Unit4 Exploring literature 单元同步知识点 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语牛津译林版必修第二册

该高中英语导学案聚焦必修二Unit 4阅读与拓展阅读板块，涵盖appeal、determine等核心词汇的词形变化及拓展用法，系统梳理全部倒装、部分倒装等语法点，通过原文例句导入，结合词缀法构建词汇网络，语法从基础句型到高考真题形成递进学习支架。 资料特色在于融合语言能力培养，通过词汇变形与句型应用提升语言理解与表达能力，设置易混辨析如contain与include培养思维品质，高考链接与分层习题助力学习能力提升，帮助学生巩固知识，高效应对考试，发展综合语言运用能力。

必修二 Unit 4 必修二U4【Reading语法】 ●Reading RWords 1.appeal /əˈpiːl/ vi. 有吸引力, 申诉, 呼吁 n. 吸引力, 申诉, 呼吁 原文：Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. 让一首短歌愉悦我们的耳朵，让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们便会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。 【变形】 appealing adj. 有吸引力的, 吸引人的 unappealing​ adj.无吸引力的，不讨人喜欢的 appealable​ adj.可上诉的 appealingly​ adv.有吸引力地，动人地 appellant​ n.上诉人 appellee​ n.被上诉人 -ant /-ent a. ……的 vibrant 生机勃勃的 (vibr 振动) important 重要的 pleasant 令人愉快的 (pleas 愉快，取悦) dominant 占主导地位的 (domin 统治) different 不同的 independent 独立的，不依赖的 obedient 顺从的，服从的 (obey 服从) n. ……的人 servant 仆人 (serv 服务) participant 参与者 (part 部分) student 学生 (stud 学习，努力) president 总统，校长 (preside 主持) -ent还可以表示“……的药剂”，如： detergent 洗涤剂 (deterg 擦干净) solvent 溶剂 (solve溶解) 【拓展】 appeal to sb. /sth. 　　　 吸引/迎合某人或某物 appeal to sb. (for sth.) 为某事向某人呼吁/恳求 appeal (to sb.) to do sth. 呼吁(某人) 做某事 make an appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人发出呼吁 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷））Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. 尽管人们对情商的持续关注是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。 （2018天津卷）Once you’ve got a list of courses that appeal to you, it’s worth looking at some other sources of information about them, like independent reports. 一旦你有了吸引你的课程表，你就有必要看看其他关于这些课程的信息来源，比如独立报告。 【习题】 ①Economic change for its own sake did not ___________________.  经济变化本身并没有吸引他。 ②The police ________________________ remain calm.  警方吁请公众保持镇静。 ③Her novels _____________________.  她的小说有广大的吸引力。 【高考链接】 【0-2024麓山高三上入学】Social media, with its built-in appeal, __________(allow) us to share only the best presentations of our life, while leaving out the more boring aspects. 【1-2024一中高三下适应演练2】But for others, the appeal of eating alone__________(be) quite different. 【2023一中高三下月考（七）】The appealing lineup of seven new movies — __________ (couple) with China’s optimization of COVID-19 control measures, the first such adjustment in three years — further made the January box-office earnings soar, some analysts said. 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】It’s true that__________ everyone's view can be different, not all tablescapes will hold the same appeal. 2. determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/vt. 确定; 决定 vi. 下决心 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 【变形】 determined adj. 坚决的; 有决心的 determination n. 决心; 决定 【拓展】 determine to do sth. 　　 (表示动作)决心做某事, 决定做某事 determine on sth. 决心/决定…… be determined to do sth. 决心做某事 【高考范例】 （2021全国甲卷）And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. 我们看得越多，就越会发现社会因素，比如性别、种族和阶级，并不能决定天才的外表。 （2020浙江卷）Researchers determined that dads need to practice an “authoritative” parenting style. 研究人员认为，父亲们需要采取一种“权威”的育儿方式。 【习题】 ①He __________________no further that night.   他决定那天晚上不再往前走了。 ②I __________________and nothing will stop me.   我已决定要去, 什么也阻止不了我。 ③Where he once felt like giving up, he now has __________________push further and keep on going.   在他曾经想要放弃的地方, 现在他有了继续前进的决心。 【高考链接】 【2025湖南四大名校名师团队猜题卷(B) 】_____________(determine) by musicologists to be based on the similarly-structured English hammered dulcimer, the yangqin was first used in Chinese folk music performances and operas. 【2025雅礼高三下模1】Using ropes to go down cliffs and oil lamps for tunnel lighting, these _____________(determine) builders hand-chiseled (用手工凿) 1.25 million cubic meters of rock. 【1-2024雅礼高三下月考7】She is unwilling to settle for mediocrity and has chosen to challenge herself, determined _____________ (exchange) sweat and effort for her glamorous transformation today. 【2023一中高三上月考4】That evening, Mom said_____________(determine) , “We couldn’t just sit by. Let’s start from explaining the face of the clock.” 3. significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/adj.有重要意义的, 显著的 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 【变形】 significant=important　　 adj.重要的 significant=meaningful adj.有意义的 significance n.重要, 重要性, 意义 signification​ n.含义，意义 (较正式，多用于语言学) insignificant​ adj.不重要的，微不足道的 insignificance​ n.不重要，无足轻重 insignificantly​ adv.微不足道地 -ance /-ancy -ence /-ency n. 性质，状况， 结果，行为 acceptance 接受 importance 重要性 appearance 外观，外表 distance 距离 (dis分开 + st 站立) entrance 入口 (trance 进入) balance 平衡 (lance 天平称重) guidance 指引，指导 (guid 引导) vacancy 空缺 (vac 空缺) constancy 坚定 (stan 站立) experience 经历，经验 (peri 尝试) absence 缺席 (sent 存在，送，说) silence 沉默 (sil 安静) fluency 流利度 (flu 流动) urgency 紧急 (urg 推动) tendency 趋势 (tend 倾向) 【拓展】 be of significance=be significant 重要的 【高考范例】 （2021全国乙卷）But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. 但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太吵，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。 (2020·天津高考)As scheduled, this significant and profound ceremony took place on June 8th. 这一重大且意义深远的仪式于6月8日如期举行。 【习题】 ①The accident is already shaping up as ______________________.  这个事故已经酿成为一场重大的环境灾难。 ②_____________________ girls generally do better in examinations than boys.  很明显，女生的考试成绩一般比男生的好。 ③Parents' love and caring _____________________ for children.  父母的爱和关怀对孩子是非常重要的。 【高考链接】 【2025一中高三下月考8】It is significant_____________(welcome) their expression of both negative and positive emotion. When we don’t give them a safe outlet to express their feelings, this can lead them to behave in a passive-aggressive manner. 【2025附中高三下模拟2】This occurs _____________(significant) less for people who have low self-esteem. 【2023湖南教研联盟联考2】With tears welling up in her eyes, she stood up and asked why she was given such an_____________(significant) task. 【2025长郡高二上期中】The Olympic Games, among the world’s _____________(significant) sports events, not only demonstrate the highest level of athletic competition but also serve as a symbol of global cultural exchange and unity. 4. description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n.描述，形容，说明 原文：The customs that followed were anything but ordinary. 接下来的风俗也都不同寻常。 【变形】 describe vt. 描述，形容；描绘 description​ n.描述，说明 descriptive​ adj.描述性的，描写的 descriptiveness​n.描述性 indescribable​ adj.难以形容的，无法描述的 descriptively​ adv.描述性地 indescribably​ adv.难以形容地 【拓展】 describe sb/ sth as 把某人(某物)描述为 brief/general description of 简要/概括性说明 beyond description  无法形容，难以形容 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷）We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. 我们更喜欢把情商描述为一套特定的技能，可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。 （2020新高考I卷）Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions. 无论是什么，结果都是对最纯粹的中亚传统的完美而生动的描述。 【习题】 ①Can you _____________________?  你能向我描述一下他的样子吗？ ②Can you _____________________ your hometown?  你能描述一下你的故乡吗？ ③The view from the top was quite _____________________. 从山顶看去的景色是笔墨难以形容的。 【高考链接】 【2025长郡高三下模1】 _______________(trigger) events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. 【1-2024南雅高二下月考1】This______________(describe) came about because that side of the moon cannot be seen from the Earth. 【3-2024一中高二下期末】Now, the beauty of Lake Baiyangdian resembles the one _____________ (describe) in “Zhang Ga, the Soldier Boy”, attracting visitors who hope to take _____________ glance at the vivid lotus, flourishing reeds and the clear lake water. 5. reflect /rɪˈflekt/ vt. &vi. 反映, 显示, 映出(影像); 反射(声、光、热等); 沉思 原文：Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。 【变形】 reflection n.反映, 表达, 映像, 沉思 reflector​ n. 反射物；反光板 reflectiveness​ n.反省性，反思性 reflective​ adj.反射的；反映的；深思的 reflected​ adj.反射的；被反映的 unreflecting ​ adj. 不思考的，轻率的 reflectively​ adv.反思地，沉思地 【拓展】 reflect on/upon　　　 认真思考 be reflected in 映出, 倒映在 be lost in reflection 陷入沉思 【高考范例】 （2021浙江卷）She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of (41)herself（she）, everything in good taste and in perfect order. 她长得非常漂亮，她的房子已经反映出来了，一切都趣味高雅，井井有条。 （2019江苏卷）A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity. 城市是人类的双手和思想的产物，反映了人的智慧和创造力。 （2018天津卷）However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. 然而，有少量的光被海洋反射。光线使那个区域更亮。 【习题】 ①The lake is calm and clear, and an old tower ____________the water.   湖面平静清澈, 一座古塔倒映在水面上。 ②I hope in years to come he will _________his decision.   我希望未来的几年里他会反省自己的决定。 ③When he is alone, he is often ______________.   当他独处时, 他常常陷入沉思。 【高考链接】 【2025南雅高三下月考8】The puppy’s whimper turned into desperate yelps, as if it was asking for her help. Turning around, she saw it pushing a mud-caked teddy bear with its nose, only with the toy’s remaining eye ______________(reflect) rainclouds. 【4-2024附中高三上月考4】They are now turning ____________ sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space to keep down the temperature of the ____________(planet) climate. 【2025长郡高二下月考1】On the one hand, the New Year’s resolutions reflect our hope ____________ (make) a personal transformation. On the other hand, they show our regret of the past year. 6. capable /ˈkeɪpəb(ə)l/ adj.有能力, 有才能, 能力强的 原文：One who reads it is capable of seeing the beauty that was hidden from his eyes before. 读过它的人就能看见以前他眼中所看不到的美。 【变形】 capability n. 能力, 才能 incapability​ n.无能力 enable​ v.使能够 incapable​ adj.无能力的，不能的 incapacity​ n.无能力 capably​ adv.能干地 incapably​ adv.无能地 后缀 词性[footnoteRef:2] [2: 通常，后缀注重改变单词的词性。此处会将后缀的词性列出，若留空，则表示为少数的“表意”后缀] 释义 例词 -able /-ible a. 能够……的， 可以被…的 changeable 可改变的 inflammable 可燃的 (flam 火焰) usable 能被使用的 comfortable 舒服的 (fort 支撑，强) valuable 有价值的 acceptable 可接受的 possible 可能的 (poss 能够) visible 可被看见的 (vis 看) terrible 可怕的 (terr 恐惧) credible 可信的 (cred 相信) audible 能被听见的 (audi 听，声音) edible 可食用的 (ed 吃) reliable 可靠的 (rely 依赖) -ably /-ibly ad. 能够…地， 可以被…地 reasonably 合理地 (reason 合理) acceptably 可以接受地 noticeably 明显地 (notice 注意) dependably 值得信赖地 considerably 相当地 favorably 有利地 respectably 体面地 easily 简单地 invisibly 看不见地 flexibly 灵活地 forcibly 强行地 accessibly 容易获得地 plausibly 看似合理地 【拓展】 be capable of sth. /doing sth. 　 有能力做某事 have the capability to do sth. 有能力做某事 beyond/within one’s capabilities​ 超出/在某人的能力范围之内 nuclear/military/technical capability​ 核/军事/技术能力 a person of great capability​ 很有能力的人 capabilities and limitations​ 能力和局限性 【高考范例】 （2016江苏卷）Students who are successful in an on-line course are usually capable of working independently in a responsible and honest manner. 在网络课程上取得成功的学生通常能够以负责任和诚实的态度独立工作。 【习题】 ①He is a student ____________solving difficult math problems.   他是一个有能力解决数学难题的学生。 ②They _________________to complete the task in a week.   他们有能力在一周内完成这项任务。 【高考链接】 【4-2024长郡高三上月考4】The Long March 4C rocket, also _____________product of the Shanghai academy, is capable of _____________ (transport) satellites with a combined weight of 3 metric tons to a typical sun-synchronous orbit 700 kilometers above the earth. 【2-2024雅礼高三下模2】Years later, I developed another prosthetic arm that I called the MK-1, ____________ had fingers, a motor, a pressure sensor, a movable elbow joint, and a grabber capable of picking things up. 【2023长郡高二上期末】More ____________ (amazing), my robotic hand is capable of feeling varying degrees of pressure, just like a real hand. 7. contain /kənˈteɪn/ vt. 包含, 含有, 容纳 原文：To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. 为此，它应包含两个要素：普遍兴趣和个人风格。 【变形】 container n.容器 -ar /-er n. ……的人 ……的东西 grammar 语法 (gram 写，画) calendar 日历 (calend计日, 宣告)‘ liar 说谎的人，撒谎精 (lie 谎言) altar 祭坛 (alt 高) singer 歌唱家 insider 局内人 (inside 内部) washer 洗衣机 lighter 打火机 heater 加热器 a. ……的 (仅-ar) lunar 月亮的 (luna 月亮) popular 受欢迎的，大众的 (popul 人民) regular 规则的，定期的 (regul 规则，直线) ◎This drink doesn't contain any alcohol. 这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ◎She was unable to contain her excitement. 她无法抑制内心的激动。 【习题1】 ①The diaries _________________________the writer’s experiences in China.   这些日记详细叙述了作者在中国的经历。 ②Food will last longer if kept ____________________.   如果贮藏在密封的容器里, 食物能保存更久的时间。 【易混辨析】contain； include (1)contain 表示所含之物的全部或一部分，侧重于含有的数量和成分，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指无形的东西。 （异类） (2)include 侧重指范围，其主语和宾语属于同类，是整体和部分的关系。常使用“including + 被包含的对象”或“被包含的对象+included” 【习题2】 ①Milk, oily fish and eggs all _______________ vitamin D.  牛奶、油性鱼类和鸡蛋全都含维他命D。 ②Your duties ________________ typing letters and answering the telephone.  你的职责是打信件和接电话。 8. summary /ˈsʌməri/ n.总结, 概括, 概要 原文：In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty…总之，文学是以真和美的形式对生命的表达… 【变形】 summarize v. 总结, 概述 sum n. 款项, 总数 -ise /-ize[footnoteRef:3] [3: 特别指出，-ise并无名词后缀的用法，有些单词如merchandise, exercise等，-ise本身就是词根的一部分，不属于名词词缀。这一点许多老师也会犯错！在最右方的例词中，因个人习惯，仅展示AmE拼法] (美式拼写为-ize) v. 使……化 使……具有性质 使……成为状态 realize 实现 (real 真实的) organize 组织 (organ 器官，结构) civilize 使……变得文明 (civil 公民的) modernize 现代化 (modern 现代的) industrialize 工业化 (industrial 工业的) jeopardize 危害 (jeopardy 危害) popularize 推广，普及 (popular 流行的) 【拓展】 make a summary　　 做总结 in summary 概括地说, 总的来说(相当于in a word) a sum of 一笔 sum up 计算出……的总数; 总结; 概括, 总而言之 to sum up=in sum 总而言之 ◎What follows is a brief summary of the process. 接下来是对该过程的一个简短总结。 ◎In summary, it is my opinion that this complete treatment process was very successful. 总之，我认为整个治疗过程是非常成功的。 ◎The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter. 在这一章末尾对研究结果作了总结。 【习题】 ①___________, I argue that the testing of spoken English is both necessary and beneficial.   总之, 我认为英语口语测试是必要的和有益的。 ②__________, I wish you could live up to the expectations of our school. 总之, 我希望你能不辜负我们学校的期望。  ③Basically, the article can be ___________ in three sentences. 这篇文章基本上可以概述为三句话。 9. devote oneself to 致力于, 献身于 原文：… that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely. 无论我投身于什么，我都会全身心投入。 【变形】 devoted adj. 献身的, 忠诚的 devotion n. 奉献; 献身; 忠诚 【拓展】 devote oneself to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 devote one’s time/ life/ money/ energy to (doing) sth 把某人的时间/ 一生/ 金钱/ 精力奉献于(做)某事 be devoted to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 a devoted son/friend/fan  孝子；忠诚的朋友；狂热的崇拜者 【高考范例】 （2018江苏卷）The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. 修道院博物馆和花园是大都会艺术博物馆的一个分支，致力于中世纪欧洲的艺术和建筑。 （2015四川卷）The emotional, physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never-ending, but children are also sources of great joy and happiness. 母亲在情感上、身体上和精神上投入到孩子身上的精力可能是无穷无尽的，但孩子也是巨大的快乐和幸福的源泉。 【习题】 ①Uncle Li is responsible and ________________.   李叔叔对工作很负责, 很敬业。 ②He _______________________reading literature.   他所有的业余时间都用来读文学作品了。 ③We appreciated _____________time and money to the project.   我们感谢他为这个项目投入的时间和金钱。 【高考链接】 【2025湖南四大名校名师团队猜题卷(B) 】If you want to catch similar performances, ____________ happen multiple times for free every week, visit Eastman’s page____________ (devote) to live streamed events! 【2-2024一中高三上月考2】Professionals can make themselves because they devote their work, practice, and time to ____________(obtain) this position instead of managing to read books only. 【2023长郡高三上期中】To my relief, my little girl knew what matters in her life. She could devote herself ___________ the chores as much as books. 【拓展】 短语devote. . . to. . . 中的to为介词, 其后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。“devote. . . to (介词)” adapt. . . to. . . 　 使适应; 使配合 adjust. . . to. . . 调节……以适应 apply. . . to. . . 把……应用于…… prefer. . . to. . . 喜欢……胜过…… attach. . . to. . . 把……附在……上 RSentences 1.A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear.   一个小孩与一位男士正在海滩上散步, 小孩突然看到了一个贝壳, 他拾起贝壳并放在耳边 【拓展】 本句中 “were walking … when ”，在表示“正在做某事，这时…”。when 作并列连词，相当于“at this time” be about to do sth（… when）/ be on the point of doing (… when )表示“即将，马上要做的事，这时…” had just done ...when ... 表示“刚做完……这时…” ◎An agreement was about to be reached when the other side raised new issues.  快要达成协议的时候，对方又节外生枝。 ◎I was reading English when my teacher came in. 我正在读英语，这时老师进来了。 ◎He had left the office when I phoned him. 当我给他打电话时，他已经离开办公室了。 【习题】 ①I ______________this _____ I heard my name called.   我正想着这件事, 这时听到有人叫我的名字。 ②He ________________________he saw a shark.   他刚要跳水, 突然看到了一条鲨鱼。 ③I _________________the door _____ he called me.   我刚打开门, 他就打电话给我。 2. 全部倒装 原文：Behind every book is a man，behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments．每本书的背后都是人，人的背后是民族，民族的背后是自然和社会环境。 【拓展】 本句是全部倒装句，以下情况适用于全部倒装： ①表示地点，方向，时间等的介词短语位于句首时，若句子的主语是名词而不是代词时； ◎On the top of the hill stands a building.  那个房子位于该山山顶。 ②表示方向，地点和时间的副词in, out, down, up, off, back, away, over there, there, now, then, here, first等位于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时； ◎Out rushed Mary with a dog following her. 玛丽冲了出来， 有一只狗跟着她。 【习题】 ①In front of the house _______________.   房前有一条小河。 ②By the side of the teaching building of our school ________________, which was completed in 2009.   在我们学校的教学楼旁边有一座图书馆, 它于2009年建成。 ③_____________________________________________.   下雨了, 伞都撑起来了。 必修二U4【Extended Reading语法】 ●Extended Reading RWords 1. particular /pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/adj. 特别的, 格外的; 特指的; 挑剔的 原文：Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials…. 特别是教师可以为有趣的阅读材料提供建议.... 【变形】 particularly​ adv.特别地，尤其 particularity​ n.特殊性，细节 (正式) particulars​ n.(常用复数) 详情，细节 particularize​ v.详述，列举 (正式，少用) -ar /-er n. ……的人 ……的东西 grammar 语法 (gram 写，画) calendar 日历 (calend计日, 宣告) liar 说谎的人，撒谎精 (lie 谎言) altar 祭坛 (alt 高) singer 歌唱家 insider 局内人 (inside 内部) washer 洗衣机 lighter 打火机 heater 加热器 a. ……的 (仅-ar) lunar 月亮的 (luna 月亮) popular 受欢迎的，大众的 (popul 人民) regular 规则的，定期的 (regul 规则，直线) 【拓展】 be particular about　　　　 对……挑剔/讲究 in particular=particularly 特别, 尤其 particular cases 特定情况 【高考范例】 （2021浙江卷）Leslie Nielsen’s childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. 莱斯利·尼尔森的童年是艰难的，但在他的生命中有一颗特别耀眼的明星——他的叔叔，一位著名的演员。 （2020浙江卷）This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. 这项特别的研究调查了生活在双亲家庭的11到14岁的孩子。 （2018天津卷）For some people, living at home offers the best of both worlds, but it may make sense to move if you want to study a particular course at a specific university or college. 对一些人来说，住在家里是两全其美，但如果你想在特定的大学学习特殊的课程，那么搬家可能是合理的。 ◎Betty is very particular about/over food. However, she likes the food cooked by her grandma in particular. Actually, her grandma is particularly good at cooking. 贝蒂很挑食。然而, 她特别喜欢吃她奶奶做的饭。实际上, 她的奶奶特别擅长烹饪。 【拓展】“in+n. ”结构 ①in case　　　　 以防万一 ②in danger 处于危险中 ③in short/brief 总而言之 ④in vain 徒劳的 ⑤in particular 特别 ⑥in relief 如释重负 【习题】 ①One player ______________________ deserves a mention.  有一名运动员特别值得表扬。 ②These documents ______________________ interest.  这些文件让人尤其感兴趣。 ③______________________, it advocates the use of QR codes for placing orders and paying bills.   单句语法填空 ①She likes fruit and tomatoes __ particular. ②Red is a___________ (particular)popular color in China. ③He’s very particular _____ the kitchen—everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 2. mean /miːn/ adj.吝啬的, 小气的; 不善良的, 刻薄的 v.意味着 原文：The book’s main character is Scrooge, a rich and mean old man. 这本书的主要人物是吝啬鬼斯克鲁奇，一个富有和吝啬的老人。 【变形】 mean (意思是；打算；意味着) — meant — meant meaning​ n.意思，含义 means​ n.方法，手段；金钱 meaningful​ adj.有意义的 meaningless​ adj. 无意义的 meaningfully​ adv.有意义地 meaninglessly​ adv.无意义地 【拓展】 be mean about/with　　 对……吝啬/小气 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 by means of  用，依靠 by no means  决不 【高考范例】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. 再就是我的10到19岁的小伙伴们, 有刻薄的姑娘, 也有酷小子。 【习题】 ①Balance does not mean ____________________.  平衡并不意味着努力追求每件事情。 ②In some countries, nodding ____________“Yes”.   在一些国家, 点头并不意味着“是”。 ③______________________ should you tell him about it.  你绝不要告诉他这事。 【高考链接】 【2025一中高三下模1】That’s why we should aim to use questions as_________means by which the speaker can begin to reach their own conclusions about the issues being raised, without sounding judgmental or forceful. 【0-2024新高考适应高三下】Any time plastic containers_______________ (heat), chemical changes in the material mean it can leach (渗入) micro-particles into your food. 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】Our brains have to work to translate the black squiggles(弯弯曲曲的线条) on the page into words and then interpret the______________ (mean) and intent(意图) of those words. 3.stage /steɪdʒ/ n.阶段; 舞台; 步骤 v.上演, 举办 原文：A story written for performance on the stage 为舞台表演而写的故事。 【拓展】 stage by stage　　　　　　 逐步地 be/go on the stage 当/成为演员; 登台演出 historical/political stage 历史/政治舞台 early stage 初级阶段 leave the stage 退出舞台 stage of development 发展阶段 当先行词stage表示事物的发展阶段或所处的状态时, 定语从句的关系词用where,表示抽象的地点。类似的词还有situation, point, case, position等。 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷）By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare time on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. 白天，罗伯特·蒂特顿是一名律师。在舞台上，他站在钢琴家玛丽亚·拉斯波波娃旁边——不是作为一个音乐家，而是作为她的翻页者。 （2021新高考I卷）He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage. 他说他变得和那些在舞台上演奏乐器的人一样紧张。 【习题】 ①___________it’s impossible to know whether our plan will succeed.   在现阶段尚不能知道我们的计划能否成功。 ②His parents didn’t want him to _____________.   他父母不想让他当演员。 ③The local theatre group ________a production of Hamlet.   当地剧团在上演《哈姆雷特》。 4. collection /kəˈlekʃ(ə)n/ n. (同类)收藏品; 作品集; 募捐 原文：Take time to look through the collections in different sections of your local library, and you are likely to come across books you love to read. 花时间去浏览你当地图书馆不同部门的收集作品, 你可能会偶然碰到你喜欢读的书。 【变形】 collect v. 收集, 募捐 【拓展】 a collection of　　　　　 大量的 stamp collecting/collecting stamps 集邮 【高考范例】 （2020全国卷II）The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives. 令人印象深刻的永久收藏包括特纳和罗姆尼，临时展览计划有卡纳莱托和来自圣艾夫斯的艺术家。 （2020全国卷II）Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage, walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. 游览他的湖边小屋，穿过他的山坡花园，探索博物馆中丰富的收藏。 【习题】 ①The national park has _________________wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.   这个国家公园有大量的野生动物, 从蝴蝶到大象。 ②________________will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym.   所有的收藏品都将在6月16日至18日在体育馆展出。 ③The money needed for the sick child ________________.   那个生病的孩子所需的钱很快就筹集到了。 【高考链接】 【1-2024长郡高三上月考1】The staff is also in charge of environmental data ___________ (collect) and wildlife monitoring. collection 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】Tablescapes (桌面景观)are basically creatively designed table arrangements or decorations for the center of a table, ___________ show or highlight a specific object or collection. 5. destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ vt.摧毁, 毁灭, 破坏 原文：He is extremely good at describing the adventures of tough men who he believes “can be destroyed but not defeated”. 【变形】 destructive adj.造成破坏的, 毁灭性的 destruction n.破坏, 毁灭 【拓展】 be completely/totally destroyed 被彻底摧毁 destroy one’s life/faith/hope/confidence 毁掉某人的生活/信仰/希望/信心 【高考范例】 （2020新高考I卷）Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. 因此，这本书，《追逐大海：迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵中》，讲述了从塔什干到卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦的一次公路旅行，在那里，数百万人的生命被大海的缓慢干涸所毁灭。 （2020全国卷II）“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur. “谈论没有罪责的毛皮听起来很疯狂——除非你知道海狸鼠每年都在破坏大片湿地，”正义毛皮公司的项目总监克里·麦克雷说。 (2019·北京高考) By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids’ teeth, instead of destroying them. 到她13岁的时候, 她的公司已经价值数百万美元, 并且还发明了一种超级糖果, 可以保护孩子们的牙齿, 而不是破坏它们。 【习题】 ①Without the assistance, the victim can _____________.   没有援助, 受害者可以毁掉他的生活。 ②He was unable to contain his own _________________.   他无法克制自己的消极情绪。 ③It is vital that we act to stop _______________the rainforests.   至关紧要的是, 我们应当采取行动防止雨林被破坏。 【拓展】 damage 既可作动词, 也可作名词, 指部分“损坏”“破坏”或指使用价值有所降低 destroy 只能用作动词, 指彻底地破坏, 以致不可能修复, 常作“破坏”“毁灭”讲 ruin 表示破坏严重, 以致不能修复, 是长期损坏的结果。它既可以表示毁灭具体事物, 也可以用来表示抽象概念上的“毁掉或破坏” 【习题】 选词填空(damage, destroy, ruin)。 (1)The bridge was badly ________ by the flood. (2)In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in _____. (3)Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, __________ fourteen homes. 【高考链接】 【2025长郡高二上期中】It’s apparent__________mobile phones can destroy a child. 【2025附中高二上期中】The engineer __________(explain) the robots use GPS to be sure they are destroying the correct tulips. 6. attempt /əˈtempt/ vt. &n. 努力, 尝试, 试图 原文：After coming in empty- handed for eighty-four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish. 圣地亚哥空手而归八十四天之后，试图捕捉一条大鱼。 【变形】 attempted​ adj.未遂的，企图的 【拓展】 attempt to do sth. 　　　　　　 试图做某事 make an attempt to do sth. 试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 in an attempt to do sth. 力图做某事 make an attempt at (doing) sth. 试图做某事 【高考范例】 (2021·全国乙卷)One afternoon, while attempting to get into bed she collapsed from what was eventually discovered to be a heart attack. 一天下午, 当她试图上床睡觉时, 她晕倒了, 最后被发现是心脏病发作。 （2017天津卷）The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles. 这个提案试图解决一些人称之为自动驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”的问题。 （2016全国卷I）Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. 沉默可能会被一些文化群体视为极其不舒服的；因此，可以尝试用对话来填补每一段空白。 （2015湖南卷）"He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight," Glenn later wrote. “他在地板上挥舞着手臂，就像一只尝试首次飞行的小鸟，”格伦·莱蒂写道。 【习题】 ①The boys _______________to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.   男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。 ②Not many people can answer this question _________________.   第一次就能回答这个问题的人并不是很多。 ③For years researchers have attempted _______that television is dangerous to children.   数年来, 研究人员一直在试图表明电视对孩子有危险。 ④They closed the road __________________________in the city.   他们封闭了道路, 试图减少城里的交通流量。 【高考链接】 【1-2024一中高三上月考1】According to statistics, the CIA has intervened (干预) in or attempted_____________ (overthrow) at least 50 legitimate (合法的) governments and caused unrest in numerous other countries over the years... 【2023湖南教研联盟联考2】By framing a situation you’re dreading (畏惧) differently before you attempt___________, you may be able to avoid some stress and anxiety. 【0-2024明德高二上入学】He attempted ___________(catch) one or two as they rushed past him, but they were too swift for the older gentleman to catch. 7. straighten /ˈstreɪtn/ vt.挺直; (使)变直, 变正 原文：Then he straightened himself and began another circle. 【变形】 straight adj.直的; 连续的 adv. 直接 【拓展】 straighten sth. out　　 清理; 整顿 straighten sb. out 帮人解决问题; 为人解除困惑 ◎The interviewee straightened his tie and walked in. 面试者把领带拉正，走了进去。 ◎He stood up and straightened his shoulders. 他站起身，挺起肩膀。 ◎The road bends here and then straightens out. 公路在这儿拐弯，然后就直了。 ◎Straighten up slowly, then repeat the exercise ten times. 慢慢挺直身体，然后重复这个动作十次。 【习题】 ①I’ll try to ______________________once and for all.   我要彻底地把这事情理清楚。 ②He hasn’t come round yet. Could you try and ________________?   他一时想不通, 你开导开导他好吗? 【拓展】 “adj. +-en→v. ”的演变 ①hard→harden　　　 (使)变硬 ②ripe→ripen (使)成熟 ③short→shorten (使)变短 ④wide→widen (使)变宽 ⑤deep→deepen (使)变深 ⑥sharp→sharpen 削尖; 使锐利 ⑦dark→darken (使)变暗 8. confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ adj. 糊涂的, 迷惑的; 不清楚的, 混乱的 原文：Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. 【变形】 confusing adj. 令人困惑的 confusion​ n.困惑，混乱 confusedly​ adv.困惑地 confusingly​ adv.令人困惑地 【拓展】 be confused about　　　 对……感到困惑 confuse sb. with sth. 某物使某人困惑 【高考范例】 (2019·江苏高考) In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 不到一个星期, 他就成了一个五百英尺高的圆锥体的糊涂的主人。 （2014全国卷I）This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 这让我心烦意乱，因为当所有的专家都在忙着讨论哪种选择是最好的，那些想要改善生活的人却被所有这些相互矛盾的信息弄糊涂了。 （2012北京卷）Confused, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher.我困惑地瞥了一眼我面无表情的老师。 【习题】 ①If you _________________anything, phone my office.   如果你对任何事情感到困惑, 打电话到我的办公室。 ②You _______________your questions.   你的问题把我弄糊涂了。 ③His composition was _______________I could hardly make any sense of it.   他的作文令人费解, 我几乎看不懂。 【高考链接】 【2023一中高三上月考4】Dad tried three times but got_________(confuse) and finally gave up. 9. clear up (头脑)清醒; 使整洁, 清理; (天气)放晴; 澄清, 消除 原文：“clear up, head,”he said in a voice he could hardly hear. “clear up.” “清醒吧，头脑，”他用那种几乎听不见的声音说。“清醒”。 【习题】 写出下列句子中clear up的中文含义 ①After breakfast they played while I cleared up.  ②The rain held up and there's no sign to clear up.  ③Antibiotics should be used to clear up the infection.  【拓展】up短语 ①turn up　　　 调高(音量); 出现 ②stay up 不睡觉, 熬夜 ③pick up 捡起; 学会 ④bring up 抚养; 教养 ⑤dress up 穿上盛装; 打扮 ⑥clear up 澄清; 放晴 ⑦make up 虚构; 弥补; 组成; 化妆; 整理 ⑧mix up 混淆; 搅匀 RSentences 1.Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother.   我从没见过比你更庞大、更美丽、更沉着或更崇高的东西, 老弟。 【拓展】 本句中“Never have I seen”是倒装结构。当具有否定意义的副词never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等放在句首时, 主句用部分倒装。 【习题】 ①__________I seen a situation which made him so angry.   我从未见过使他如此生气的情况。 ②___________he go out for dinner.   他很少出去吃饭。 ③___________she have time to listen to music.   她几乎没时间听音乐。 以下结构放在句首时, 主句使用部分倒装: ①“not until+句子”; ②“not only+句子”; ③“only+状语”; ④neither或nor; ⑤so+adj. /adv. 。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 必修二 Unit 4 必修二P4【Reading语法】 ●Reading RWords 1.appeal /əˈpiːl/ vi. 有吸引力, 申诉, 呼吁 n. 吸引力, 申诉, 呼吁 原文：Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. 让一首短歌愉悦我们的耳朵，让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们便会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。 【变形】 appealing adj. 有吸引力的, 吸引人的 unappealing​ adj.无吸引力的，不讨人喜欢的 appealable​ adj.可上诉的 appealingly​ adv.有吸引力地，动人地 appellant​ n.上诉人 appellee​ n.被上诉人 -ant /-ent a. ……的 vibrant 生机勃勃的 (vibr 振动) important 重要的 pleasant 令人愉快的 (pleas 愉快，取悦) dominant 占主导地位的 (domin 统治) different 不同的 independent 独立的，不依赖的 obedient 顺从的，服从的 (obey 服从) n. ……的人 servant 仆人 (serv 服务) participant 参与者 (part 部分) student 学生 (stud 学习，努力) president 总统，校长 (preside 主持) -ent还可以表示“……的药剂”，如： detergent 洗涤剂 (deterg 擦干净) solvent 溶剂 (solve溶解) 【拓展】 appeal to sb. /sth. 　　　 吸引/迎合某人或某物 appeal to sb. (for sth.) 为某事向某人呼吁/恳求 appeal (to sb.) to do sth. 呼吁(某人) 做某事 make an appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人发出呼吁 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷））Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. 尽管人们对情商的持续关注是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。 （2018天津卷）Once you’ve got a list of courses that appeal to you, it’s worth looking at some other sources of information about them, like independent reports. 一旦你有了吸引你的课程表，你就有必要看看其他关于这些课程的信息来源，比如独立报告。 【习题】 ①Economic change for its own sake did not ___________________.  经济变化本身并没有吸引他。 ②The police ________________________ remain calm.  警方吁请公众保持镇静。 ③Her novels _____________________.  她的小说有广大的吸引力。 【答案】① appeal to him ②made an appeal to the public to ③have wide appeal 【高考链接】 【0-2024麓山高三上入学】Social media, with its built-in appeal, __________(allow) us to share only the best presentations of our life, while leaving out the more boring aspects. allows 【1-2024一中高三下适应演练2】But for others, the appeal of eating alone__________(be) quite different. is 【2023一中高三下月考（七）】The appealing lineup of seven new movies — __________ (couple) with China’s optimization of COVID-19 control measures, the first such adjustment in three years — further made the January box-office earnings soar, some analysts said. coupled 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】It’s true that__________ everyone's view can be different, not all tablescapes will hold the same appeal. as/though 2. determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/vt. 确定; 决定 vi. 下决心 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 【变形】 determined adj. 坚决的; 有决心的 determination n. 决心; 决定 【拓展】 determine to do sth. 　　 (表示动作)决心做某事, 决定做某事 determine on sth. 决心/决定…… be determined to do sth. 决心做某事 【高考范例】 （2021全国甲卷）And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. 我们看得越多，就越会发现社会因素，比如性别、种族和阶级，并不能决定天才的外表。 （2020浙江卷）Researchers determined that dads need to practice an “authoritative” parenting style. 研究人员认为，父亲们需要采取一种“权威”的育儿方式。 【习题】 ①He __________________no further that night.   他决定那天晚上不再往前走了。 ②I __________________and nothing will stop me.   我已决定要去, 什么也阻止不了我。 ③Where he once felt like giving up, he now has __________________push further and keep on going.   在他曾经想要放弃的地方, 现在他有了继续前进的决心。 【答案】① determined to travel ②am determined to go ③the determination to 【高考链接】 【2025湖南四大名校名师团队猜题卷(B) 】_____________(determine) by musicologists to be based on the similarly-structured English hammered dulcimer, the yangqin was first used in Chinese folk music performances and operas. Determined 【2025雅礼高三下模1】Using ropes to go down cliffs and oil lamps for tunnel lighting, these _____________(determine) builders hand-chiseled (用手工凿) 1.25 million cubic meters of rock. determined 【1-2024雅礼高三下月考7】She is unwilling to settle for mediocrity and has chosen to challenge herself, determined _____________ (exchange) sweat and effort for her glamorous transformation today. to exchange 【2023一中高三上月考4】That evening, Mom said_____________(determine) , “We couldn’t just sit by. Let’s start from explaining the face of the clock.” determinedly 3. significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/adj.有重要意义的, 显著的 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 【变形】 significant=important　　 adj.重要的 significant=meaningful adj.有意义的 significance n.重要, 重要性, 意义 signification​ n.含义，意义 (较正式，多用于语言学) insignificant​ adj.不重要的，微不足道的 insignificance​ n.不重要，无足轻重 insignificantly​ adv.微不足道地 -ance /-ancy -ence /-ency n. 性质，状况， 结果，行为 acceptance 接受 importance 重要性 appearance 外观，外表 distance 距离 (dis分开 + st 站立) entrance 入口 (trance 进入) balance 平衡 (lance 天平称重) guidance 指引，指导 (guid 引导) vacancy 空缺 (vac 空缺) constancy 坚定 (stan 站立) experience 经历，经验 (peri 尝试) absence 缺席 (sent 存在，送，说) silence 沉默 (sil 安静) fluency 流利度 (flu 流动) urgency 紧急 (urg 推动) tendency 趋势 (tend 倾向) 【拓展】 be of significance=be significant 重要的 【高考范例】 （2021全国乙卷）But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. 但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太吵，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。 (2020·天津高考)As scheduled, this significant and profound ceremony took place on June 8th. 这一重大且意义深远的仪式于6月8日如期举行。 【习题】 ①The accident is already shaping up as ______________________.  这个事故已经酿成为一场重大的环境灾难。 ②_____________________ girls generally do better in examinations than boys.  很明显，女生的考试成绩一般比男生的好。 ③Parents' love and caring _____________________ for children.  父母的爱和关怀对孩子是非常重要的。 【答案】 ①a significant environmental disaster ②It is significant that ③are of great significance 【高考链接】 【2025一中高三下月考8】It is significant_____________(welcome) their expression of both negative and positive emotion. When we don’t give them a safe outlet to express their feelings, this can lead them to behave in a passive-aggressive manner. to welcome 【2025附中高三下模拟2】This occurs _____________(significant) less for people who have low self-esteem. significantly 【2023湖南教研联盟联考2】With tears welling up in her eyes, she stood up and asked why she was given such an_____________(significant) task. insignificant 【2025长郡高二上期中】The Olympic Games, among the world’s _____________(significant) sports events, not only demonstrate the highest level of athletic competition but also serve as a symbol of global cultural exchange and unity. most significant 4. description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n.描述，形容，说明 原文：The customs that followed were anything but ordinary. 接下来的风俗也都不同寻常。 【变形】 describe vt. 描述，形容；描绘 description​ n.描述，说明 descriptive​ adj.描述性的，描写的 descriptiveness​n.描述性 indescribable​ adj.难以形容的，无法描述的 descriptively​ adv.描述性地 indescribably​ adv.难以形容地 【拓展】 describe sb/ sth as 把某人(某物)描述为 brief/general description of 简要/概括性说明 beyond description  无法形容，难以形容 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷）We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. 我们更喜欢把情商描述为一套特定的技能，可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。 （2020新高考I卷）Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions. 无论是什么，结果都是对最纯粹的中亚传统的完美而生动的描述。 【习题】 ①Can you _____________________?  你能向我描述一下他的样子吗？ ②Can you _____________________ your hometown?  你能描述一下你的故乡吗？ ③The view from the top was quite _____________________. 从山顶看去的景色是笔墨难以形容的。 【答案】 ①describe him to me ②give a description of ③beyond description 【高考链接】 【2025长郡高三下模1】 _______________(trigger) events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. Triggering 【1-2024南雅高二下月考1】This______________(describe) came about because that side of the moon cannot be seen from the Earth. description 【3-2024一中高二下期末】Now, the beauty of Lake Baiyangdian resembles the one _____________ (describe) in “Zhang Ga, the Soldier Boy”, attracting visitors who hope to take _____________ glance at the vivid lotus, flourishing reeds and the clear lake water. described a 5. reflect /rɪˈflekt/ vt. &vi. 反映, 显示, 映出(影像); 反射(声、光、热等); 沉思 原文：Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。 【变形】 reflection n.反映, 表达, 映像, 沉思 reflector​ n. 反射物；反光板 reflectiveness​ n.反省性，反思性 reflective​ adj.反射的；反映的；深思的 reflected​ adj.反射的；被反映的 unreflecting ​ adj. 不思考的，轻率的 reflectively​ adv.反思地，沉思地 【拓展】 reflect on/upon　　　 认真思考 be reflected in 映出, 倒映在 be lost in reflection 陷入沉思 【高考范例】 （2021浙江卷）She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of (41)herself（she）, everything in good taste and in perfect order. 她长得非常漂亮，她的房子已经反映出来了，一切都趣味高雅，井井有条。 （2019江苏卷）A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity. 城市是人类的双手和思想的产物，反映了人的智慧和创造力。 （2018天津卷）However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. 然而，有少量的光被海洋反射。光线使那个区域更亮。 【习题】 ①The lake is calm and clear, and an old tower ____________the water.   湖面平静清澈, 一座古塔倒映在水面上。 ②I hope in years to come he will _________his decision.   我希望未来的几年里他会反省自己的决定。 ③When he is alone, he is often ______________.   当他独处时, 他常常陷入沉思。 【答案】①is reflected in ②reflect on ③lost in reflection 【高考链接】 【2025南雅高三下月考8】The puppy’s whimper turned into desperate yelps, as if it was asking for her help. Turning around, she saw it pushing a mud-caked teddy bear with its nose, only with the toy’s remaining eye ______________(reflect) rainclouds. reflecting 【4-2024附中高三上月考4】They are now turning ____________ sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space to keep down the temperature of the ____________(planet) climate. to planet’s 【2025长郡高二下月考1】On the one hand, the New Year’s resolutions reflect our hope ____________ (make) a personal transformation. On the other hand, they show our regret of the past year. to make 6. capable /ˈkeɪpəb(ə)l/ adj.有能力, 有才能, 能力强的 原文：One who reads it is capable of seeing the beauty that was hidden from his eyes before. 读过它的人就能看见以前他眼中所看不到的美。 【变形】 capability n. 能力, 才能 incapability​ n.无能力 enable​ v.使能够 incapable​ adj.无能力的，不能的 incapacity​ n.无能力 capably​ adv.能干地 incapably​ adv.无能地 后缀 词性[footnoteRef:2] [2: 通常，后缀注重改变单词的词性。此处会将后缀的词性列出，若留空，则表示为少数的“表意”后缀] 释义 例词 -able /-ible a. 能够……的， 可以被…的 changeable 可改变的 inflammable 可燃的 (flam 火焰) usable 能被使用的 comfortable 舒服的 (fort 支撑，强) valuable 有价值的 acceptable 可接受的 possible 可能的 (poss 能够) visible 可被看见的 (vis 看) terrible 可怕的 (terr 恐惧) credible 可信的 (cred 相信) audible 能被听见的 (audi 听，声音) edible 可食用的 (ed 吃) reliable 可靠的 (rely 依赖) -ably /-ibly ad. 能够…地， 可以被…地 reasonably 合理地 (reason 合理) acceptably 可以接受地 noticeably 明显地 (notice 注意) dependably 值得信赖地 considerably 相当地 favorably 有利地 respectably 体面地 easily 简单地 invisibly 看不见地 flexibly 灵活地 forcibly 强行地 accessibly 容易获得地 plausibly 看似合理地 【拓展】 be capable of sth. /doing sth. 　 有能力做某事 have the capability to do sth. 有能力做某事 beyond/within one’s capabilities​ 超出/在某人的能力范围之内 nuclear/military/technical capability​ 核/军事/技术能力 a person of great capability​ 很有能力的人 capabilities and limitations​ 能力和局限性 【高考范例】 （2016江苏卷）Students who are successful in an on-line course are usually capable of working independently in a responsible and honest manner. 在网络课程上取得成功的学生通常能够以负责任和诚实的态度独立工作。 【习题】 ①He is a student ____________solving difficult math problems.   他是一个有能力解决数学难题的学生。 ②They _________________to complete the task in a week.   他们有能力在一周内完成这项任务。 【答案】①capable of ②have the capability 【高考链接】 【4-2024长郡高三上月考4】The Long March 4C rocket, also _____________product of the Shanghai academy, is capable of _____________ (transport) satellites with a combined weight of 3 metric tons to a typical sun-synchronous orbit 700 kilometers above the earth. a transporting 【2-2024雅礼高三下模2】Years later, I developed another prosthetic arm that I called the MK-1, ____________ had fingers, a motor, a pressure sensor, a movable elbow joint, and a grabber capable of picking things up. which 【2023长郡高二上期末】More ____________ (amazing), my robotic hand is capable of feeling varying degrees of pressure, just like a real hand. amazingly 7. contain /kənˈteɪn/ vt. 包含, 含有, 容纳 原文：To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. 为此，它应包含两个要素：普遍兴趣和个人风格。 【变形】 container n.容器 -ar /-er n. ……的人 ……的东西 grammar 语法 (gram 写，画) calendar 日历 (calend计日, 宣告)‘ liar 说谎的人，撒谎精 (lie 谎言) altar 祭坛 (alt 高) singer 歌唱家 insider 局内人 (inside 内部) washer 洗衣机 lighter 打火机 heater 加热器 a. ……的 (仅-ar) lunar 月亮的 (luna 月亮) popular 受欢迎的，大众的 (popul 人民) regular 规则的，定期的 (regul 规则，直线) ◎This drink doesn't contain any alcohol. 这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ◎She was unable to contain her excitement. 她无法抑制内心的激动。 【习题1】 ①The diaries _________________________the writer’s experiences in China.   这些日记详细叙述了作者在中国的经历。 ②Food will last longer if kept ____________________.   如果贮藏在密封的容器里, 食物能保存更久的时间。 【答案】①contained detailed account of ②in an airtight container 【易混辨析】contain； include (1)contain 表示所含之物的全部或一部分，侧重于含有的数量和成分，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指无形的东西。 （异类） (2)include 侧重指范围，其主语和宾语属于同类，是整体和部分的关系。常使用“including + 被包含的对象”或“被包含的对象+included” 【习题2】 ①Milk, oily fish and eggs all _______________ vitamin D.  牛奶、油性鱼类和鸡蛋全都含维他命D。 ②Your duties ________________ typing letters and answering the telephone.  你的职责是打信件和接电话。 【答案】① contain ②include 8. summary /ˈsʌməri/ n.总结, 概括, 概要 原文：In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty…总之，文学是以真和美的形式对生命的表达… 【变形】 summarize v. 总结, 概述 sum n. 款项, 总数 -ise /-ize[footnoteRef:3] [3: 特别指出，-ise并无名词后缀的用法，有些单词如merchandise, exercise等，-ise本身就是词根的一部分，不属于名词词缀。这一点许多老师也会犯错！在最右方的例词中，因个人习惯，仅展示AmE拼法] (美式拼写为-ize) v. 使……化 使……具有性质 使……成为状态 realize 实现 (real 真实的) organize 组织 (organ 器官，结构) civilize 使……变得文明 (civil 公民的) modernize 现代化 (modern 现代的) industrialize 工业化 (industrial 工业的) jeopardize 危害 (jeopardy 危害) popularize 推广，普及 (popular 流行的) 【拓展】 make a summary　　 做总结 in summary 概括地说, 总的来说(相当于in a word) a sum of 一笔 sum up 计算出……的总数; 总结; 概括, 总而言之 to sum up=in sum 总而言之 ◎What follows is a brief summary of the process. 接下来是对该过程的一个简短总结。 ◎In summary, it is my opinion that this complete treatment process was very successful. 总之，我认为整个治疗过程是非常成功的。 ◎The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter. 在这一章末尾对研究结果作了总结。 【习题】 ①___________, I argue that the testing of spoken English is both necessary and beneficial.   总之, 我认为英语口语测试是必要的和有益的。 ②__________, I wish you could live up to the expectations of our school. 总之, 我希望你能不辜负我们学校的期望。  ③Basically, the article can be ___________ in three sentences. 这篇文章基本上可以概述为三句话。 【答案】①In summary ②To sum up ③summarized 9. devote oneself to 致力于, 献身于 原文：… that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely. 无论我投身于什么，我都会全身心投入。 【变形】 devoted adj. 献身的, 忠诚的 devotion n. 奉献; 献身; 忠诚 【拓展】 devote oneself to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 devote one’s time/ life/ money/ energy to (doing) sth 把某人的时间/ 一生/ 金钱/ 精力奉献于(做)某事 be devoted to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 a devoted son/friend/fan  孝子；忠诚的朋友；狂热的崇拜者 【高考范例】 （2018江苏卷）The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. 修道院博物馆和花园是大都会艺术博物馆的一个分支，致力于中世纪欧洲的艺术和建筑。 （2015四川卷）The emotional, physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never-ending, but children are also sources of great joy and happiness. 母亲在情感上、身体上和精神上投入到孩子身上的精力可能是无穷无尽的，但孩子也是巨大的快乐和幸福的源泉。 【习题】 ①Uncle Li is responsible and ________________.   李叔叔对工作很负责, 很敬业。 ②He _______________________reading literature.   他所有的业余时间都用来读文学作品了。 ③We appreciated _____________time and money to the project.   我们感谢他为这个项目投入的时间和金钱。 【答案】devoted to his job ②devoted all his free time to ③his devotion of 【高考链接】 【2025湖南四大名校名师团队猜题卷(B) 】If you want to catch similar performances, ____________ happen multiple times for free every week, visit Eastman’s page____________ (devote) to live streamed events! which devoted 【2-2024一中高三上月考2】Professionals can make themselves because they devote their work, practice, and time to ____________(obtain) this position instead of managing to read books only. obtaining 【2023长郡高三上期中】To my relief, my little girl knew what matters in her life. She could devote herself ___________ the chores as much as books. to 【拓展】 短语devote. . . to. . . 中的to为介词, 其后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。“devote. . . to (介词)” adapt. . . to. . . 　 使适应; 使配合 adjust. . . to. . . 调节……以适应 apply. . . to. . . 把……应用于…… prefer. . . to. . . 喜欢……胜过…… attach. . . to. . . 把……附在……上 RSentences 1.A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear.   一个小孩与一位男士正在海滩上散步, 小孩突然看到了一个贝壳, 他拾起贝壳并放在耳边 【拓展】 本句中 “were walking … when ”，在表示“正在做某事，这时…”。when 作并列连词，相当于“at this time” be about to do sth（… when）/ be on the point of doing (… when )表示“即将，马上要做的事，这时…” had just done ...when ... 表示“刚做完……这时…” ◎An agreement was about to be reached when the other side raised new issues.  快要达成协议的时候，对方又节外生枝。 ◎I was reading English when my teacher came in. 我正在读英语，这时老师进来了。 ◎He had left the office when I phoned him. 当我给他打电话时，他已经离开办公室了。 【习题】 ①I ______________this _____ I heard my name called.   我正想着这件事, 这时听到有人叫我的名字。 ②He ________________________he saw a shark.   他刚要跳水, 突然看到了一条鲨鱼。 ③I _________________the door _____ he called me.   我刚打开门, 他就打电话给我。 【答案】①was thinking of when ②was just about to dive when③had hardly opened when 2. 全部倒装 原文：Behind every book is a man，behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments．每本书的背后都是人，人的背后是民族，民族的背后是自然和社会环境。 【拓展】 本句是全部倒装句，以下情况适用于全部倒装： ①表示地点，方向，时间等的介词短语位于句首时，若句子的主语是名词而不是代词时； ◎On the top of the hill stands a building.  那个房子位于该山山顶。 ②表示方向，地点和时间的副词in, out, down, up, off, back, away, over there, there, now, then, here, first等位于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时； ◎Out rushed Mary with a dog following her. 玛丽冲了出来， 有一只狗跟着她。 【习题】 ①In front of the house _______________.   房前有一条小河。 ②By the side of the teaching building of our school ________________, which was completed in 2009.   在我们学校的教学楼旁边有一座图书馆, 它于2009年建成。 ③_____________________________________________.   下雨了, 伞都撑起来了。 【答案】①was a small river ②stands the library ③Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas 必修二P4【Extended Reading语法】 ●Extended Reading RWords 1. particular /pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/adj. 特别的, 格外的; 特指的; 挑剔的 原文：Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials…. 特别是教师可以为有趣的阅读材料提供建议.... 【变形】 particularly​ adv.特别地，尤其 particularity​ n.特殊性，细节 (正式) particulars​ n.(常用复数) 详情，细节 particularize​ v.详述，列举 (正式，少用) -ar /-er n. ……的人 ……的东西 grammar 语法 (gram 写，画) calendar 日历 (calend计日, 宣告) liar 说谎的人，撒谎精 (lie 谎言) altar 祭坛 (alt 高) singer 歌唱家 insider 局内人 (inside 内部) washer 洗衣机 lighter 打火机 heater 加热器 a. ……的 (仅-ar) lunar 月亮的 (luna 月亮) popular 受欢迎的，大众的 (popul 人民) regular 规则的，定期的 (regul 规则，直线) 【拓展】 be particular about　　　　 对……挑剔/讲究 in particular=particularly 特别, 尤其 particular cases 特定情况 【高考范例】 （2021浙江卷）Leslie Nielsen’s childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. 莱斯利·尼尔森的童年是艰难的，但在他的生命中有一颗特别耀眼的明星——他的叔叔，一位著名的演员。 （2020浙江卷）This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. 这项特别的研究调查了生活在双亲家庭的11到14岁的孩子。 （2018天津卷）For some people, living at home offers the best of both worlds, but it may make sense to move if you want to study a particular course at a specific university or college. 对一些人来说，住在家里是两全其美，但如果你想在特定的大学学习特殊的课程，那么搬家可能是合理的。 ◎Betty is very particular about/over food. However, she likes the food cooked by her grandma in particular. Actually, her grandma is particularly good at cooking. 贝蒂很挑食。然而, 她特别喜欢吃她奶奶做的饭。实际上, 她的奶奶特别擅长烹饪。 【拓展】“in+n. ”结构 ①in case　　　　 以防万一 ②in danger 处于危险中 ③in short/brief 总而言之 ④in vain 徒劳的 ⑤in particular 特别 ⑥in relief 如释重负 【习题】 ①One player ______________________ deserves a mention.  有一名运动员特别值得表扬。 ②These documents ______________________ interest.  这些文件让人尤其感兴趣。 ③______________________, it advocates the use of QR codes for placing orders and paying bills.   【答案】① in particular ②are of particular ③In particular/Particularly 单句语法填空 ①She likes fruit and tomatoes __ particular. ②Red is a___________ (particular)popular color in China. ③He’s very particular _____ the kitchen—everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 【答案】① in  ②particularly ③about 2. mean /miːn/ adj.吝啬的, 小气的; 不善良的, 刻薄的 v.意味着 原文：The book’s main character is Scrooge, a rich and mean old man. 这本书的主要人物是吝啬鬼斯克鲁奇，一个富有和吝啬的老人。 【变形】 mean (意思是；打算；意味着) — meant — meant meaning​ n.意思，含义 means​ n.方法，手段；金钱 meaningful​ adj.有意义的 meaningless​ adj. 无意义的 meaningfully​ adv.有意义地 meaninglessly​ adv.无意义地 【拓展】 be mean about/with　　 对……吝啬/小气 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 by means of  用，依靠 by no means  决不 【高考范例】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. 再就是我的10到19岁的小伙伴们, 有刻薄的姑娘, 也有酷小子。 【习题】 ①Balance does not mean ____________________.  平衡并不意味着努力追求每件事情。 ②In some countries, nodding ____________“Yes”.   在一些国家, 点头并不意味着“是”。 ③______________________ should you tell him about it.  你绝不要告诉他这事。 【答案】①doing everything ②doesn’t mean ③By no means 【高考链接】 【2025一中高三下模1】That’s why we should aim to use questions as_________means by which the speaker can begin to reach their own conclusions about the issues being raised, without sounding judgmental or forceful. a 【0-2024新高考适应高三下】Any time plastic containers_______________ (heat), chemical changes in the material mean it can leach (渗入) micro-particles into your food. are heated 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】Our brains have to work to translate the black squiggles(弯弯曲曲的线条) on the page into words and then interpret the______________ (mean) and intent(意图) of those words. meaning 3.stage /steɪdʒ/ n.阶段; 舞台; 步骤 v.上演, 举办 原文：A story written for performance on the stage 为舞台表演而写的故事。 【拓展】 stage by stage　　　　　　 逐步地 be/go on the stage 当/成为演员; 登台演出 historical/political stage 历史/政治舞台 early stage 初级阶段 leave the stage 退出舞台 stage of development 发展阶段 当先行词stage表示事物的发展阶段或所处的状态时, 定语从句的关系词用where,表示抽象的地点。类似的词还有situation, point, case, position等。 【高考范例】 （2021新高考I卷）By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare time on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. 白天，罗伯特·蒂特顿是一名律师。在舞台上，他站在钢琴家玛丽亚·拉斯波波娃旁边——不是作为一个音乐家，而是作为她的翻页者。 （2021新高考I卷）He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage. 他说他变得和那些在舞台上演奏乐器的人一样紧张。 【习题】 ①___________it’s impossible to know whether our plan will succeed.   在现阶段尚不能知道我们的计划能否成功。 ②His parents didn’t want him to _____________.   他父母不想让他当演员。 ③The local theatre group ________a production of Hamlet.   当地剧团在上演《哈姆雷特》。 【答案】1. At this stage 2. go on the stage 3. is staging 4. collection /kəˈlekʃ(ə)n/ n. (同类)收藏品; 作品集; 募捐 原文：Take time to look through the collections in different sections of your local library, and you are likely to come across books you love to read. 花时间去浏览你当地图书馆不同部门的收集作品, 你可能会偶然碰到你喜欢读的书。 【变形】 collect v. 收集, 募捐 【拓展】 a collection of　　　　　 大量的 stamp collecting/collecting stamps 集邮 【高考范例】 （2020全国卷II）The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives. 令人印象深刻的永久收藏包括特纳和罗姆尼，临时展览计划有卡纳莱托和来自圣艾夫斯的艺术家。 （2020全国卷II）Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage, walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. 游览他的湖边小屋，穿过他的山坡花园，探索博物馆中丰富的收藏。 【习题】 ①The national park has _________________wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.   这个国家公园有大量的野生动物, 从蝴蝶到大象。 ②________________will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym.   所有的收藏品都将在6月16日至18日在体育馆展出。 ③The money needed for the sick child ________________.   那个生病的孩子所需的钱很快就筹集到了。 【答案】1. a large collection of 2. All the collections 3. was soon collected 【高考链接】 【1-2024长郡高三上月考1】The staff is also in charge of environmental data ___________ (collect) and wildlife monitoring. collection 【2025雅礼上高二上段考】Tablescapes (桌面景观)are basically creatively designed table arrangements or decorations for the center of a table, ___________ show or highlight a specific object or collection. which 5. destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ vt.摧毁, 毁灭, 破坏 原文：He is extremely good at describing the adventures of tough men who he believes “can be destroyed but not defeated”. 【变形】 destructive adj.造成破坏的, 毁灭性的 destruction n.破坏, 毁灭 【拓展】 be completely/totally destroyed 被彻底摧毁 destroy one’s life/faith/hope/confidence 毁掉某人的生活/信仰/希望/信心 【高考范例】 （2020新高考I卷）Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. 因此，这本书，《追逐大海：迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵中》，讲述了从塔什干到卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦的一次公路旅行，在那里，数百万人的生命被大海的缓慢干涸所毁灭。 （2020全国卷II）“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur. “谈论没有罪责的毛皮听起来很疯狂——除非你知道海狸鼠每年都在破坏大片湿地，”正义毛皮公司的项目总监克里·麦克雷说。 (2019·北京高考) By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids’ teeth, instead of destroying them. 到她13岁的时候, 她的公司已经价值数百万美元, 并且还发明了一种超级糖果, 可以保护孩子们的牙齿, 而不是破坏它们。 【习题】 ①Without the assistance, the victim can _____________.   没有援助, 受害者可以毁掉他的生活。 ②He was unable to contain his own _________________.   他无法克制自己的消极情绪。 ③It is vital that we act to stop _______________the rainforests.   至关紧要的是, 我们应当采取行动防止雨林被破坏。 【答案】①destroy his life ②destructive feelings ③the destruction of 【拓展】 damage 既可作动词, 也可作名词, 指部分“损坏”“破坏”或指使用价值有所降低 destroy 只能用作动词, 指彻底地破坏, 以致不可能修复, 常作“破坏”“毁灭”讲 ruin 表示破坏严重, 以致不能修复, 是长期损坏的结果。它既可以表示毁灭具体事物, 也可以用来表示抽象概念上的“毁掉或破坏” 【习题】 选词填空(damage, destroy, ruin)。 (1)The bridge was badly ________ by the flood. (2)In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in _____. (3)Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, __________ fourteen homes. 【答案】①damaged ②ruins ③destroying 【高考链接】 【2025长郡高二上期中】It’s apparent__________mobile phones can destroy a child. that 【2025附中高二上期中】The engineer __________(explain) the robots use GPS to be sure they are destroying the correct tulips. explains 6. attempt /əˈtempt/ vt. &n. 努力, 尝试, 试图 原文：After coming in empty- handed for eighty-four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish. 圣地亚哥空手而归八十四天之后，试图捕捉一条大鱼。 【变形】 attempted​ adj.未遂的，企图的 【拓展】 attempt to do sth. 　　　　　　 试图做某事 make an attempt to do sth. 试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 in an attempt to do sth. 力图做某事 make an attempt at (doing) sth. 试图做某事 【高考范例】 (2021·全国乙卷)One afternoon, while attempting to get into bed she collapsed from what was eventually discovered to be a heart attack. 一天下午, 当她试图上床睡觉时, 她晕倒了, 最后被发现是心脏病发作。 （2017天津卷）The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles. 这个提案试图解决一些人称之为自动驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”的问题。 （2016全国卷I）Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. 沉默可能会被一些文化群体视为极其不舒服的；因此，可以尝试用对话来填补每一段空白。 （2015湖南卷）"He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight," Glenn later wrote. “他在地板上挥舞着手臂，就像一只尝试首次飞行的小鸟，”格伦·莱蒂写道。 【习题】 ①The boys _______________to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.   男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。 ②Not many people can answer this question _________________.   第一次就能回答这个问题的人并不是很多。 ③For years researchers have attempted _______that television is dangerous to children.   数年来, 研究人员一直在试图表明电视对孩子有危险。 ④They closed the road __________________________in the city.   他们封闭了道路, 试图减少城里的交通流量。 【答案】 ①made an attempt ②at the first attempt  ③to show ④in an attempt to reduce traffic 【高考链接】 【1-2024一中高三上月考1】According to statistics, the CIA has intervened (干预) in or attempted_____________ (overthrow) at least 50 legitimate (合法的) governments and caused unrest in numerous other countries over the years... to overthrow 【2023湖南教研联盟联考2】By framing a situation you’re dreading (畏惧) differently before you attempt___________, you may be able to avoid some stress and anxiety. it 【0-2024明德高二上入学】He attempted ___________(catch) one or two as they rushed past him, but they were too swift for the older gentleman to catch. to catch 7. straighten /ˈstreɪtn/ vt.挺直; (使)变直, 变正 原文：Then he straightened himself and began another circle. 【变形】 straight adj.直的; 连续的 adv. 直接 【拓展】 straighten sth. out　　 清理; 整顿 straighten sb. out 帮人解决问题; 为人解除困惑 ◎The interviewee straightened his tie and walked in. 面试者把领带拉正，走了进去。 ◎He stood up and straightened his shoulders. 他站起身，挺起肩膀。 ◎The road bends here and then straightens out. 公路在这儿拐弯，然后就直了。 ◎Straighten up slowly, then repeat the exercise ten times. 慢慢挺直身体，然后重复这个动作十次。 【习题】 ①I’ll try to ______________________once and for all.   我要彻底地把这事情理清楚。 ②He hasn’t come round yet. Could you try and ________________?   他一时想不通, 你开导开导他好吗? 【答案】①straighten the matter out②straighten him out 【拓展】 “adj. +-en→v. ”的演变 ①hard→harden　　　 (使)变硬 ②ripe→ripen (使)成熟 ③short→shorten (使)变短 ④wide→widen (使)变宽 ⑤deep→deepen (使)变深 ⑥sharp→sharpen 削尖; 使锐利 ⑦dark→darken (使)变暗 8. confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ adj. 糊涂的, 迷惑的; 不清楚的, 混乱的 原文：Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. 【变形】 confusing adj. 令人困惑的 confusion​ n.困惑，混乱 confusedly​ adv.困惑地 confusingly​ adv.令人困惑地 【拓展】 be confused about　　　 对……感到困惑 confuse sb. with sth. 某物使某人困惑 【高考范例】 (2019·江苏高考) In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 不到一个星期, 他就成了一个五百英尺高的圆锥体的糊涂的主人。 （2014全国卷I）This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 这让我心烦意乱，因为当所有的专家都在忙着讨论哪种选择是最好的，那些想要改善生活的人却被所有这些相互矛盾的信息弄糊涂了。 （2012北京卷）Confused, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher.我困惑地瞥了一眼我面无表情的老师。 【习题】 ①If you _________________anything, phone my office.   如果你对任何事情感到困惑, 打电话到我的办公室。 ②You _______________your questions.   你的问题把我弄糊涂了。 ③His composition was _______________I could hardly make any sense of it.   他的作文令人费解, 我几乎看不懂。 【答案】①are confused about ②confused me with  ③so confusing that 【高考链接】 【2023一中高三上月考4】Dad tried three times but got_________(confuse) and finally gave up. confused 9. clear up (头脑)清醒; 使整洁, 清理; (天气)放晴; 澄清, 消除 原文：“clear up, head,”he said in a voice he could hardly hear. “clear up.” “清醒吧，头脑，”他用那种几乎听不见的声音说。“清醒”。 【习题】 写出下列句子中clear up的中文含义 ①After breakfast they played while I cleared up.  ②The rain held up and there's no sign to clear up.  ③Antibiotics should be used to clear up the infection.  【答案】①打扫  ②天气放晴  ③治愈; 痊愈 【拓展】up短语 ①turn up　　　 调高(音量); 出现 ②stay up 不睡觉, 熬夜 ③pick up 捡起; 学会 ④bring up 抚养; 教养 ⑤dress up 穿上盛装; 打扮 ⑥clear up 澄清; 放晴 ⑦make up 虚构; 弥补; 组成; 化妆; 整理 ⑧mix up 混淆; 搅匀 RSentences 1.Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother.   我从没见过比你更庞大、更美丽、更沉着或更崇高的东西, 老弟。 【拓展】 本句中“Never have I seen”是倒装结构。当具有否定意义的副词never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等放在句首时, 主句用部分倒装。 【习题】 ①__________I seen a situation which made him so angry.   我从未见过使他如此生气的情况。 ②___________he go out for dinner.   他很少出去吃饭。 ③___________she have time to listen to music.   她几乎没时间听音乐。 【答案】①Never have ②Seldom does ③Hardly does 以下结构放在句首时, 主句使用部分倒装: ①“not until+句子”; ②“not only+句子”; ③“only+状语”; ④neither或nor; ⑤so+adj. /adv. 。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $