Unit4 Scientists who changed the world 单元同步知识点 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语牛津译林版必修第三册

该高中英语导学案聚焦必修三Unit 4阅读及拓展阅读板块，围绕核心词汇（如survival、intend、refer to等）和重点句型（如with复合结构、as引导的非限制性定语从句）展开。通过教材原文例句导入，结合词汇变形、用法拓展及高考范例，搭建从基础理解到应用迁移的学习支架，衔接前后知识脉络。 资料特色显著，词汇讲解系统整合变形规则、误区提示与拓展用法，语法分析紧扣教材原句并融入高考真题实例，习题设计分层递进。助力学生提升语言能力（词汇运用与语法理解），培养思维品质（对比分析与逻辑推断），增强学习能力（自主归纳与知识迁移），适合课堂教学与自主学习使用。

必修三Unit 4 必修三U4【Reading语法】 ●Reading RWords 1.survival n. 生存, 存活; 残存物, 幸存事物 原文：Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. 由于她发现了青蒿素, 世界各地的疟疾患者现在有了极大的生存机会。 【变形】 survive　v. 幸存; survivor n. 幸存者 【拓展】 A survive B (by........) A比B活得长(……) survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存, 活下来 survive on 靠……生存下来 【误区】注意从动词survive到名词survival的词形变化！ 动词去e加-al变成名词的还有： survive —— survival 幸存 remove —— removal 移动[footnoteRef:2] [2: removable a.可移动的 remove...from...把...从...移开] refuse —— refusal 拒绝 propose —— proposal 建议,提议 arrive —— arrival 到达 approve —— approval 赞成 【高考范例】 ◎In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. 1934年，随着《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》(Act)的通过，一个日益受到关注的国家采取了坚定的行动，制止对候鸟和对它们的生存至关重要的湿地的破坏。 ◎Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. 猎人愿意支付邮票的价格，以确保我们的自然资源的生存。 ◎Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.专家说帕里斯是对的: 对于突发性心力衰竭，唯一最好的存活机会是附近有人迅速介入并做心肺复苏。 【习题】 ①How does the family survive such a small monthly wage? ②It’s said that the woman survived her husband 10 years. ③Determining where we are in relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our (survive). 【答案】 1 on ②by ③survival 2.intend vi. &vt. 想要; 计划; 意指 原文：In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. 在20世纪60年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。 【变形】 intention n.用意；目的；意图 intended adj.故意的 unintended adj.无意的 【拓展】 be intended for 专门为……准备/打算 be intended to do sth.  专为做某事而设计的；旨在做某事 intend sb. to do sth.  打算让某人做某事 intend to do/doing sth.  打算做某事，计划做某事 with the intention of 为了，以……为目的/意图 【高考范例】 ◎Making a full-length clay(粘土) figure would not exhaust my strength--and that is what I intend to do! 做一个全身的泥人不会耗尽我的力气——这正是我打算做的! ◎We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. 我们终于意识到问题的严重性，通过配套和研发一组工具、应用程序和方法，旨在防止骗子通过。 ◎They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 他们积极地寻求成为“我们”的一部分，这是一个旨在为共同目标而努力的群体。 【习题】 【2022长郡高二上期中】In fact, Boya ______________(intend) to call the piece High Mountains and Flowing Water． had intended 【0-2024一中高二上入学】As the Earth’s temperature warms up due to climate change, it is having______________(intend) effects on the world’s forests. unintended 【2025附中高三下模拟2】Given that the humanoid robots on the track differ in height and weight, they ______________(intend) for future deployment in designated fields, including manufacturing, healthcare, and education. are intended 3.refer to查阅，参考；描述，与……相关，涉及；说及，谈到，说起 原文：When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again. 【变形】 reference n 参考；参考书；提及 【拓展】 ★refer... to... 将... 送交... refer to... as... 称... 为... ★in/with reference to 关于 【误区1】在refer to中，to是介词，其后要接名词、代词或动词-ing。 【误区2】refer的现在分词是referring，过去式和过去分词分别是referred, referred。 refer to和look up都可以表示“查阅，参考”，但二者是有区别的：refer to后接所查的工具书或资料，如词典、笔记、参考书等；look up后接word，phrase等需要查找的对象，常用于 “look up sth. in.../look sth. up in...”结构。 If you don't know what it means, refer to the dictionary. ＝If you don't know what it means, look it up in the dictionary. 如果你不知道它的意思，去查词典。 【高考范例】 ◎The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. 当时的趋势是“便士报”——指的是公众可以广泛获得的报纸。 ◎Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. 他们的努力是卓有成效的。 2月28日，49岁的中国建筑师王澍获得了2012年普利兹克建筑奖——它被认为是建筑界的诺贝尔奖。 ◎“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, ” he said. “很多中国人对传统有误解。 他们认为传统意味着来自过去的旧事物。 事实上，传统也指那些一直在发展和仍在被创造的东西。” 【习题】 【2023长郡高二上期末】It is no wonder that the final approach ______________to as the “seven minutes of terror”. is referred 【2023雅礼高二上入学】The part wasted at the consumer or retail level______________(refer) to as food waste. is referred 【2025周南高二上期末】Dentists don’t just look for holes and unhealthy gums; they can also spot mouth cancer and refer patients_________ hospital to see a specialist. to 4.limited adj.有限的 原文：However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 【变形】 limit vt.限制，限定n. [C]限度，限制；界限，范围 unlimited adj.尽量多的，任意多的，无限制的 limitless adj.无限制的，无界限的，无止境的 limitation n. [U]限制，控制；[C，usually pl.]局限，限度 【拓展】 ★limit...to... 把……限制在……内(其被动形式为be limited to...) without limit　 无限地，无限制地 within limits 在一定范围内，适度地；有限度地 ★set a limit on... 对……作出限制 There is a/no limit to... ……是有/无限度的。(to是介词) 【高考范例】 ◎A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. 蒙特利尔儿童医院(Montreal Children’s Hospital)的一项试验项目表明，医学催眠可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。 ◎With her dad‘s permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe[footnoteRef:3] that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. 在父亲的允许下，她花了两年时间在网上搜索，并进行试验，以获得既美味又健康牙齿的食谱。 [3: receipt发票 recipe秘诀] ◎Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. 许多家庭时间紧迫，许多父母都在工作以支付他们的房子，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，由于公共交通有限，他们居住在汽车依赖的社区。 ◎At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. 在那时，表达方式有限，雪就像是来自于天空的一种自由艺术。 【习题】 【2022一中高二上联考】Over the past three months, I ______________ (test) out the limits of what I can do with my new hand, and it constantly surprises me. have tested 【2022南雅高二上期中】Their reading _____________ (limit) to school books so they possess restricted knowledge. is limited 【2025一中高三下月考8】I find it a bit challenging to express my ideas accurately due to my ____________ (limit) vocabulary and present my version with a suitable ending. limited 5.speed up(使)加速 原文：To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first. 【变形】 speed vi. 快速前行 vt. 加速，促进 speed n. [C，U]速度；[U]快，迅速 【拓展】 ★speed by (时间)飞快地过去 ★at low/high/full/top speed 以低/高/全/最高速 at a/the speed of... 以……的速度 pick up speed 加快速度 at speed 迅速 【高考范例】 New technology could speed up the task. 新的技术将会加速这项任务的进程。 The government has already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem. 政府已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。 【习题】 【2025附中高三下模拟2】All the robots today performed very well basically in dealing with challenges such as _________ (turn) and speed bumps (减速带).We made history together. turns 【2025麓山国际高三下月考8】Over six months, my vocabulary has expanded by approximately 500 words, and my reading speed _____________ (improve) by 30%. has improved 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】They drive at_____________speed of 80 mph with a phone and a cup of coffee, and they are proud of their multitasks. a 6.beneficial adj.有益的; 有用的 原文：Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care. 也许下一代科学家利用中医的智慧, 确实会发现更多有益于全球卫生保健的药物。 【变形】 benefit v.对……有用，使受益；得益于 n.益处 -ial a. 有……的 special 特别的，特殊的 (spec 看，区分) official 官方的，正式的 (offic 职责，职务) material 材料的，物质的 (mater 物质) financial 财政的，金融的 (finance 金融) industrial 工业的 (industry 工业) judicial 司法的，法庭的 (judic司法) commercial 商业的 (commerce商业) confidential 保密的，机密的 (confident 相信) 【拓展】 be beneficial to 对……有益，对……有用 benefit from/by 得益于，受益于 be of benefit to 对……有利 for sb. ’s benefit＝for the benefit of sb.  为了某人的利益 【高考范例】 ◎Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 尽管关于情商的普遍看法远远超出了研究能合理支持的范围，但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。 ◎For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 一项关于进餐时间和身体活动的研究表明，对于那些可以耐饿的人来说，在早餐前锻炼可能比先吃东西更有益于健康。 【习题】 【2024附中高三上月考4】For many people, daily walking offers massive and long-term physical and mental _____________(benefit). benefits 【2024附中高三上月考4】But to receive the_____________(benefit) , you do not have to live in a forest. Research has shown that immersion in nature around your neighborhood or the disconnection from multimedia increased performance on a creative problem-solving task. benefits 【2024一中高三上月考4】Having healthy boundaries may provide such benefits _____________ avoiding burnout, boosting self-esteem and maintaining personal space. as 7.conduct vt. /vi.组织, 实施; 指挥; 引导; 举止; 传导n.行为 原文：Their efforts to conduct research in both fields may finally pay off. 【变形】 conduction n.传导 conductor n.指挥, 售票员 conductive adj.导电（或热等）的，传导性的 conductivity n.导电性 【拓展】 conduct sb. around　　　 带某人参观…… conduct sb. to 带某人去…… conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差 【高考范例】 ◎In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. 在2019年1月至9月期间，该项目共进行了80次检查，重点是可能导致焦虑的成像程序。 ◎The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. 人与植物之间的关系一直是科学研究的主题。 最近的研究发现了积极的影响。 例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化地区的犯罪较少。 【习题】 【2025湖南高三下猜题卷（A）】Next time you reach for a heartbreaking playlist, remember: you' re not drowning in misery--you_____________(conduct) profound emotional transformation. are conducting (1)语法填空。 ①The orchestra(管弦乐队)were all in position, waiting for the_____________(conduct). ②Iron, being a metal, readily_____________(conduct) heat. (2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。 ①His conduct disagrees (不一致)with his words. ( ) ②To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. ( ) ③He conducted himself far better than expected. ( ) 【答案】(1)语法填空①conductor ②conducts (2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。 ①(行为) ②(进行) ③(表现) RSentences 1.(教材U45)Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced, however, they still faced another problem.然而，即使生产了大量的青蒿提取物，他们仍然面临着另一个问题。 【拓展】 本句为简单句。with... produced为“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构，在句中作状语。 [考点提炼]　“with＋宾语(名词/代词)＋过去分词”结构 此结构为with复合结构的一种，其中过去分词(短语)表示被动或动作已完成。 All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。(the door与lock是逻辑上的动宾关系) With his hair cut, he looked much younger. 由于理了发，他看起来年轻多了。(hair与cut是逻辑上的动宾关系) with复合结构的其他形式： with复合结构在句中通常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因或条件等。该结构常见的其他形式有： (1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词 In summer, she usually sleeps with the windows open. 在夏天，她通常开着窗户睡觉。 She left the room with all the lights on. 她离开了房间，所有的灯还亮着。 (2)with＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动、动作正在进行)。注意不能用现在分词的完成式。 She fell asleep with the light burning. 她睡着了，灯还亮着。 (3)with＋宾语＋动词不定式 She knew that with him to help her, she could and would succeed. 她知道，有他帮忙，她能够而且会成功。 (4)with＋宾语＋介词短语(表示宾语所处的状态) Don't stand with your hands in your pockets. 站着的时候不要把你的双手插在口袋里。 【习题】 单句语法填空/写作升级(with复合结构) ①The problem of phone addiction (瘾) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ________ (try) to increase awareness of this problem. ②With so many problems ________ (discuss), we decided to hold another meeting as soon as possible. ③With the virus ________ (spread) rapidly in this region, a large amount of equipment as well as medical experts from abroad has been sent here so far. ④But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills ________ (attach) to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” 【答案】(1)trying (2) to discuss/to be discussed (3)spreading (4)attached 必修三U4【Extended reading语法】 ●Extended reading RWords 1. surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围 原文：He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould[footnoteRef:4] were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。 [4: mould霉菌；膜具；类型 break the mould of sth.打破...的模式] 【变形】 surrounding adj.附近的，周围的 surroundings n.环境，周围的事物 -ing n. 状态，行业 feeling 感情 ageing 老化 building 建筑 filling 填料，填充物 advertising 广告业 fishing 渔业 accounting 会计学 a. 令人……的 正在……的 outgoing 外向的 exciting 令人兴奋的 fascinating 引人入胜的 (fascinate 迷人) changing 正在变化的 assuming 自以为是的 (assume 认为，假设) discriminating 有辨别能力的 (discriminate 辨认，区分) 【拓展】 surround...with... 用……环绕/包围 be surrounded with/by... 被……包围 【高考范例】 ◎Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. 史蒂夫来了，坐在前排，家人围着他。 ◎And don‘t forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling. 别忘了：我们周围有一个天然的游乐场，非常适合散步、探险、攀岩和骑自行车。 ◎I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding a low glass-top wooden table. 我走进门，看到一个棕色的沙发围绕着一个低矮的玻璃顶木桌。 【习题】 【2025附中高三下模拟2】We would window-shop at the mall and in the____________ (surround) neighborhood, enjoying the sights and doing some people-watching too. surrounding 【2024一中高三上月考4】I watched as she went in, ____________ (surround) by all the nice things we couldn’t afford. I drove home defeated. surrounded 【2025一中高二上期末】On the way, a young woman talked to me and gave me a tip for a visit to a hidden local restaurant with delicious and affordable food. There, I enjoyed the meal ____________ (surround) by the relaxing local music. surrounded 用surround的适当形式填空 ①He likes to live in the ____________ which are quiet and beautiful. So last month he bought a big new house in the countryside, which is _________ by many big trees. The ___________ scenery is also very nice. He is very satisfied with the new house. ②The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which ____________ by a high wire fence. ③__________ by green mountains and located[footnoteRef:5] at the foot of Lushan Mountain, it is a famous tourist attraction. [5: be located in/on/at...位于... be situated in...位于...] 【答案】1.surroundings surrounded surrounding 2.was surrounded 3.Surrounded 2.indicate v. 指出; 提及; 表明; 暗示; 示意 原文：The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. 结果表明, 霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。 【变形】 indication n.暗示; 表示; 预兆 indicator 指示器 【拓展】 indicate sth. to sb. 　　　 向某人示意/ 指出某事 indicate that 指示/表明…… 【拓展】 ◎Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. 舞台上无声的交流是关键，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格，表示他们需要和翻页者练习翻页。 ◎"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.” “这表明在他们的大脑中有一种特定的数量表示方式，”利文斯通博士说。 “但在这个实验中，他们所做的是更关注大的数字而不是小的数字。” ◎The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.结果表明，在使用催产素治疗后，男性正确识别竞争关系的能力有所提高，但女性正确识别友谊的能力有所提高。 【习题】 ①There is a great deal of evidence (indicate)that music activities engage different parts of the brain. ②The headmaster took out a map and indicated the quickest route us. ③He indicated that an indicator should give me some of how I did in the test. (indicate) 【答案】 1.indicating 2.to 3.indication 3.favo(u)r n. 帮助、恩惠; 赞成; 善意的行为; 偏爱; 支持; 有利于 原文：As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind. ” 正如路易·巴斯德所说: “幸运总是垂青有准备的人。” 【变形】 favourable adj. 赞同的；有利的 favourite adj. 特别受喜爱的 【拓展】 do sb. a favour 帮某人的忙 ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙 in favour of 赞成，支持 in one's favour 对某人有利 【高考范例】 ◎The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl. 低沉、温柔的声音帮助这个紧张的女孩平静下来。 向美国的总统求情不是一件随便的事，尤其是对一个17岁的女孩来说。 ◎I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. 我认为这是另一个机会来回报几十年前我得到的恩惠。 ◎We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. 我们会在淋浴的温水中多站一会儿，停止思考任务，多休息几分钟。 【习题】 【2025湖南高三下猜题卷（A）】Malik says Fu is his favourite character, which (write) differently across ancient Chinese dynasties. was written 4.charge v. 充电; 收费; 控告; 谴责; 使……承担责任; 使充满 n. 收费; 控告; 谴责; 掌管 原文：When a thunderstorm approached, the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时, 闪电就会给钥匙充电。 【拓展】 ★charge... for... 因……向……收费 charge for... 收……的费用 free of charge (＝for free) 免费 ★charge sb. with (doing) sth. ＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告/指控某人(做)某事 on a charge (of sth.) (因某事)被指控 ★in charge 负责 in charge of... 主管/负责……(表状态，主语通常为人) in the charge of sb. 由某人掌管(主语通常为物) take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作) 【高考范例】 ◎There are plenty of other benefits, too; it doesn’t charge city tax; it has both air conditioning and a heater for the rooms; it also has free Wi-Fi in every room. 还有很多其他的好处; 它不收城市税; 房间里有空调和暖气; 每个房间都有免费无线网络。 ◎At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. 起初，一份报纸的价格很少是一美分——通常是两到三美分——一些较早的知名报纸收费五到六美分。 【习题】 判断下列句子中的charge的词性和含义/单句语法填空/结合charge的用法完成句子 ①The restaurant has a minimum charge of $50 per person, so the four of us need to pay at least $200. __________ ②If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡5 is charged for the production of a replacement card. ________________ ③The phone won't work if it isn't charged．__________ ④Two men have been charged in connection with the attack.__________ ⑤We won't charge customers ________ on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi. ⑥The court charged him ________ carrying dangerous products. ⑦Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free ________ charge. ⑧这台手术是由一位来自北京的专家负责做的。 The operation was _____________ an expert from Beijing. ⑨在她负责之前，公司运营得很糟糕。 The company was badly operated before she ______________________ it. 【答案】1.n.收费 2.vt.收费，要价 3.vt.充电 4.vt.控告，指控 5.for 6.with 7.of 8.in the charge of 9.took charge of/was in charge of 5.involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ vt. 包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加 原文：I had to ask myself, “Is there some evil involved in science?” 【拓展】 ★involve sb. in (doing) sth.  把某人牵涉到某事；让某人参与(做)某事 involve doing... 包含做…… ★be/get involved with 涉及；与……有关 be/get involved in 卷入；专注于；参与……中 【高考范例】 ◎There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. 然而，还有另一种不涉及造山的鲜为人知的火山。 ◎There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events. 有很多机会让有创造力的人参与进来，包括研讨会和活动。 ◎Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. 田纳西大学(University of Tennessee)的微生物学家珍妮弗·德布鲁恩(Jennifer DeBruyn)没有参与这项研究，她说，这种蠕虫能分解聚乙烯并不令人惊讶。 ◎Jenny Mosley’s quality circle time model involves setting up an on-going, timetable process. 珍妮·莫斯利的质量周期时间模型包括建立一个持续的时间表过程。 【习题】 1.The test will involve ____________(answer) some questions about a photo. 2.He was __________(involve) in doing his experiment last night. 昨天晚上他聚精会神地做实验。 3.You shouldn’t have got him ___________(involve) in your argument. 你本不该把他牵涉进你们的争吵。 4.As he was involved in the boring talk，he was a little annoyed. → ______________________________，he was a little annoyed. 【答案】1.answering 2.involved 3.involved 4.Involved in the boring talk 6.apply /əˈplaɪ/ vt. & vi. 应用；申请；涂；有关 原文：Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad-but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it. 【变形】 application n.申请(书)；应用 applicant n.申请人 【拓展】 apply to (doing) sth.  适用于(做)某事 apply for sth.  申请某物 apply sth. to sth.  把……应用于…… apply oneself to (doing) sth.  致力于(做)某事 【高考范例】 ◎The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. 研究表明，在测试阶段，这些动物已经知道如何将它们在训练中学到的人脸知识应用到新面孔上。 ◎Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes. 有时候放手是很难的。 对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去的制度和物品——古老的城堡、富丽堂皇的房屋……还有红色的电话亭。 ◎The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program. 省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生找到暑期工作。 最后期限和你需要申请什么取决于你的项目。 【习题】 【2024雅礼高二上入学】This year, hundreds of people around the world ____________(apply) for a desired job to run Port Lockroy, the world’s most remote post office. are applying 【2024雅礼高二上入学】Lucy Dorman succeeded in____________(apply) for the 2019-2020 season. It was a real joy for her. applying These characteristics enable 5G to have various practical ____________(apply), such as in smart cities, self-driving vehicles and health care. applications 7.permit /pəˈmɪt/ vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 /ˈpɜːmɪt/ n. 许可证[C] 原文：In order to progress, we must not forget the importance of this struggle; we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt. Permit us to question-to doubt-to not be sure. 【变形】 permission n.许可；允许 -ion[footnoteRef:6] [6: 我们学习中常见的-sion/-tion其实就是-ion的同化结果，这里直接视为一类] n. 动作或状态 (另参考-ation) concision 简明，简洁 (concise 简洁的) expansion 扩张 (expand 扩大) discussion 讨论 (discuss 讨论) conclusion 结论 (conclude 下结论，总结) protection 保护 (protect 保护) decision 决定 (decide 做决定) n. 物品 accordion 手风琴 (accord 和谐) scorpion 蝎子 (scorp 原来的意思是一种鱼) mansion 大厦 (manse 住宅) confection 甜食 (con一起 + fect做)[footnoteRef:7] [7: confection的字面意思是放在一起做的食物，西式甜点会将很多的甜食放在一起做成一道甜食] 【拓展】 ★permit sb. to do sth.  允许某人做某事 permit doing sth.  允许做某事 ★ask for permission 请求许可 without permission 未经许可，擅自 with one’s permission 经某人允许 【高考范例】 ◎The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. 政府已经允许该公司使用特殊材料，使其更容易飞行。 ◎Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen. 住在有厨房楼里的学生只能在厨房里做饭。 ◎Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民)population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship. 意大利是试图控制不断增长的移民人口的最晚的西欧国家，通过要求掌握语言技能来换取工作许可，在某些情况下，甚至是公民身份。 【习题】 1.We don’t permit ___________(play) basketball on the playground now. 2.Passengers are permitted __________(carry) only one piece of luggage onto the plane. 3.She had asked the government for _____________(permit) to move the books to a safe place，but they refused. 4.I’d like to say“thank you”to the person who has permitted us to stay. →I’d like to say“thank you”to the person __________________________. 【答案】 ①playing ②to carry ③permission ④permitting us to stay RSentences 1.The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone：scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things. 【拓展】 (1)本句中的is of value是“be＋of＋n.”结构，这类抽象名词包含两类： (2)be of＋抽象名词＝be＋抽象名词相对应的形容词，用来说明人或事物的性质或特征。这类名词有：value，use，importance，help，interest，benefit，beauty，wealth等，它们可用no，some，any，little，much，great等词修饰。 (3)“be of＋抽象名词”用来描述人或事物的属性，这类名词没有相应的形容词形式。这类名词有：size，weight，height，color，shape，age，opinion，price，kind，type等；用在这类名词前的限定词常是a，an，the，the same，my，your等。 The fact is that doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. He intended to tell you that he and his partner are of the same age. 【习题】 1.It is known that dictionaries are of great use in language learning. →It is known that dictionaries __________________ in language learning. 【答案】1.are very useful 2.As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。” 【拓展】 句中“As Louis Pasteur said”为定语从句 as引导的非限制性定语从句 (1)as用作关系代词时，可以引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”，as在从句中作宾语或主语，从句的位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开。 ❶As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.” 正如维克多·雨果曾说：“笑声如暖阳，驱走人们脸上的寒冷冬意。”(As在从句中作宾语，指代的是“Laughter is...the human face”) ❷As is well known to all, the famous American writer, Mark Twain, wrote many humorous stories. 众所周知，著名的美国作家马克·吐温写了很多幽默的故事。(As在从句中作主语，指代的是“the famous American writer...stories”) (2)as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下搭配： as is well known to all(＝as we all know) 众所周知 as you can see 正如你所看见的 as everybody knows 正如每个人所了解的那样 as is reported 如报道所说 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as is supposed 如所料想的 as is hoped 正如所希望的 as has been said before 如前所述 ❸As we all know, Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. 众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 关系代词 意义 先行词 从句位置 as 正如，就像 整个主句 句首、句中或句末 which 这一点，这/那 名词、名词性短语或整个主句 句中或句末 She is very patient, as is shown in her work. 她很有耐心，正如她在工作中表现出来的那样。 He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 【习题】 ①Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les. ②She and her family bicycle to work, ________helps them keep fit. ③ ________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. ④ ________ is well known to all, light travels faster than sound. 【答案】1.which 2.which 3.As 4.As 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 必修三Unit 4 必修三U4【Reading语法】 ●Reading RWords 1.survival n. 生存, 存活; 残存物, 幸存事物 原文：Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. 由于她发现了青蒿素, 世界各地的疟疾患者现在有了极大的生存机会。 【变形】 survive　v. 幸存; survivor n. 幸存者 【拓展】 A survive B (by........) A比B活得长(……) survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存, 活下来 survive on 靠……生存下来 【误区】注意从动词survive到名词survival的词形变化！ 动词去e加-al变成名词的还有： survive —— survival 幸存 remove —— removal 移动 refuse —— refusal 拒绝 propose —— proposal 建议,提议 arrive —— arrival 到达 approve —— approval 赞成 【高考范例】 ◎In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. 1934年，随着《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》(Act)的通过，一个日益受到关注的国家采取了坚定的行动，制止对候鸟和对它们的生存至关重要的湿地的破坏。 ◎Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. 猎人愿意支付邮票的价格，以确保我们的自然资源的生存。 ◎Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.专家说帕里斯是对的: 对于突发性心力衰竭，唯一最好的存活机会是附近有人迅速介入并做心肺复苏。 【习题】 ①How does the family survive such a small monthly wage? ②It’s said that the woman survived her husband 10 years. ③Determining where we are in relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our (survive). 2.intend vi. &vt. 想要; 计划; 意指 原文：In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. 在20世纪60年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。 【变形】 intention n.用意；目的；意图 intended adj.故意的 unintended adj.无意的 【拓展】 be intended for 专门为……准备/打算 be intended to do sth.  专为做某事而设计的；旨在做某事 intend sb. to do sth.  打算让某人做某事 intend to do/doing sth.  打算做某事，计划做某事 with the intention of 为了，以……为目的/意图 【高考范例】 ◎Making a full-length clay(粘土) figure would not exhaust my strength--and that is what I intend to do! 做一个全身的泥人不会耗尽我的力气——这正是我打算做的! ◎We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. 我们终于意识到问题的严重性，通过配套和研发一组工具、应用程序和方法，旨在防止骗子通过。 ◎They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 他们积极地寻求成为“我们”的一部分，这是一个旨在为共同目标而努力的群体。 【习题】 【2022长郡高二上期中】In fact, Boya ______________(intend) to call the piece High Mountains and Flowing Water． 【0-2024一中高二上入学】As the Earth’s temperature warms up due to climate change, it is having______________(intend) effects on the world’s forests. 【2025附中高三下模拟2】Given that the humanoid robots on the track differ in height and weight, they ______________(intend) for future deployment in designated fields, including manufacturing, healthcare, and education. 3.refer to查阅，参考；描述，与……相关，涉及；说及，谈到，说起 原文：When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again. 【变形】 reference n 参考；参考书；提及 【拓展】 ★refer... to... 将... 送交... refer to... as... 称... 为... ★in/with reference to 关于 【误区1】在refer to中，to是介词，其后要接名词、代词或动词-ing。 【误区2】refer的现在分词是referring，过去式和过去分词分别是referred, referred。 refer to和look up都可以表示“查阅，参考”，但二者是有区别的：refer to后接所查的工具书或资料，如词典、笔记、参考书等；look up后接word，phrase等需要查找的对象，常用于 “look up sth. in.../look sth. up in...”结构。 If you don't know what it means, refer to the dictionary. ＝If you don't know what it means, look it up in the dictionary. 如果你不知道它的意思，去查词典。 【高考范例】 ◎The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. 当时的趋势是“便士报”——指的是公众可以广泛获得的报纸。 ◎Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. 他们的努力是卓有成效的。 2月28日，49岁的中国建筑师王澍获得了2012年普利兹克建筑奖——它被认为是建筑界的诺贝尔奖。 ◎“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, ” he said. “很多中国人对传统有误解。 他们认为传统意味着来自过去的旧事物。 事实上，传统也指那些一直在发展和仍在被创造的东西。” 【习题】 【2023长郡高二上期末】It is no wonder that the final approach ______________(refer)to as the “seven minutes of terror”. 【2023雅礼高二上入学】The part wasted at the consumer or retail level______________(refer) to as food waste. 【2025周南高二上期末】Dentists don’t just look for holes and unhealthy gums; they can also spot mouth cancer and refer patients_________ hospital to see a specialist. 4.limited adj.有限的 原文：However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 【变形】 limit vt.限制，限定n. [C]限度，限制；界限，范围 unlimited adj.尽量多的，任意多的，无限制的 limitless adj.无限制的，无界限的，无止境的 limitation n. [U]限制，控制；[C，usually pl.]局限，限度 【拓展】 ★limit...to... 把……限制在……内(其被动形式为be limited to...) without limit　 无限地，无限制地 within limits 在一定范围内，适度地；有限度地 ★set a limit on... 对……作出限制 There is a/no limit to... ……是有/无限度的。(to是介词) 【高考范例】 ◎A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. 蒙特利尔儿童医院(Montreal Children’s Hospital)的一项试验项目表明，医学催眠可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。 ◎With her dad‘s permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. 在父亲的允许下，她花了两年时间在网上搜索，并进行试验，以获得既美味又健康牙齿的食谱。 ◎Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport. 许多家庭时间紧迫，许多父母都在工作以支付他们的房子，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，由于公共交通有限，他们居住在汽车依赖的社区。 ◎At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. 在那时，表达方式有限，雪就像是来自于天空的一种自由艺术。 【习题】 【2022一中高二上联考】Over the past three months, I ______________ (test) out the limits of what I can do with my new hand, and it constantly surprises me. 【2022南雅高二上期中】Their reading _____________ (limit) to school books so they possess restricted knowledge. 【2025一中高三下月考8】I find it a bit challenging to express my ideas accurately due to my ____________ (limit) vocabulary and present my version with a suitable ending. 5.speed up(使)加速 原文：To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first. 【变形】 speed vi. 快速前行 vt. 加速，促进 speed n. [C，U]速度；[U]快，迅速 【拓展】 ★speed by (时间)飞快地过去 ★at low/high/full/top speed 以低/高/全/最高速 at a/the speed of... 以……的速度 pick up speed 加快速度 at speed 迅速 【高考范例】 New technology could speed up the task. 新的技术将会加速这项任务的进程。 The government has already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem. 政府已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。 【习题】 【2025附中高三下模拟2】All the robots today performed very well basically in dealing with challenges such as _________ (turn) and speed bumps (减速带).We made history together. 【2025麓山国际高三下月考8】Over six months, my vocabulary has expanded by approximately 500 words, and my reading speed _____________ (improve) by 30%. 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】They drive at_____________speed of 80 mph with a phone and a cup of coffee, and they are proud of their multitasks. 6.beneficial adj.有益的; 有用的 原文：Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care. 也许下一代科学家利用中医的智慧, 确实会发现更多有益于全球卫生保健的药物。 【变形】 benefit v.对……有用，使受益；得益于 n.益处 -ial a. 有……的 special 特别的，特殊的 (spec 看，区分) official 官方的，正式的 (offic 职责，职务) material 材料的，物质的 (mater 物质) financial 财政的，金融的 (finance 金融) industrial 工业的 (industry 工业) judicial 司法的，法庭的 (judic司法) commercial 商业的 (commerce 商业) confidential 保密的，机密的 (confident 相信) 【拓展】 be beneficial to 对……有益，对……有用 benefit from/by 得益于，受益于 be of benefit to 对……有利 for sb. ’s benefit＝for the benefit of sb.  为了某人的利益 【高考范例】 ◎Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 尽管关于情商的普遍看法远远超出了研究能合理支持的范围，但宣传的总体效果是利大于弊。 ◎For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 一项关于进餐时间和身体活动的研究表明，对于那些可以耐饿的人来说，在早餐前锻炼可能比先吃东西更有益于健康。 【习题】 【2024附中高三上月考4】For many people, daily walking offers massive and long-term physical and mental _____________(benefit). 【2024附中高三上月考4】But to receive the_____________(benefit) , you do not have to live in a forest. Research has shown that immersion in nature around your neighborhood or the disconnection from multimedia increased performance on a creative problem-solving task. 【2024一中高三上月考4】Having healthy boundaries may provide such benefits _____________ avoiding burnout, boosting self-esteem and maintaining personal space. 7.conduct vt. /vi.组织, 实施; 指挥; 引导; 举止; 传导n.行为 原文：Their efforts to conduct research in both fields may finally pay off. 【变形】 conduction n.传导 conductor n.指挥, 售票员 conductive adj.导电（或热等）的，传导性的 conductivity n.导电性 【拓展】 conduct sb. around　　　 带某人参观…… conduct sb. to 带某人去…… conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差 【高考范例】 ◎In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. 在2019年1月至9月期间，该项目共进行了80次检查，重点是可能导致焦虑的成像程序。 ◎The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. 人与植物之间的关系一直是科学研究的主题。 最近的研究发现了积极的影响。 例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化地区的犯罪较少。 【习题】 【2025湖南高三下猜题卷（A）】Next time you reach for a heartbreaking playlist, remember: you' re not drowning in misery--you_____________(conduct) profound emotional transformation. (1)语法填空。 ①The orchestra(管弦乐队)were all in position, waiting for the_____________(conduct). ②Iron, being a metal, readily_____________(conduct) heat. (2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。 ①His conduct disagrees (不一致)with his words. ( ) ②To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. ( ) ③He conducted himself far better than expected. ( ) RSentences 1.(教材U45)Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced, however, they still faced another problem.然而，即使生产了大量的青蒿提取物，他们仍然面临着另一个问题。 【拓展】 本句为简单句。with... produced为“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构，在句中作状语。 [考点提炼]　“with＋宾语(名词/代词)＋过去分词”结构 此结构为with复合结构的一种，其中过去分词(短语)表示被动或动作已完成。 All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。(the door与lock是逻辑上的动宾关系) With his hair cut, he looked much younger. 由于理了发，他看起来年轻多了。(hair与cut是逻辑上的动宾关系) with复合结构的其他形式： with复合结构在句中通常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因或条件等。该结构常见的其他形式有： (1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词 In summer, she usually sleeps with the windows open. 在夏天，她通常开着窗户睡觉。 She left the room with all the lights on. 她离开了房间，所有的灯还亮着。 (2)with＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动、动作正在进行)。注意不能用现在分词的完成式。 She fell asleep with the light burning. 她睡着了，灯还亮着。 (3)with＋宾语＋动词不定式 She knew that with him to help her, she could and would succeed. 她知道，有他帮忙，她能够而且会成功。 (4)with＋宾语＋介词短语(表示宾语所处的状态) Don't stand with your hands in your pockets. 站着的时候不要把你的双手插在口袋里。 【习题】 单句语法填空/写作升级(with复合结构) ①The problem of phone addiction (瘾) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ________ (try) to increase awareness of this problem. ②With so many problems ________ (discuss), we decided to hold another meeting as soon as possible. ③With the virus ________ (spread) rapidly in this region, a large amount of equipment as well as medical experts from abroad has been sent here so far. ④But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills ________ (attach) to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” 必修三U4【Extended reading语法】 ●Extended reading RWords 1. surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围 原文：He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。 【变形】 surrounding adj.附近的，周围的 surroundings n.环境，周围的事物 -ing n. 状态，行业 feeling 感情 ageing 老化 building 建筑 filling 填料，填充物 advertising 广告业 fishing 渔业 accounting 会计学 a. 令人……的 正在……的 outgoing 外向的 exciting 令人兴奋的 fascinating 引人入胜的 (fascinate 迷人) changing 正在变化的 assuming 自以为是的 (assume 认为，假设) discriminating 有辨别能力的 (discriminate 辨认，区分) 【拓展】 surround...with... 用……环绕/包围 be surrounded with/by... 被……包围 【高考范例】 ◎Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. 史蒂夫来了，坐在前排，家人围着他。 ◎And don‘t forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling. 别忘了：我们周围有一个天然的游乐场，非常适合散步、探险、攀岩和骑自行车。 ◎I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding a low glass-top wooden table. 我走进门，看到一个棕色的沙发围绕着一个低矮的玻璃顶木桌。 【习题】 【2025附中高三下模拟2】We would window-shop at the mall and in the____________ (surround) neighborhood, enjoying the sights and doing some people-watching too. 【2024一中高三上月考4】I watched as she went in, ____________ (surround) by all the nice things we couldn’t afford. I drove home defeated. 【2025一中高二上期末】On the way, a young woman talked to me and gave me a tip for a visit to a hidden local restaurant with delicious and affordable food. There, I enjoyed the meal ____________ (surround) by the relaxing local music. 用surround的适当形式填空 ①He likes to live in the ____________ which are quiet and beautiful. So last month he bought a big new house in the countryside, which is _________ by many big trees. The ___________ scenery is also very nice. He is very satisfied with the new house. ②The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which ____________ by a high wire fence. ③__________ by green mountains and located at the foot of Lushan Mountain, it is a famous tourist attraction. 2.indicate v. 指出; 提及; 表明; 暗示; 示意 原文：The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. 结果表明, 霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。 【变形】 indication n.暗示; 表示; 预兆 indicator 指示器 【拓展】 indicate sth. to sb. 　　　 向某人示意/ 指出某事 indicate that 指示/表明…… 【拓展】 ◎Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. 舞台上无声的交流是关键，每个钢琴家都有自己的“点头”风格，表示他们需要和翻页者练习翻页。 ◎"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.” “这表明在他们的大脑中有一种特定的数量表示方式，”利文斯通博士说。 “但在这个实验中，他们所做的是更关注大的数字而不是小的数字。” ◎The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.结果表明，在使用催产素治疗后，男性正确识别竞争关系的能力有所提高，但女性正确识别友谊的能力有所提高。 【习题】 ①There is a great deal of evidence (indicate)that music activities engage different parts of the brain. ②The headmaster took out a map and indicated the quickest route us. ③He indicated that an indicator should give me some of how I did in the test. (indicate) 3.favo(u)r n. 帮助、恩惠; 赞成; 善意的行为; 偏爱; 支持; 有利于 原文：As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind. ” 正如路易·巴斯德所说: “幸运总是垂青有准备的人。” 【变形】 favourable adj. 赞同的；有利的 favourite adj. 特别受喜爱的 【拓展】 do sb. a favour 帮某人的忙 ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙 in favour of 赞成，支持 in one's favour 对某人有利 【高考范例】 ◎The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl. 低沉、温柔的声音帮助这个紧张的女孩平静下来。 向美国的总统求情不是一件随便的事，尤其是对一个17岁的女孩来说。 ◎I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. 我认为这是另一个机会来回报几十年前我得到的恩惠。 ◎We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. 我们会在淋浴的温水中多站一会儿，停止思考任务，多休息几分钟。 【习题】 【2025湖南高三下猜题卷（A）】Malik says Fu is his favourite character, which (write) differently across ancient Chinese dynasties. 4.charge v. 充电; 收费; 控告; 谴责; 使……承担责任; 使充满 n. 收费; 控告; 谴责; 掌管 原文：When a thunderstorm approached, the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时, 闪电就会给钥匙充电。 【拓展】 ★charge... for... 因……向……收费 charge for... 收……的费用 free of charge (＝for free) 免费 ★charge sb. with (doing) sth. ＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告/指控某人(做)某事 on a charge (of sth.) (因某事)被指控 ★in charge 负责 in charge of... 主管/负责……(表状态，主语通常为人) in the charge of sb. 由某人掌管(主语通常为物) take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作) 【高考范例】 ◎There are plenty of other benefits, too; it doesn’t charge city tax; it has both air conditioning and a heater for the rooms; it also has free Wi-Fi in every room. 还有很多其他的好处; 它不收城市税; 房间里有空调和暖气; 每个房间都有免费无线网络。 ◎At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. 起初，一份报纸的价格很少是一美分——通常是两到三美分——一些较早的知名报纸收费五到六美分。 【习题】 判断下列句子中的charge的词性和含义/单句语法填空/结合charge的用法完成句子 ①The restaurant has a minimum charge of $50 per person, so the four of us need to pay at least $200. __________ ②If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡5 is charged for the production of a replacement card. ________________ ③The phone won't work if it isn't charged．__________ ④Two men have been charged in connection with the attack.__________ ⑤We won't charge customers ________ on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi. ⑥The court charged him ________ carrying dangerous products. ⑦Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free ________ charge. ⑧这台手术是由一位来自北京的专家负责做的。 The operation was _____________ an expert from Beijing. ⑨在她负责之前，公司运营得很糟糕。 The company was badly operated before she ______________________ it. 5.involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ vt. 包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加 原文：I had to ask myself, “Is there some evil involved in science?” 【拓展】 ★involve sb. in (doing) sth.  把某人牵涉到某事；让某人参与(做)某事 involve doing... 包含做…… ★be/get involved with 涉及；与……有关 be/get involved in 卷入；专注于；参与……中 【高考范例】 ◎There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. 然而，还有另一种不涉及造山的鲜为人知的火山。 ◎There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events. 有很多机会让有创造力的人参与进来，包括研讨会和活动。 ◎Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. 田纳西大学(University of Tennessee)的微生物学家珍妮弗·德布鲁恩(Jennifer DeBruyn)没有参与这项研究，她说，这种蠕虫能分解聚乙烯并不令人惊讶。 ◎Jenny Mosley’s quality circle time model involves setting up an on-going, timetable process. 珍妮·莫斯利的质量周期时间模型包括建立一个持续的时间表过程。 【习题】 1.The test will involve ____________(answer) some questions about a photo. 2.He was __________(involve) in doing his experiment last night. 昨天晚上他聚精会神地做实验。 3.You shouldn’t have got him ___________(involve) in your argument. 你本不该把他牵涉进你们的争吵。 4.As he was involved in the boring talk，he was a little annoyed. → ______________________________，he was a little annoyed. 6.apply /əˈplaɪ/ vt. & vi. 应用；申请；涂；有关 原文：Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad-but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it. 【变形】 application n.申请(书)；应用 applicant n.申请人 【拓展】 apply to (doing) sth.  适用于(做)某事 apply for sth.  申请某物 apply sth. to sth.  把……应用于…… apply oneself to (doing) sth.  致力于(做)某事 【高考范例】 ◎The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. 研究表明，在测试阶段，这些动物已经知道如何将它们在训练中学到的人脸知识应用到新面孔上。 ◎Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes. 有时候放手是很难的。 对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去的制度和物品——古老的城堡、富丽堂皇的房屋……还有红色的电话亭。 ◎The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program. 省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生找到暑期工作。 最后期限和你需要申请什么取决于你的项目。 【习题】 【2024雅礼高二上入学】This year, hundreds of people around the world ____________(apply) for a desired job to run Port Lockroy, the world’s most remote post office. 【2024雅礼高二上入学】Lucy Dorman succeeded in____________(apply) for the 2019-2020 season. It was a real joy for her. 【2024雅礼高二上入学】These characteristics enable 5G to have various practical ____________(apply), such as in smart cities, self-driving vehicles and health care. 7.permit /pəˈmɪt/ vt. & vi. 允许，准许，许可；使有可能 /ˈpɜːmɪt/ n. 许可证[C] 原文：In order to progress, we must not forget the importance of this struggle; we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt. Permit us to question-to doubt-to not be sure. 【变形】 permission n.许可；允许 -ion[footnoteRef:2] [2: 我们学习中常见的-sion/-tion其实就是-ion的同化结果，这里直接视为一类] n. 动作或状态 (另参考-ation) concision 简明，简洁 (concise 简洁的) expansion 扩张 (expand 扩大) discussion 讨论 (discuss 讨论) conclusion 结论 (conclude 下结论，总结) protection 保护 (protect 保护) decision 决定 (decide 做决定) n. 物品 accordion 手风琴 (accord 和谐) scorpion 蝎子 (scorp 原来的意思是一种鱼) mansion 大厦 (manse 住宅) confection 甜食 (con一起 + fect做)[footnoteRef:3] [3: confection的字面意思是放在一起做的食物，西式甜点会将很多的甜食放在一起做成一道甜食] 【拓展】 ★permit sb. to do sth.  允许某人做某事 permit doing sth.  允许做某事 ★ask for permission 请求许可 without permission 未经许可，擅自 with one’s permission 经某人允许 【高考范例】 ◎The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. 政府已经允许该公司使用特殊材料，使其更容易飞行。 ◎Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen. 住在有厨房楼里的学生只能在厨房里做饭。 ◎Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民)population by demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship. 意大利是试图控制不断增长的移民人口的最晚的西欧国家，通过要求掌握语言技能来换取工作许可，在某些情况下，甚至是公民身份。 【习题】 1.We don’t permit ___________(play) basketball on the playground now. 2.Passengers are permitted __________(carry) only one piece of luggage onto the plane. 3.She had asked the government for _____________(permit) to move the books to a safe place，but they refused. 4.I’d like to say“thank you”to the person who has permitted us to stay. →I’d like to say“thank you”to the person __________________________. RSentences 1.The first way in which science is of value is familiar to everyone：scientific knowledge enables us to do and make all kinds of things. 【拓展】 (1)本句中的is of value是“be＋of＋n.”结构，这类抽象名词包含两类： (2)be of＋抽象名词＝be＋抽象名词相对应的形容词，用来说明人或事物的性质或特征。这类名词有：value，use，importance，help，interest，benefit，beauty，wealth等，它们可用no，some，any，little，much，great等词修饰。 (3)“be of＋抽象名词”用来描述人或事物的属性，这类名词没有相应的形容词形式。这类名词有：size，weight，height，color，shape，age，opinion，price，kind，type等；用在这类名词前的限定词常是a，an，the，the same，my，your等。 The fact is that doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. He intended to tell you that he and his partner are of the same age. 【习题】 1.It is known that dictionaries are of great use in language learning. →It is known that dictionaries __________________ in language learning. 2.As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。” 【拓展】 句中“As Louis Pasteur said”为定语从句 as引导的非限制性定语从句 (1)as用作关系代词时，可以引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”，as在从句中作宾语或主语，从句的位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开。 ❶As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.” 正如维克多·雨果曾说：“笑声如暖阳，驱走人们脸上的寒冷冬意。”(As在从句中作宾语，指代的是“Laughter is...the human face”) ❷As is well known to all, the famous American writer, Mark Twain, wrote many humorous stories. 众所周知，著名的美国作家马克·吐温写了很多幽默的故事。(As在从句中作主语，指代的是“the famous American writer...stories”) (2)as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下搭配： as is well known to all(＝as we all know) 众所周知 as you can see 正如你所看见的 as everybody knows 正如每个人所了解的那样 as is reported 如报道所说 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as is supposed 如所料想的 as is hoped 正如所希望的 as has been said before 如前所述 ❸As we all know, Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. 众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 关系代词 意义 先行词 从句位置 as 正如，就像 整个主句 句首、句中或句末 which 这一点，这/那 名词、名词性短语或整个主句 句中或句末 She is very patient, as is shown in her work. 她很有耐心，正如她在工作中表现出来的那样。 He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 【习题】 ①Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les. ②She and her family bicycle to work, ________helps them keep fit. ③ ________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. ④ ________ is well known to all, light travels faster than sound. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $