内容正文:
Unit 6 Live green.Starting out & Understanding ideas知识清单
Part1核心单词讲解
1 cheap /tʃiːp/ adj. 便宜的,廉价的
cheap 作形容词,意为“便宜的”。其反义词为expensive 和dear,意为“昂贵的”。
比较级和最高级分别为cheaper;cheapest
常见短语:cheap and cheerful 物美价廉的
【易错点】形容“价格(price)”的 “高 / 低”,用 high(高的)和 low(低的),而非 “expensive/cheap”
例:The street food here is cheap and cheerful.这里的街头小吃物美价廉。
Online books are often cheaper than those in stores.网上的书通常比实体店的更便宜。
2 silently /'saɪləntli/ adv. 默不作声地;无声地
silently 副词,意为“默不作声地;无声地”;由形容词silent(安静的;沉默的)加后缀-ly 构成。
其名词形式是silence(沉默),常见短语:(1)in silence 沉默地 (2)keep silent 保持沉默
例:She read the book silently in the library.她在图书馆里默默地看书。
The cat moved silently across the floor, staring at the small bird by the window. 猫悄无声息地穿过地板,紧盯着窗边的小鸟。
The small forest is very silent in the early morning.清晨小树林里非常安静。
3 tie /taɪ/ v. 系,扎,拴,捆
tie 动词,意为“系,扎,拴,捆”;过去式是tied,现在分词为tying。
tie + sb/sth + to + 地方 表示“把……系在……上”。
tie 还可以作为名词,有“领带;联系;纽带”等词义,常见短语有:(1)wear a collar and tie 系着领带
(2)family ties 家族关系
(3)a tie between A and B A 和 B 之间的联系
例:I can tie my shoes all by myself! 我能自己系鞋带啦!
Mom tied my hair in a ponytail. 妈妈把我的头发扎成马尾辫。
He’s tying the balloons to the fence. 他正在把气球拴在栅栏上。
The teacher told us to wear a shirt and a tie for the school’s opening ceremony.老师要求我们穿衬衫、系领带参加学校的开学典礼。
4 average /'ævərɪdʒ/ n. 平均数
average 作名词时,意为“平均数”,常见短语:(1) the average of...…… 的平均数 (后接可数名词复数 /数字)
(2) on average 平均来看(放句首、句中、句尾均可,表频率 /均值)
(3) above/below average 高/ 低于平均数;高/ 低于平均水平(表程度,可修饰分数、能力等)
(4) an a verage o f... 平均为……(后接数字,表“平均数量”)
average 还可以作形容词,意为“平均的;普通的;平常的”
例:The average of 3, 5 and 7 is 5.3、5 和 7 的平均数是 5。
On average, we spend two hours doing homework every day. 我们平均每天花两个小时做作业。
Her English grade is above/below average in the class.她的英语成绩在班里高/ 低于平均水平。
The factory produces an average of 5,000 cars a week.这家工厂平均每周生产 5000 辆汽车。
Our class's average score in the math exam is 85.我们班数学考试的平均分是 85 分。
This book is just average — it's not very interesting.这本书很普通,没什么意思。
5 tiny /'taɪni/ adj. 极小的
tiny 形容词,意为“极小的”,比较级和最高级形式为tinier 和tiniest。名词形式为tininess,意为“极小、微小、单薄”。
辨析:tiny, small 与little
tiny
adj. 极小的(强调“小得惊人”)通常指尺寸、体积、数量上非常小。带有强烈的主观感受。
small
adj. 小的(中性词,无感情色彩,仅客观描述尺寸 / 规模)
little
1. adj. 小而可爱(修饰可数名词,带有强烈的主观感情色彩,表亲切、可爱等);
2. det. 数量少(修饰不可数名词,表“少量的”)
例:The tiny seed grew into a big tree.极小的种子长成了大树。
The baby bird has tiny wings, but it can already fly a little! 小鸟的翅膀很小,但它已经能飞一点点啦!
This room is tinier than the last one.这个房间比上一个更小。
6 nowhere /'nəʊweə/ adv. 什么地方都不,无处
nowhere 副词,意为 “什么地方都不,无处”,可放句首(需倒装)或句中。
常用搭配:(1)nowhere to go 无处可去 (2)nowhere near 远不及、差得远
辨析:nowhere, anywhere, somewhere 与everywhere
nowhere
adv. 无处;没有地方
1. 用于肯定句,表达“否定含义”(= not anywhere);
2. 不可与 not 连用(避免双重否定)
anywhere
adv. 任何地方;无论何处
1. 用于否定句 / 疑问句:替代 somewhere,表“任何地方”;
2. 用于肯定句:表“任何地方都可以”(强调 “任意性”)
somewhere
adv. 某个地方;某处(不确定)
1. 用于肯定句:表“不确定的某个地方”;
2. 用于疑问句:希望得到“肯定回答”(委婉请求 / 邀请)
everywhere
adv. 到处;处处;各个地方
1. 可用于肯定句 / 否定句 / 疑问句,表“范围全覆盖”;2. 同义替换:here and there
例:I looked for my pen everywhere, but it was nowhere.我到处找我的笔,但哪儿都找不到。
Nowhere can you find such a beautiful village.你在任何地方都找不到这么美的村庄。
The lost dog had nowhere to go. 这只流浪狗无处可去。
This book is nowhere near as interesting as that one.这本书远不如那本有趣。
7 plastic-free /'plæstɪk friː/ adj. 无塑料的
plastic-free 是“名词 + f ree”的复合形容词结构,意为“无塑料的”。
类似结构有:duty-free 免税的;sugar-free 无糖的;fat-free 无脂的;smoke-free 无烟的;care-free 无忧无虑的。
例:We should use plastic-free bags when shopping.购物时我们应该用非塑料的袋子。
My family tries to live a plastic-free life.我们家努力过无塑料生活。
We bought duty-free chocolate at the airport.我们在机场买了免税巧克力。
8 highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 突出,强调
highlight 动词,意为“突出,强调”。
常见搭配:(1)highlight the importance of... 强调……的重要性
(2)be highlighted in 以……方式突出显示
highlight 还可以作名词,意思是“亮点;精彩部分;(绘画 / 摄影的)高光部分”;the highlight of... …… 的亮点
highlighted adj. 被突出的
highlighted paragraphs 重点段落
例:The report highlights the importance of early childhood education for future academic success. 该报告强调了幼儿教育对未来学业成功的重要性。
The teacher highlighted the main ideas in yellow.老师用黄色标出了主要观点。
The data highlights that climate change is accelerating.数据表明气候变化正在加速。
9 setback /'setbæk/ n. 阻碍,挫折
setback 名词,意为“阻碍,挫折”,常用来描述在进展、计划或努力过程中遇到的困难、延迟或倒退等情况。
常见搭配:(1)suffer/meet a setback 遭遇挫折
(2)experience a setback 经历挫折
(3)overcome a setback 克服挫折
(4)a major/minor setback 重大 / 小挫折
例:Despite several setbacks, she never gave up her dreams.尽管遭遇了几次挫折,她从未放弃梦想。
We overcame the setback by working together when our group project had problems. 当我们的小组项目遇到问题时,我们通过一起努力克服了挫折。
The fire was a major setback for the small shop.火灾对这家小店是个重大挫折。
10 pollute /pə'luːt/ v. 污染
pollute 动词,意为“污染”,其名词形式为:
(1)pollution 污染,污染物;
(2)polluter 污染者;污染源
例:The factory is a major polluter of the local river.这家工厂是当地河流的主要污染源。
Plastic bags can pollute the soil when not properly disposed of. 如果不妥善处理,塑料袋会污染土壤。
Factories should not dump waste water into rivers, because it will pollute the water.工厂不应该把废水倒入河流中,因为它会污染河水。
Air pollution is a serious problem in many cities.空气污染在很多城市都是一个严重的问题。
11 worst /wɜːst/ adj. 最坏的;最差的
worst是形容词bad和副词badly的最高级形式,而worse 是bad 和badly 的比较级形式。
worst 的反义词是best;worse 的反义词是better。
相关短语有:(1)be the worst at (doing) sth 在某方面最差 (2)what's worse 更糟糕的是
例:The worst food at the party was the salad.派对上最糟糕的食物是沙拉。
I danced worst at the school party last night.昨晚在学校派对上我跳得最差。
Don't argue with him; it will only make things worse.别和他争论,这只会让事情更糟。
Part 2 核心短语
1 break down(使)分解;发生故障
break down 为固定搭配,常指机器,车辆等发生故障。
其他词义:(1)(计划、谈判等)失败 (2)(身体、精神)垮掉 (3)分解
例:The elevator broke down this morning, causing delays. 电梯今早发生故障,导致了延误。
Talks between the two sides have broken down.双方的谈判破裂了。
Your body will break down if you often eat unhealthy food. 如果你经常吃不健康的食物,你会把身体搞垮。
2 by mistake 错误地;无意中
by mistake:错误地;无意中(因疏忽);强调 “疏忽导致的失误”,具体行为的误操作,主观有轻微责任;
by accident:偶然地;意外地;强调“无预期的巧合”,主观无责任,偶然发生的事件;
in error :错误地;有误(正式);强调 “客观上的错误”,书面化程度高。
例:I took her umbrella by mistake. 我错拿了她的伞。
It’s a pity that he deleted the file by mistake.他不小心误删了文件,真遗憾。
I’m sorry that the message was sent by mistake.抱歉,这条消息是误发的。
I picked up your phone by mistake.我错拿了你的手机。
3 thousands of 成千上万的
thousands of 成千上万的,是概数
例:It is certainly convenient and has thousands of uses.
4 get stuck in 卡在......
例:Birds’ wings get tied in plastic lines.
5 mistake A for B 把A 误认为是B
例:Cows mistake plastic bags for food!
Part3 核心句型讲解
1 When plastic was invented around 1870, it was considered an amazing material.
when 引导的是时间状语从句,was invented为被动语态,用于描述事物的发明背景;be considered (as)...被视为……。
2 By 2050, there could be even more plastic in the sea than fish.
“by + 将来时间”(by 2050)作时间状语,句子用情态动词could 表推测;“more...than...”表比较。
3 They can be carried around by the wind.
含有情态动词的被动句式结构为:主语+ 情态动词(can/may/must/could…)+ be + 及物动词的过去分词+by...。
4 Therefore, hiding the waste in the ground doesn’t solve the problem. Burning it also produces thick smoke that causes air pollution.
(1)hiding the waste in the ground 是动名词短语作主语,单个的动名词短语作主语时,谓语用单数,如本句中谓语doesn’t solve。
(2)that causes air pollution,that 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smoke。
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