Unit4第一章 2025-2026学年外研版八年级英语下册

本初中英语讲义围绕Unit 4“Helping out”主题，系统梳理重点短语（如help out、raise money）、核心词汇（如afford、disappointment），聚焦情态动词表可能性与推测（may/might/must/can）及复合形容词、易混词（illness/disease）等重点知识，构建从词汇积累到语法应用，再到语篇练习与写作输出的学习支架。 该资料以“帮助他人”主题为载体，通过易错辨析（如kind→kindness）、梯度练习（单选、填空、翻译）及语篇任务（完型、阅读），培养学生语言能力（如作文句子翻译）与思维品质（如易混词区分）。多样化题型辅助教师课堂教学，课后作业（单词拼写、阅读）助力学生查漏补缺，提升自主学习能力。

初二unit4（教师版） 第一章 Unit 4 Helping out一 【重点短语】 1. help out 帮助解决问题 2. lend a hand 伸出援助之手 3. add ... to 给……增加 4. agree with 同意 5. raise money 筹款 6. get through 度过，熬过（困难，不愉快的时期） 7. give sb a hand　帮助某人 8. provide ... for ... 为……提供…… 9. throw away 丢弃 10. be born with 天生具有 11. in great pain 极度疼痛 12. wait for 等待 13. pocket money 零花钱 14. be filled with充满 15. do chores 做家务 16. so far到目前为止 17. with the help of 在……帮助下 18. go public 公开，公之于众 【重点词汇】 1. 买得起,付得起afford 2. 失望,扫兴,沮丧disappointment 3. 解决,解决方法solution 4. 病,疾病illness 5. 传播，蔓延spread 6. 病人patient 7. 治疗,疗法treatment 8. 举办，握住hold 9. 足够enough 10. 直接地directly 【作文句子翻译】 1. 我认为我们所有人都应该积极参与志愿工作,因为它是有意义的。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：I think all of us should take an active part in voluntary work because it is meaningful. 2.通过 帮助他人我们不仅提升我们的沟通能力，还学会有责任心、有爱心 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：By helping others, we not only improve our communication skills but also learn to be responsible and caring. 3.如今，学生积极参与志愿活动帮助有需要的人是很常见的 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Nowadays, it is very common for students to take an active part in volunteer activities to help people in need. 【易错辨析】 1. With the help of her family and friends, she held many ______(raise)activities money 答案：to raise 2. It makes me realize that small __________(kind) can warm the world. 答案：kindness 3.I was on my way to the library when I saw a little girl ________(cry)by the road. 答案：crying 4._________(volunteer)means giving your time to help others without pay. 答案：Volunteering 5. As far as I’m concerned, helping others is one of ______( valuable) virtues in our life. 答案：the most valuable 【重点语法】 表示“可能性与推测”的常用情态动词 情态动词may/might表示可能性 　　may/might表示将要发生或正在发生的可能性。此时,might不是may的过去式,它所表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性(现在或将来的可能性)小一些。may不用于表示是否可能的疑问句。 He may not know the answer.他可能不知道答案。 Mike might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?Mike或许会打电话。如果他打电话,你能否让他晚点再打过来? 表示“可能”的常见词possible、possibly、probably、maybe等 单词 例句 possible Is it possible to get tickets for the game?有没有可能弄到比赛的门票? possibly/ probably It will possibly/probably take us about a week to complete the task.我们可能需要一星期左右来完成这项任务。 maybe The chair will cost one hundred, maybe two hundred yuan.这把椅子要花费一百元,或许两百元。 情态动词must、can、could表示推测 单词 用法 must 表示有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,通常只用于肯定句。 can 可表示对现在或将来的推测,意为“会,可能”,往往用于否定句和疑问句。用于疑问句时,can比could表示的可能性要大;用于否定句时,can't意为“不可能”,表示有把握的否定推测。 could 可表示对现在或将来的推测,意为“会,可能”,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。 You must be tired after the long work. 长时间工作之后,你一定累了。 Can/Could this be true? 这有可能是真的吗? It can't be David because he has gone to Beijing. 不可能是David,因为他去北京了。 随堂检测： 第一节：单项选择 1.The little boy has a high fever and coughs a lot. He _______ have the flu. A. must B. can C. needn't D. had better not 答案：A 2.—Is that our new classmate at the gate? —It ________be her. She said she would come by bike, but that person is walking. A. must B. can't C. may D. should 【答案】B 3.You ________ take an umbrella with you. The sky is cloudy, and it might rain this afternoon. A. mustn't B. should C. can't D. needn't 【答案】B 4.—Could he solve the problem alone? —Yes, he___________ . He is very good at this kind of task. A. must B. can C. might D. needn't 【答案】B 5.The old man can't walk without a wheelchair. He _____ be a homeless person who needs help. A. may B. mustn't C. can D. should not 【答案】A 6.The treatment is very expensive. Many poor families afford it. A. can B. can't C. must D. may 【答案】B 7.She looks very happy. She_______ have got good news from her friend. A. must B. can't C. need D. had better not 【答案】A 第二节：用正确的形式填空 1.The virus spreads quickly, so we ________(wear) masks when going out. 【答案】should wear 2.He has been away for a long time. He _______(be) at home now. 【答案】can't be 3.The exam is not difficult. Most students _______(pass) it easily. 【答案】can pass 3.We ________ (not mention) his disability directly. It's impolite. 【答案】should not mention 4.She studied very hard for the exam. She ________ (get) a good grade. 【答案】must get 5.The pocket money is limited. He ________ (afford) the expensive toy. 【答案】can't afford 6.He is a soldier with rich experience. He ________ (know) how to deal with this situation. 答案】must know 第三节：句子翻译 1.日常生活中我们必须尊重他人、礼貌待人。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：We must respect others and be polite in daily life. 2.每个人都应该为社区承担责任。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Everyone should take responsibility for our community. 3. 虽然我们年纪尚小，但小小的善意也可以照亮别人灰暗的日子。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Although we are young, our small kindness may light up other people’s dark days. 【重点知识】 考点1：复合形容词 1. five-year-old五岁的 2. easy-going 随和的 3. well-known 著名的 4. world-famous 世界闻名的 5. warm-hearted 热心的 例句填空： 1. The _____________ girl always shares her toys with other kids.这个八岁的小女孩总是和别的小朋友分享她的玩具。 答案：eight-year-old 2. he Great Wall is one of the most world-famous places of interest in China.长城是中国最举世闻名的名胜古迹之一。 答案：places of interest 3.We should be warm-hearted and helpful students.我们应该做热心、乐于助人的学生。 答案：be warm-hearted 4.Guilin is the most well-known city _______ its beautiful mountains and waters.桂林是因秀美山水而最著名的城市。 答案：for 考点2：be afraid的用法 重点搭配： 1. be afraid to do sth害怕做某事（不敢，没勇气） 2. be afraid of doing sth害怕做某事（习惯性，长期） 3. be afraid that+句子……恐怕……；担心……； 拓展：I’m afraid+（that）从句 恐怕…… 该句型常用于口语表达，通常用于礼貌地说出令人不快、失望或感到遗憾的事。 I’m afraid I can’t go with you this afternoon. 恐怕今天下午我不能和你一起去了。 拓展 I’m afraid so/not. 意为“恐怕是的/不行。”，常用于日常交际。 例句： （1）她担心如果她考试不及格会让父母失望。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：She is afraid that she will let her parents down if she fails the exam. （2）我从不害怕面对困难，因为它们让我更强大。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：I never am afraid of facing difficulties, because they make me stronger. （3）她一开始不敢参加演讲比赛，但最终她成功了。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：She was afraid to take part in the speech competition at first, but she finally made it. 考点2：afford /əˈfɔ:d/ v.买得起，付得起 例句：It just couldn’t afford new crayons for every child.要为每个孩子购买新的蜡笔，医院实在负担不起。（教材P52） 【搭配】 1.afford sth. 买得起某物 2.afford to do sth.负担得起做某事 注意：通常与can、could或be able to连用，多用于否定句或疑问句中，不用于被动语态。 例句： （1）If we wish to own a new bicycle but can’t afford it, we can save our pocket money. 如果我们想要一辆新自行车却买不起，我们可以攒零花钱。 （2）I hope I can afford to buy a big house one day. 我希望有一天能买得起一所大房子。 考点4：get through的用法 【详解】 1.get through sth. 渡过（难关），熬过（困难时期） 例句：With my friends’ help, I got through the hard time after my failure.在朋友的帮助下，我熬过了失败后的艰难时光。 练习：当你克服所有困难时，你会发现自己全新的一面。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 答案：You’ll discover a new side of yourself when you get through all the difficulties. 2.get through通过（考试等）；（用电话）接通 例句： （1）I finally managed to get through my driving test. 我终于通过了驾照考试。 （2）I tried calling you several times but I couldn’t get through. 我试着给你打了几次电话，但都没打通。 考点5：disappointment n.失望，扫兴，沮丧 由“disappoint（v.使失望）+ -ment（名词后缀）”构成。 adj：disappointed disappointing 搭配： 1. to one’s disappointment 令某人失望的是 2. be disappointed at对……失望 例句： （1）He could see the disappointment in her eyes. 他看得出她眼中的失望。 （2）To our great disappointment, it rained every day of the trip. 这次旅行天天下雨，让我们大失所望。 例题： （1）She couldn’t hide her____________ when she didn’t get the job. 答案：disappointment （2）My parents were____________ that I didn’t win the competition. 答案：disappointed 考点6：illness和disease的区分 一句话先记住核心区别： ✅ disease = 具体的“病”（有名字、有病因，医学上的疾病） ✅ illness = 抽象的“生病状态”（生病这件事、生病的时期） 区分： （1）有名字、有病种，医学病 → disease （2）不说病名、只说生病状态 → illness 例句： 1. Regular exercise can help us fight against many kinds of diseases.规律锻炼能帮我们抵御多种疾病。 2. He took good care of me during my illness, which made me very moved.在我生病期间，他悉心照顾我，这让我非常感动。 例题：选词填空 (illness / disease) 1. Heart ________ is a serious health problem. 2. He didn’t go to school because of his ________. 3. Many kinds of ________ are caused by viruses. 4. She stayed at home during her long ________. 5. Eating healthy food can stop many ________. 6.With my parents’ care, I was well again after a serious_______. 答案+简单解析 1. disease（心脏病，具体疾病→用disease） 2. illness（因病请假，生病状态→illness） 3. diseases（各种疾病，医学病种→disease） 4. illness（长期生病期间，状态→illness） 5. diseases（各类疾病→disease） 6. illness 考点7：so far到目前为止，迄今为止 用法 :常与现在完成时连用，同义短语为up to now/until now。 思考：现在完成时态的标志词 ______________ _______________ _______________ 例题： （1）So far, our country ________(make) great efforts in the environmental protection of river. 到目前为止，我国在河流环境保护方面做出了很大的努力。 答案：has made （2）As a traditional Chinese martial art, Taijiquan has ________(spread) to more than 150 countries all over the world so far. 太极拳作为中国传统武术，迄今已传播到世界150多个国家。答案：spread 考点8：public的用法 用法1：作为“形容词”public adj.公众的，大众的 例句： （1）Public safety must come first. 公共安全必须放在首位。 （2）When the news about the school trip went public, everyone got excited. 当学校旅行的消息公开时，所有人都很兴奋。 用法2：作为“名词” public n. 公众，民众 搭配： 1.in public公开地，当众 2.go public公开，公之于众 例句翻译： （1）The movie Ne Zha 2 has been popular with the public since it came out. 电影《哪吒2》自上映以来一直深受大众欢迎。 （2）Don’t be shy when you speak English in public. 在公共场合说英语时不要害羞。 （3）Word spread fast, and Leah’s story went public.消息传得很快，利娅的故事很快为大家所知。 【课堂练习】 第一节：短文改错 Last winter, our neighborhood notice a group of homeless 1.________ people huddled in a park—some struggled with ill, others wore thin clothes. 2._________ They can’t afford buying anything. 3.__________ Their faces were full with disappointment. 4.__________ We decided to help, and even local fireman joined our plan. We brought blankets, hot soup, and medicine first. 5.__________ A little girl gave a teddy bear to a shivering kid, and the goodwill of the moment made everyone smiled. 6.______________ One man said, “I thought no one cared—you must be my luck stars.” 7._________ But we knew this was just a temporary fix (临时修复). To find a long-term solution, we talked to the community centre. They said they may provide a temporary shelter and job training. By the end of the day, no one felt cold or alone. 8.____________ We learned that helping isn’t just about giving things—it’s about giving warmth when they need them most. 9._____________ This small act turned sadness into hope, and we promised we must keep check in on our new friends. 10.___________ 【题型专练】 第一节：选词填空 he   from volunteer  different  why  health  call  interest  practise  reason Volunteering is good for others, and it’s good for ourselves, too. My friend Eric 16 it “a win-win (双赢) situation”. He says, “You feel good because you are helping others, and others feel good because they are getting help.” That’s 17 he likes to be a volunteer every summer holiday. Of course that is not the only benefit we can get 18 being a volunteer. Let’s learn more about the 19 for volunteering. When we are volunteering,we can learn more about the world, and we can 20 our skills at the same time. For example, as a college student, Frank spent his summer holiday 21 in a hospital. He chose a hospital in Chinatown so that he could practise 22 language skills. He also asked the doctors questions and learnt a lot about how to keep 23 from them. Both the people we are helping and people we are working with can give us new ideas. They may give us 24 information and show us new ways of looking at the world. Doing even small things can make a big 25 to others. Let’s work together to make the world better! 【答案】 16．calls 17．why 18．from 19．reasons 20．practise 21．volunteering 22．his 23．healthy 24．interesting 25．difference 第二节：完型填空 Volunteering means giving your time to help others without pay. It’s a(n) 41 .way to learn and grow. Last summer, my 42 student cousin who studied in Anhui University invited me to join a “Community Reading Day”. She volunteered with a group organized by Mr. Davies who was a 43 . The soldier wanted to help people in need. My job was to read stories to a 44 boy named Leo. He was very 45 .At first, Leo wouldn’t look at me or talk. I had a sense of 46 .. Was I doing it wrong? My cousin saw my worry. “Try showing him the pictures first,” she suggested. “Just start a simple 47 about them.” So, I pointed at a dragon. “Look! Is it purple?” I 48 . Leo answered with a low voice, “No... green!” That small moment taught me a big lesson. The 49 to volunteering problems often isn’t giving up, but 50 a different way—being patient and friendly. I learned that even small actions, like sharing a story, can make a big difference. ( ) 41. A. bad B. excellent C. dangerous D. poor ( ) 42. A. factory B. club C. class D. college ( ) 43. A. soldier B. scientist C. farmer D. driver ( ) 44. A. four years old B. four year old C. four-year-old D. four-years-old ( ) 45. A. handsome B. happy C. shy D. healthy ( ) 46. A. disappointment B. joy C. shame D. success ( ) 47. A. letter B. magazine C. novel D. dialogue ( ) 48. A. wrote B. asked C. read D. answered ( ) 49. A. survey B. rule C. solution D. post ( ) 50. A. trying B. creating C. increasing D. replying 答案：41. B 【点拨】bad 坏的；excellent 极好的；dangerous 危险的；poor 贫穷的。根据下文可知，该句意为“这是一种学习和成长的好方法”。 42. D 【点拨】factory 工厂；club 俱乐部；class 班级；college 大学。根据“who studied in Anhui University”可知，此处指“大学生”。 43. A 【点拨】soldier 士兵；scientist 科学家；farmer 农民；driver 司机。根据下文“The soldier wanted to help people in need.”可知，soldier 符合题意。 44. C 【点拨】表示“四岁的男孩”，形容词作定语，正确的表达方式是“four-year-old”。 45. C 【点拨】handsome 英俊的；happy 快乐的；shy 害羞的；healthy 健康的。根据“At first, Leo wouldn’t look at me or talk.”可推知，Leo 是害羞的。 46. A 【点拨】disappointment 失望；joy 愉快；shame 羞耻；success 成功。根据“At first, Leo wouldn’t look at me or talk.”可推知，作者感到失望。 47. D 【点拨】letter 字母；magazine 杂志；novel 小说；dialogue 对话。根据“Is it purple?”和“No... green!”可知，dialogue 符合题意。 48. B 【点拨】wrote 写；asked 问；read 读；answered 回答。根据“Is it purple?”可知，此处是“问”。 49. C 【点拨】survey 调查；rule 规则；solution 解决方法；post 帖子。根据“volunteering problems”可推知，此处指“志愿活动出现问题的解决方法”。 50. A 【点拨】trying 尝试；creating 创造；increasing 增加；replying 答复。此处指“尝试一种不同的方法”。 第三节：阅读理解 Ten-year-old Orion Jean has always known that kindness is important. He often practices it by volunteering with his family. Last year, after entering the National Kindness Speech Competition, he became crazy about it. Now he works to spread kindness everywhere through projects that help others. He calls his campaign (活动) the Race to Kindness. When a teacher told him about the competition, Orion had only 24 hours to write, memorize and record his speech. In it, he talked about the importance of kindness. “Kindness is like spreading hugs around the world,” Orion said. He encouraged listeners to join him in doing small, kind acts for others. Orion’s speech won the competition. He used his $500 prize to support his first Race to Kindness project, a toy drive for a local children’s hospital. He collected 619 toys. After that Orion wanted to make an even bigger influence. Working with others, he packed meal bags for people in need with a kind message in each bag. Orion also organized several activities in his neighborhood. In all, he collected more than 100,000 meals. Orion believes that everyone can win this race. He said, “If you’re kind to someone else, it can make their day brighter and encourage them to pass on kindness. And then it just grows and grows, and it can make the world a better place.” 1．Why did Orion start his campaign? A．To spread and pass on kindness. B．To win the competition. C．To take part in a race. D．To volunteer with his family. 2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? A．The competition. B．The world. C．Orion’s speech. D．Orion’s campaign. 3．What did Orion do for his campaign? A．He held a competition. B．He recorded his speech. C．He built a hospital. D．He collected over 100,000 meals. 4．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph? A．Practice makes perfect. B．One is never too old to learn. C．Believing in yourself is the first step to success. D．Roses given to others, sweet smell left. 5．Which word might we use to describe Orion? A．Strict. B．Kind. C．Brave. D．Confident. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．B 【家庭作业】 第一节：阅读理解 Malia Martinez is an 11-year-old girl who has a special love for animals and a big heart. Just over a year ago, Malia received a New Year gift that changed her life—a sewing (缝纫) machine and sewing lessons. She quickly learned how to sew and really enjoyed it. One day, Malia went to a fair (集市) where she saw many pet owners with their dogs and cats. An idea came to her! “Why not make cute bandanas (色彩鲜艳的围巾) for dogs and cats to help animal shelters (收容所)?” she thought. With lots of excitement and help from her grandmother, Malia turned a corner of her home into a working room. There, she and her grandmother worked together to make lots of colourful bandanas with love and care. Then Malia started to give away her bandanas to animal shelters, hoping to make the animals look cute and catch the eye of people who might adopt (收养) them. Malia also began selling her bandanas. The bandanas cost between $3 and $7, and the money from her sales has gone to animal shelters too. “At first she started just donating the bandanas. But now she is selling more, so she can do more for the shelters,” said Malia’s mom, Crystal. “She is very kind and loves to give, and she doesn’t want for much of anything. It makes her feel good to give.” “Workers from the shelters are really happy and thankful,” Malia said, “which makes me feel really good inside. It makes me happy to see how I’ve made a big difference to the people and animals.” 23．How did Malia learn to sew? A．By taking lessons. B．By reading books. C．By watching videos. D．By surfing the Internet. 24．What inspired (鼓舞) Malia to make bandanas for dogs and cats? A．A visit to a fair. B．A New Year gift. C．A sewing competition. D．A dialogue with her mother. 25．What’s Malia’s goal (目的) of making bandanas for dogs and cats? A．To help them keep warm. B．To help them find owners. C．To show off her sewing skills. D．To make the animals more tidy. 26．What lesson can we learn from Malia’s story? A．It’s never too late to learn. B．Hard work leads to success. C．Small acts of kindness can make a difference. D．No pain, no gain. 【答案】23．A 24．A 25．B 26．C 第二节：单词拼写 26．He spent an hour ________ (help) the old man yesterday. 【答案】helping 【详解】句意：他昨天花了一个小时帮助那位老人。help“帮助”，是动词。句中“spend”的常见用法为“spend + 时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth.”，表示“花费时间/金钱做某事”，其中“in”可以省略，所以这里要用“help”的动名词形式“helping”。 27．We should plan ________ (help) more people. 【答案】to help 【详解】句意：我们应该计划帮助更多的人。“plan to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“计划做某事”，需接动词不定式作宾语。 28．The story tells us the ________ (important) of helping others. 【答案】importance 【详解】句意：这个故事告诉了我们帮助他人的重要性。important意为“重要的”，是形容词。根据“the...of”可知，此处应填名词，其名词形式是importance。 29．We can’t wait ________ (do) something helpful. 【答案】to do 【详解】句意：我们迫不及待地想做些有益的事情。“can’t wait to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“迫不及待做某事”，需接动词不定式。 30．We must follow rules in ________ (public) places. 【答案】public 【详解】句意：我们在公共场所必须遵守规则。句中“places”是名词，空格处需要形容词来修饰名词，充当定语。“public”本身可作形容词，意为“公共的”，“public places”是固定搭配，意为“公共场所”，符合句子语法和语义要求，故填public。 31．My father usually deals with his work problems by ________ (talk) with his workmates. 【答案】talking 【详解】句意：我父亲通常通过与同事交谈来处理他的工作问题。“by”为介词，表示方式，后需接动名词作宾语，构成“by doing sth.”结构，意为“通过做某事”。 32．These poor people don’t have enough money for medical ________ (treat). 【答案】treatment 【详解】句意：这些穷人没有足够的钱用于治疗。treat作动词，意为“治疗”；根据“medical”可知，此处需用名词，treat的名词形式是treatment。故填treatment。 33．The writer was deeply ________ (touch) by the rescuers’ courage. 【答案】touched 【详解】句意：这位作家被救援人员的勇气深深打动。根据语境可知，此句应用被动语态，即be动词+动词的过去分词形式。因此“被打动”应为“be touched”。 34．His ________ (able) to get along well with others makes him a good volunteer. 【答案】ability 【详解】句意：他与他人友好相处的能力让他成为一名优秀的志愿者。空格前是形容词性物主代词His，其后需要接名词来作句子的主语；able是形容词，意为“能够的”，其对应的名词形式是ability，且“ability to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“做某事的能力”，完全符合句子的结构和语义要求，故填ability。 35．Helping out ________ (make) the world warmer and more beautiful. 【答案】makes 【详解】句意：帮助让世界更温暖，更美丽。make“使得”，该句是一般现在时，主语Helping out为动名词，所以动词要用三单形式。故填makes。 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $