems. The results reveal how urban stress changes fungal (真菌的) and bacterial balance, affecting not just trees but entire city ecosystems. “Microorganisms are everywhere, and they drive critical ecosystem services such as decomposition, nutrient cycling, tree growth, and carbon absorption,” explained Professor Jenny Bhatnagar, senior author of the study. Kathryn Atherton, the paper’s first author, noted that studying urban microbiomes (微生物组) reveals how cities disturb those natural systems. “When those microbial communities are disturbed, trees may become more likely to suffer a decline, and the ecological and health benefits they provide to city residents may be reduced,” she said. “Everything that can go wrong in a microbiome goes wrong for trees living in cities,” said Bhatnagar. Urban trees lose crucial fungal partners and gain harmful bacteria. Some bacteria even release greenhouse gases. On the bright side, these effects connect to factors like soil quality, temperature, and pollution — elements humans can control. Adjusting urban soil management could help correct this microbial imbalance. Urban areas are expanding fast. Yet, our understanding of urban ecosystems lags behind. According to Atherton, the findings reveal deep shifts in microbial life, threatening the survival of trees and the balance of urban nature. She emphasized that without forward-looking research and sustainable planning, cities may lose vital ecological functions that keep them livable. The delicate microbial partnerships beneath urban soil are as essential as the trees themselves, influencing air quality, soil nutrient content, and even climate resilience. Protecting these invisible ecosystems could determine how cities face future environmental challenges. 25．What does the author imply about city trees in paragraph 1? A．They depend on hidden microorganisms. B．They solve urban environmental problems. C．They provide enough cooling for city streets. D．They are being damaged by human activities. 26．What’s the author’s purpose in quoting Bhatnagar in paragraph 3? A．To introduce main findings. B．To stress problem severity. C．To present a balanced view. D．To explain fungal partner loss. 27．How can humans help improve trees’ microbial balance? A．By limiting urban soil management. B．By controlling environmental factors. C．By removing bacteria from tree roots. D．By increasing helpful microorganisms. 28．What is the best title for the text? A．The Growing Crisis of City Trees B．The New Findings of Soil Microbes C．The Hidden Helpers of Urban Trees D．The Future Challenges of Urban Greening 【答案】25．A 26．B 27．B 28．C 【导语】主要介绍城市树木依附微生物生存，城市环境破坏微生物群落，并探讨对应的改善办法与保护意义。 【详解】25．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Each tree hosts a vast community of microorganisms that shape its health and resilience (适应力). As heat, drought, and pollution grow, those microscopic partners face intense stress. (每棵树都拥有庞大的微生物群落，它们影响树木的健康与适应能力。随着高温、干旱和污染加剧，这些微小的伙伴承受着巨大压力。)”可知，城市树木离不开潜藏的微生物。 26．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““Everything that can go wrong in a microbiome goes wrong for trees living in cities,” said Bhatnagar. Urban trees lose crucial fungal partners and gain harmful bacteria. Some bacteria even release greenhouse gases. (巴特那格尔表示：“城市树木的微生物群几乎出现了所有可能的问题。” 城市树木失去了至关重要的共生真菌，还滋生出有害细菌，部分细菌甚至会释放温室气体。)”可知，引用巴特纳格尔教授的话是为了强调问题的严重性。 27．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“On the bright side, these effects connect to factors like soil quality, temperature, and pollution — elements humans can control. Adjusting urban soil management could help correct this microbial imbalance. (好消息是，这些影响与土壤质量、温度、污染等人类能够管控的因素相关。优化城市土壤管理，有助于改善这种微生物失衡的状况。)”可知，人类可以通过管控各类环境因素来改善树木的微生物平衡。 28．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Yet, few notice the invisible worlds beneath their bar k and roots. Each tree hosts a vast community of microorganisms that shape its health and resilience (适应力). (然而，很少有人留意到树皮与根系之下这个看不见的世界。每棵树都栖息着庞大的微生物群落，它们影响着树木的健康与适应能力。)”可知，文章围绕城市树木体内的微生物展开，介绍了这些无形帮手的作用、遭遇的困境及保护价值，所以“The Hidden Helpers of Urban Trees(城市树木的隐秘帮手)”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·福建·三模）The story of the Zeigarnik Effect began in a busy restaurant in Vienna in the 1920s. Bluma Zeigarnik, a Russian psychologist, was dining with her professors when she noticed something fascinating about the waiters. They had an incredible ability to remember long, complex orders from multiple tables without writing anything down. However, Zeigarnik observed a strange detail: as soon as the bill was paid and the customers left, the waiters instantly forgot the orders. Curious, Zeigarnik asked a waiter about a party he had just served. The waiter simply said he couldn’t remember a single dish. He explained that he only held the information in his mind as long as the order was “open.” Once the task was completed, his brain deleted the data to make room for new customers. Interested by this observation, Zeigarnik returned to her lab to conduct a series of experiments. She asked participants to perform simple tasks, such as solving puzzles or stringing beads (串珠子). Halfway through, she interrupted some of them, leaving their tasks unfinished. Her findings confirmed her suspicion (怀疑): people remembered the interrupted tasks nearly twice as well as the completed ones. She concluded that an unfinished task creates a state of mental stress in the brain. This tension keeps the task active in our memory, constantly reminding us until we finish it. Psychologists named this phenomenon the “Zeigarnik Effect.” While this effect can cause anxiety — keeping us awake at night thinking about unread emails — it can also be a powerful tool for productivity. One of the biggest obstacles to working is procrastination (拖延), often caused by the fear of a large, difficult project. The Zeigarnik Effect offers a simple solution: set the process in motion. You don’t need to finish the project; you just need to take the first small step. Once you begin, the “psychological tension” kicks in. Your brain will naturally want to fill the mental gap, making it much easier to keep working. In this way, the same mental mechanism that causes anxiety can be used effectively to help us achieve our goals. 29．What can be learned about the waiters’ memory? A．It was better than that of the professors. B．It functioned best when orders were written down. C．It was more focused on unfinished work. D．It disappeared quickly when they were under stress. 30．What can we conclude from Zeigarnik’s lab experiments? A．People hate being disturbed during tasks. B．Half-done tasks stand out in the human brain. C．Solving puzzles requires a strong memory. D．Interruption helps people relax during work. 31．Why does the author mention unread emails in paragraph 5? A．To provide an example of daily anxiety. B．To encourage us to check our inbox often. C．To explain the reason for our procrastination. D．To show the dark side of the Zeigarnik effect. 32．What does the author suggest we do when facing difficult projects? A．Wait until the mental stress is relieved. B．Make a detailed plan to reduce anxiety. C．Finish the most difficult part of the job first. D．Activate the brain’s drive by getting started. 【答案】29．C 30．B 31．D 32．D 【导语】主要介绍蔡格尼克效应的发现过程、原理，以及该效应带来的负面影响和在提升工作效率方面的实用价值。 【详解】29．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However, Zeigarnik observed a strange detail: as soon as the bill was paid and the customers left, the waiters instantly forgot the orders.(然而，蔡格尼克发现了一个奇怪的细节：一旦顾客结账离开，服务员立刻就忘记了点单内容。)”以及第二段中的“He explained that he only held the information in his mind as long as the order was “open.” Once the task was completed, his brain deleted the data to make room for new customers.(他解释说，只要订单还未结束，他就会记住相关信息。一旦任务完成，大脑就会清空这些信息，为新顾客腾出空间。)”可知，服务员的记忆力更专注于未完成的工作。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Her findings confirmed her suspicion (怀疑): people remembered the interrupted tasks nearly twice as well as the completed ones. (她的研究结果证实了她的猜想：人们对被中断、未完成任务的记忆度几乎是已完成任务的两倍。)”可知，未完成的任务会在人脑中留下更深的印象。 31．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“While this effect can cause anxiety — keeping us awake at night thinking about unread emails — it can also be a powerful tool for productivity.(虽然这种效应会引发焦虑，比如让人夜里还想着未读邮件而无法入睡，但它也能有效提升工作效率。)”可知，作者列举未读邮件的例子，是为了说明蔡格尼克效应存在消极的一面。 32．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“The Zeigarnik Effect offers a simple solution: set the process in motion. You don’t need to finish the project; you just need to take the first small step.(蔡格尼克效应给出了一个简单的解决办法：行动起来。你不必完成整个项目，只需要迈出小小的第一步。)”可知，作者建议面对困难项目时，主动着手行动，激活大脑的驱动力。 Passage 3 （2026·江西·模拟预测）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell you about the thrill of identifying a new species. Scientists have often seen curiosity as motivation to discover new information. That framing suggests that curiosity is all about acting now — that it drives us to find answers as soon as possible. This impatience for answers corresponds with what psychologists think is a main function of curiosity: to reduce uncertainty. The state of not knowing can be uncomfortable, like an itch (痒) that needs to be scratched (挠). But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. Consider how people watch a murder-mystery movie. As the tension builds, viewers want to know the identity and the motive of the murderer — but unlike the desire to identify a strange new bird, most don’t feel the urge to resolve that curiosity. Instead, people enjoy the unexpected turns of the plot as they gather more information. In a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, we found that although interest can indeed drive an urgent desire for answers, it can also set people up for those moments of discovery. While our study participants watched each video, we asked them to report how curious they were about what the drawing would become. Interestingly, when participants were more curious about what the drawing would become, they were more likely to continue watching rather than skipping ahead to the answer. Our experiment also revealed that curiosity was highest at two key points: first, when uncertainty was the greatest, and second, when people were very close to identifying the drawings. When uncertainty was greatest, curiosity was experienced with joy. But during the second peak, as people got closer to the big reveal, curiosity coincided with frustration, perhaps like the sensation when a word is right on the tip of your tongue. Our work underlines the complexity of curiosity. Thinking about curiosity as going beyond the need for quick answers also highlights the power of what happens when we face uncertainty: having to think over and anticipate answers can improve learning and memory. 33．What is the traditional view of curiosity? A．It brings discomfort to human beings. B．It facilitates discovering new species. C．It pushes people to seek quick answers. D．It helps improve learning and memory. 34．Why are murder-mystery movies mentioned? A．To attract readers to watch such movies. B．To introduce people’s love for mysteries. C．To show the risk of revealing movie plots. D．To illustrate a different feature of curiosity. 35．What can we learn about the participants? A．They lost interest as the video went on. B．They chose to wait when highly curious. C．They often skipped to the end of the video. D．They felt frustrated at the greatest uncertainty. 36．What can be the best title for the text? A．Uncertainty: Face It in Life Wisely B．The Two Peaks of Human’s Curiosity C．The Way Curiosity Shapes Our Emotions D．Curiosity: More Than a Rush for Answers 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．B 36．D 【导语】本文主要讲的是将好奇心理解为“超越对快速答案的需求”，能揭示不确定性的力量——反复思考和预期答案的过程，反而能提升学习和记忆。 【详解】33．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists have often seen curiosity as motivation to discover new information. That framing suggests that curiosity is all about acting now — that it drives us to find answers as soon as possible.(科学家们常常将好奇心视为获取新信息的动力。这种观点暗示，好奇心本质上就是一种当下行动的驱动力——它促使我们尽快找到答案。)”可知，对于好奇心的传统看法是它促使人们寻求快速的答案。 34．推理判断题。根据第二段“But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. Consider how people watch a murder-mystery movie. As the tension builds, viewers want to know the identity and the motive of the murderer — but unlike the desire to identify a strange new bird, most don’t feel the urge to resolve that curiosity.(但这种关于好奇心的描述还不够全面。想想人们观看悬疑犯罪电影时的情景。随着剧情的紧张气氛逐渐增强，观众会想要知道凶手的身份和动机——但与想要辨认一只陌生的鸟类这种需求不同，大多数人并没有强烈的愿望去解决这种好奇心。)”可知，提及悬疑犯罪类电影是为了说明好奇心的另一种表现形式。 35．细节理解题。根据第四段“Interestingly, when participants were more curious about what the drawing would become, they were more likely to continue watching rather than skipping ahead to the answer.(有趣的是，当参与者对画作最终会变成什么样更感兴趣时，他们更有可能继续观看，而不是直接跳到答案部分。)”可知，参与者非常好奇时，选择等待。 36．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Our work underlines the complexity of curiosity. Thinking about curiosity as going beyond the need for quick answers also highlights the power of what happens when we face uncertainty: having to think over and anticipate answers can improve learning and memory.(我们的研究强调了好奇心的复杂性。将好奇心理解为超越对快速答案的需求，也突显了我们面对不确定性时所发生的事情的力量：不得不反复思考和预期答案，能够改善学习和记忆。)”可知，本文主要讲的是将好奇心理解为“超越对快速答案的需求”，能揭示不确定性的力量——反复思考和预期答案的过程，反而能提升学习和记忆，因此最好的标题是D选项“Curiosity: More Than a Rush for Answers(好奇心：远不止是对答案的急切追寻)”。 Passage 4 （2026·湖北·三模）Chinese researchers have built an ocean carbon recycling system for capturing oceanic carbon dioxide and turning it into succinic acid, a chemical used to make biodegradable plastic. The system extracted carbon dioxide from Shenzhen Bay’s seawater for more than 530 hours continuously, recording a 70% carbon capture efficiency. The project was led by Gao Xiang and Xia Chuan from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology and the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, respectively. The cost was just 230 dollars per metric ton of CO2, matching the leading carbon capture technologies in the market today. Firstly, seawater is sent to a 5-chamber electrochemical reactor (五室电化学反应器), where the electric field causes water splitting. The protons (质子) acidify in one chamber while changing dissolved carbonate species into gaseous CO2, which is then separated through a hollow-fibre membrane (中空纤维膜) and sent to a second reactor. In the reactor, a kind of catalyst (催化剂 ) reduces the CO2 into formic acid (蚁酸). After this, a sort of marine bacterium changes the formic acid into succinic acid. The modular (模块化的) nature of this system means it can be repurposed to produce several kinds of chemicals, enabling the transformation of oceanic carbon into market-ready materials. The system is not only useful for making plastics but could also be used to decrease the burden on land-based methods to achieve the same. It will help in turning CO2 to high-value products, which drive a low-carbon economy. According to researchers, integrating the system with offshore renewable energy sources, like wind or tidal power, could make the process more efficient and sustainable. Oceans absorb around one-third of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions, and this system could change its role from being a passive sink to an active participant in finding a solution to the climate problem. 37．Why have the researchers built the ocean carbon recycling system? A．To generate electricity from seawater. B．To collect sea CO2 for a valuable chemical. C．To explore deep sea biological resources. D．To detect hidden ocean carbon waste. 38．What does the third paragraph mainly focus on? A．The technical process. B．The working principle. C．The CO2 data collection. D．The reactor equipment. 39．What does the underlined words “the same” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Boosting economic development. B．Producing chemicals. C．Decreasing CO2 emissions. D．Making plastics. 40．What can be inferred about the system in the passage? A．It barely integrates with existing technologies. B．It owns broad application prospect. C．It sustains offshore energy output. D．It balances global climate. 【答案】37．B 38．A 39．D 40．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了中国研究人员开发的一种海洋碳回收系统，该系统能从海水中捕获二氧化碳并将其转化为琥珀酸，用于制造可生物降解塑料。 【详解】37．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Chinese researchers have built an ocean carbon recycling system for capturing oceanic carbon dioxide and turning it into succinic acid, a chemical used to make biodegradable plastic. (中国研究人员建造了一种海洋碳回收系统，用于捕获海洋中的二氧化碳并将其转化为琥珀酸，这是一种用于制造可生物降解塑料的化学物质。)”可知，研究人员建造该系统的目的是收集海水中的CO₂并将其转化为有价值的化学品。 38．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Firstly, seawater is sent to a 5-chamber electrochemical reactor (五室电化学反应器), where the electric field causes water splitting. The protons ( 质子) acidify in one chamber while changing dissolved carbonate species into gaseous CO2, which is then separated through a hollow-fibre membrane (中空纤维膜) and sent to a second reactor. In the reactor, a kind of catalyst (催化剂 ) reduces the CO2 into formic acid (蚁酸 ). After this, a sort of marine bacterium changes the formic acid into succinic acid. (首先，海水被送入一个五室电化学反应器中，电场作用下水分子发生分解。质子在某一腔室中使溶液酸化，同时将溶解的碳酸盐转化为气态二氧化碳；随后该气体通过空心纤维膜分离并输送至第二个反应器。在反应器中，一种催化剂将二氧化碳还原为甲酸。随后，某种海洋细菌将甲酸转化为琥珀酸。)”可知，该段按步骤详细描述了系统的技术流程。 39．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“The system is not only useful for making plastics but could also be used to decrease the burden on land-based methods to achieve the same. (该系统不仅可用于制造塑料，还可以用来减轻陆地方法实现同样目标的负担。)”可知，“the same”指代的是前文提到的“making plastics (制造塑料)”。 40．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The modular (模块化的) nature of this system means it can be repurposed to produce several kinds of chemicals, enabling the transformation of oceanic carbon into market-ready materials. (该系统的模块化特性意味着它可以被重新用于生产多种化学品，使海洋碳转化为可市场化的材料。)”以及最后一段中“According to researchers, integrating the system with offshore renewable energy sources, like wind or tidal power, could make the process more efficient and sustainable. (研究人员指出，将该系统与海上可再生能源（如风能或潮汐能）相结合，可使整个过程更加高效且可持续。)”可知，该系统具有广泛的应用前景。 Passage 5 （2026·江苏苏州·三模） The Backyard Bird Chronicles — A Nature Journal About This Book In 2016, Amy Tan grew overwhelmed by the state of the world: hatred and misinformation became a daily presence on social media, and the country felt more divisive than ever. In search of peace, Tan turned toward the natural world just beyond her window and, specifically, the birds visiting her yard. She began watching the birds that visited her feeders—and took up drawing them. This book collects her journal entries and sketches from 2017 to 2021, including the months of the COVID-19 quarantine in 2020. It is published by Alfred A．Knopf (New York, 2024). From the Foreword by David Allen Sibley The drawings and essays in this book do a lot more than just describe the birds. They carry a sense of discovery through observation and drawing, suggest the layers of patterns in the natural world, and emphasize a deep personal connection between the watcher and the watched. The birds that inhabit Amy Tan’s backyard seem a lot like the characters in her novels. A Sample Journal Entry—April 15, 2020 Morning, 7:30 a.m.—Sunny, light breeze. A hummingbird visited the feeder for the first time this spring. I sat so still that it came within two feet of my face. Its throat flashed ruby-red in the sunlight. I tried to draw it—but my first sketch looked like a fat bee with wings. Fiona, a 13-year-old nature lover I once met, told me that “pencil miles” matter more than talent. So I drew it again. And again. What I learned: Hummingbirds don’t just hover — they think while hovering. They tilt their heads, judge distances, and guard their territory like tiny fighter jets. 41．Why did Amy Tan start observing birds in her backyard in 2016? A．To finish a nature journal. B．To get away from worldly disturbances. C．To prepare for her new book. D．To learn drawing skills from birds. 42．What does David Allen Sibley think of birdwatching? A．It helps people understand life in a broader way. B．It requires rich experience and great talent. C．It is merely a way to record daily routines. D．It makes people addicted to lonely observation. 43．What can we learn from the journal entry of April 15, 2020? A．The hummingbird kept a long distance from Tan. B．Tan was satisfied with her first sketch at first. C．Fiona advised her to value practice over talent. D．Fiona taught Tan how to draw hummingbirds. 44．The hummingbird’s behavior described in the journal suggests that it is ________. A．carefree and lazy B．cautious and strategic C．noisy and aggressive D．shy and silent 【答案】41．B 42．A 43．C 44．B 【导语】短文介绍了《后院观鸟》这本书。 【详解】41．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 2016, Amy Tan grew overwhelmed by the state of the world: hatred and misinformation became a daily presence on social media, and the country felt more divisive than ever. In search of peace, Tan turned toward the natural world just beyond her window and, specifically, the birds visiting her yard.(2016年，Amy Tan被世界局势压得喘不过气来：社交媒体上每天充斥着仇恨和错误信息，国家的分裂感比以往任何时候都更强烈。为了寻求平静，Tan将目光投向了窗外的自然世界，尤其是来到她院子里的鸟儿)”可知，Amy Tan在2016年开始观察后院的鸟是为了摆脱世俗的干扰，寻求内心平静。 42．推理判断题。根据从David Allen Sibley写的前言“The drawings and essays in this book do a lot more than just describe the birds. They carry a sense of discovery through observation and drawing, suggest the layers of patterns in the natural world, and emphasize a deep personal connection between the watcher and the watched.(这本书中的绘画和文章不仅仅是对鸟类的描述。它们通过观察和绘画传递一种发现感，暗示了自然世界中层层的模式，并强调了观察者与被观察者之间深刻的个人联系)”可知，他认为观鸟能帮助人们从更广泛的角度理解生活。 43．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“ Fiona, a 13-year-old nature lover I once met, told me that “pencil miles” matter more than talent. So I drew it again. And again.(我曾经遇到的一位13岁的自然爱好者Fiona告诉我，“练习比天赋更重要”。所以我一遍又一遍地画)”可知，Fiona建议她重视练习而非天赋。 44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What I learned: Hummingbirds don’t just hover — they think while hovering. They tilt their heads, judge distances, and guard their territory like tiny fighter jets.(我学到的是：蜂鸟不仅仅是盘旋——它们在盘旋时还会思考。它们倾斜着头，判断距离，像小型战斗机一样守护自己的领地)”可知，蜂鸟的行为表明它很谨慎且有策略。 Passage 6 （2026·湖南长沙·三模）Listening to music while driving is a common habit for many people. It helps us stay awake, improves our mood, and makes long trips more enjoyable. Over 80% of drivers play music on most journeys, especially younger drivers who find it hard to concentrate without it. Researchers have studied the effects of music on driving for many years in virtual driving environments. They measure things like speed, reaction time, and crash incidents under different music conditions. The results show that music can both help and harm driving performance. Overall, listening to music tends to lead to more simulated (模拟的) crashes, poorer speed control, and less stable following distances compared to driving in silence. However, music can temporarily help tired drivers stay alert on long, dull drives, though this effect fades after 15-25 minutes. Loud or fast-paced music is often thought to be risky, but research shows the picture is more complex. High volume tends to slightly increase speed, while low volume makes people drive more slowly. Fast music does not always make driving worse, but very energetic or aggressive songs can lead to riskier behaviour, especially for young or inexperienced drivers. Music that drivers choose themselves tends to be less distracting (分心的) than music they do not like, as it helps them stay calm and focused. Inexperienced drivers are more easily affected by music. Studies show that when they listen to upbeat or fast music, they are more likely to speed, miss road signs, and react slowly to dangers. In contrast, calm or slow music can help them stay more aware and respond better to dangers on the road. For safer driving, it is best to listen to recognizable songs, at a moderate volume, and avoid very loud or aggressive tracks. New drivers, in particular, may want to lower the volume or even turn off the music in difficult driving conditions. 45．How do most researchers study the effects of music on driving? A．By conducting experiments in driving simulators. B．By analyzing real car crash data involving music. C．By surveying drivers’ personal preferences for music. D．By measuring drivers’ physical health after long trips. 46．Which type of driver should be most cautious about listening to music while driving? A．Drivers who are feeling excited. B．Drivers with little driving experience. C．Drivers who prefer popular music. D．Drivers travelling long distances. 47．What is the safest practice for drivers regarding music? A．Listening to loud music on boring road trips. B．Enjoying fast music to keep the brain active. C．Choosing familiar songs at a medium volume. D．Letting the passengers choose the music to enjoy. 48．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To discourage drivers from listening to music. B．To explore the driving habits between different drivers. C．To criticize young drivers for their bad listening habits. D．To explain how music affects driving and offer advice. 【答案】45．A 46．B 47．C 48．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了音乐对驾驶行为的影响，分析不同音乐类型及音量对驾驶安全的作用，并提出安全驾驶的音乐建议。 【详解】45．细节理解题。​根据第二段中“Researchers have studied the effects of music on driving for many years in virtual driving environments. They measure things like speed, reaction time, and crash incidents under different music conditions.(研究人员多年来一直在虚拟驾驶环境中研究音乐对驾驶的影响。他们在不同的音乐条件下测量速度、反应时间和碰撞事故等指标)”可知，研究者在虚拟驾驶环境中进行实验来测量驾驶表现。 46．细节理解题。​根据第五段中“Inexperienced drivers are more easily affected by music. Studies show that when they listen to upbeat or fast music, they are more likely to speed, miss road signs, and react slowly to dangers.(新手司机更容易受音乐影响。研究表明，当他们听欢快或快节奏音乐时，更可能超速、错过路标、对危险反应迟缓)”可知，缺乏驾驶经验的司机更容易受音乐影响。 47．细节理解题。​根据最后一段中“For safer driving, it is best to listen to recognizable songs, at a moderate volume, and avoid very loud or aggressive tracks.(为了更安全的驾驶，最好听熟悉的歌曲，保持适中音量，避免过大或激进的曲目)”可知，最安全的做法是选择熟悉的歌曲并以中等音量播放。 48．推理判断题。​文章开篇介绍音乐对驾驶的普遍影响，接着通过研究数据说明音乐如何影响驾驶表现，最后针对不同人群提出安全驾驶的音乐建议，所以本文的目的是解释音乐如何影响驾驶并提供建议。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 17 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $