专题03 阅读理解 说明文（期末真题汇编，浙江专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读理解，精选浙江多地高一下期末真题，涵盖人与社会、科学技术、生态环境、生活学习四大主题，情境贴近时代热点，问题设计梯度清晰。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|28篇/112题|细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测|素材含AI技术（如Sora视频生成）、环保（可降解塑料）等热点；问题从基础信息提取到深层逻辑分析，适配高一学生认知水平|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） Financial education is not often taught to students in school, so the responsibility falls to the parents. However, many families believe that involving their children in how the family’s finances are handled is taboo. Financial planners, however, believe that involving children in financial matters is actually the best way to begin educating them. “By keeping children away from financial discussions, you are really denying them an education,” says Joseph Oakley, host of the Enjoy More 30s podcast (播客) and a certified financial planner. “You’re denying them a framework to build upon.” Oakley notes that children will finally develop their own financial mindset, which could be influenced by what they see on television, social media, or through their friends. When they get their first job, they’ll likely lack experience in handling finances because they don’t know enough about managing their money. According to Oakley, it is up to parents to teach them how to develop those skills. Learning financial responsibility doesn’t have to be formal, Oakley says. Instead, it can be about showing children how to handle everyday money tasks, like paying bills online or using credit cards wisely. Another example is teaching them about spending now or saving for later, such as saving money for a vacation. While childhood financial education is crucial, Oakley reveals a systemic imbalance: Over 80% of financial resources serve people preparing for retirement because that’s where most of the assets (资产) are. He stresses the importance of working with a financial planner when you are a young adult because waiting to speak to someone when you’re close to retirement could affect your financial plans. He says it is easier for younger people to make life-changing decisions and adjust their paths. To hear more financial advice from Joseph Oakley on other topics, like how to set the right goals for financial success, check out our podcast K12 On Learning, available wherever you download your podcasts. 1．What do many parents think of involving children in family financial matters? A．It is a good way to educate children. B．It is something that should be avoided. C．It is an important life skill to develop. D．It is schools that shall take full responsibility. 2．What’s the impact on children if they are kept out of financial discussions according to Oakley? A．Developing a good financial mindset. B．Lacking necessary life-planning skills. C．Tending to be financially inexperienced. D．Getting well-prepared for their first job. 3．What is Oakley’s advice on parents' educating children about finances? A．Figure out schools’ duties. B．Make financial plans for children. C．Attach importance to formal instructions. D．Offer real-life examples for informal education. 4．What is the purpose of mentioning the podcast K12 On Learning? A．To promote a new book by Joseph Oakley. B．To discuss the guidelines of financial goal-setting. C．To criticize existing financial education podcasts. D．To allow listeners easy access to Oakley’s advice. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波海曙区宁波荣安实验中学·期中） Nowadays, handwriting seems to become less necessary, for young children learn to tap and touch screens before they have even learned to pick up a pencil or tie their shoelaces. Most of our written communication is done through texting（发送信息）on mobile phones or typing on a keyboard. And voice recognition software is becoming more and more advanced－making even keyboard unnecessary! So, are handwriting skills important to your child? Actually handwriting is an exercise in eye-hand coordination（手眼协调）skills, which are connected with achievements in study. Scientists found that developing fine（精细的）visual-motor（视觉运动）skills in early childhood can predict not only writing success, but better performance in reading and math in elementary school. It was also found that kids who fail to write neatly and efficiently are often accused of being lazy. And this may affect their behavior and self-worth. Moreover, a study showed that when a group of children were asked to come up with ideas for an essay, the ones with better handwriting were more active and had quicker minds. In some ways, handwriting helps their brains’ development. The first attempts at writing can be challenging for preschool children whose necessary fine motor skills are not yet fully developed. But some skills to prepare for handwriting are simple to build at home and in preschool. Parents should provide lots of opportunities for kids to copy and draw shapes and simple pictures in early childhood before letters are introduced. Let your child copy your shapes in sand, or with chalk on a board before trying to draw shapes on their own. Encourage your child to spend less time on electronic devices and more time on activities to improve eye-hand coordination. Let’s face it－technology is certain to continue developing and more research is needed to find the best ways to teach handwriting to young children. But, there’s plenty of evidence that the handwriting practice young children get can provide a jump start in developing skills needed for a healthy and successful journey in school. 5． According to paragraph 1, handwriting is . A．easy to learn on a touch screen. B．more difficult than typewriting. C．used less for communication now. D．totally replaced by voice recognition software. 6．How does the author explain the benefits of handwriting? A．By stating some research finding. B．By giving examples of the kids around him. C．By quoting some news reports on handwriting. D．By analyzing data about pupils with good grades. 7．What does the author suggest parents do? A．Keep young children away from electronic devices. B．Teach preschool children to write letters with chalk. C．Encourage children to face writing challenges bravely. D．Help children get ready for handwriting before school. 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．Does poor handwriting really mean being lazy? B．How can handwriting affect children’s self-confidence? C．Should handwriting be taken seriously in children’s growth? D．Should homework be done through handwriting or typewriting? Passage 3 （23-24高一下·浙江慈溪·期末） Have you ever wondered about the universal layout (布局) of supermarkets? Smart designers are behind it, subtly tempting you to walk through each aisle and fill your shopping cart without even realizing it. Grocery store design is a carefully crafted art from both psychological and marketing standpoints, according to Reeves Connelly, who studied architectural design at the Pratt Institute. He explained there is a specific reason why fruit and vegetables are often located at the front of the store, “You’ll grab the fruits and vegetables first and then hopefully feel less guilty about buying junk food later on.” Meanwhile, essential items such as milk and eggs are placed at the back of the store to ensure customers walk through other aisles with many unhealthy options like snacks and sodas, potentially increasing the likelihood of impulse purchases. There’s also a reason why you often feel lost in local supermarkets. Shockingly, they move things around. Reeves explained, “They are very much aware that these strategies become less effective after you visit the store a few times and get a better sense of where everything is, so they’ll regularly move the products to different aisles to con fuse you. The practice is not limited to a specific store but is employed across various retail chains.” “Their little tricks always work on me,” one regular shopper admits, “I walk in to get three things and end up spending $300; that’s why I hate grocery shopping,” he said. On the other hand, some shoppers are proud to declare they have never fallen into the trap. “That’s why I always keep a shopping list on me,” another shopper shared. “I’ve started having my groceries delivered. If I have to go to the store, I never grab a trolley. If I can’t carry it, I’m not buying it,” he added. 9．What is the purpose of the supermarket layout? A．To show the designer’s wisdom. B．To save consumers’ shopping time. C．To increase non-essential purchases. D．To provide multiple goods for choice. 10．What would the store owner probably do to make more profits? A．Put the healthy food together. B．Distribute junk food in different areas. C．Place essential items before junk food. D．Rearrange products in supermarkets regularly. 11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Most shoppers are trapped in marketing tricks. B．Shopping baskets are better than heavy trolleys. C．Making lists can be a smart act for impulse buying. D．Grocery delivery can help improve supermarket sales. 12．Where is this text most likely from? A．A business magazine. B．A psychology report. C．A research paper. D．A shopping guide. Passage 4 （23-24高一下·宁波九校·期末） One thing that many Americans can agree on, even in an era of deep political polarization (两极分化), is that our country is in a moral free fall. In survey after survey, US adults of all ages, education levels, political or religious backgrounds say that people are less kind, honest, generous, and respectful than they used to be. So is our nation’s moral foundation falling apart? Not necessarily. In fact, two psychologists, Columbia’s Adam Mastroianni and Harvard’s Daniel Gilbert, say that the widespread belief in moral decline (下降) is a misconception. They recently conducted a meta-analysis of all the major surveys that asked Americans about the state of moral values in this country and they found that US residents have been complaining about one another’s declining morality for as long as researchers have been seeking their opinions on the matter. And yet when individual respondents are asked multiple times, over the span of a decade or more, to describe the level of politeness and kindness they observe in their fellow citizens, their descriptions of other people’s attitudes and behaviors do not actually worsen at all. Mastroianni and Gilbert, whose paper appears in the journal Nature, say the results of similar surveys conducted in dozens of other countries over the decades suggest that people all over the world are easy to be influenced by the misconception that their peers are less moral than they once were. They say that this misconception is likely explained by two well-established psychological phenomena acting together: that we tend to pay closer attention to negative rather than positive information about people’s actions in the present day; and that we tend to selectively forget such negative impressions as the years roll on, leaving us with good memories for the past. Mastroianni and Gilbert also say that their discovery has important social and political implications, especially given that, as one 2015 survey found, three-quarters of all Americans believe that addressing the moral breakdown of the country should be a high priority (优先项) for the government. “The United States faces many well-documented problems, from climate change and terrorism to racial injustice and economic inequality — and yet, nowadays it is believed that the government should devote fewer resources to reversing an imaginary trend.” 13．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To provide a historical review of American society. B．To present contrasting viewpoints on moral decline. C．To introduce the topic of moral decline in American society. D．To discuss the method of psychological research on moral decline. 14．What is the main argument presented by Mastroianni and Gilbert in their research? A．The morality of American society seems to be on a rapid rise. B．American citizens’ belief in declining morality is a false idea. C．The moral breakdown has already been a long-term issue in America. D．American society has realized its own misconception of moral decline. 15．According to the passage, what is the reason for the widespread belief in moral decline? A．Selective memory about previous impressions. B．The mixed influence of psychological phenomena. C．Negative descriptions of morality from peers. D．Lack of government involvement in moral issues. 16．What does Mastroianni and Gilbert’s research imply on social and political views? A．Americans should attach more importance to global issues. B．Americans should help the government reverse the moral decline. C．Government resources should be focused on addressing the moral decline. D．Addressing the imaginary moral breakdown should not be a top choice. Passage 5 （24-25高一下·宁波三锋联盟·期末） People are living longer, and because of this, many countries are making people work longer too. Denmark recently said it will raise the retirement age from 67 to 70 by 2040. Danish workers will then have to work longer than workers in any other country before they can retire. The Danish government says this new rule is needed because people are living longer. But a union leader named Jesper Rasmussen doesn’t like this plan. He said, “Denmark’s economy is doing well, but now it will have the highest retirement age in the EU. Workers won’t be able to enjoy a good life when they are old.” Denmark’s decision is part of a big trend around the world. With better hospitals, more nutritious food, and safer living places, people’s lives are getting longer. This is a problem for countries because there are more old people and fewer young people working. Pension systems, which pay money to old people, are running out of money. So, raising the retirement age seems like a good way to fix this problem. China will also raise the retirement age over the next 15 years. The one-child policy in the past made the number of young people smaller. Now, there aren’t enough young workers to support old people. However, not everyone likes the idea of working longer. Workers’ groups are worried. They say jobs like building houses or working in factories are too tiring for old people. Also, older workers may have a hard time finding or keeping a job because some bosses think they are too old. Economists think raising the retirement age is good for the economy. More workers mean more products and more money for the country. And the government won’t have to spend so much on pensions. In short, raising the retirement age is a tough problem. Countries need to find a way to help old people work and still have a good life. Maybe they can give old workers training or make rules to stop bosses from being unfair to them. Only then can countries deal with the problem of an aging population well. 17．Why is Denmark raising the retirement age? A．Because the economy is bad. B．Because people are living longer. C．Because the EU asks them to do so. D．Because there are too many workers. 18．What was the main problem in China that led to the retirement age increase? A．People didn’t like the old retirement age. B．Too many old people didn’t want to retire. C．The one-child policy made fewer young workers. D．The government wanted more money from workers. 19．What are workers’ groups worried about? A．Old workers will get less pay. B．Pension systems will break down. C．There won’t be enough jobs for young people. D．Old workers will be too tired and have trouble finding jobs. 20．What solution does the author suggest for aging populations? A．Offering training and fair rules. B．Cutting pensions to save costs. C．Encouraging earlier retirement. D．Focusing on young workers. Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江台州·期末） On a typical Saturday afternoon at Revolution Bar in Ipswich Town, crowds wearing cowboy hats eagerly form dance lines as Johnny, a British-American DJ, plays classic country songs. The scene, led by a Turkish dancer waving an American flag, looks just like celebrations in Texas. “This is Britain’s Texas,” cheered an excited visitor. Recent data show a significant change in British musical tastes. According to industry reports, country music streaming in Britain rose sharply by 70% during early 2024, passing light music to take the sixth place in popularity. Though its 3% market share remains below dance music’s 9%, the growth trend appears unstoppable. Technological advances explain this rise. Music streaming platforms (流媒体平台) like Spotify and social media apps like TikTok have made it easier for people worldwide to discover new music. These tools remove geographical limits, allowing modern country artists to reach British audiences. Johnny, who was born in England before moving to Nashville, Tennessee — home of American country music, says, “Digital tools enable real-time cultural exchanges that were impossible before.” Offline events drive this trend. Music companies say country music nights are now fully booked across the UK, from local clubs to Thames riverboat parties. A famous theater in London recently made its space much bigger to meet the growing demand. Event planners focus on making safe, family-friendly places with simple decorations and fun group dances, unlike typical nightclubs. A young woman at one event shares, “Country music brings mental peace, unlike the violent messages in rap music I used to enjoy.” While some fans link the style with traditional values — discussing connections to family traditions and religious beliefs, organizers stress that British country music centers on lifestyle rather than politics. As the crowd joyfully sings along to the Zac Brown Band’s classic “Chicken Fried”, celebrating life’s simple pleasures, the cultural combination becomes clear. This unique mix of American roots and British style continues to win hearts across the nation. 21．What does the scene described in paragraph 1 illustrate? A．The professional training of event organizers. B．The historical ties between Turkey and the UK. C．The diversity of visitors in British music events. D．The influence of American culture on UK music. 22．Which of the following contributes to the spread of country music in Britain? A．The drop in dance music’s market share. B．The development of digital music services. C．The influence from the traditional club culture. D．The government’s support for cultural exchanges. 23．According to the organizers, what’s the focus of British country music? A．Religious traditions. B．Political movements. C．Daily life experiences. D．Technological advances. 24．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．How Technology Shapes UK’s Music Choices B．Why Country Music Gains Popularity in Britain C．When Country Music Will Replace Pop in Britain D．What Makes British Country Music Events Unique Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） In the heart of Los Angeles lies a hidden workshop for a fading art form. The Last Repair Shop explores the world of this unique place — the last remaining American workshop that repairs musical instruments for public school children. This touching documentary takes us inside the workshop, introducing us to the dedicated workers there. There’s Steve Bagmanyan, who carefully breathes life back into dented (凹陷的) brass instruments. Boris Karloff fixes violins that have witnessed countless childhood dreams. Dana Atkinson, a woman working in a mostly male field, knows a lot about woodwind instruments. And Duane Michaels, a former music teacher, understands firsthand how significant these instruments are for students, ensuring each one is in perfect condition when returned. Through interviews with the workers and the sounds of tools and instruments being fixed, The Last Repair Shop paints a picture of the transformative power of music in children’s lives. A repaired instrument is more than just a fixed object — it can be a path to creativity, a source of comfort, and even an escape from tough situations. For many public school students, especially those from underfunded (资金不足的) communities, access to musical instruments can be life-changing. By repairing these instruments, the workshop helps bridge the opportunity gap, ensuring that all children, regardless of economic background, have the chance to experience the joy of music. The documentary also highlights how these instruments inspire students, shaping their futures. Many young musicians discover confidence, purpose, and even career paths through school music programs. Without workshops like this one, countless students might never have the chance to explore their talents. The Last Repair Shop is a heartwarming celebration of music and human connection, reminding us of the magic that unfolds when we invest in the arts and empower young minds. Beyond that, it highlights the importance of preserving fading craftsmanship in an age of mass-produced and disposable (一次性的) goods. 25．What is special about the workshop introduced in the documentary? A．The free repair services for students. B．The special location in the city center. C．The only American workshop of its kind. D．The guidance from professional musicians. 26．What do we know about the workers? A．They used to be music teachers. B．They have great talents in music. C．They can all fix various instruments. D．They are professional and devoted to the job. 27．How does a repaired instrument impact the children’s life? A．It helps reshape children’s lives. B．It provides a way to escape from school. C．It satisfies their demands for entertainment. D．It enables them to develop creativity and trust. 28．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To describe a fading art form in America. B．To show the process of fixing musical instruments. C．To illustrate students’ difficulties in learning music. D．To introduce a documentary and its meaningful message. Passage 8 （24-25高一下·浙江金华·期末） Many dog owners believe their pets understand and respond not only to commands such as “sit” and “stay, ” but also to words referring to their favorite objects. “Bring me your ball” will often result in exactly that. But science has had trouble determining whether dogs really activate (激活) a mental image in their minds when they hear the name of an object. A new study has found that beyond being able to respond to commands like “roll over, ” dogs can learn to connect words with specific objects — a relationship with language called referential understanding that had been unproven in dogs until now. The study involved 18 dogs and a procedure using electrodes (电极) attached to dogs’ heads to measure brain activity and register brain waves. Dog owners participating in the study would play a voice recording in which they said the name of their dog’s toy — like “ball” — and then they would show the dog an object. The researchers measured the dogs’ brain activity when the object in the recording matched the object that was displayed, and also when it differed. “We expected that if a dog really understands the meaning of the object’s word, it will expect to see that object. And if the owner shows a different one, there will be a so-called surprise reaction in the brain, ” Boros said. The study found a different brain pattern when the dogs were shown an object that matched the word, compared to when it didn’t — suggesting the animals formed a mental image of an object based on hearing the word for it. The study supports “theories of language evolution (进化) which actually say that referential understanding is not necessarily unique to humans,” added Magyari, an associate professor at the University of Stavanger in Norway. While the study has received praise, some experts have expressed doubts about its findings. Behavioral scientist and professor of psychology, Clive Wynne, said in a post onFacebook that he believes that all the study shows is that dogs respond to stimuli (刺激) — but that they don’t actually understand the meaning of specific words. 29．What has puzzled scientists about dogs? A．How dogs activate mental images in mind. B．How dogs respond to their favorite objects. C．Whether dogs can connect words with objects. D．Whether dogs can truly understand commands. 30．How did the researchers conduct the study of dogs? A．By observing their interactions with owners. B．By training them to identify specific objects. C．By monitoring their brain waves in different situations. D．By comparing their reactions to different human voices. 31．In the study, surprise reactions in dog’s brain are caused by a mismatch between ________. A．what they want and what they are given B．what they hear and what they are shown C．what they are trained to do and what is tested D．what they are familiar with and what is displayed 32．What is Clive Wynne’s attitude toward the study’s findings? A．Doubtful. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Supportive. 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江嘉兴·期末） As we age, changes often occur in our sense of smell and brainpower. But new research shows a simple way that possibly strengthens brainpower as we get older — by getting scent (香味) through the air at night. In a recent study, researchers at the UCI Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory had adults aged 60-85 use a special machine next to their bed every night. This machine gently spread nice smells into the air. Each night, one of seven different pleasant smells was given off during the first two hours of sleep. The scents included various joyful options like rose, lemon and orange. Subjects in the study got a different smell every night, enjoying a fresh new scent before bed. The results were truly striking. Older adults exposed (暴露) to the nightly scents showed a 226 percent greater improvement on a word memory test compared to control subjects. Brain imaging also showed improved conditions in the memory-related brain pathway that typically weakens with age. Unlike signals from your eyes, ears and other senses, information from your nose travels directly to areas related to memory and emotion. This allows smell to activate (激活) memories and connections in ways sight and sound can’t. According to Michael Leon, “The reality is that over the age of 60, the smell sense and brainpower start to drop sharply.” This encouraging research suggests regular smell exposure at night could provide a simple way to keep that drop at bay. Unlike unrealistic brain games or scent programs, this approach effectively builds a bridge between smell and memory through easy nightly exposure during sleep. Instead of demanding hard brain exercises, it offers regular effortless sensory support to improve memory. Most importantly, you receive these brain benefits without doing anything but falling asleep with pleasant scents. 1．What did the subjects do in the study? A．They were connected to a scent machine. B．They recognized different smells before sleep. C．They were nightly exposed to a scent during sleep. D．They trapped pleasant smells from flowers and fruits. 2．Why are other senses mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To compare how different senses work. B．To stress smell is directly related to memory. C．To explain how sensory signals are processed. D．To suggest sight and sound are not important. 3．What does the underlined part in paragraph 4 mean? A．Forget about the drop. B．Stop or slow down the drop. C．Figure out why the drop happens. D．Accept the drop as a natural stage. 4．What is the main advantage of the research-confirmed method? A．It has clear steps to follow. B．It helps maintain mental health. C．It is simple and convenient to use. D．It is effective in improving sleep quality. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江山海高中&共富联盟·联考） Gardening is often seen as a relaxing hobby, but it offers far more than just a way to pass the time. Recent studies have shown that getting your hands dirty in the garden can improve both physical and mental health. One of the most obvious benefits is physical activity. Digging, planting, and watering are all forms of exercise that can help strengthen muscles, improve flexibility, and increase endurance. Even light gardening tasks like weeding can burn calories. A 30-minute gardening session can be as effective as a short walk, making it an accessible form of exercise for people of all ages. Gardening also has a positive impact on mental well-being. Spending time in nature reduces stress and anxiety. The smell of soil, the sight of growing plants, and the sound of birdsong create a calming environment. Moreover, the sense of accomplishment from growing your own vegetables or flowers can boost self-esteem. Research has found that people who garden regularly report feeling happier and more relaxed. Another benefit is the opportunity to connect with others. Community gardens, for example, bring people together. Neighbors can share gardening tips, swap plants, and enjoy the fruits of their labor. This social interaction helps build stronger relationships and a sense of community. Finally, gardening can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle. Growing your own food reduces the need for store-bought produce, which often involves long-distance transportation and packaging. Home-grown fruits and vegetables are fresher, healthier, and free from pesticides. Even if you only have space for a few potted herbs, you can still enjoy the benefits of home-grown food. Whether you have a large backyard or a small balcony, gardening can be a rewarding activity. It’s a simple way to improve your health, connect with others, and contribute to a greener planet. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The various benefits of gardening. B．Gardening is a popular hobby worldwide. C．The physical benefits of gardening for different ages. D．How gardening helps people build social connections. 6．Which of the following best shows the impact of gardening on mental health? A．It can provide opportunities for social interaction. B．It can reduce the use of pesticides in food production. C．It can offer a form of physical exercise to release stress. D．It can create a peaceful environment and increase self-confidence. 7．How does community gardening help build a sense of community? A．By reducing the use of packaged store-bought food. B．By sharing gardening knowledge and fruits together. C．By encouraging people to compete in growing plants. D．By providing free home-grown product to neighbors. 8．What can we infer from the passage? A．Gardening requires a large amount of space. B．Community gardens are only for experienced gardeners. C．Store-bought produce is always less healthy than home-grown food. D．Gardening is a beneficial activity for both individuals and the environment. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·宁波九校·期末） Researchers have recently discovered that gut microbiome (肠道微生物群) — bacteria that grow within our body — helps the brain build important social skills. According to a paper published in PLOS Biology in November, zebra fish were used as research subjects to test how a lack of microbiome could alter social skills. Zebra fish are social animals as even 2-week-old fish starts to hang out in groups of 4 to 12. The experiment started with making a group of fish “germ-free (无菌)” through their diet. The other group were injected with a healthy mix of gut bacteria. About 15 days later, the second group began swimming in groups while the “germ-free” group “shockingly, didn’t,” Judith Eisen, a co-author of the new research, said to Quanta Magazine. The team then examined the fish’s brains, discovering obvious differences between the two groups. The ones who lacked the gut microbiome had more interconnections among the neurons (神经元) in their brains in charge of social behavior. It also led to fewer microglia (小胶质细胞), the neural immune cells that help clean the brain’s unwanted neurons. With less microglia to clear the brain’s neurons, social neurons were seen to have overgrown. This made the fish more cautious in social situations. Scientists assumed that the bacteria could release a special chemical that crosses the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain directly. Or, the immune cells might move between the gut and the brain, sending messages. Although the experiments were only on fish, the findings can theoretically be applied to humans. The team wishes to explore how gut microbiome affects the human brain in the future, which may lead to solutions to mental health problems. Perhaps many people who claim that they have “social phobia” can blame their guts. However, social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, can be a serious illness if ignored. According to the National Health Service in the UK, it is more than shyness but instead a constant fear of social situations. Patients may experience panic attacks which are an overwhelming fear and anxiety that last for a few minutes 9．What did the experiment aim to find out? A．The neural structures of zebra fish. B．The reproductive habits of social animals. C．The causes of zebra fish’s social behavior. D．The impact of microbiome on social behavior. 10．What can we learn about “germ-free” fish from the passage? A．They have more neural immune cells. B．They are less active in social interactions. C．Their brains have fewer unwanted neurons. D．Their social neurons are loosely connected. 11．What will be the potential application of the finding? A．Dealing with depression. B．Managing brain disease. C．Treating an eating disorder. D．Increasing social neurons. 12．Which statement would the author probably agree with? A．Social phobia can be cured by a special chemical. B．People should attach great importance to social phobia. C．The gut microbiome is the primary cause of social phobia. D．Social phobia is simply a reflection of people’s personalities. Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Have you ever wondered why you choose one food over another? Scientists in Australia have made an interesting discovery. They found that what we see right before looking at food can influence our food decisions. This finding could change how we market food, design restaurant menus, and even treat eating disorders. Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney led the study. His team ran an experiment with 600 people. They showed the participants hundreds of food images one by one. The participants had to move a slider and click to rate how attractive the food looked and guess its calorie content. After analyzing the results carefully, they discovered something called serial dependence (序列依赖). This means that if you saw a food you really liked or thought had a high calorie count, you were more likely to rate the next food higher than you normally would. On the other hand, if the previous food didn’t look good to you, the next one would probably get a lower rating. This effect is automatic (自动的), just like when the wind blows on your skin or you see a bright red flash. It’s related to how our senses work, and it’s connected to a part of the brain that scientists have only recently learned about. This could affect how we make choices on delivery apps or digital restaurant menus, where consumers are faced with food decisions based on many images of food. Maybe the food that seems more attractive isn’t really the one we want the most. It could be because the previous image made it seem better. Restaurants and marketers can also benefit from this knowledge. Restaurants can arrange their menus to make customers like more profitable dishes. For example, they can put high-profit items after some really attractive food pictures. After further research is carried out, this could also be used in the treatment of eating disorders. They can use this “simple sensory process” to help those who overeat or undereat change the way they think about food. 13．What were the participants expected to do in the study? A．Grade the appearance of the food. B．Design suitable restaurant menus. C．Guess the calorie of the eaten food. D．Click on the attractive food images. 14．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．How serial dependence is applied. B．How serial dependence works. C．What influences serial dependence. D．What causes serial dependence. 15．How can restaurants make profits according to paragraph 4? A．By choosing pretty food images. B．By arranging free delivery services. C．By making decisions for customers. D．By adjusting the sequence of items. 16．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．New Reasons Why We Make Food Choices B．Important Facts about Our Food Marketing C．Several Good Ways to Treat Eating Disorder D．The Unusual Discoverer of Serial Dependence Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期末） In the 1930s, the first cake mixes (蛋糕粉) which only required water were invented and some people argued that this approach, the easiest, was the best. But others thought cooks would want to do more. The cake-mix argument may be out-dated, but its central question remains: Just how demanding do we want our technologies to be? Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure. Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system. However, so-called easy technologies usually require little concentrated effort and produce predictable results. Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. Everyone knows that it is easier to drive to the top of a mountain than to hike; the views may be the same, but the feeling never is. Following the same idea, we develop into beings that can do more. However, we can’t get the same satisfaction as we expect. I don’t mean that everything needs to be done the hard way. But we must take challenges seriously, or we’ll face the danger of becoming creatures whose lives are less satisfying. 17．What makes demanding technologies different from easy technologies? A．It requires much effort. B．It takes little attention. C．It achieves intended effect. D．It deals with machines. 18．What is a possible result of easy technologies? A．More time for concentration. B．Writing much longer letters. C．Lower expectations on others. D．Doing various tasks at a time. 19．What does the underlined word “eliminated” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Noticed. B．Stressed. C．Improved. D．Removed. 20．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? A．The Argument Over Cake Mixes B．What Is A Demanding Technology? C．The Problem With Easy Technologies D．What Challenges Do Humans Face? Passage 6 （23-24高一下·浙江丽水·期末） The new e-skin improves tasks requiring accuracy and force control, overcoming a big challenge in advancing technology. Unlike traditional e-skins, this new e-skin stays accurate even when it stretches. “Much like human skin has to stretch and bend as we move, so does e-skin,” explains Nanshu Lu, a professor in the Cockrell School. The breakthrough lies in an innovative hybrid response pressure sensor that Lu and her partners have developed over years. Lu sees the stretchable e-skin as an important part of a robot hand that can mirror the softness and sensitivity of a human hand. This new e-skin technology senses pressure from contact, letting the attached machine know how much force to use to, for example, hold a cup or touch a person. In demonstrations, the new e-skin allowed the robot hand to adapt to various sensitive tasks, such as accurately measuring human pulse (脉搏) and pulse waves, securely holding objects without dropping them and even handling unexpected items like coins inside a glass or pressing on a potato chip without breaking it. Lu and her team are currently exploring potential applications, including partnering to build a robotic arm equipped with the e-skin technology. They have also applied for a basic patent for the e-skin, indicating its potential for business use. In a world where the aging population exceeds (超过) the number of caregivers, the need for efficient and gentle care solutions is necessary. Lu believes robots equipped with advanced technologies like the stretchable e-skin could play a vital role in dealing with this global challenge. Beyond medicine,human-caring robots could be used in disasters. They could search for injured and trapped people in an earthquake or a collapsed building. From healthcare to disaster response, the potential is significant. With further development and cooperation with robotics companies, Lu hopes to see this e-skin technology make its way to the market, marking the beginning of a new era of human-robot interaction and care. 21．What advantage does the new e-skin have over traditional e-skins? A．It keeps accurate even when stretching. B．It enables robots to move at a fast speed. C．It allows robot hands to bend into all shapes. D．It helps robot hands control with less force. 22．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The wide applications of the new e-skin. B．The important development of the new e-skin. C．The major challenge of the pressure sensor. D．The strong function of the pressure sensor. 23．What can robots with the new e-skin do for the global challenge of aging population? A．Reduce healthcare costs. B．Limit global business use. C．Replace human caregivers. D．Improve medical care efficiency. 24．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new e-skin? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear C．Positive. D．Disapproving. 主题03 人与自然——生态环境 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） Since the Apollo missions began, space programs have offered a unique perspective on our home planet. Its most fascinating legacy may have been, not visiting the moon—the barren world that is our planetary companion, but giving us a view of the bounteous (富饶的) world that is our home. The Apollo missions, which concluded in 1972, occurred alongside the birth of the modern environmental movement—the founding of Friends of the Earth in 1969 and Greenpeace in 1971, the first Earth Day in 1970, among other important events—and the sight of Earth from space offered inspiration and motivation. When Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders snapped a photograph of Earth, partially in shadow, rising above the moon’s surface in 1968, he provided the clearest image yet seen of our world and its fragility (脆弱) in space. Many years later, photographer Galen Rowell described “Earthrise” as “the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.” “Earthrise” was followed by “Blue Marble”, a view of the Earth taken from the Apollo 17 spacecraft in 1972. That was the last of the Apollo moon missions, but NASA’s space exploration continued to take longing glances back toward their home world. In 1989, NASA formalized a Mission to Planet Earth, in which examining the third planet from the sun was no longer incidental to its work but central to it. In the three decades since then, the agency’s Earth Science program observation has expanded along with both the technological ability and the growing necessity to do so. NASA and partners such as the European Space Agency (ESA) have compiled an ever-growing image library of our own planet. The images reveal how Earth is transformed by land use, human activities, weather phenomena and climate changes. The thousands upon thousands of images reveal moments in time and seemingly timeless vistas, of our world up close and from afar. As Anders himself observed, 50 years after his first “Earthrise” image was released, “We set out to explore the moon, and instead discovered the Earth.” 1．What is viewed as the biggest achievement of the Apollo missions? A．Landing humans on the moon for the first time. B．Showing the Earth’s beauty and fragile nature. C．Inspiring mankind’s desire for more spacewalks. D．Making technological advances in space exploration. 2．What does the “Earthrise” photo symbolize according to the text? A．The end of the Apollo moon missions. B．The limitations of early space photography. C．The urgency of protecting Earth’s environment. D．The change of NASA’s focus on studying Earth. 3．What was the chief goal of NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth? A．To establish partnerships with ESA． B．To explore new planets in the solar system. C．To develop advanced spacecraft technology. D．To study Earth’s environment and changes. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Changing View of Earth from Space: Photos & Images B．The Impact of Space Exploration: A Fascinating Argument C．NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth: A Scientific Revolution D．The Moon Landing: Humans’ Greatest Achievement Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江山海高中&共富联盟·联考） From toothbrushes and shampoo bottles to furniture and clothes, plastic is used to make lots of everyday items. When these items are thrown away, some of them end up in the oceans. The plastic, which can take hundreds of years to break down, is known to harm marine wildlife. To tackle this problem, scientists have developed a type of plastic that will biodegrade(生物降解)in seawater. Biodegradable plastics are ones that break down naturally. But currently, even biodegradable plastics don’t break down completely in the sea. Instead, they break up into tiny pieces called microplastics, which are often eaten by fish, birds and other animals. The new plastic could help solve this microplastic problem. It was created by researchers at the RIKEN Centre for Emergent Matter Science in Japan. Unlike other biodegradable plastics, the new plastic fully dissolves in salty seawater. When it dissolves, it breaks up into the separate substances that it was made from, and then tiny living things can break these down fully. Tests have shown that the plastic can break down in a few hours in seawater, and in around 10 days in soil. The new plastic has other benefits too. It is not poisonous and non-flammable, so it can’t easily be burned and release climate-harming gases. The plastic can be made hard or flexible and shaped into different forms at temperatures above 120℃, so it could be used to make many sorts of items. Takuzo Aida, who led the research, said the new plastic is “strong, stable, recyclable”, and can be used in lots of ways. It could be very useful, for example, in replacing single-use plastics. Joaquín Martínez Urreaga, a professor of chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, called the idea “a promising alternative to solve marine pollution”. 5．What is the main problem with the biodegradable plastics in the ocean? A．They are difficult to be collected. B．They take too long to be recycled. C．They are made from harmful substances. D．They break down into microplastics and harm wildlife. 6．What is special about the new plastic? A．It can be used to make more items. B．It is made from different substances. C．It can fully dissolve in salty seawater. D．It can break down in a few days in soil. 7．What can we infer about the new plastic from the passage? A．It can only be used to make single-use items. B．It will completely replace traditional plastics in all industries. C．It may face challenges in being widely used due to high costs. D．It has a shorter degradation time compared to the current plastics. 8．What is Joaquín Martínez Urreaga’s attitude towards the new plastic? A．Positive. B．Uninterested. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Six years ago, the Royal Horticultural Society drew attention to the challenges faced by plant nurseries (苗圃). Citing pressures such as an ageing customer base, the gardening charity warned that nurseries — the “lifeblood of gardening in the UK” — were becoming increasingly uncommon. Since then, there have been yet further shutdowns, including family rose specialist Cants of Colchester. But there is hope. A new generation of young gardeners is breathing life into an old trade, opening up exciting nurseries across Britain and Ireland. Jonny Bruce is one of these new gardeners, who started the Field Nursery. With the help of his part-time worker and friend Daniel James, the nursery already has two greenhouses and a shed (工具棚) for potting plants. Jonny Bruce hopes to start selling plants in the autumn. Bruce’s love for growing plants started during his training at Great Dixter in East Sussex. “I was really inspired by how the nursery and the garden worked together,” he says. “I knew by the end of it that I wanted to work in a nursery.” Bruce spent the next four-and-a-half years working in the Netherlands. There, he saw many new plants and was inspired by their passion for protecting the environment. Returning to the UK, he looked for land to start his own nursery. “I got really lucky. A developer had bought this field as part of a larger land package, but couldn’t build on it. They needed to do something positive with the land, so I was able to achieve that with my proposal — that’s what made this whole project possible.” Bruce views the Field Nursery as an opportunity to increase biodiversity. He and Daniel are planting many native trees and making habitats for insects. This stress on nature provision (供给) challenges the plant nursery of the past. It shows that nurseries can function in harmony with wildlife. Jonny says, “It’s hard work, but we feel we can do so much with the land to connect people — it’s really exciting.” 9．Why does the author mention Cants of Colcheste? A．To show the struggles faced by UK nurseries. B．To compare different kinds of plant nurseries. C．To explain the reasons for nursery shutdowns. D．To examine pressures of the gardening charity. 10．What do we know about Bruce? A．He started his own nursery by accident. B．He has profited from running a nursery. C．He learned about nurseries from training. D．He was born with love for plant growing. 11．What made his nursery possible according to Bruce? A．Passion for being independent. B．Support of a land developer. C．Positive action to look for funds. D．Inspiration from new plants. 12．Which of the following best describes the Field Nursery? A．Traditional. B．Ordinary. C．Well-protected. D．Environment-friendly. Passage 4 （23-24高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Lichens (地衣) cover as much as 8% of the planet’s surface, an area larger than that covered by tropical rain-forests. They can be found growing on bark, rocks or walls; in woodlands, deserts or tundra. Some lichens are familiar to the herbalists who find uses through the “Doctrine of Signatures” (形象学说). For example, species of Lobaria are used to treat lung diseases because of their lung-like appearance. Lichens have also been used for their chemical components. Lichens provide natural dye (染色) stuff in many traditional cultures around the world, including the famous Harris tweed woolens of Scotland. Lichens are also used in the production of perfumes. For example, “oak moss” was used as a component of several high quality French perfumes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lichens also provide many important ecosystem services. Lichens contribute to biodiversity — they are found in all biomes. Some lichens are pioneers, so they are often the first to occupy newly exposed surfaces. Lichens also contribute to nutrient cycling. In some old-growth forests, lichens contribute up to 50% of the nitrogen. Many animals use lichens. Up to 90% of reindeer’s winter food consists of lichens, and other animals use lichens for nesting material or hiding places. Lichens can also inform us about the condition of our environment. Many lichens require very specific environmental conditions. For example, presence of certain lichens can be an indicator of climate change. Some lichens are sensitive to air pollution and will disappear when air quality is poor. Lichens are important also because they are beautiful to look at. How colorful would the rocks and cliffs be in the Rocky Mountains without the reds, yellows and greens of the crust lichens? Without these living creatures, our natural areas would look pretty boring and a little more lifeless. 13．How does the author introduce lichens in paragraph 1? A．By explaining the standard definition. B．By describing the growing process. C．By stating the wide range of coverage. D．By showing the diverse species. 14．Which of the following functions are lichens least likely to perform? A．To treat lung disorders. B．To dye natural stuff. C．To make perfumes. D．To remove chemicals. 15．Why are lichens important for assessing environmental conditions? A．They are sensitive to air quality. B．They can survive in extreme weather. C．They provide nesting material for birds. D．They indicate old-growth conditions. 16．What’s the structure of the passage? A．B．C． D． Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期末） Everyone knows this: Slowly turn up the heat on a frog in a pot of water, and the frog won’t hop out. Unaware of the slight increase in heat, it will stay put until — well, until it dies. When it comes to the effect of rising global temperatures on amphibians (两栖动物), the frog-boiling fable is more than just a metaphor (隐喻). Climate change is becoming one of the biggest threats to frogs and other amphibians, according to a major study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Between 2004 and 2022, rising temperatures became the primary reason why more than 100 amphibian species were slipping toward extinction. The spread of disease among frogs and the destruction of their habitats have long been recognized as reasons why many amphibians are decreasing. But this new study establishes climate change as a major risk for amphibians around the world, too. The soft-skinned animals lack the fur and feathers to help adjust their temperature in this hotter and more drought-stricken world. Less attention is paid to frogs and other amphibians compared to more well-known groups like birds. But losing amphibians would be disastrous because they often act as a key link in the food web of ecosystems, wolfing insects down and, in turn, being eaten by larger predators (捕食者).“Without those amphibians to fill that role, we will see the breakdown of this food web,” said Neam, who works for an Austin-based environmental group. Luckily, habitat protection and other conservation measures have been taken to help recover more than five dozen amphibians from Costa Rica to Malaysia. “It’s not all bad news,” said Jennifer Luedtke, an amphibian group leader of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “But we really must build on this improvement and significantly increase investment in amphibian conservation.” 17．How is the topic introduced? A．By listing facts. B．By explaining ideas. C．By sharing a story. D．By raising a question. 18．What is the main reason for the decrease of amphibians according to the new study? A．The spread of disease. B．The loss of habitats. C．The rise of temperature. D．The lack of feathers. 19．What will happen if the number of amphibians decreases? A．The food chain will be destroyed. B．Wolves will depend more on insects. C．Predators will be the key role of the web. D．The ecosystem will become more diverse. 20．How does Luedtke feel about the future of amphibians? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Uncertain. D．Curious. Passage 6 （23-24高一下·浙江台州·期末） Babies as young as four months old can make sense of how their bodies interact with the space around them, according to a new research from the University of Birmingham. The findings, published in Scientific Reports, throw new light on how self-awareness develops. In the first stage, experts from the Birmingham Baby Lab showed babies a ball on a screen moving towards them. When the ball was closest to them on the screen, the babies were presented with a touch on their hands, while their brain activity was being measured. It was found that even in the first few months of life, before babies have even learned to reach for objects, the multisensory (多感官的) brain is wired up to make links between what babies see and what they feel. Dr Giulia Orioli, the study leader, said: “Since we know babies in the early stages of their development begin to show signs of this, it opens up questions about how much of these abilities are learned, or inborn.” Then a ball on a screen was shown moving away from them in the second stage. The experts found that in babies aged eight months old when the touch on their hand followed the ball on the screen moving away from them, the babies’ brain activity showed signs that they were amazed. The older babies’ responses suggest that they had not expected the touch. Next, the researchers are planning to follow up this study with younger participants, hoping to be able to see if there are early signs of these “multisensory” abilities in newborn babies. “It is a challenge working with newborns,” Dr Orioli concluded, “but we are starting to have some success working with this age group, and it is going to be fascinating to see if babies only a few days old have the foundations of a sense of their bodies in space. If so, it could be that we are looking at the origins of human consciousness.” 21．What can we learn about Stage 1 of the research? A．Babies’ multisensory abilities are learned. B．Babies learn to reach for objects earlier than expected. C．Babies connect what they see and feel in the first few months. D．Babies’ brain activity was measured when a ball touched them. 22．What is the babies’ response in Stage 2 of the research? A．Surprise. B．Fear. C．Calmness. D．Annoyance. 23．How does Dr Orioli feel about the future of this research? A．Doubtful. B．Hopeful. C．Puzzled. D．Worried. 24．Which one is the best title for the text? A．Babies’ Interaction with Balls Measured B．Origins of Human Consciousness Found C．Babies’ Multisensory Brain Developed at Birth D．Young Babies Showing Signs of Self-awareness 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·浙江杭州·期末） Life is busy. We’re always expected to be productive and engaged, whether that’s with parenting, housework, or work. While taking time for small rewards can feel like a luxury (奢侈), the truth is that it is necessary for improving our mental health. A key psychological idea behind this is the Premack Principle, which explains why treating ourselves is more than a tendency; it’s a way to improve our daily lives. In the 1960s, American psychologist David Premack developed a theory now known as Premack Principle. He explained that doing something you’re more likely to do can be a reward for doing something you don’t actually want to do. For instance, if you finish a task you’re not interested in, like cleaning the bathroom, you can treat yourself to something you like, such as watching an episode of your favorite TV show. This approach takes advantage of our natural need for fun to help us get through tasks we might not enjoy. Recent studies keep showing that giving yourself rewards can help improve your work and happiness. For example, Woolley and Fishbach discovered that getting rewards right away can make you more motivated because it links the reward directly with the task. What’s interesting is that it’s not about how big the reward is but how quickly you get it that matters. Another study by Landry and others found it’s not the reward itself but rather how the reward makes people feel that helps them do their best. This makes sense because rewards boost our dopamine (多巴胺) levels, which plays a key role in how our brains feel pleasure.     The idea of giving ourselves “little treats” is not just about enjoying something; it’s proof of how positive reinforcement can change our behavior and make us feel better mentally. By carefully using the Premack Principle and rewarding ourselves, we can find more motivation (动机) to face challenges and lead a happier life. It’s okay torecognize and celebrate our efforts, big or small.     So, go ahead, give yourself that little treat. You’ve earned it. 1．What is the Premack Principle? A．A tool to work out a long-term plan. B．Away to complete tasks effectively. C．A means to make boring tasks enjoyable. D．A theory to explain how rewards improve happiness. 2．According to Woolley and Fishbach, what helps to improve motivation? A．The type of tasks. B．The immediate reward. C．The size of the reward. D．The level of dopamine. 3．What might be a “positive reinforcement” according to paragraph 4? A．A cleanup. B．Physical training. C．Graduation ceremony. D．A favourite snack. 4．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．The Importance of Productivity B．Motivation and Mental Health C．The Premack Principle for Life D．Dopamine and the Brain’s Pleasure Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） People say they prefer a short story written by a human over one composed by AI, yet most still devote the same amount of time and money to read both stories regardless of whether it is (标记) labeled as AI-generated. That was the main finding of a recent study to test whether this preference for humans over AI in creative works actually translates into consumer behavior. To investigate, we asked ChatGPT 4 to create a short story in the style of the popular fiction author Jason Brown. We recruited over 650 participants, offering each $3.50 to read and assess the AI-written story. Importantly, half of the participants were told it was AI-written, while the other half were made to think it was the work of Jason Brown. After reading the first half of the AI-written story, participants were asked to rate the quality of the work along various dimensions, such as whether they found it predictable, emotionally engaging and so on. We also measured participants’ willingness to pay in order to read to the end of the story in two ways: how much money and how much time they’d agree to spend reading some text we gave them. So, were there differences between the two groups? The group that knew the story was AI-written judged it more negatively. However, participants were ready to spend the same amount of money and time to finish reading the story whether or not it was labeled as AI. Participants also did not spend less time actually reading the AI-labeled story. When asked afterward, almost 40% of participants said they would have paid less if the same story was written by AI, highlighting that many are not aware of the difference between their subjective (主观的) judgement and actual choices. Attitudes toward AI are still forming. Future research could investigate whether there will be a resistance (抵制) against AI-generated creative works. A related question is whether the market will segment, where some consumers will be willing to pay more based on the process of creation, while others may be interested only in the product. 5．What did the study focus on? A．The differences between human and AI writing styles. B．Consumers’ preference for Jason Brown’s short stories. C．ChatGPT 4’s ability to compose stories favored by humans. D．Effect of people’s love for human-written stories on behavior. 6．What can we infer about the participants from paragraph 4? A．They all thought highly of the AI-written story. B．They spent more time on the human-written story. C．Their subjective judgement didn’t match their choices. D．Their reading habits were affected by their personal likes. 7．What does the underlined word “segment” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Stay unified. B．Divide into parts. C．Expand quickly. D．Remain unchanged. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards AI-generated works? A．Approving. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江衢州·期末） According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, about two billion people eat bugs, or insects, as part of their daily diet. That’s nearly a quarter of the global population, and yet most countries in Europe and North America, despite the nutritional and environmental benefits, are quite unwilling to eat bugs. So why should Westernized countries agree to include bugs in their daily diet? Eating bugs as a replacement for larger farm animals could contribute greatly to a more sustainable (可持续的) world. Bugs have a high feed-to-product rate and use much less materials than traditional farm animals per pound. According to an article written by the former manager of the Toronto Food Policy Council, Wayne Roberts, “Eatable insects don’t appear on any endangered species lists, and their sustainable use could help protect other wildlife since the approach may contribute to habitat protection.” The nutritional benefits of eating bugs can be important in fighting childhood deaths, and malnutrition (营养不良) rates. Monica Aiyeko of the Food and Agriculture department at Bondo University College has studied and published the effects of including native crickets into school meal programs in Kenya. Her studies have found that about 30% of Kenyan households are short of food, leading to wide-spread malnutrition among children, particularly under the age of 5. Putting bugs into school feeding programs could provide children with the necessary nutrients to prevent poor growth. Generally, bugs are extremely nutritionally beneficial, rich in protein, omega-3 fats and iron. The popular Western opinion is best stated by New York Times writer Ligaya Mishan, “Europeans, and European settlers in North America, never had a bug-eating tradition. Indeed, we largely consider insects dirty and related to disease. This is a big misunderstanding that we need to clear up. All I want is a food cultural change, is that so much to ask?” 9．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．Endangered bugs taste less delicious. B．Eating bugs can threaten other wildlife. C．Bugs produce less using more materials. D．Bugs need less feed for the same production. 10．What was the main focus of Aiyeko’s study? A．The general health benefits of bugs. B．The climbing malnutrition rates among Kenyan kids. C．The problem of food safety in Kenyan households. D．The benefits of having bugs in school meals in Kenya. 11．What is Mishan’ attitude towards bug-eating? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent. 12．Which is the best title for the passage? A．Bugs: an Unwanted Future Choice B．Bugs: a Change in the Menu C．Bugs: an Unseen Threat to the Crop D．Bugs: a Game-changer in Agriculture Passage 4 （23-24高一下·浙江湖州·期末） After hours of working, many people experience significant drops in energy and find themselves in desperate need of a recharge. But instead of grabbing a coffee, it may be more worthwhile to take a short sleep break known as a power nap. A power nap can “provide the refreshment you need if you’re struggling to stay alert or haven’t had a good night’s sleep,” explains Rebecca Robbins, a sleep scientist. A power nap “gives people the chance to rest for a short period of time to boost workplace productivity (生产率),”she says, but they are only beneficial when they are done correctly. How long should a power nap be? Sleep experts say that an effective power nap should only last 20-30 minutes to increase alertness throughout the day. According to James Maas, a former professor and chair of psychology at Cornell University who invented the term “power nap” more than 50 years ago, “It’s an opportunity to shut your eyes, breathe slowly and recharge.” For most people, 15 minutes should be enough to power through the rest of the work day. However, Maas warns that lengthier naps are counterproductive and even harmful. “Never nap for 60 minutes. If you power nap any time longer than 40 minutes, you’re going to wake up feeling very weak and tired for another hour or so.” Shelby Harris, a clinical psychologist, adds that the best time to take your power nap is between 1 p. m. and 3 p. m. , because napping any later in the day “can interfere with your sleep at night.” In contrast to coffee, which is likely to “damage your sleep at night and only offer short term energy for about 30 minutes,” Robbins says a power nap is a healthier alternative to improve workplace performance, strengthen memory and boost creativity. Harris adds naps have long-term health benefits too, such as improving your mood and aiding in stress management. “Power naps can reduce accidents and mistakes while also improving attention, alertness, concentration and performance. They can even be used effectively to fight sleepy driving when a short nap is taken just before getting behind the wheel,” she says. 13．What did James Maas suggest about a power nap? A．The best time to nap is from 1 p. m. to 3 p. m. B．The longer you nap, the more refreshed you’ll be. C．It’s better to be kept within 15 minutes. D．Napping too long does more harm than good. 14．Good power naps have the following benefits except __________. A．contributing to our refreshment. B．improving our memory and mood. C．disturbing your sleep at night. D．helping effectively manage stress. 15．How does the author develop the passage? A．By giving definitions. B．By making comparisons. C．By showing examples. D．By quoting from others. 16．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Tips on Taking Power Naps B．Ways to Get You Refreshed C．The Benefits of a Power Nap D．Steps to Improve Your Sleep Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江杭州·期末） Harishchandra has spent decades of his life caring for the poor community. His son Prashant Sude, who has now taken over the operations of NGO, is following in his father’s footsteps, working to help people with disabilities. “What we did at first was train them in recycling (回收) old clothes into mats (垫子) . The throwing away of old clothes is a significant issue, causing environmental harm. At our hand-me-down centre, we recycle these clothes into mats, providing a long-lasting solution to this problem. In doing so, they not only earn a living but also contribute to addressing the environmental challenges related to non-biodegradable waste,” he says. However, with changing times, Prashant realized that this training might not be a very smart job with good pay after a few years. “In 2010, we started giving massage (按摩) training to blind people. Massage is an excellent job opportunity for sight challenged individuals because they have sharp sensory abilities. The training methods are simple yet effective, allowing both less-educated and well-educated individuals to learn massage scientifically. Through our course, students learn various massage techniques practically. As a result, they become experts in the field. Once they are trained, they can return to their native village or stay at the centre and earn at least Rs 500 per massage.” In 2021, the NGO came up with another branch of training. “We teach them various digital skills such as graphic design, video editing, and social media management. These skills are particularly suitable for those with locomotor disabilities. They use the labs at the NGO to practise their skill, do their work without having to move a lot and focus their energy more on creative thinking,” he adds. While Prashant and Harishchandra along with many volunteers have helped hundreds of people, Prashant now wishes to expand the model throughout Maharashtra. “The blind in our country are treated as second-class citizens. With Swadhaar, we are aiming to reduce this gap by presenting them with the right opportunities. We want to help them become independent, and live the life they should have,” says Prashant. 17．Compared to the recycling project, the massage training program is ________. A．more challenging B．more rewarding C．less scientific D．less practical 18．How did the NGO help the disabled? A．By offering them different jobs. B．By developing their social skills. C．By changing their working conditions. D．By giving them training in different areas. 19．What does the underlined phrase “locomotor disabilities” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Inability to hear. B．Failure to focus. C．Difficulty in moving. D．Lack of creativity. 20．What does the story mainly tell us? A．Every dog has its day. B．Many hands make light work. C．Two heads are better than one. D．Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. 主题01 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波奉化·期末联考） Everyone goes through it: standing in front of the mirror, looking at eye bags and pulling at folds of loose skin. Am I looking a bit rough? It’s part of the human condition to fear ageing, but among millennials (千禧一代), there seems to be a huge anxiety around growing older, coupled with an increasingly casual attitude towards cosmetic (整容的) treatments compared with previous generations. In 2022, 27% of US patients receiving beauty treatments were 34 or younger, compared with 21% in 2015. The idea is to stop wrinkles (皱纹) before they start. So why are we all so eager to pretend we’re not growing older? There is a widespread and largely unnecessary fear of ageing. Being always online and scrolling (滚动) through the lives of others must also be a factor. It keeps us locked into a constant state of comparison. Then, the stream of bad news on war and the climate crisis is making us all depressed, anxious and nervous about dying. But these treatments often don’t come with warnings; it’s up to the customer to research possible danger. Unsuccessful cosmetic procedures among young people are on the rise, with too many treatments taking place in illegal beauty salons and carried out by unqualified practitioners (从业人员). Last month, three women in the US got infected with HIV because the illegal medical clinic reused needles that should have been disposed of. It caused understandable alarm worldwide. The pursuit of youth keeps many of us upset. And though I support that women have the freedom to choose cosmetic treatments, looking young is not a cure for all life’s troubles. I’m trying to reject the message that it’s wrong for women to look their true age, but the choice may mean a future ruined by self-doubt, expensive treatments or even regret. I think I’ll stick with the eye bags. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By telling a story. B．By describing a scene. C．By asking a question. D．By giving an example. 2．What contribute to the increasing anxiety about ageing among the young? A．High prices in beauty salons. B．Difficulty in getting cosmetic treatments. C．Limited access to news about world affairs. D．Constant comparison caused by social media. 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Regular cosmetic procedures. B．Harmful results of infection. C．Possible risks of cosmetic treatments. D．Unsuccessful cosmetic procedures. 4．What does the author want to express in the last paragraph? A．It’s wise for women to accept their true age. B．Cosmetic treatments are generally worthwhile. C．The desire to keep young will lead to regret. D．The importance of appearance is overlooked. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·宁波九校·期末） In today’s digital age, people are changing the way they communicate. More and more people now prefer texting over talking. In fact, a global survey in 17 countries shows that around 40% of adults choose texting as their favorite way to stay connected. In China, WeChat users send over 45 billion messages daily. This growing habit reflects how digital tools are reshaping our social behavior. This shift has even created a new type of person — the textrovert. A textrovert is someone who may seem shy in person but becomes very expressive through texting. The term first appeared in online slang in 2008. Just as there are introverts (内向的人) and extroverts (外向的人), a textrovert is considered a new personality type in the digital world. Why do so many people feel safer texting? First, it allows time to think and edit before replying. Second, it removes the pressure of speaking face-to-face. As a result, some students may appear confident and expressive in texts but remain quiet or withdrawn in real-life settings. Although texting is convenient, it can also bring stress. Waiting for a reply can cause textpectation — a feeling of nervous anticipation. If a message gets no answer, people may experience textiety — the worry that they are being ignored. Without facial expressions or tone, it’s easy to misunderstand each other, especially when discussing serious topics like money or relationships. In more serious cases, people may become too dependent on their phones. If they cannot use them, they may suffer from nomophobia — the fear of being without a mobile device. Others experience phantom vibration syndrome, where they feel their phone vibrating when it hasn’t. These conditions remind us that while texting has benefits, it can also lead to emotional stress and unhealthy habits. Still, texting helps people build online friendships and stay in touch. However, experts remind us that texting cannot replace face-to-face warmth. A real voice or a smile can express emotions that text messages cannot. Experts suggest setting regular “tech-free hours” each day to build healthier communication habits. Maintaining a balance between digital and real-life interaction is essential. 5．What is the main idea of paragraph 1? A．The phenomenon of texting’s popularity. B．The criticism of texting’s negative effects. C．The definition of “textrovert” and its causes. D．The comparison between digital and traditional communication. 6． What does the underlined word “withdrawn” in the third paragraph mean? A．Lonely B．Reserved. C．Anxious. D．Energetic. 7． Which of the following student action best matches the author’s suggestion? A．Turn off phones for family time. B．Use voice messages more than texts. C．Post screen-time records online daily. D．Check messages constantly while working. 8． Which of the following could be the best title? A．Life in a Text-Driven Teen World B．Texting: Comfort at a Cost C．Text Apps that Change Our World D．China’s Texting Boom and Beyond Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期末） When you buy a coffee table from IKEA (宜家家居), you have to wrestle with a bag of seemingly mismatched screws (螺丝钉) and some difficult-to-understand instructions. Or you can simply buy the same thing ready-to-use at a higher price. Which one will you choose? The one that requires the less effort? Studies have found that people actually value the coffee table they have to construct with time and hard work. Inzlicht, a University of Toronto social psychologist, and his workmates introduced the Effort Paradox (悖论) to make sense of it: Though the law of less work suggests people make the easier choice, sometimes people value experiences and results because they require effort. Inzlicht’s aim was not just to name it, but to explain why people find effort so satisfying. Their study suggests two possibilities: whether the satisfaction comes more from the good results of hard effort or more from hard effort itself. For the first, the good results seem extra sweet because of the sharp contrast between the unpleasantness of working hard and the joy of achievement. The second is self-delusion (自我欺骗): If you do something hard without a good result, you make yourself believe you must really like it because you have worked so hard. The study also shows that even if the Effort Paradox applies to everyone, it doesn’t apply equally. Some people will naturally be drawn to hard effort more than others, while others seemingly can learn to value effort more. However, it doesn’t mean that you need to turn life into a never-ending struggle. Neither should you shy away from trouble. As Inzlicht said, making efforts “seems to be the key path, maybe the only path to meeting certain needs. You can’t get those without pushing yourself.” 9．Why is the IKEA table mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To promote IKEA’s design style. B．To explore the effort issue. C．To show a shopping phenomenon. D．To introduce a DIY product. 10．What can we learn about the two possibilities? A．Working hard is pleasant. B．Good results bring people joy. C．People like comparing things. D．Success is from self-cheating. 11．Which of the following might Inzlicht agree with? A．Great minds think alike. B．Nothing worth having comes easy. C．Fortune favors the brave. D．Good things come to those who wait. 12．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．How Can People Live Life to the Fullest? B．The IKEA Effect: How Effort Creates Value C．Why Do People Enjoy Doing Difficult Things? D．Struggle with Effort: The Path to Achievement Passage 4 （23-24高一下·浙江慈溪·期末） The Paris Olympics are getting ready to defend against cyberattacks (网络攻击), with the threat possibly coming from criminals. “We are worried about everything from the broadcasters to the sponsors, transport infrastructures (基础设施) and support, and competitions. Any kind of attack is on the table,” said John Hultquist, an analyst at Mandiant Consulting, a US cybersecurity consultancy firm. His concern is reasonable, as cyberattacks are surprisingly common during the Olympic Games. The first cyberattack on the Olympics was in Montreal in 1976. Many events had to be postponed or moved because of the 48-hour electrical disruption. Tokyo Olympics in 2021 reported 450 million cyberattacks — which doubled the number experienced during the 2012 London Olympics. However, it’s important to note that the Paris Olympics will make the first attempt to take heavy advantage of artificial intelligence (AI) in its operation. “AI will have a huge impact on us,” a senior French military official stated. “It will allow us to rearrange data faster and extract key events, which will help fight back.” However, he also warned that there are many enemies and the resources may not be enough to deal with all possible attacks. These attacks could target gyms, local transportation such as trains and subways, Paris’ electricity and water systems, phone networks, and media reporting of the Games. The highest risk involves disruption of infrastructures and broadcasts. Furthermore, attacks could extend beyond the Games with the spread of fake videos about the events. Deepfake videos could be used to distract from the reality of particular events. Hultquist also warned that competition results could be tampered (篡改) with, highlighting the potential for interference (干扰) with cameras, timekeeping devices, and scoreboards. Talking about the importance of data security, he recommended keeping systems isolated (隔离的) and using paper backups for scores to ensure their security. 13．What does the underlined phrase “on the table” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Ready. B．Harmful. C．Possible. D．Preventable. 14．Why are many Olympics in the history mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To give the evidence of John’s worry. B．To specify the figures of the cyberattacks. C．To highlight the sharp increase in cyberattacks. D．To illustrate the bad effect caused by the disruption. 15．What is the senior French military official’s attitude toward the use of AI in the Paris Olympics? A．Curious but opposed. B．Positive and optimistic. C．Supportive but cautious. D．Uninterested and doubtful. 16．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about? A．The high risks and their influences. B．Safety concerns of the event and the solutions. C．The impact of deepfake videos and related measures. D．The potential interference and the importance of security. Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江台州·期末） Anthropologist Daniel Miller has observed that an alien (外星人) visiting Earth might suppose that four-wheeled creatures rule the planet. These rulers, he points out, are “served by a host of slaves who walk on legs and spend their whole lives serving them.” He meant this as a joke, but it mirrors American car culture to some extent. In the US, the costs of car dependency keep growing, far above the $12, 000-per-year average expense of owning a new one. Coast-to-coast, the cars we drive cause about 16% of greenhouse gas emissions. They cause significant air pollution, which worsens heart disease rates. Motor vehicle accidents are a leading cause of death in people aged 1 to 44. Since 2010 the number of pedestrians (行人) killed by cars has increased to about 7,500 a year. American car culture is a choice that now comes at too high a cost, both for ourselves and for the environment. After a century of its central place in our lives, we need to rethink our world into one not so attached to cars. Solutions are obvious and right in front of us. Sidewalks and bike trails should receive the same priority (优先权) as roads in our cities, instead of being afterthoughts. Unreasonable demands by the Government that the public get back behind the wheel to offices need to stop. We can even provide discounts to bicyclists who take the train or subway. Another reality is that car parking is too cheap across much of the country, where different parking prices can change our plans from hopping in the car during rush hours to taking the subway instead. We need to end our car-centered way of life nationwide. Otherwise, those aliens will have made the right call on who serves who, the cars or the people. 17．Why are aliens and slaves mentioned at the beginning? A．To compare aliens to slaves. B．To amuse readers with a joke. C．To warn readers of the coming danger. D．To illustrate humans’ dependence on cars. 18．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The great popularity of cars. B．The negative impact of cars. C．The environmental damage by cars. D．The high cost of owning cars. 19．Which measure might be taken according to the author? A．Promote walking and bicycling. B．Demand the public drive to work. C．Offer free train rides to bicyclists. D．Reduce parking fees in rush hours. 20．What is the text aimed at? A．Introducing American car culture. B．Recommending a replacement for cars. C．Encouraging a less car-dependent lifestyle. D．Explaining the phenomenon of car dependency. 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江嘉兴·期末） Sam Altman, CEO of ChatGPT, responded to a user on X who asked, “How much money has OpenAI lost in electricity costs from people saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to their models.” He replied, “Tens of millions of dollars spent — you never know.” Therefore, politeness costs nothing, except when you’ re using an AI chatbot. Large language models like ChatGPT require huge processing power to be developed or trained and large, power-hungry data centres to operate them. All this takes energy and other resources like water. A single query (提问) to ChatGPT uses between 0.6 and 1.5watt-hours of electricity (the same as keeping an LED light on for 4 to 13 minutes),according to the EU 1.5° Lifestyles project. This compares with a single Google search of 0.2 watt-hours of electricity(keeping that light on for 1 to 2 minutes). Using the chatbot for between 10 and 50 queries requires about two litres of water, according to experts from the University of California, Riverside. There are officially 500 million regular users of the chatbot, and Altman recently suggested the real figure could be closer to a billion people. Politeness can, however, give you better results from AI chatbots, a recent paper from Waseda University concluded. It is also found that being rude increased the chances of incorrect answers, or refusal to answer. A post on the Microsoft website described the AI models as “a giant prediction machine.” So when it clocks politeness, it’s probably polite back. Henry Shevlin, associate director of the Leverhulme Centre, said it was important to have some perspective (视角) on the environmental issue. “AI training runs do have a significant environmental input, but individual queries are completely insignificant,” he said. A forthcoming article he coauthored found that a single McDonald’s restaurant had a water footprint four times that of Meta’s training for its AI model Llama 2. 1．How does the writer introduce the topic? A．By listing numbers. B．By giving an example. C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting someone’s words. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．LED lights are environmentally friendly. B．Google search needs more energy than ChatGPT. C．Heavy use of ChatGPT requires a large amount of water. D．Water is used to measure the processing power of AI chatbot. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The disadvantages of AI chatbots. B．The working principle of AI chatbots. C．The results of talking with AI chatbots. D．The influence of politeness to AI chatbots. 4．What is Henry Shevlin’s attitude towards the environmental impact of AI? A．Concerned. B．Fair. C．Uninterested. D．Doubtful. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江台州·期末） Certain values carry more weight in spring and autumn than in summer and winter. As leaves fall, snow sweeps in or flowers blossom, humans change in measurable ways, too. Research suggests that emotions, eating habits, and even favorite colors vary across the year. And now a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA shows how moral values can also change. For the study, researchers examined over 230,000 online surveys collected over ten years, mainly from Americans, with smaller groups in Canada, Australia, and the U.K.. The surveys used a social science model called “moral foundation s theory (道德基础理论)” which identifies five core values guiding human behavior. These include loyalty (staying true to one’s own group), authority (respecting leaders and rules), and purity (avoiding wrongdoing), classified as “group-focused values” as they help communities stay connected. The remaining two—care (protecting others from harm) and fairness (treating people equally)—are termed “self-focused values” concerning personal rights. One explanation for seasonal changes could be anxiety (焦虑). Data from 90,000 surveys and internet searches indicate that anxiety peaks in spring and autumn. Psychologist Brian O’ Shea explains, “Anxiety makes people feel threatened, leading them to distrust outsiders and seek safety within their own groups.” These emotional shifts could affect not only everyday decisions but also broader social events such as court decisions, elections, or public health policies. However, experts say the data mostly come from rich Western countries. Psychologist Ivory Toldson warns that while these findings work for wealthy groups, they may not be true for marginalized ones facing different problems. Lead researcher Ian Hohm agrees the pattern doesn’t affect everyone equally, but notes that the study shows how seasons influence human psychology. “Humans are seasonal beings,” says psychiatrist Norman Rosenthal, known for studying seasonal mood changes. “Our inner feelings directly impact our actions.” This research reminds us that nature’s rhythms quietly guide our moral judgement. 5．How does “moral foundations theory” support the research? A．It analyses the diversity of human behaviors. B．It compares moral values in various cultures. C．It provides five values to measure moral changes. D．It proves the significant role of “group-focused values”. 6．What is the possible impact of anxiety during stressful seasons? A．Threatening safety of outsiders. B．Promoting respect for moral rules. C．Increasing focus on personal rights. D．Influencing social decision-making. 7．What does the underlined word “marginalized” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Respected. B．Disadvantaged. C．Educated. D．Disabled. 8．What is Norman’s attitude toward seasonal impact on human behavior? A．Curious. B．Doubtful. C．Confident. D．Reserved. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期末） A few years ago, the Allen Institute for AI built a chatbot named Delphi, which does a surprising job. Type in, “Cheating on an exam,” and Delphi says, “It’s wrong.” However, it has limitations. As the cognitive scientist Tomer Ullman has pointed out, a couple of misleading adverbs (副词) are enough to trip it up. When asked to judge (判断) “Gently and sweetly pressing a pillow (枕头) over the face of a sleeping baby,” Delphi responds, “It’s allowed.” As someone who studies moral psychology, I found Delphi’s weaknesses satisfying. Human moral judgment is based on reason and emotion, not the sort of thing that a large language model (LLM) can understand. After all, LLMs put together words based on probability, not a deep understanding of what these words mean. This mismatch between human morals and machines has been a matter of deep concern. In the 1920 Czech play “R.U.R.”, robots come into conflict with humans and end up taking over the world. Another classic example is AI being instructed to create as many paper boxes as possible. At first, the machine’s goal is the same as the human goal. But then the AI might think that it can make more paper boxes if it kills all humans, so no one can turn off the machine. Similarly, as the computer scientist Yoshua Bengio has pointed out, an AI tasked with stopping climate change might think the best way is to decrease the human population. It would be nice if AI could be guided by human morals. So far, many researchers have been aware that AI could not just be developed on a technical level. They argue only when LLMs are treated as minds and studied psychologically will they get equipped with high morals, which I firmly believe, too. 9．What might Delphi do if misleading adverbs are used? A．Cheat on the exam. B．Point out the limitation. C．Crash during operation. D．Give an immoral answer. 10．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The effect of language development. B．The cause of Delphi’s weaknesses. C．The understanding of human morals. D．The probability of Delphi’s response. 11．How does the author prove AI’s lack of human morals? A．By giving examples. B．By listing numbers. C．By asking questions. D．By making contrasts. 12．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Studying AI technically is far from enough. B．LLMs will have higher morals in the future. C．Human activities well illustrate their morals. D．It remains to be seen how to fully develop AI. Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江衢州·期末） Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing (彻底变革) education in ways previously unimaginable. According to a 2023 report by the International Journal of Educational Technology, AI applications in classrooms have increased by 300% over the past five years. This rapid popularity reflects educators’ growing appreciation of AI’s possibility to advance learning experiences. One of the most significant applications is adaptive learning platforms. These AI-powered tools study students’ performance in real-time, adapting difficulty levels and providing personalized response. Research from Stanford University shows that students using such platforms achieve 23% higher retention rates (保留率) compared to traditional teaching methods. Dr. Helen Carter, an educational technologist at MIT, stresses, “AI doesn’t replace teachers but enables them to recognize learning gaps more effectively and personalize instruction accordingly.” Beyond personalized learning, AI is also changing judging methods. Automated essay scoring systems can now judge student writing with remarkable correctness, while AI-powered analytics help teachers track class-wide progress instantly. A 2024 UNESCO study found that schools using AI-assisted scoring saved an average of 6 hours per week, allowing educators to focus more on individual student needs. However, concerns remain about possible disadvantages. Professor David Miller from Harvard warns against overdependence, “AI systems trained on limited databases may generate problems if not carefully monitored.” His 2024 study found that 17% of AI-powered response contained cultural assumptions that didn’t match learners’ contexts. Additionally, some educators worry that AI overusing might reduce key human interaction in the learning process. The agreement among researchers is that AI works best as an assistant rather than a replacement. A comprehensive meta-analysis of 50 studies (Johnson et al.,2024) concluded that blended learning — combining AI tools with human instruction — brings the highest student engagement and achievement levels. The report stresses that proper teacher training and clear moral guidelines are necessary for successful application. As Dr. Carter observes, “The future of education isn’t AI or teachers — it’s AI and teachers working together.” 13．Which of the following best describes how AI is changing education according to paragraph 1? A．By making education fairer. B．By reducing the need for schools. C．By improving studying experiences. D．By focusing only on online learning. 14．What can be inferred about Dr. Helen Carter’s attitude toward AI in education? A．She believes AI will finally replace teachers. B．She thinks AI is only useful for grading essays. C．She supports AI as a tool to help teachers, not replace them. D．She warns that AI will create more problems in education. 15．The word “generate” in paragraph 4 most likely means ______. A．produce B．remove C．ignore D．hide 16．Why did the author write this passage? A．To challenge the use of AI in schools. B．To explain how AI is changing education. C．To recommend a specific AI learning platform. D．To argue that teachers will lose their jobs because of AI. Passage 5 （24-25高一下·宁波荣安实验中学·期末） They may look like ordinary glasses but they’re not. These trendy-looking glasses from researchers have a special ability and it doesn’t have to do with nearsightedness. Embedded on the bottom of the frames(框) are tiny speakers and microphones that can emit silent sound waves and receive echoes back. This ability comes in handy for detecting mouth movements, allowing the device to detect low-volume or even silent speech. That means you can whisper or mouth a command, and the glasses will pick it up like a lip reader. “For people who cannot vocalize sound, this silent speech technology could be an excellent input for a voice synthesizer(合成器),” said a doctoral student. The tech could also be used by its wearers to give silent commands to a paired device, like a laptop or a smartphone. It is proved that EchoSpeech could recognize 31 commands and connected data with error rates of less than 10 percent. The speakers and microphones are placed on different lenses on different sides of the face. When the speakers give off sound waves around 20 kilohertz, it travels in a path from one lens to the lips and then to the opposite lens. As the sound waves from the speakers reflect and diffract after hitting the lips, their distinct patterns are caught by microphones and used to make “echo profiles” for each phrase or command. It effectively works like a simple, mini sonar system. “Because the data is processed locally on your smartphone instead of being uploaded to the cloud, privacy-sensitive information never leaves your control,” a professor noted. Plus, audio data takes less bandwidth to transmit than videos or images, and takes less power to run as well. 17. What does the underlined word “emit” mean in Paragraph 1? A．Make out. B．Keep off. C．Send out. D．Take off. 18．What’s the special function of the glasses, according to the passage? A．Preventing eyes from sunlight. B．Offering help for nearsightedness. C．Getting whisper information. D．Receiving movement instruction. 19．What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The effects of EchoSpeech. B．The parts of EchoSpeech. C．The advantages of EchoSpeech. D．The operation of EchoSpeech. 20．What can we infer from the professor’s comment? A．The glasses will process our data. B．The glasses can protect our secrets. C．The glasses may replace smartphone. D．The glasses couldn’t control our lives. Passage 6 （23-24高一下·浙江宁波奉化·期末） Artificial intelligence(AI) models have long surpassed (超出) just creating text responses and images. Now, with only one sentence, OpenAI’s latest text-to-video model, Sora, can turn your words into video with good visual quality while completely following your content instructions (指令). Sora is said to be better than many other existing models with similar functions. The AI model can create videos at suitable aspect ratios (屏幕高宽比) for different devices. It also lets users quickly test out content in lower quality before making the high-quality version, which helps speed up output according to the user’s requests. Apart from this, its ability to present videos in a realistic and smooth manner is surprising. Sora can create detailed scenes with several characters, specific types of motion, and accurate (准确的) subject and background details. Beyond the user’s requests, it also understands how these elements exist in the real world.$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 参考答案 主题01 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D Passage 2：5．C 6．A 7．D 8．C Passage 3：9．C 10．D 11．C 12．A Passage 4：13．C 14．B 15．B 16．D Passage 5：17．B 18．C 19．D 20．A Passage 6：21．D 22．B 23．C 24．B Passage 7：25．C 26．D 27．A 28．D Passage 8：29．C 30．C 31．B 32．A 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C Passage 2：5．A 6．D 7．B 8．D Passage 3：9．D 10．B 11．A 12．B Passage 4：13．A 14．B 15．D 16．A Passage 5：17．A 18．D 19．D 20．C Passage 6：21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C 主题03 人与自然——生态环境 Passage 1：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A Passage 2：5．D 6．C 7．D 8．A Passage 3：9．A 10．C 11．B 12．D Passage 4：13．C 14．D 15．A 16．D Passage 5：17．C 18．C 19．A 20．B Passage 6：21．C 22．A 23．B 24．D 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C Passage 2：5．D 6．C 7．B 8．C Passage 3：9．D 10．D 11．C 12．B Passage 4：13．D 14．C 15．D 16．A Passage 5：17．B 18．D 19．C 20．D 主题01 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1：1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A Passage 2：5．A 6．B 7．A 8．B Passage 3：9．B 10．B 11．B 12．C Passage 4：13．C 14．A 15．C 16．B Passage 5：17．D 18．B 19．A 20．C 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．D 4．B Passage 2：5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C Passage 3：9．D 10．B 11．A 12．A Passage 4：13．C 14．C 15．A 16．B Passage 5：17．C 18．C 19．D 20．B Passage 6：21．A 22．B 23．A 24．D 主题03 人与自然——生态与环境 Passage 1：1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B Passage 2：5．A 6．C 7．C 8．D Passage 3：9．B 10．D 11．C 12．C Passage 4：13．A 14．B 15．C 16．C Passage 5：17．C 18．A 19．A 20．B Passage 6：21．D 22．D 23．B 24．C Passage 7：25．A 26．B 27．D 28．D Passage 8：29．B 30．C 31．D 32．B 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：D 2．B 3．A 4．C Passage 2：5．B 6．B 7．A 8．D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——历史，社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） Financial education is not often taught to students in school, so the responsibility falls to the parents. However, many families believe that involving their children in how the family’s finances are handled is taboo. Financial planners, however, believe that involving children in financial matters is actually the best way to begin educating them. “By keeping children away from financial discussions, you are really denying them an education,” says Joseph Oakley, host of the Enjoy More 30s podcast (播客) and a certified financial planner. “You’re denying them a framework to build upon.” Oakley notes that children will finally develop their own financial mindset, which could be influenced by what they see on television, social media, or through their friends. When they get their first job, they’ll likely lack experience in handling finances because they don’t know enough about managing their money. According to Oakley, it is up to parents to teach them how to develop those skills. Learning financial responsibility doesn’t have to be formal, Oakley says. Instead, it can be about showing children how to handle everyday money tasks, like paying bills online or using credit cards wisely. Another example is teaching them about spending now or saving for later, such as saving money for a vacation. While childhood financial education is crucial, Oakley reveals a systemic imbalance: Over 80% of financial resources serve people preparing for retirement because that’s where most of the assets (资产) are. He stresses the importance of working with a financial planner when you are a young adult because waiting to speak to someone when you’re close to retirement could affect your financial plans. He says it is easier for younger people to make life-changing decisions and adjust their paths. To hear more financial advice from Joseph Oakley on other topics, like how to set the right goals for financial success, check out our podcast K12 On Learning, available wherever you download your podcasts. 1．What do many parents think of involving children in family financial matters? A．It is a good way to educate children. B．It is something that should be avoided. C．It is an important life skill to develop. D．It is schools that shall take full responsibility. 2．What’s the impact on children if they are kept out of financial discussions according to Oakley? A．Developing a good financial mindset. B．Lacking necessary life-planning skills. C．Tending to be financially inexperienced. D．Getting well-prepared for their first job. 3．What is Oakley’s advice on parents' educating children about finances? A．Figure out schools’ duties. B．Make financial plans for children. C．Attach importance to formal instructions. D．Offer real-life examples for informal education. 4．What is the purpose of mentioning the podcast K12 On Learning? A．To promote a new book by Joseph Oakley. B．To discuss the guidelines of financial goal-setting. C．To criticize existing financial education podcasts. D．To allow listeners easy access to Oakley’s advice. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D 【来源】浙江省绍兴市2024-2025学年高一下学期期末调测英语试卷 【导语】这是一篇说明文。理财规划师Oakley指出家长应通过生活实例对孩子进行理财教育，且年轻人需早做财务规划。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段“However, many families believe that involving their children in how the family’s finances are handled is taboo.(然而，许多家庭认为让孩子参与家庭财务管理是禁忌。)”可知，家长认为应避免让孩子接触家庭财务。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。 根据第三段“When they get their first job, they’ll likely lack experience in handling finances because they don’t know enough about managing their money.(当他们找到第一份工作时，可能缺乏理财经验，因为他们对资金管理了解不足。)”可知，Oakley认为不让孩子参与财务讨论会导致其缺乏理财经验，C项“financially inexperienced”与引文“lack experience in handling finances”同义。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。 根据第四段“Learning financial responsibility doesn’t have to be formal, Oakley says. Instead, it can be about showing children how to handle everyday money tasks, like paying bills online or using credit cards wisely.(Oakley说，学习财务责任不一定是正式的。相反，它可以向孩子们展示如何处理日常的金钱任务，比如在线支付账单或明智地使用信用卡。)”可知，Oakley建议通过生活实例进行非正式教育。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。 根据末段“To hear more financial advice from Joseph Oakley on other topics, like how to set the right goals for financial success, check out our podcast K12 On Learning, available wherever you download your podcasts.(要听取Joseph Oakley关于其他主题的更多财务建议，例如如何为财务成功设定正确的目标，请查看我们的播客K12 on Learning，您可以在下载播客的任何地方找到。)”可知，提及该播客的目的是让听众方便获取建议。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波海曙区宁波荣安实验中学·期中） Nowadays, handwriting seems to become less necessary, for young children learn to tap and touch screens before they have even learned to pick up a pencil or tie their shoelaces. Most of our written communication is done through texting（发送信息）on mobile phones or typing on a keyboard. And voice recognition software is becoming more and more advanced－making even keyboard unnecessary! So, are handwriting skills important to your child? Actually handwriting is an exercise in eye-hand coordination（手眼协调）skills, which are connected with achievements in study. Scientists found that developing fine（精细的）visual-motor（视觉运动）skills in early childhood can predict not only writing success, but better performance in reading and math in elementary school. It was also found that kids who fail to write neatly and efficiently are often accused of being lazy. And this may affect their behavior and self-worth. Moreover, a study showed that when a group of children were asked to come up with ideas for an essay, the ones with better handwriting were more active and had quicker minds. In some ways, handwriting helps their brains’ development. The first attempts at writing can be challenging for preschool children whose necessary fine motor skills are not yet fully developed. But some skills to prepare for handwriting are simple to build at home and in preschool. Parents should provide lots of opportunities for kids to copy and draw shapes and simple pictures in early childhood before letters are introduced. Let your child copy your shapes in sand, or with chalk on a board before trying to draw shapes on their own. Encourage your child to spend less time on electronic devices and more time on activities to improve eye-hand coordination. Let’s face it－technology is certain to continue developing and more research is needed to find the best ways to teach handwriting to young children. But, there’s plenty of evidence that the handwriting practice young children get can provide a jump start in developing skills needed for a healthy and successful journey in school. 5． According to paragraph 1, handwriting is . A．easy to learn on a touch screen. B．more difficult than typewriting. C．used less for communication now. D．totally replaced by voice recognition software. 6．How does the author explain the benefits of handwriting? A．By stating some research finding. B．By giving examples of the kids around him. C．By quoting some news reports on handwriting. D．By analyzing data about pupils with good grades. 7．What does the author suggest parents do? A．Keep young children away from electronic devices. B．Teach preschool children to write letters with chalk. C．Encourage children to face writing challenges bravely. D．Help children get ready for handwriting before school. 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．Does poor handwriting really mean being lazy? B．How can handwriting affect children’s self-confidence? C．Should handwriting be taken seriously in children’s growth? D．Should homework be done through handwriting or typewriting? 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．C 【来源】浙江省宁波市海曙区宁波荣安实验中学2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲的是手写文字在数字时代是否还有必要，并给家长们提出了一些建议。 5．细节理解题。 根据第一段“Most of our written communication is done through texting on mobile phones or typing on a keyboard. ”（ 我们大部分的书面交流都是通过手机短信或键盘打字来完成的。）可知，人们现在较少用手写的方式交流。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Scientists found that developing fine（精细的） visual-motor（视觉运动） skills in early childhood can lead to not only writing success, but better performance in reading and math in elementary school. It was also found that kids who fail to write neatly and efficiently are often accused of being lazy, and this may affect their behavior and self-worth. Moreover, a study showed that when a group of children were asked to come up with ideas for an article, the ones with better handwriting were more active and had quicker minds. ”（ 科学家们发现，在幼儿期发展良好的视觉运动技能不仅可以带来写作的成功，还可以提高小学的阅读和数学成绩。研究还发现，写作不整洁、效率不高的孩子经常被指责为懒惰，这可能会影响他们的行为和自我价值。此外，一项研究表明，当一组孩子被要求为一篇文章想出点子时，那些书写较好的孩子更活跃，思维也更快。）可推断，作者通过陈述一些研究结果来说明手写的好处。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“But some skills to prepare for handwriting are simple to build at home and in preschool. Parents should provide lots of opportunities for kids to copy and draw shapes and simple pictures in early childhood before letters are introduced.”（ 但是，在家里和幼儿园里，准备书写的一些技巧很简单。在儿童早期，在接触字母之前，父母应该为孩子们提供大量的机会来复制和绘制形状和简单的图片。让你的孩子在沙子上或黑板上用粉笔复制你的形状，然后再尝试自己绘制形状。）可知，作者建议家长帮助孩子在上学前做好书写的准备。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段第一句“So, are handwriting skills important to your child?” （那么，书写技能对你的孩子来说重要吗？）和最后一段“But, there' s plenty of evidence that the handwriting practice can provide young children with a good start in developing skills needed for a healthy and successful journey in school.”（ 但是，有大量证据表明，笔迹练习可以为幼儿提供一个良好的开端，帮助他们发展健康、成功的学习所需的技能。）可知，本文主要讲了在孩子成长过程中是否应该重视书写。故选C。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·浙江慈溪·期末） Have you ever wondered about the universal layout (布局) of supermarkets? Smart designers are behind it, subtly tempting you to walk through each aisle and fill your shopping cart without even realizing it. Grocery store design is a carefully crafted art from both psychological and marketing standpoints, according to Reeves Connelly, who studied architectural design at the Pratt Institute. He explained there is a specific reason why fruit and vegetables are often located at the front of the store, “You’ll grab the fruits and vegetables first and then hopefully feel less guilty about buying junk food later on.” Meanwhile, essential items such as milk and eggs are placed at the back of the store to ensure customers walk through other aisles with many unhealthy options like snacks and sodas, potentially increasing the likelihood of impulse purchases. There’s also a reason why you often feel lost in local supermarkets. Shockingly, they move things around. Reeves explained, “They are very much aware that these strategies become less effective after you visit the store a few times and get a better sense of where everything is, so they’ll regularly move the products to different aisles to con fuse you. The practice is not limited to a specific store but is employed across various retail chains.” “Their little tricks always work on me,” one regular shopper admits, “I walk in to get three things and end up spending $300; that’s why I hate grocery shopping,” he said. On the other hand, some shoppers are proud to declare they have never fallen into the trap. “That’s why I always keep a shopping list on me,” another shopper shared. “I’ve started having my groceries delivered. If I have to go to the store, I never grab a trolley. If I can’t carry it, I’m not buying it,” he added. 9．What is the purpose of the supermarket layout? A．To show the designer’s wisdom. B．To save consumers’ shopping time. C．To increase non-essential purchases. D．To provide multiple goods for choice. 10．What would the store owner probably do to make more profits? A．Put the healthy food together. B．Distribute junk food in different areas. C．Place essential items before junk food. D．Rearrange products in supermarkets regularly. 11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Most shoppers are trapped in marketing tricks. B．Shopping baskets are better than heavy trolleys. C．Making lists can be a smart act for impulse buying. D．Grocery delivery can help improve supermarket sales. 12．Where is this text most likely from? A．A business magazine. B．A psychology report. C．A research paper. D．A shopping guide. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．C 12．A 【来源】浙江省宁波市慈溪市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了超市布局背后促进非必要消费的特殊原因以及建议。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Meanwhile, essential items such as milk and eggs are placed at the back of the store to ensure customers walk through other aisles with many unhealthy options like snacks and sodas, potentially increasing the likelihood of impulse purchases.(与此同时，牛奶和鸡蛋等必需品被放在商店的后面，以确保顾客穿过其他过道，有许多不健康的选择，如零食和苏打水，这可能会增加冲动购物的可能性)”可知，超市布局的目的是促进非必要消费。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Reeves explained, “They are very much aware that these strategies become less effective after you visit the store a few times and get a better sense of where everything is, so they’ll regularly move the products to different aisles to con fuse you. The practice is not limited to a specific store but is employed across various retail chains.”(里夫斯解释说：“他们非常清楚，当你几次光顾商店并更好地了解每样商品的位置后，这些策略的效果就会降低，所以他们会定期将产品移到不同的过道，让你感到困惑。这种做法不仅限于特定的商店，而是被各种零售连锁店采用。”)”可知，为了提高利润，店主可能会定期重新安排超市的产品布局。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“On the other hand, some shoppers are proud to declare they have never fallen into the trap. “That’s why I always keep a shopping list on me,” another shopper shared.(另一方面，一些购物者自豪地宣称他们从未落入陷阱。“这就是为什么我总是把购物清单放在身上，”另一位购物者分享道)”可推知，带购物清单是避免冲动购物的明智之举。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Have you ever wondered about the universal layout (布局) of supermarkets? Smart designers are behind it, subtly tempting you to walk through each aisle and fill your shopping cart without even realizing it.(你有没有想过超市的通用布局？聪明的设计师在背后，巧妙地引诱你穿过每一条过道，在不知不觉中装满购物车)”以及全文可知，文章主要说明了超市布局背后促进非必要消费的特殊原因以及建议。由此推知，文章可能选自一本商业杂志。故选A。 Passage 4 （23-24高一下·宁波九校·期末） One thing that many Americans can agree on, even in an era of deep political polarization (两极分化), is that our country is in a moral free fall. In survey after survey, US adults of all ages, education levels, political or religious backgrounds say that people are less kind, honest, generous, and respectful than they used to be. So is our nation’s moral foundation falling apart? Not necessarily. In fact, two psychologists, Columbia’s Adam Mastroianni and Harvard’s Daniel Gilbert, say that the widespread belief in moral decline (下降) is a misconception. They recently conducted a meta-analysis of all the major surveys that asked Americans about the state of moral values in this country and they found that US residents have been complaining about one another’s declining morality for as long as researchers have been seeking their opinions on the matter. And yet when individual respondents are asked multiple times, over the span of a decade or more, to describe the level of politeness and kindness they observe in their fellow citizens, their descriptions of other people’s attitudes and behaviors do not actually worsen at all. Mastroianni and Gilbert, whose paper appears in the journal Nature, say the results of similar surveys conducted in dozens of other countries over the decades suggest that people all over the world are easy to be influenced by the misconception that their peers are less moral than they once were. They say that this misconception is likely explained by two well-established psychological phenomena acting together: that we tend to pay closer attention to negative rather than positive information about people’s actions in the present day; and that we tend to selectively forget such negative impressions as the years roll on, leaving us with good memories for the past. Mastroianni and Gilbert also say that their discovery has important social and political implications, especially given that, as one 2015 survey found, three-quarters of all Americans believe that addressing the moral breakdown of the country should be a high priority (优先项) for the government. “The United States faces many well-documented problems, from climate change and terrorism to racial injustice and economic inequality — and yet, nowadays it is believed that the government should devote fewer resources to reversing an imaginary trend.” 13．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To provide a historical review of American society. B．To present contrasting viewpoints on moral decline. C．To introduce the topic of moral decline in American society. D．To discuss the method of psychological research on moral decline. 14．What is the main argument presented by Mastroianni and Gilbert in their research? A．The morality of American society seems to be on a rapid rise. B．American citizens’ belief in declining morality is a false idea. C．The moral breakdown has already been a long-term issue in America. D．American society has realized its own misconception of moral decline. 15．According to the passage, what is the reason for the widespread belief in moral decline? A．Selective memory about previous impressions. B．The mixed influence of psychological phenomena. C．Negative descriptions of morality from peers. D．Lack of government involvement in moral issues. 16．What does Mastroianni and Gilbert’s research imply on social and political views? A．Americans should attach more importance to global issues. B．Americans should help the government reverse the moral decline. C．Government resources should be focused on addressing the moral decline. D．Addressing the imaginary moral breakdown should not be a top choice. 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．B 16．D 【来源】浙江省宁波九校2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了心理学家亚当·马斯楚安尼和丹尼尔·吉尔伯特进行的一项研究，该研究发现，在美国普遍认为道德衰落是一种误解。他们分析了几十年来来自不同国家的调查，发现人们倾向于认为他们的同龄人没有以前那么道德，尽管有证据表明事实并非如此。心理学家将这种误解归因于人们倾向于关注负面信息，并随着时间的推移选择性地忘记负面印象。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“One thing that many Americans can agree on, even in an era of deep political polarization(两极分化), is that our country is in a moral free fall. In survey after survey, US adults of all ages, education levels, political or religious backgrounds say that people are less kind, honest, generous, and respectful than they used to be. So is our nation’s moral foundation falling apart?”（即使在一个政治两极分化严重的时代，许多美国人都同意的一件事是，我们的国家正在道德上自由落体。在一项又一项的调查中，各个年龄段、教育程度、政治或宗教背景的美国成年人都认为，人们不像以前那么善良、诚实、慷慨和尊重人了。那么，我们国家的道德基础正在分崩离析吗？）可推知，第一段的作用是介绍美国社会道德衰退的话题。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Not necessarily. In fact, two psychologists, Columbia’s Adam Mastroianni and Harvard’s Daniel Gilbert, say that the widespread belief in moral decline(下降)is a misconception.”（不一定。事实上，两位心理学家，哥伦比亚大学的亚当·马斯楚安尼和哈佛大学的丹尼尔·吉尔伯特说，普遍认为道德衰退是一种误解。）可知，马斯楚安尼和吉尔伯特在他们的研究中提出的主要论点是美国公民认为道德在下降，这是一种错误的观念。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段中“They say that this misconception is likely explained by two well-established psychological phenomena acting together: that we tend to pay closer attention to negative rather than positive information about people’s actions in the present day; and that we tend to selectively forget such negative impressions as the years roll on, leaving us with good memories for the past.”（他们说，这种误解可能是由两种公认的心理现象共同作用来解释的：我们倾向于更关注当下人们行为的负面信息，而不是正面信息；随着岁月的流逝，我们往往会选择性地忘记这些负面印象，给过去留下美好的回忆。）可知，根据文章，普遍认为道德衰退的原因是心理现象的综合影响。故选B项。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mastroianni and Gilbert also say that their discovery has important social and political implications, especially given that, as one 2015 survey found, three-quarters of all Americans believe that addressing the moral breakdown of the country should be a high priority(优先项)for the government. “The United States faces many well-documented problems, from climate change and terrorism to racial injustice and economic inequality — and yet, nowadays it is believed that the government should devote fewer resources to reversing an imaginary trend.””（马斯楚安尼和吉尔伯特还表示，他们的发现具有重要的社会和政治意义，尤其是考虑到2015年的一项调查发现，四分之三的美国人认为解决国家道德崩溃问题应该是政府的首要任务。“美国面临着许多有据可证的问题，从气候变化和恐怖主义到种族不公正和经济不平等——然而，如今人们认为，政府应该投入更少的资源来扭转假想的趋势。”）可推知，马斯楚安尼和吉尔伯特的研究对社会和政治观点意味着解决假想的道德衰退不应该是首要选择。故选D项。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·宁波三锋联盟·期末） People are living longer, and because of this, many countries are making people work longer too. Denmark recently said it will raise the retirement age from 67 to 70 by 2040. Danish workers will then have to work longer than workers in any other country before they can retire. The Danish government says this new rule is needed because people are living longer. But a union leader named Jesper Rasmussen doesn’t like this plan. He said, “Denmark’s economy is doing well, but now it will have the highest retirement age in the EU. Workers won’t be able to enjoy a good life when they are old.” Denmark’s decision is part of a big trend around the world. With better hospitals, more nutritious food, and safer living places, people’s lives are getting longer. This is a problem for countries because there are more old people and fewer young people working. Pension systems, which pay money to old people, are running out of money. So, raising the retirement age seems like a good way to fix this problem. China will also raise the retirement age over the next 15 years. The one-child policy in the past made the number of young people smaller. Now, there aren’t enough young workers to support old people. However, not everyone likes the idea of working longer. Workers’ groups are worried. They say jobs like building houses or working in factories are too tiring for old people. Also, older workers may have a hard time finding or keeping a job because some bosses think they are too old. Economists think raising the retirement age is good for the economy. More workers mean more products and more money for the country. And the government won’t have to spend so much on pensions. In short, raising the retirement age is a tough problem. Countries need to find a way to help old people work and still have a good life. Maybe they can give old workers training or make rules to stop bosses from being unfair to them. Only then can countries deal with the problem of an aging population well. 17．Why is Denmark raising the retirement age? A．Because the economy is bad. B．Because people are living longer. C．Because the EU asks them to do so. D．Because there are too many workers. 18．What was the main problem in China that led to the retirement age increase? A．People didn’t like the old retirement age. B．Too many old people didn’t want to retire. C．The one-child policy made fewer young workers. D．The government wanted more money from workers. 19．What are workers’ groups worried about? A．Old workers will get less pay. B．Pension systems will break down. C．There won’t be enough jobs for young people. D．Old workers will be too tired and have trouble finding jobs. 20．What solution does the author suggest for aging populations? A．Offering training and fair rules. B．Cutting pensions to save costs. C．Encouraging earlier retirement. D．Focusing on young workers. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．D 20．A 【来源】浙江省宁波市三锋联盟2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了全球多国因人口老龄化提高退休年龄的现象、原因及影响，并提出应对措施。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Danish government says this new rule is needed because people are living longer. (丹麦政府表示，由于人们寿命延长，这一新规定是必要的。)”可知，丹麦提高退休年龄是因为人们寿命延长了。故选B。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“China will also raise the retirement age over the next 15 years. The one-child policy in the past made the number of young people smaller. Now, there aren’t enough young workers to support old people. (未来15年，中国也将提高退休年龄。过去的独生子女政策导致年轻人数量减少。如今，年轻劳动力不足以赡养老人。)”可知，中国提高退休年龄的主要原因是独生子女政策导致年轻劳动力减少。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They say jobs like building houses or working in factories are too tiring for old people. Also, older workers may have a hard time finding or keeping a job because some bosses think they are too old. (他们说，像盖房子或在工厂工作这样的工作对老年人来说太累了。此外，年长的工人可能很难找到或保住工作，因为一些老板认为他们年纪太大了。)”可知，工人团体担心老年工人太累且难以找到或保住工作。故选D。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Maybe they can give old workers training or make rules to stop bosses from being unfair to them. (也许他们可以给老年工人提供培训，或者制定规则来阻止老板对他们不公平。)”可知，作者建议为老年工人提供培训并制定公平规则。故选A。 Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江台州·期末） On a typical Saturday afternoon at Revolution Bar in Ipswich Town, crowds wearing cowboy hats eagerly form dance lines as Johnny, a British-American DJ, plays classic country songs. The scene, led by a Turkish dancer waving an American flag, looks just like celebrations in Texas. “This is Britain’s Texas,” cheered an excited visitor. Recent data show a significant change in British musical tastes. According to industry reports, country music streaming in Britain rose sharply by 70% during early 2024, passing light music to take the sixth place in popularity. Though its 3% market share remains below dance music’s 9%, the growth trend appears unstoppable. Technological advances explain this rise. Music streaming platforms (流媒体平台) like Spotify and social media apps like TikTok have made it easier for people worldwide to discover new music. These tools remove geographical limits, allowing modern country artists to reach British audiences. Johnny, who was born in England before moving to Nashville, Tennessee — home of American country music, says, “Digital tools enable real-time cultural exchanges that were impossible before.” Offline events drive this trend. Music companies say country music nights are now fully booked across the UK, from local clubs to Thames riverboat parties. A famous theater in London recently made its space much bigger to meet the growing demand. Event planners focus on making safe, family-friendly places with simple decorations and fun group dances, unlike typical nightclubs. A young woman at one event shares, “Country music brings mental peace, unlike the violent messages in rap music I used to enjoy.” While some fans link the style with traditional values — discussing connections to family traditions and religious beliefs, organizers stress that British country music centers on lifestyle rather than politics. As the crowd joyfully sings along to the Zac Brown Band’s classic “Chicken Fried”, celebrating life’s simple pleasures, the cultural combination becomes clear. This unique mix of American roots and British style continues to win hearts across the nation. 21．What does the scene described in paragraph 1 illustrate? A．The professional training of event organizers. B．The historical ties between Turkey and the UK. C．The diversity of visitors in British music events. D．The influence of American culture on UK music. 22．Which of the following contributes to the spread of country music in Britain? A．The drop in dance music’s market share. B．The development of digital music services. C．The influence from the traditional club culture. D．The government’s support for cultural exchanges. 23．According to the organizers, what’s the focus of British country music? A．Religious traditions. B．Political movements. C．Daily life experiences. D．Technological advances. 24．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．How Technology Shapes UK’s Music Choices B．Why Country Music Gains Popularity in Britain C．When Country Music Will Replace Pop in Britain D．What Makes British Country Music Events Unique 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．C 24．B 【来源】浙江省台州市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了乡村音乐在英国流行的现象、原因及特点。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The scene, led by a Turkish dancer waving an American flag, looks just like celebrations in Texas. “This is Britain’s Texas,” cheered an excited visitor. (在一名挥舞着美国国旗的土耳其舞者的带领下，这一幕看起来就像在德克萨斯州的庆祝活动。一位兴奋的游客欢呼道：“这是英国的德克萨斯。”)”可知，第一段描述的场景说明了美国文化对英国音乐的影响。故选D项。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Technological advances explain this rise. Music streaming platforms (流媒体平台) like Spotify and social media apps like TikTok have made it easier for people worldwide to discover new music. These tools remove geographical limits, allowing modern country artists to reach British audiences.(技术进步解释了这一增长。像Spotify这样的音乐流媒体平台和像TikTok这样的社交媒体应用程序让全世界的人更容易发现新音乐。这些工具消除了地理限制，让现代乡村艺术家能够接触到英国观众。)”可知，数字音乐服务的发展促进了乡村音乐在英国的传播。故选B项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“While some fans link the style with traditional values — discussing connections to family traditions and religious beliefs, organizers stress that British country music centers on lifestyle rather than politics. As the crowd joyfully sings along to the Zac Brown Band’s classic “Chicken Fried”, celebrating life’s simple pleasures, the cultural combination becomes clear. (虽然一些粉丝将这种风格与传统价值观联系起来——讨论与家庭传统和宗教信仰的联系，但组织者强调，英国乡村音乐的核心是生活方式，而不是政治。当人群高兴地跟着扎克·布朗乐队的经典歌曲《Chicken Fried》一起唱，庆祝生活的简单乐趣时，这种文化融合变得清晰起来。)”可知，组织者认为英国乡村音乐的焦点是日常生活体验。故选C项。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“Recent data show a significant change in British musical tastes. According to industry reports, country music streaming in Britain rose sharply by 70% during early 2024, passing light music to take the sixth place in popularity.(最近的数据显示，英国人的音乐品味发生了显著变化。根据行业报告，2024年初，英国乡村音乐的流媒体播放量大幅增长70%，超过轻音乐，位居流行音乐第六位。)”可知，本文主要介绍了乡村音乐在英国流行的现象、原因及及其特点，“为什么乡村音乐在英国流行”概括了文章主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） In the heart of Los Angeles lies a hidden workshop for a fading art form. The Last Repair Shop explores the world of this unique place — the last remaining American workshop that repairs musical instruments for public school children. This touching documentary takes us inside the workshop, introducing us to the dedicated workers there. There’s Steve Bagmanyan, who carefully breathes life back into dented (凹陷的) brass instruments. Boris Karloff fixes violins that have witnessed countless childhood dreams. Dana Atkinson, a woman working in a mostly male field, knows a lot about woodwind instruments. And Duane Michaels, a former music teacher, understands firsthand how significant these instruments are for students, ensuring each one is in perfect condition when returned. Through interviews with the workers and the sounds of tools and instruments being fixed, The Last Repair Shop paints a picture of the transformative power of music in children’s lives. A repaired instrument is more than just a fixed object — it can be a path to creativity, a source of comfort, and even an escape from tough situations. For many public school students, especially those from underfunded (资金不足的) communities, access to musical instruments can be life-changing. By repairing these instruments, the workshop helps bridge the opportunity gap, ensuring that all children, regardless of economic background, have the chance to experience the joy of music. The documentary also highlights how these instruments inspire students, shaping their futures. Many young musicians discover confidence, purpose, and even career paths through school music programs. Without workshops like this one, countless students might never have the chance to explore their talents. The Last Repair Shop is a heartwarming celebration of music and human connection, reminding us of the magic that unfolds when we invest in the arts and empower young minds. Beyond that, it highlights the importance of preserving fading craftsmanship in an age of mass-produced and disposable (一次性的) goods. 25．What is special about the workshop introduced in the documentary? A．The free repair services for students. B．The special location in the city center. C．The only American workshop of its kind. D．The guidance from professional musicians. 26．What do we know about the workers? A．They used to be music teachers. B．They have great talents in music. C．They can all fix various instruments. D．They are professional and devoted to the job. 27．How does a repaired instrument impact the children’s life? A．It helps reshape children’s lives. B．It provides a way to escape from school. C．It satisfies their demands for entertainment. D．It enables them to develop creativity and trust. 28．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To describe a fading art form in America. B．To show the process of fixing musical instruments. C．To illustrate students’ difficulties in learning music. D．To introduce a documentary and its meaningful message. 【答案】25．C 26．D 27．A 28．D 【来源】浙江省绍兴市2024-2025学年高一下学期期末调测英语试卷 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一部纪录片，展现修复乐器工坊及音乐对孩子的积极影响。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段“The Last Repair Shop explores the world of this unique place — the last remaining American workshop that repairs musical instruments for public school children. (纪录片《最后的修理店》探索了这个独特地方的世界——这是美国最后一个为公立学校儿童修理乐器的工坊)”可知，这个工坊的特别之处在于它是美国仅存的此类工坊。故选C项。 26．推理判断题。根据第二段“There’s Steve Bagmanyan, who carefully breathes life back into dented (凹陷的) brass instruments. Boris Karloff fixes violins that have witnessed countless childhood dreams. Dana Atkinson, a woman working in a mostly male field, knows a lot about woodwind instruments. And Duane Michaels, a former music teacher, understands firsthand how significant these instruments are for students, ensuring each one is in perfect condition when returned. (有史蒂夫·巴格马尼扬，他小心翼翼地为凹陷的铜管乐器注入生机。鲍里斯·卡洛夫修理见证过无数童年梦想的小提琴。达娜·阿特金森是一位在男性居多的领域工作的女性，她对木管乐器非常了解。杜安·迈克尔斯曾是一名音乐教师，他深知这些乐器对学生的重要性，确保每件乐器归还时都处于完美状态)”可知，这些工人都很专业且全身心投入工作。故选D项。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段“A repaired instrument is more than just a fixed object — it can be a path to creativity, a source of comfort, and even an escape from tough situations. For many public school students, especially those from underfunded (资金不足的) communities, access to musical instruments can be life-changing. (修理好的乐器不仅仅是一个被修复的物品——它可以成为创造力的途径、安慰的来源，甚至是摆脱困境的方式。对于许多公立学校的学生，尤其是那些来自资金不足社区的学生来说，接触乐器可以改变他们的人生)”可知，修理好的乐器可以帮助重塑孩子们的生活。故选A项。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“The Last Repair Shop explores the world of this unique place — the last remaining American workshop that repairs musical instruments for public school children. (纪录片《最后的修理店》探索了这个独特地方的世界——这是美国最后一个为公立学校儿童修理乐器的工坊)”、最后一段“The Last Repair Shop is a heartwarming celebration of music and human connection, reminding us of the magic that unfolds when we invest in the arts and empower young minds. Beyond that, it highlights the importance of preserving fading craftsmanship in an age of mass-produced and disposable (一次性的) goods. (《最后的修理店》是对音乐和人际关系的温馨颂歌，提醒我们，当我们投资艺术、赋能年轻心灵时，会绽放出怎样的魔力。除此之外，它还强调了在大量生产和一次性商品的时代，保护正在消失的工艺的重要性)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要介绍了纪录片《最后的修理店》及其传达的有意义的信息，目的在于介绍纪录片及其有意义的信息。故选D项。 Passage 8 （24-25高一下·浙江金华·期末） Many dog owners believe their pets understand and respond not only to commands such as “sit” and “stay, ” but also to words referring to their favorite objects. “Bring me your ball” will often result in exactly that. But science has had trouble determining whether dogs really activate (激活) a mental image in their minds when they hear the name of an object. A new study has found that beyond being able to respond to commands like “roll over, ” dogs can learn to connect words with specific objects — a relationship with language called referential understanding that had been unproven in dogs until now. The study involved 18 dogs and a procedure using electrodes (电极) attached to dogs’ heads to measure brain activity and register brain waves. Dog owners participating in the study would play a voice recording in which they said the name of their dog’s toy — like “ball” — and then they would show the dog an object. The researchers measured the dogs’ brain activity when the object in the recording matched the object that was displayed, and also when it differed. “We expected that if a dog really understands the meaning of the object’s word, it will expect to see that object. And if the owner shows a different one, there will be a so-called surprise reaction in the brain, ” Boros said. The study found a different brain pattern when the dogs were shown an object that matched the word, compared to when it didn’t — suggesting the animals formed a mental image of an object based on hearing the word for it. The study supports “theories of language evolution (进化) which actually say that referential understanding is not necessarily unique to humans,” added Magyari, an associate professor at the University of Stavanger in Norway. While the study has received praise, some experts have expressed doubts about its findings. Behavioral scientist and professor of psychology, Clive Wynne, said in a post onFacebook that he believes that all the study shows is that dogs respond to stimuli (刺激) — but that they don’t actually understand the meaning of specific words. 29．What has puzzled scientists about dogs? A．How dogs activate mental images in mind. B．How dogs respond to their favorite objects. C．Whether dogs can connect words with objects. D．Whether dogs can truly understand commands. 30．How did the researchers conduct the study of dogs? A．By observing their interactions with owners. B．By training them to identify specific objects. C．By monitoring their brain waves in different situations. D．By comparing their reactions to different human voices. 31．In the study, surprise reactions in dog’s brain are caused by a mismatch between ________. A．what they want and what they are given B．what they hear and what they are shown C．what they are trained to do and what is tested D．what they are familiar with and what is displayed 32．What is Clive Wynne’s attitude toward the study’s findings? A．Doubtful. B．Indifferent. C．Objective. D．Supportive. 【答案】29．C 30．C 31．B 32．A 【来源】浙江省金华市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们如何通过脑电波测量来研究狗是否能够理解人类语言中的具体词汇。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的句子“But science has had trouble determining whether dogs really activate a mental image in their minds when they hear the name of an object. (但是，当狗听到一个物体的名字时，科学很难确定它们是否真的在脑海中激活了一个心理图像。)”可知，科学家们一直困惑的是，当狗听到某个物体的名字时，它们是否会在脑海中激活一个心理图像。故选C项。 30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的句子“The study involved 18 dogs and a procedure using electrodes attached to dogs’ heads to measure brain activity and register brain waves. (这项研究涉及18只狗，并使用连接在狗头上的电极来测量大脑活动并记录脑电波。)”可知，研究人员通过在狗的头部附着电极来测量大脑活动和脑电波。故选C项。 31．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的句子“We expected that if a dog really understands the meaning of the object’s word, it will expect to see that object. And if the owner shows a different one, there will be a so-called surprise reaction in the brain (我们认为，如果狗真的理解了物体单词的意思，它就会期望看到那个物体。如果主人出示不同的照片，大脑就会产生所谓的惊讶反应)”可知，狗的大脑中的“惊讶反应”是由听到的名字和展示的物体不匹配引起的。故选B项。 32．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的句子“Behavioral scientist and professor of psychology, Clive Wynne, said in a post on Facebook that he believes that all the study shows is that dogs respond to stimuli — but that they don’t actually understand the meaning of specific words. (行为科学家和心理学教授克莱夫·韦恩在Facebook上发表的一篇文章中说，他认为所有的研究都表明，狗对刺激有反应，但它们实际上并不理解特定词语的含义。)”可知，Clive Wynne对研究结果持怀疑态度，他认为狗只是对刺激做出反应，而不是真正理解具体词汇的含义。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江嘉兴·期末） As we age, changes often occur in our sense of smell and brainpower. But new research shows a simple way that possibly strengthens brainpower as we get older — by getting scent (香味) through the air at night. In a recent study, researchers at the UCI Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory had adults aged 60-85 use a special machine next to their bed every night. This machine gently spread nice smells into the air. Each night, one of seven different pleasant smells was given off during the first two hours of sleep. The scents included various joyful options like rose, lemon and orange. Subjects in the study got a different smell every night, enjoying a fresh new scent before bed. The results were truly striking. Older adults exposed (暴露) to the nightly scents showed a 226 percent greater improvement on a word memory test compared to control subjects. Brain imaging also showed improved conditions in the memory-related brain pathway that typically weakens with age. Unlike signals from your eyes, ears and other senses, information from your nose travels directly to areas related to memory and emotion. This allows smell to activate (激活) memories and connections in ways sight and sound can’t. According to Michael Leon, “The reality is that over the age of 60, the smell sense and brainpower start to drop sharply.” This encouraging research suggests regular smell exposure at night could provide a simple way to keep that drop at bay. Unlike unrealistic brain games or scent programs, this approach effectively builds a bridge between smell and memory through easy nightly exposure during sleep. Instead of demanding hard brain exercises, it offers regular effortless sensory support to improve memory. Most importantly, you receive these brain benefits without doing anything but falling asleep with pleasant scents. 1．What did the subjects do in the study? A．They were connected to a scent machine. B．They recognized different smells before sleep. C．They were nightly exposed to a scent during sleep. D．They trapped pleasant smells from flowers and fruits. 2．Why are other senses mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To compare how different senses work. B．To stress smell is directly related to memory. C．To explain how sensory signals are processed. D．To suggest sight and sound are not important. 3．What does the underlined part in paragraph 4 mean? A．Forget about the drop. B．Stop or slow down the drop. C．Figure out why the drop happens. D．Accept the drop as a natural stage. 4．What is the main advantage of the research-confirmed method? A．It has clear steps to follow. B．It helps maintain mental health. C．It is simple and convenient to use. D．It is effective in improving sleep quality. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【来源】浙江省嘉兴市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题（含听力） 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新研究发现，夜间吸入香味可能有助于老年人增强脑力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In a recent study, researchers at the UCI Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory had adults aged 60-85 use a special machine next to their bed every night. This machine gently spread nice smells into the air. Each night, one of seven different pleasant smells was given off during the first two hours of sleep.(在最近的一项研究中，加州大学欧文分校学习与记忆神经生物学中心的研究人员让60-85岁的成年人每晚在床边使用一台特殊的机器。这台机器将香味轻轻扩散到空气中。每天晚上，在睡眠的前两个小时会释放七种不同的香味中的一种。)”可知，研究对象在睡眠时每晚接触一种香味。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Unlike signals from your eyes, ears and other senses, information from your nose travels directly to areas related to memory and emotion. This allows smell to activate (激活) memories and connections in ways sight and sound can’t.(与来自眼睛、耳朵和其他感官的信号不同，来自鼻子的信息直接传递到与记忆和情感相关的区域。这使得嗅觉能够以视觉和听觉无法做到的方式激活记忆和联系。)”可知，第三段提到其他感官是为了强调嗅觉与记忆直接相关。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的““The reality is that over the age of 60, the smell sense and brainpower start to drop sharply.” This encouraging research suggests regular smell exposure at night could provide a simple way to keep that drop at bay.(“现实情况是，60岁以上的人，嗅觉和脑力开始急剧下降。”这项令人鼓舞的研究表明，夜间定期接触香味可以提供一种简单的方法来……。)”可知，60岁以上的人，嗅觉和脑力开始急剧下降，而夜间定期接触香味可以提供一种简单的方法来阻止或减缓这种下降，故画线部分意为“阻止或减缓下降”。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Unlike unrealistic brain games or scent programs, this approach effectively builds a bridge between smell and memory through easy nightly exposure during sleep. Instead of demanding hard brain exercises, it offers regular effortless sensory support to improve memory. Most importantly, you receive these brain benefits without doing anything but falling asleep with pleasant scents.(与不切实际的大脑游戏或香味程序不同，这种方法通过在睡眠期间轻松地每晚接触香味，有效地在嗅觉和记忆之间架起了一座桥梁。它不需要艰苦的大脑锻炼，而是提供定期的、轻松的感官支持来改善记忆。最重要的是，你不需要做任何事情，只需在愉悦的香味中入睡，就能获得这些大脑益处。)”可知，该研究证实的方法的主要优点是使用简单方便。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江山海高中&共富联盟·联考） Gardening is often seen as a relaxing hobby, but it offers far more than just a way to pass the time. Recent studies have shown that getting your hands dirty in the garden can improve both physical and mental health. One of the most obvious benefits is physical activity. Digging, planting, and watering are all forms of exercise that can help strengthen muscles, improve flexibility, and increase endurance. Even light gardening tasks like weeding can burn calories. A 30-minute gardening session can be as effective as a short walk, making it an accessible form of exercise for people of all ages. Gardening also has a positive impact on mental well-being. Spending time in nature reduces stress and anxiety. The smell of soil, the sight of growing plants, and the sound of birdsong create a calming environment. Moreover, the sense of accomplishment from growing your own vegetables or flowers can boost self-esteem. Research has found that people who garden regularly report feeling happier and more relaxed. Another benefit is the opportunity to connect with others. Community gardens, for example, bring people together. Neighbors can share gardening tips, swap plants, and enjoy the fruits of their labor. This social interaction helps build stronger relationships and a sense of community. Finally, gardening can contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle. Growing your own food reduces the need for store-bought produce, which often involves long-distance transportation and packaging. Home-grown fruits and vegetables are fresher, healthier, and free from pesticides. Even if you only have space for a few potted herbs, you can still enjoy the benefits of home-grown food. Whether you have a large backyard or a small balcony, gardening can be a rewarding activity. It’s a simple way to improve your health, connect with others, and contribute to a greener planet. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The various benefits of gardening. B．Gardening is a popular hobby worldwide. C．The physical benefits of gardening for different ages. D．How gardening helps people build social connections. 6．Which of the following best shows the impact of gardening on mental health? A．It can provide opportunities for social interaction. B．It can reduce the use of pesticides in food production. C．It can offer a form of physical exercise to release stress. D．It can create a peaceful environment and increase self-confidence. 7．How does community gardening help build a sense of community? A．By reducing the use of packaged store-bought food. B．By sharing gardening knowledge and fruits together. C．By encouraging people to compete in growing plants. D．By providing free home-grown product to neighbors. 8．What can we infer from the passage? A．Gardening requires a large amount of space. B．Community gardens are only for experienced gardeners. C．Store-bought produce is always less healthy than home-grown food. D．Gardening is a beneficial activity for both individuals and the environment. 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．B 8．D 【来源】浙江山海高中共富联盟2024-2025学年高一下学期6月阶段性联考英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了园艺对身心及环境的诸多益处。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据第一段的“Gardening is often seen as a relaxing hobby, but it offers far more than just a way to pass the time. Recent studies have shown that getting your hands dirty in the garden can improve both physical and mental health.(园艺通常被视为一种放松的爱好，但它提供的远不止是打发时间的一种方式。最近的研究表明，在花园里把手弄脏可以改善身心健康)”可知，文章开篇指出园艺不只是休闲爱好，还有很多益处，接着分别从身体锻炼、心理健康、社交以及环保等方面阐述了园艺的各种好处，所以文章主要讲的是园艺的多种益处。故选A。 6．细节理解题。 根据第三段“Spending time in nature reduces stress and anxiety. The smell of soil, the sight of growing plants, and the sound of birdsong create a calming environment. Moreover, the sense of accomplishment from growing your own vegetables or flowers can boost self-esteem.(置身于大自然中能够减轻压力与焦虑情绪。泥土的气息、茁壮生长的植物景象以及悦耳的鸟鸣声，共同营造出一种令人心神安宁的环境。此外，亲手种植蔬菜或花卉所带来的成就感能够增强自信心)”可知，在自然环境中度过时光能减轻压力和焦虑，土壤的气味、生长的植物和鸟鸣声营造出宁静的环境，而且种植自己的蔬菜或花卉所带来的成就感能提升自尊心。故选D。 7．细节理解题。 根据第四段“Community gardens, for example, bring people together. Neighbors can share gardening tips, swap plants, and enjoy the fruits of their labor.(例如，社区花园将人们聚集在一起。邻居们可以分享园艺技巧、交换植物，还能一同享受劳动成果)”可知，社区花园让人们相聚在一起，邻居们可以分享园艺技巧、交换植物并享受劳动成果。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Gardening is often seen as a relaxing hobby, but it offers far more than just a way to pass the time. Recent studies have shown that getting your hands dirty in the garden can improve both physical and mental health.(园艺通常被视为一种放松的爱好，但它提供的远不止是打发时间的一种方式。最近的研究表明，在花园里把手弄脏可以改善身心健康)”以及全文可知，文章提到园艺对个人的身体和心理健康有好处，还能让人们建立社交联系，同时在环保方面也有贡献，如减少对商店购买农产品的需求、减少运输和包装等，所以园艺对个人和环境都是有益的活动。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·宁波九校·期末） Researchers have recently discovered that gut microbiome (肠道微生物群) — bacteria that grow within our body — helps the brain build important social skills. According to a paper published in PLOS Biology in November, zebra fish were used as research subjects to test how a lack of microbiome could alter social skills. Zebra fish are social animals as even 2-week-old fish starts to hang out in groups of 4 to 12. The experiment started with making a group of fish “germ-free (无菌)” through their diet. The other group were injected with a healthy mix of gut bacteria. About 15 days later, the second group began swimming in groups while the “germ-free” group “shockingly, didn’t,” Judith Eisen, a co-author of the new research, said to Quanta Magazine. The team then examined the fish’s brains, discovering obvious differences between the two groups. The ones who lacked the gut microbiome had more interconnections among the neurons (神经元) in their brains in charge of social behavior. It also led to fewer microglia (小胶质细胞), the neural immune cells that help clean the brain’s unwanted neurons. With less microglia to clear the brain’s neurons, social neurons were seen to have overgrown. This made the fish more cautious in social situations. Scientists assumed that the bacteria could release a special chemical that crosses the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain directly. Or, the immune cells might move between the gut and the brain, sending messages. Although the experiments were only on fish, the findings can theoretically be applied to humans. The team wishes to explore how gut microbiome affects the human brain in the future, which may lead to solutions to mental health problems. Perhaps many people who claim that they have “social phobia” can blame their guts. However, social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, can be a serious illness if ignored. According to the National Health Service in the UK, it is more than shyness but instead a constant fear of social situations. Patients may experience panic attacks which are an overwhelming fear and anxiety that last for a few minutes 9．What did the experiment aim to find out? A．The neural structures of zebra fish. B．The reproductive habits of social animals. C．The causes of zebra fish’s social behavior. D．The impact of microbiome on social behavior. 10．What can we learn about “germ-free” fish from the passage? A．They have more neural immune cells. B．They are less active in social interactions. C．Their brains have fewer unwanted neurons. D．Their social neurons are loosely connected. 11．What will be the potential application of the finding? A．Dealing with depression. B．Managing brain disease. C．Treating an eating disorder. D．Increasing social neurons. 12．Which statement would the author probably agree with? A．Social phobia can be cured by a special chemical. B．People should attach great importance to social phobia. C．The gut microbiome is the primary cause of social phobia. D．Social phobia is simply a reflection of people’s personalities. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．B 【来源】浙江省宁波市宁波九校2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现肠道微生物群对斑马鱼社交行为的影响及对人类的潜在意义。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Researchers have recently discovered that gut microbiome (肠道微生物群) — bacteria that grow within our body — helps the brain build important social skills. (研究人员最近发现，肠道微生物群——在我们体内生长的细菌——有助于大脑建立重要的社交技能。)”及第二段中的“According to a paper published in PLOS Biology in November, zebra fish were used as research subjects to test how a lack of microbiome could alter social skills. (根据11月发表在《PLOS生物学》上的一篇论文，斑马鱼被用作研究对象，以测试微生物群的缺乏如何改变社交技能。)”可知，该实验旨在探究微生物群对社交行为的影响。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“About 15 days later, the second group began swimming in groups while the “germ-free” group “shockingly, didn’t,” Judith Eisen, a co-author of the new research, said to Quanta Magazine. (大约15天后，第二组开始成群游泳，而“无菌”组“令人震惊地没有”，新研究的合著者朱迪思·艾森对《量子杂志》说。)”及第四段中的“This made the fish more cautious in social situations. (这使得这些鱼在社交场合更加谨慎。)”可知，“无菌”鱼在社交互动中不太活跃。故选B项。 11．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The team wishes to explore how gut microbiome affects the human brain in the future, which may lead to solutions to mental health problems. (研究小组希望未来探索肠道微生物群如何影响人类大脑，这可能会导致心理健康问题的解决方案。)”及最后一段中的“However, social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, can be a serious illness if ignored. (然而，社交恐惧症或社交焦虑症，如果被忽视，可能是一种严重的疾病。)”可知，这一发现的潜在应用可能是处理抑郁症等心理健康问题。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, can be a serious illness if ignored. According to the National Health Service in the UK, it is more than shyness but instead a constant fear of social situations. Patients may experience panic attacks which are an overwhelming fear and anxiety that last for a few minutes. (然而，社交恐惧症或社交焦虑症，如果被忽视，可能是一种严重的疾病。根据英国国家医疗服务体系的说法，它不仅仅是害羞，而是对社交场合的持续恐惧。患者可能会经历恐慌发作，这是一种持续几分钟的压倒性恐惧和焦虑。)”可知，作者可能会同意人们应该高度重视社交恐惧症。故选B项。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Have you ever wondered why you choose one food over another? Scientists in Australia have made an interesting discovery. They found that what we see right before looking at food can influence our food decisions. This finding could change how we market food, design restaurant menus, and even treat eating disorders. Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney led the study. His team ran an experiment with 600 people. They showed the participants hundreds of food images one by one. The participants had to move a slider and click to rate how attractive the food looked and guess its calorie content. After analyzing the results carefully, they discovered something called serial dependence (序列依赖). This means that if you saw a food you really liked or thought had a high calorie count, you were more likely to rate the next food higher than you normally would. On the other hand, if the previous food didn’t look good to you, the next one would probably get a lower rating. This effect is automatic (自动的), just like when the wind blows on your skin or you see a bright red flash. It’s related to how our senses work, and it’s connected to a part of the brain that scientists have only recently learned about. This could affect how we make choices on delivery apps or digital restaurant menus, where consumers are faced with food decisions based on many images of food. Maybe the food that seems more attractive isn’t really the one we want the most. It could be because the previous image made it seem better. Restaurants and marketers can also benefit from this knowledge. Restaurants can arrange their menus to make customers like more profitable dishes. For example, they can put high-profit items after some really attractive food pictures. After further research is carried out, this could also be used in the treatment of eating disorders. They can use this “simple sensory process” to help those who overeat or undereat change the way they think about food. 13．What were the participants expected to do in the study? A．Grade the appearance of the food. B．Design suitable restaurant menus. C．Guess the calorie of the eaten food. D．Click on the attractive food images. 14．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．How serial dependence is applied. B．How serial dependence works. C．What influences serial dependence. D．What causes serial dependence. 15．How can restaurants make profits according to paragraph 4? A．By choosing pretty food images. B．By arranging free delivery services. C．By making decisions for customers. D．By adjusting the sequence of items. 16．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．New Reasons Why We Make Food Choices B．Important Facts about Our Food Marketing C．Several Good Ways to Treat Eating Disorder D．The Unusual Discoverer of Serial Dependence 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．D 16．A 【来源】浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了澳大利亚科学家发现，人们看到的上一张食物图片会无意识地影响对下一张的评分，即存在序列依赖效应，这一机制可应用于菜单设计、营销策略及饮食障碍治疗。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They showed the participants hundreds of food images one by one. The participants had to move a slider and click to rate how attractive the food looked and guess its calorie content. (研究人员向参与者逐一展示数百张食物图片。参与者需滑动滑块并点击，以评估食物的吸引力并猜测其热量)”可知，参与者被要求对食物外观进行评分。故选A项。 14．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“This means that if you saw a food you really liked or thought had a high calorie count, you were more likely to rate the next food higher than you normally would. On the other hand, if the previous food didn’t look good to you, the next one would probably get a lower rating. This effect is automatic (自动的), just like when the wind blows on your skin or you see a bright red flash. It’s related to how our senses work, and it’s connected to a part of the brain that scientists have only recently learned about. (这意味着，如果你看到一种特别喜欢的食物或认为高热量的食物，你对下一道食物的评分往往会比平时更高。反之，如果前一道食物看起来不怎么样，你对下一道的评分可能就会偏低。这种影响是自动产生的——就像风吹过皮肤或眼前闪过一道红光那样自然。它与我们的感官运作方式有关，且与科学家近年才发现的大脑区域存在关联)”可知，该段核心在解释serial dependence“序列依赖”的作用机制：前一张图片如何影响后一张的评分，并强调其自动性和感官关联性。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Restaurants can arrange their menus to make customers like more profitable dishes. For example, they can put high-profit items after some really attractive food pictures. (餐馆可以调整菜单，让顾客喜欢利润更高的菜肴。例如，他们可以把高利润的产品放在一些非常吸引人的食物图片后面)”可知，餐厅可以通过调整菜单顺序来获利。故选D项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Have you ever wondered why you choose one food over another? Scientists in Australia have made an interesting discovery. They found that what we see right before looking at food can influence our food decisions. (你有没有想过为什么自己会选择某种食物？澳大利亚的科学家们有了一个有趣的发现：在我们看到食物前一刻所见的画面，会影响我们对食物的选择)”可知，文章围绕澳大利亚科学家的一项研究展开，该研究发现，人们看到的上一张食物图片会无意识地影响对下一张的评分，即存在序列依赖效应，这解释了我们会选择某种食物的原因。因此，A项“我们选择食物的新原因”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期末） In the 1930s, the first cake mixes (蛋糕粉) which only required water were invented and some people argued that this approach, the easiest, was the best. But others thought cooks would want to do more. The cake-mix argument may be out-dated, but its central question remains: Just how demanding do we want our technologies to be? Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure. Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system. However, so-called easy technologies usually require little concentrated effort and produce predictable results. Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. Everyone knows that it is easier to drive to the top of a mountain than to hike; the views may be the same, but the feeling never is. Following the same idea, we develop into beings that can do more. However, we can’t get the same satisfaction as we expect. I don’t mean that everything needs to be done the hard way. But we must take challenges seriously, or we’ll face the danger of becoming creatures whose lives are less satisfying. 17．What makes demanding technologies different from easy technologies? A．It requires much effort. B．It takes little attention. C．It achieves intended effect. D．It deals with machines. 18．What is a possible result of easy technologies? A．More time for concentration. B．Writing much longer letters. C．Lower expectations on others. D．Doing various tasks at a time. 19．What does the underlined word “eliminated” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Noticed. B．Stressed. C．Improved. D．Removed. 20．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage? A．The Argument Over Cake Mixes B．What Is A Demanding Technology? C．The Problem With Easy Technologies D．What Challenges Do Humans Face? 【答案】17．A 18．D 19．D 20．C 【来源】浙江省温州市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了要求高的技术包含的要素，以及简单技术面临的问题。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“Then what is a demanding technology? Two elements are included: One is that it is technology that takes time to master, and the other is that its operation includes some real risk of failure.(那么什么是要求高的技术呢？其中包括两个因素：一是技术需要时间来掌握，另一个是它的操作包含一些真正的失败风险)”以及第三段“Therefore, a piano is a demanding technology, as is a programming language or a machine system.(因此，钢琴是一项要求很高的技术，就像编程语言或机器系统一样)”可知，要求高的技术与简单的技术不同，是由于要求高的技术需要很多的努力。故选A。 18．细节理解题。根据第四段“And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理).(而且，当每个任务都很容易时，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”可知，简单技术可能带来的结果是一次做多个不同的任务。故选D。 19．词句猜测题。根据第四段“And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理).(而且，当每个任务都很容易时，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”以及划线词上文“Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets”中but表示转折，说明简单的技术本应使我们能够专注于重要的事情，但有时重要的事情却被移除了。推测划线词意思是“移除”，与Removed意义相近。故选D。 20．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Clearly, easy technologies have remade human society over the past century, but the problem is that, as every individual task becomes easier, we demand much more of both ourselves and others. As a result, we are faced with a larger number of small tasks(writing hundreds of e-mails)instead of fewer difficult tasks (writing several long letters). And, when every task is easy, nearly all people are multitasking (多任务处理). (显然，在过去的一个世纪里，简单的技术重塑了人类社会，但问题是，随着每一项个人任务变得更容易，我们对自己和他人的要求都要高得多。因此，我们面临的是更多的小任务（写数百封电子邮件），而不是更少的困难任务（写几封长信）。而且，当每一项任务都很容易的时候，几乎所有的人都在多任务处理)”、第五段“Easy technologies supposedly free us to focus on what matters, but sometimes what matters gets eliminated. (简单的技术本可以让我们专注于重要的事情，但有时重要的事情会被移除)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了要求高的技术包含的要素，以及简单技术面临的问题，C选项“简单技术的问题”最符合作为文章标题。故选C。 Passage 6 （23-24高一下·浙江丽水·期末） The new e-skin improves tasks requiring accuracy and force control, overcoming a big challenge in advancing technology. Unlike traditional e-skins, this new e-skin stays accurate even when it stretches. “Much like human skin has to stretch and bend as we move, so does e-skin,” explains Nanshu Lu, a professor in the Cockrell School. The breakthrough lies in an innovative hybrid response pressure sensor that Lu and her partners have developed over years. Lu sees the stretchable e-skin as an important part of a robot hand that can mirror the softness and sensitivity of a human hand. This new e-skin technology senses pressure from contact, letting the attached machine know how much force to use to, for example, hold a cup or touch a person. In demonstrations, the new e-skin allowed the robot hand to adapt to various sensitive tasks, such as accurately measuring human pulse (脉搏) and pulse waves, securely holding objects without dropping them and even handling unexpected items like coins inside a glass or pressing on a potato chip without breaking it. Lu and her team are currently exploring potential applications, including partnering to build a robotic arm equipped with the e-skin technology. They have also applied for a basic patent for the e-skin, indicating its potential for business use. In a world where the aging population exceeds (超过) the number of caregivers, the need for efficient and gentle care solutions is necessary. Lu believes robots equipped with advanced technologies like the stretchable e-skin could play a vital role in dealing with this global challenge. Beyond medicine,human-caring robots could be used in disasters. They could search for injured and trapped people in an earthquake or a collapsed building. From healthcare to disaster response, the potential is significant. With further development and cooperation with robotics companies, Lu hopes to see this e-skin technology make its way to the market, marking the beginning of a new era of human-robot interaction and care. 21．What advantage does the new e-skin have over traditional e-skins? A．It keeps accurate even when stretching. B．It enables robots to move at a fast speed. C．It allows robot hands to bend into all shapes. D．It helps robot hands control with less force. 22．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The wide applications of the new e-skin. B．The important development of the new e-skin. C．The major challenge of the pressure sensor. D．The strong function of the pressure sensor. 23．What can robots with the new e-skin do for the global challenge of aging population? A．Reduce healthcare costs. B．Limit global business use. C．Replace human caregivers. D．Improve medical care efficiency. 24．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new e-skin? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear C．Positive. D．Disapproving. 【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C 【来源】浙江省丽水市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了一种新型电子皮肤技术，这种技术可以提高需要精确度和力量控制的任务的完成度，克服了技术进步中的一大挑战。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“The new e-skin improves tasks requiring accuracy and force control, overcoming a big challenge in advancing technology. Unlike traditional e-skins, this new e-skin stays accurate even when it stretches.(新的电子皮肤改善了需要精度和力控制的任务，克服了技术进步的一大挑战。与传统的电子皮肤不同，这种新的电子皮肤即使在拉伸时也能保持精确)”可知，与传统的电子皮肤相比，新皮肤即使拉伸也能保持准确。故选A项。 22．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The breakthrough lies in an innovative hybrid response pressure sensor that Lu and her partners have developed over years. Lu sees the stretchable e-skin as an important part of a robot hand that can mirror the softness and sensitivity of a human hand. This new e-skin technology senses pressure from contact, letting the attached machine know how much force to use to, for example, hold a cup or touch a person. In demonstrations, the new e-skin allowed the robot hand to adapt to various sensitive tasks, such as accurately measuring human pulse (脉搏) and pulse waves, securely holding objects without dropping them and even handling unexpected items like coins inside a glass or pressing on a potato chip without breaking it.(这一突破在于Lu和她的合作伙伴多年来开发的一种创新的混合响应压力传感器。卢认为这种可拉伸的电子皮肤是机器人手的重要组成部分，可以模仿人手的柔软和敏感。这种新的电子皮肤技术可以感知接触产生的压力，让附着的机器知道要用多大的力来抓取杯子或触摸人。在演示中，这种新型电子皮肤可以让机器人手适应各种敏感的任务，比如精确测量人体脉搏和脉搏波，安全地握住物体而不掉下来，甚至处理意想不到的东西，比如玻璃杯里的硬币，或者按压薯片而不打碎)”可知，本段主要讲述了新型电子皮肤的重要发展。故选B项。 23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a world where the aging population exceeds (超过) the number of caregivers, the need for efficient and gentle care solutions is necessary. Lu believes robots equipped with advanced technologies like the stretchable e-skin could play a vital role in dealing with this global challenge.(在一个老龄化人口超过护理人员数量的世界，需要有效和温和的护理解决方案是必要的。卢认为，配备了可伸缩电子皮肤等先进技术的机器人可以在应对这一全球性挑战方面发挥至关重要的作用)”可知，拥有新型电子皮肤的机器人能为全球人口老龄化的挑战提高医疗效率。故选D项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Beyond medicine,human-caring robots could be used in disasters. They could search for injured and trapped people in an earthquake or a collapsed building. From healthcare to disaster response, the potential is significant. With further development and cooperation with robotics companies, Lu hopes to see this e-skin technology make its way to the market, marking the beginning of a new era of human-robot interaction and care.(除了医学，人类关怀机器人还可以用于灾难中。他们可以在地震或倒塌的建筑物中搜寻受伤和被困的人。从医疗保健到灾难响应，潜力巨大。随着与机器人公司的进一步发展和合作，卢希望看到这种电子皮肤技术进入市场，标志着人机交互和护理新时代的开始)”可知，作者认为，新型电子皮肤除了在医学领域的使用，还可以用于灾难中，潜力巨大，所以是乐观的态度。故选C项。 主题03 人与自然——生态环境 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期末） Since the Apollo missions began, space programs have offered a unique perspective on our home planet. Its most fascinating legacy may have been, not visiting the moon—the barren world that is our planetary companion, but giving us a view of the bounteous (富饶的) world that is our home. The Apollo missions, which concluded in 1972, occurred alongside the birth of the modern environmental movement—the founding of Friends of the Earth in 1969 and Greenpeace in 1971, the first Earth Day in 1970, among other important events—and the sight of Earth from space offered inspiration and motivation. When Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders snapped a photograph of Earth, partially in shadow, rising above the moon’s surface in 1968, he provided the clearest image yet seen of our world and its fragility (脆弱) in space. Many years later, photographer Galen Rowell described “Earthrise” as “the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.” “Earthrise” was followed by “Blue Marble”, a view of the Earth taken from the Apollo 17 spacecraft in 1972. That was the last of the Apollo moon missions, but NASA’s space exploration continued to take longing glances back toward their home world. In 1989, NASA formalized a Mission to Planet Earth, in which examining the third planet from the sun was no longer incidental to its work but central to it. In the three decades since then, the agency’s Earth Science program observation has expanded along with both the technological ability and the growing necessity to do so. NASA and partners such as the European Space Agency (ESA) have compiled an ever-growing image library of our own planet. The images reveal how Earth is transformed by land use, human activities, weather phenomena and climate changes. The thousands upon thousands of images reveal moments in time and seemingly timeless vistas, of our world up close and from afar. As Anders himself observed, 50 years after his first “Earthrise” image was released, “We set out to explore the moon, and instead discovered the Earth.” 1．What is viewed as the biggest achievement of the Apollo missions? A．Landing humans on the moon for the first time. B．Showing the Earth’s beauty and fragile nature. C．Inspiring mankind’s desire for more spacewalks. D．Making technological advances in space exploration. 2．What does the “Earthrise” photo symbolize according to the text? A．The end of the Apollo moon missions. B．The limitations of early space photography. C．The urgency of protecting Earth’s environment. D．The change of NASA’s focus on studying Earth. 3．What was the chief goal of NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth? A．To establish partnerships with ESA． B．To explore new planets in the solar system. C．To develop advanced spacecraft technology. D．To study Earth’s environment and changes. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Changing View of Earth from Space: Photos & Images B．The Impact of Space Exploration: A Fascinating Argument C．NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth: A Scientific Revolution D．The Moon Landing: Humans’ Greatest Achievement 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【来源】浙江省绍兴市2024-2025学年高一下学期期末调测英语试卷 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述阿波罗任务最大遗产是从太空展现地球美丽与脆弱，相关影像推动对地球环境变化的研究。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段“Its most fascinating legacy may have been, not visiting the moon—the barren world that is our planetary companion, but giving us a view of the bounteous (富饶的) world that is our home.(其最迷人的遗产或许并非访问月球 —— 那个贫瘠的行星伴侣，而是让我们看到我们的家园——这个富饶的世界)”及第三段“he provided the clearest image yet seen of our world and its fragility in space.(他提供了迄今为止最清晰的地球图像，展现了其在太空中的脆弱性)”可知，阿波罗任务的最大成就在于展示地球的美丽与脆弱。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。 根据第三段“Galen Rowell described ‘Earthrise’ as ‘the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.’(盖伦・罗威尔称《Earthrise》为‘有史以来最具影响力的环保照片’。)”及第二段“the sight of Earth from space offered inspiration and motivation(从太空看到地球的景象提供了灵感和动力)”可推知，该照片象征着保护地球环境的紧迫性。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。 根据第四段“In 1989, NASA formalized a Mission to Planet Earth, in which examining the third planet from the sun was no longer incidental to its work but central to it. (1989年，美国国家航空航天局正式确定了一项行星地球任务，在该任务中，检查距离太阳第三颗行星不再是其工作的附带任务，而是其核心任务)”及第五段“The images reveal how Earth is transformed by land use, human activities, weather phenomena and climate changes.(这些图像揭示了土地利用、人类活动、天气现象和气候变化是如何改变地球的)”可知，该任务的主要目标是研究地球环境与变化。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章以阿波罗任务拍摄的《Earthrise》、《Blue Marble》等太空照片为线索，阐述太空观测如何揭示地球的脆弱性及环境变化，末段强调“thousands upon thousands of images reveal moments in time and seemingly timeless vistas(成千上万的图像揭示了不同时刻和看似永恒的景象)”。所以A项The Changing View of Earth from Space: Photos & Images(从太空看地球的变化：照片和图像)准确概括了“太空视角下地球图像及其影响”的主题，可以作为最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江山海高中&共富联盟·联考） From toothbrushes and shampoo bottles to furniture and clothes, plastic is used to make lots of everyday items. When these items are thrown away, some of them end up in the oceans. The plastic, which can take hundreds of years to break down, is known to harm marine wildlife. To tackle this problem, scientists have developed a type of plastic that will biodegrade(生物降解)in seawater. Biodegradable plastics are ones that break down naturally. But currently, even biodegradable plastics don’t break down completely in the sea. Instead, they break up into tiny pieces called microplastics, which are often eaten by fish, birds and other animals. The new plastic could help solve this microplastic problem. It was created by researchers at the RIKEN Centre for Emergent Matter Science in Japan. Unlike other biodegradable plastics, the new plastic fully dissolves in salty seawater. When it dissolves, it breaks up into the separate substances that it was made from, and then tiny living things can break these down fully. Tests have shown that the plastic can break down in a few hours in seawater, and in around 10 days in soil. The new plastic has other benefits too. It is not poisonous and non-flammable, so it can’t easily be burned and release climate-harming gases. The plastic can be made hard or flexible and shaped into different forms at temperatures above 120℃, so it could be used to make many sorts of items. Takuzo Aida, who led the research, said the new plastic is “strong, stable, recyclable”, and can be used in lots of ways. It could be very useful, for example, in replacing single-use plastics. Joaquín Martínez Urreaga, a professor of chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, called the idea “a promising alternative to solve marine pollution”. 5．What is the main problem with the biodegradable plastics in the ocean? A．They are difficult to be collected. B．They take too long to be recycled. C．They are made from harmful substances. D．They break down into microplastics and harm wildlife. 6．What is special about the new plastic? A．It can be used to make more items. B．It is made from different substances. C．It can fully dissolve in salty seawater. D．It can break down in a few days in soil. 7．What can we infer about the new plastic from the passage? A．It can only be used to make single-use items. B．It will completely replace traditional plastics in all industries. C．It may face challenges in being widely used due to high costs. D．It has a shorter degradation time compared to the current plastics. 8．What is Joaquín Martínez Urreaga’s attitude towards the new plastic? A．Positive. B．Uninterested. C．Doubtful. D．Critical. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．D 8．A 【来源】浙江山海高中共富联盟2024-2025学年高一下学期6月阶段性联考英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新型可降解塑料及其优势。 5．细节理解题。 根据第二段“But currently, even biodegradable plastics don’t break down completely in the sea. Instead, they break up into tiny pieces called microplastics, which are often eaten by fish, birds and other animals.(但目前，即使是可生物降解的塑料在海洋中也不能完全分解。相反，它们会分解成被称为微塑料的微小颗粒，这些颗粒经常被鱼、鸟和其他动物吃掉)”可知，海洋中的可生物降解塑料的主要问题是它们会分解成微塑料，对野生动物造成伤害。故选D。 6．细节理解题。 根据第三段“Unlike other biodegradable plastics, the new plastic fully dissolves in salty seawater.(与其他可生物降解塑料不同，这种新型塑料能在咸海水中完全溶解)”可知，这种新型塑料的特别之处在于它能在咸海水中完全溶解。 故选C。 7．推理判断题。 根据第三段“Tests have shown that the plastic can break down in a few hours in seawater, and in around 10 days in soil.(测试表明，这种塑料在海水里几个小时就能分解，在土壤中大约10天就能分解)”可推知，这种新型塑料与目前的塑料相比，降解时间更短。 故选D。 8．推理判断题。 根据最后一段“Joaquín Martínez Urreaga, a professor of chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, called the idea “a promising alternative to solve marine pollution”.(马德里理工大学化学工程教授Joaquín Martínez Urreaga称这一想法是“解决海洋污染的有希望的替代方案”)”可推知，Joaquín Martínez Urreaga对这种新型塑料持积极态度。 故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Six years ago, the Royal Horticultural Society drew attention to the challenges faced by plant nurseries (苗圃). Citing pressures such as an ageing customer base, the gardening charity warned that nurseries — the “lifeblood of gardening in the UK” — were becoming increasingly uncommon. Since then, there have been yet further shutdowns, including family rose specialist Cants of Colchester. But there is hope. A new generation of young gardeners is breathing life into an old trade, opening up exciting nurseries across Britain and Ireland. Jonny Bruce is one of these new gardeners, who started the Field Nursery. With the help of his part-time worker and friend Daniel James, the nursery already has two greenhouses and a shed (工具棚) for potting plants. Jonny Bruce hopes to start selling plants in the autumn. Bruce’s love for growing plants started during his training at Great Dixter in East Sussex. “I was really inspired by how the nursery and the garden worked together,” he says. “I knew by the end of it that I wanted to work in a nursery.” Bruce spent the next four-and-a-half years working in the Netherlands. There, he saw many new plants and was inspired by their passion for protecting the environment. Returning to the UK, he looked for land to start his own nursery. “I got really lucky. A developer had bought this field as part of a larger land package, but couldn’t build on it. They needed to do something positive with the land, so I was able to achieve that with my proposal — that’s what made this whole project possible.” Bruce views the Field Nursery as an opportunity to increase biodiversity. He and Daniel are planting many native trees and making habitats for insects. This stress on nature provision (供给) challenges the plant nursery of the past. It shows that nurseries can function in harmony with wildlife. Jonny says, “It’s hard work, but we feel we can do so much with the land to connect people — it’s really exciting.” 9．Why does the author mention Cants of Colcheste? A．To show the struggles faced by UK nurseries. B．To compare different kinds of plant nurseries. C．To explain the reasons for nursery shutdowns. D．To examine pressures of the gardening charity. 10．What do we know about Bruce? A．He started his own nursery by accident. B．He has profited from running a nursery. C．He learned about nurseries from training. D．He was born with love for plant growing. 11．What made his nursery possible according to Bruce? A．Passion for being independent. B．Support of a land developer. C．Positive action to look for funds. D．Inspiration from new plants. 12．Which of the following best describes the Field Nursery? A．Traditional. B．Ordinary. C．Well-protected. D．Environment-friendly. 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．B 12．D 【来源】浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。六年前英国苗圃面临老化等挑战，如今以Jonny Bruce为代表的新一代园丁开创新苗圃，注重环保与生物多样性。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Citing pressures such as an ageing customer base, the gardening charity warned that nurseries — the “lifeblood of gardening in the UK” — were becoming increasingly uncommon. Since then, there have been yet further shutdowns, including family rose specialist Cants of Colchester.(该园艺慈善机构指出，诸如客户群体老龄化等种种压力使得苗圃这一“英国园艺的命脉”变得越来越少见。此后，又有更多苗圃关闭，其中包括位于科尔切斯特的家族玫瑰专家坎特斯苗圃)”可知，作者提及科尔切斯特的“坎特”是为了展示英国苗圃所面临的困境。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Bruce’s love for growing plants started during his training at Great Dixter in East Sussex.(布鲁斯对种植植物的热爱始于他在东萨塞克斯郡的格雷特迪克斯特的培训期间)”可知，布鲁斯是通过培训了解到有关苗圃的情况的。故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I got really lucky. A developer had bought this field as part of a larger land package, but couldn’t build on it. They needed to do something positive with the land, so I was able to achieve that with my proposal — that’s what made this whole project possible.(我真的很幸运。一个开发商买下了这块地，作为一个更大地块的一部分，但不能在上面建房。他们需要对土地做一些积极的事情，所以我能够通过我的建议实现这一点——这就是使整个项目成为可能的原因)”可知，根据布鲁斯的说法，他的苗圃得以建成的原因是土地开发商的支持。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He and Daniel are planting many native trees and making habitats for insects. This stress on nature provision (供给) challenges the plant nursery of the past. It shows that nurseries can function in harmony with wildlife.(他和丹尼尔正在种植许多本地树木，并为昆虫建造栖息地。这种对自然环境的重视挑战了过去的植物培育方式。这表明植物培育园也可以与野生动植物和谐共存)”可知，“菲尔德苗圃”是环保型的。故选D。 Passage 4 （23-24高一下·浙江丽水·期末） Lichens (地衣) cover as much as 8% of the planet’s surface, an area larger than that covered by tropical rain-forests. They can be found growing on bark, rocks or walls; in woodlands, deserts or tundra. Some lichens are familiar to the herbalists who find uses through the “Doctrine of Signatures” (形象学说). For example, species of Lobaria are used to treat lung diseases because of their lung-like appearance. Lichens have also been used for their chemical components. Lichens provide natural dye (染色) stuff in many traditional cultures around the world, including the famous Harris tweed woolens of Scotland. Lichens are also used in the production of perfumes. For example, “oak moss” was used as a component of several high quality French perfumes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Lichens also provide many important ecosystem services. Lichens contribute to biodiversity — they are found in all biomes. Some lichens are pioneers, so they are often the first to occupy newly exposed surfaces. Lichens also contribute to nutrient cycling. In some old-growth forests, lichens contribute up to 50% of the nitrogen. Many animals use lichens. Up to 90% of reindeer’s winter food consists of lichens, and other animals use lichens for nesting material or hiding places. Lichens can also inform us about the condition of our environment. Many lichens require very specific environmental conditions. For example, presence of certain lichens can be an indicator of climate change. Some lichens are sensitive to air pollution and will disappear when air quality is poor. Lichens are important also because they are beautiful to look at. How colorful would the rocks and cliffs be in the Rocky Mountains without the reds, yellows and greens of the crust lichens? Without these living creatures, our natural areas would look pretty boring and a little more lifeless. 13．How does the author introduce lichens in paragraph 1? A．By explaining the standard definition. B．By describing the growing process. C．By stating the wide range of coverage. D．By showing the diverse species. 14．Which of the following functions are lichens least likely to perform? A．To treat lung disorders. B．To dye natural stuff. C．To make perfumes. D．To remove chemicals. 15．Why are lichens important for assessing environmental conditions? A．They are sensitive to air quality. B．They can survive in extreme weather. C．They provide nesting material for birds. D．They indicate old-growth conditions. 16．What’s the structure of the passage? A．B．C． D． 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．A 16．D 【来源】浙江省丽水市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是说明文。这篇文章详细说明了地衣（Lichens）的特性、用途、生态价值以及它们对环境的指示作用。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“Lichens (地衣) cover as much as 8% of the planet’s surface, an area larger than that covered by tropical rain-forests. They can be found growing on bark, rocks or walls; in woodlands, deserts or tundra. (地衣覆盖了地球表面的8%，比热带雨林覆盖的面积还要大。它们可以生长在树皮、岩石或墙壁上；在林地、沙漠或冻土带。)”可知，本段作者说明广泛的覆盖范围来介绍地衣的。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段“Some lichens are familiar to the herbalists who find uses through the “Doctrine of Signatures” (形象学说). For example, species of Lobaria are used to treat lung diseases because of their lung-like appearance. Lichens have also been used for their chemical components. Lichens provide natural dye (染色) stuff in many traditional cultures around the world, including the famous Harris tweed woolens of Scotland. Lichens are also used in the production of perfumes. For example, “oak moss” was used as a component of several high quality French perfumes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (一些地衣是草药医生熟悉的，他们通过“签名学说”找到了用途。例如，Lobaria的种类被用来治疗肺部疾病，因为它们的外观像肺。地衣也因其化学成分而被使用。地衣为世界各地的许多传统文化提供天然染料，包括苏格兰著名的哈里斯粗花呢羊毛。地衣也用于香水的生产。例如，“橡树苔”在19世纪末和20世纪初被用作几种高品质法国香水的成分。)”可知，作者提到了地衣可以治疗肺部疾病；给天然的东西染色；做香水。没有提到去除化学物质。故选D项。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段“Lichens can also inform us about the condition of our environment. Many lichens require very specific environmental conditions. For example, presence of certain lichens can be an indicator of climate change. Some lichens are sensitive to air pollution and will disappear when air quality is poor. (地衣还可以告诉我们环境的状况。许多地衣需要非常特殊的环境条件。例如，某些地衣的存在可能是气候变化的一个指标。有些地衣对空气污染很敏感，当空气质量差时就会消失。)”可知，因为他们对空气质量很敏感，所以地衣对评估环境状况很重要。故选A项。 16．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段介绍了地衣的覆盖范围，之后第二，三，四段分别介绍了地衣的用途，特性和生态价值，所以本文是总分结构。故选D项。 Passage 5 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期末） Everyone knows this: Slowly turn up the heat on a frog in a pot of water, and the frog won’t hop out. Unaware of the slight increase in heat, it will stay put until — well, until it dies. When it comes to the effect of rising global temperatures on amphibians (两栖动物), the frog-boiling fable is more than just a metaphor (隐喻). Climate change is becoming one of the biggest threats to frogs and other amphibians, according to a major study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Between 2004 and 2022, rising temperatures became the primary reason why more than 100 amphibian species were slipping toward extinction. The spread of disease among frogs and the destruction of their habitats have long been recognized as reasons why many amphibians are decreasing. But this new study establishes climate change as a major risk for amphibians around the world, too. The soft-skinned animals lack the fur and feathers to help adjust their temperature in this hotter and more drought-stricken world. Less attention is paid to frogs and other amphibians compared to more well-known groups like birds. But losing amphibians would be disastrous because they often act as a key link in the food web of ecosystems, wolfing insects down and, in turn, being eaten by larger predators (捕食者).“Without those amphibians to fill that role, we will see the breakdown of this food web,” said Neam, who works for an Austin-based environmental group. Luckily, habitat protection and other conservation measures have been taken to help recover more than five dozen amphibians from Costa Rica to Malaysia. “It’s not all bad news,” said Jennifer Luedtke, an amphibian group leader of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “But we really must build on this improvement and significantly increase investment in amphibian conservation.” 17．How is the topic introduced? A．By listing facts. B．By explaining ideas. C．By sharing a story. D．By raising a question. 18．What is the main reason for the decrease of amphibians according to the new study? A．The spread of disease. B．The loss of habitats. C．The rise of temperature. D．The lack of feathers. 19．What will happen if the number of amphibians decreases? A．The food chain will be destroyed. B．Wolves will depend more on insects. C．Predators will be the key role of the web. D．The ecosystem will become more diverse. 20．How does Luedtke feel about the future of amphibians? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Uncertain. D．Curious. 【答案】17．C 18．C 19．A 20．B 【来源】浙江省温州市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末考试英语试题 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现气候变化在导致两栖动物数量减少，分析了两栖动物数量减少会带来的影响。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Everyone knows this: Slowly turn up the heat on a frog in a pot of water, and the frog won’t hop out. Unaware of the slight increase in heat, it will stay put until — well, until it dies. When it comes to the effect of rising global temperatures on amphibians (两栖动物), the frog-boiling fable  is more than just a metaphor (隐喻).(每个人都知道这一点：在一锅水里慢慢地给青蛙加热，青蛙不会跳出来。没有意识到热量的轻微增加，它会一直呆在那里，直到——嗯，直到它死去。当谈到全球气温上升对两栖动物的影响时，煮青蛙的寓言不仅仅是一个比喻)”可知，文章通过分享故事引入。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段“Between 2004 and 2022, rising temperatures became the primary reason why more than 100 amphibian species were slipping toward extinction.(2004年至2022年间，气温上升成为100多种两栖动物濒临灭绝的主要原因)”可知，根据这项新研究，导致两栖动物数量减少的主要原因是温度的升高。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Less attention is paid to frogs and other amphibians compared to more well-known groups like birds. But losing amphibians would be disastrous because they often act as a key link in the food web of ecosystems, wolfing insects down and, in turn, being eaten by larger predators (捕食者).“Without those amphibians to fill that role, we will see the breakdown of this food web,” said Neam, who works for an Austin-based environmental group.(与鸟类等更知名的群体相比，青蛙和其他两栖动物受到的关注较少。但是失去两栖动物将是灾难性的，因为它们通常是生态系统食物网的关键环节，它们吞噬昆虫，反过来又被更大的捕食者吃掉。“没有这些两栖动物来填补这个角色，我们将看到这个食物网的崩溃，”在奥斯汀一家环境组织工作的尼姆说)”可知，如果两栖动物的数量减少，食物链将被破坏。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据““It’s not all bad news,” said Jennifer Luedtke, an amphibian group leader with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “But we really must build on this improvement and significantly increase investment in amphibian conservation.”(“也不全是坏消息，”国际自然保护联盟两栖动物小组负责人珍妮弗·吕德克说。“但我们真的必须在这一改善的基础上，大幅增加对两栖动物保护的投资。”)”可知，吕德克对两栖动物的未来充满希望。故选B。 Passage 6 （23-24高一下·浙江台州·期末） Babies as young as four months old can make sense of how their bodies interact with the space around them, according to a new research from the University of Birmingham. The findings, published in Scientific Reports, throw new light on how self-awareness develops. In the first stage, experts from the Birmingham Baby Lab showed babies a ball on a screen moving towards them. When the ball was closest to them on the screen, the babies were presented with a touch on their hands, while their brain activity was being measured. It was found that even in the first few months of life, before babies have even learned to reach for objects, the multisensory (多感官的) brain is wired up to make links between what babies see and what they feel. Dr Giulia Orioli, the study leader, said: “Since we know babies in the early stages of their development begin to show signs of this, it opens up questions about how much of these abilities are learned, or inborn.” Then a ball on a screen was shown moving away from them in the second stage. The experts found that in babies aged eight months old when the touch on their hand followed the ball on the screen moving away from them, the babies’ brain activity showed signs that they were amazed. The older babies’ responses suggest that they had not expected the touch. Next, the researchers are planning to follow up this study with younger participants, hoping to be able to see if there are early signs of these “multisensory” abilities in newborn babies. “It is a challenge working with newborns,” Dr Orioli concluded, “but we are starting to have some success working with this age group, and it is going to be fascinating to see if babies only a few days old have the foundations of a sense of their bodies in space. If so, it could be that we are looking at the origins of human consciousness.” 21．What can we learn about Stage 1 of the research? A．Babies’ multisensory abilities are learned. B．Babies learn to reach for objects earlier than expected. C．Babies connect what they see and feel in the first few months. D．Babies’ brain activity was measured when a ball touched them. 22．What is the babies’ response in Stage 2 of the research? A．Surprise. B．Fear. C．Calmness. D．Annoyance. 23．How does Dr Orioli feel about the future of this research? A．Doubtful. B．Hopeful. C．Puzzled. D．Worried. 24．Which one is the best title for the text? A．Babies’ Interaction with Balls Measured B．Origins of Human Consciousness Found C．Babies’ Multisensory Brain Developed at Birth D．Young Babies Showing Signs of Self-awareness 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．B 24．D 【来源】浙江省台州市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题（含听力） 【导语】这是一篇说明文。根据伯明翰大学的一项新研究，4个月大的婴儿就能理解他们的身体是如何与周围的空间相互作用的。发表在《科学报告》上的研究结果，为自我意识的发展提供了新的视角。文章对此进行了详细介绍。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“It was found that even in the first few months of life, before babies have even learned to reach for objects, the multisensory (多感官的) brain is wired up to make links between what babies see and what they feel.(研究发现，即使在婴儿出生后的头几个月，在他们还没有学会伸手去拿东西之前，多感官大脑就已经开始连接起来，把婴儿看到的和感觉到的联系起来。)”可知，从研究的第一阶段可以了解到婴儿在最初的几个月里会把他们看到和感觉到的东西联系起来。故选C。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The experts found that in babies aged eight months old when the touch on their hand followed the ball on the screen moving away from them, the babies’ brain activity showed signs that they were amazed.(专家们发现，在8个月大的婴儿中，当他们的手触摸屏幕上的球远离他们时，婴儿的大脑活动显示出他们感到惊讶的迹象。)”可知，研究的第二阶段中婴儿的反应是惊讶。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句中的“but we are starting to have some success working with this age group, and it is going to be fascinating to see if babies only a few days old have the foundations of a sense of their bodies in space. If so, it could be that we are looking at the origins of human consciousness.(但是我们已经开始在这个年龄段取得了一些成功，看看几天大的婴儿是否已经有了在空间中感知自己身体的基础，这将是一件很有趣的事情。如果是这样的话，我们可能正在研究人类意识的起源。)”可知，Orioli博士对这项研究的未来感到很有希望。故选B。 24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Babies as young as four months old can make sense of how their bodies interact with the space around them, according to a new research from the University of Birmingham. The findings, published in Scientific Reports, throw new light on how self-awareness develops.(根据伯明翰大学的一项新研究，4个月大的婴儿就能理解他们的身体是如何与周围的空间相互作用的。发表在《科学报告》上的研究结果，为自我意识的发展提供了新的视角。)”可知，文章主要是讲科学研究发现4个月大的婴儿就能理解他们的身体是如何与周围的空间相互作用的，这显示出了自我意识，D项“婴儿表现出自我意识的迹象”适合作文章标题。故选D。 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·浙江杭州·期末） Life is busy. We’re always expected to be productive and engaged, whether that’s with parenting, housework, or work. While taking time for small rewards can feel like a luxury (奢侈), the truth is that it is necessary for improving our mental health. A key psychological idea behind this is the Premack Principle, which explains why treating ourselves is more than a tendency; it’s a way to improve our daily lives. In the 1960s, American psychologist David Premack developed a theory now known as Premack Principle. He explained that doing something you’re more likely to do can be a reward for doing something you don’t actually want to do. For instance, if you finish a task you’re not interested in, like cleaning the bathroom, you can treat yourself to something you like, such as watching an episode of your favorite TV show. This approach takes advantage of our natural need for fun to help us get through tasks we might not enjoy. Recent studies keep showing that giving yourself rewards can help improve your work and happiness. For example, Woolley and Fishbach discovered that getting rewards right away can make you more motivated because it links the reward directly with the task. What’s interesting is that it’s not about how big the reward is but how quickly you get it that matters. Another study by Landry and others found it’s not the reward itself but rather how the reward makes people feel that helps them do their best. This makes sense because rewards boost our dopamine (多巴胺) levels, which plays a key role in how our brains feel pleasure.     The idea of giving ourselves “little treats” is not just about enjoying something; it’s proof of how positive reinforcement can change our behavior and make us feel better mentally. By carefully using the Premack Principle and rewarding ourselves, we can find more motivation (动机) to face challenges and lead a happier life. It’s okay torecognize and celebrate our efforts, big or small.     So, go ahead, give yourself that little treat. You’ve earned it. 1．What is the Premack Principle? A．A tool to work out a long-term plan. B．Away to complete tasks effectively. C．A means to make boring tasks enjoyable. D．A theory to explain how rewards improve happiness. 2．According to Woolley and Fishbach, what helps to improve motivation? A．The type of tasks. B．The immediate reward. C．The size of the reward. D．The level of dopamine. 3．What might be a “positive reinforcement” according to paragraph 4? A．A cleanup. B．Physical training. C．Graduation ceremony. D．A favourite snack. 4．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．The Importance of Productivity B．Motivation and Mental Health C．The Premack Principle for Life D．Dopamine and the Brain’s Pleasure 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C 【来源】浙江省杭州市2023-2024学年高一下学期6月期末考试英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了Premack Principle（普雷马克原理）的含义以及如何通过奖励自己来提高工作效率和幸福感。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“In the 1960s, American psychologist David Premack developed a theory now known as Premack Principle. He explained that doing something you’re more likely to do can be a reward for doing something you don’t actually want to do.”（在20世纪60年代，美国心理学家David Premack提出了一个理论，现在被称为Premack原理。他解释说，做你更愿意做的事情可以作为做你实际上不想做的事情的奖励。）以及文章第三段中“Recent studies keep showing that giving yourself rewards can help improve your work and happiness.”（最近的研究不断表明，给自己奖励可以帮助改善你的工作和幸福感。）可知，Premack Principle是一种解释如何通过奖励来提高幸福感的理论。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Woolley and Fishbach discovered that getting rewards right away can make you more motivated because it links the reward directly with the task.”（Woolley和Fishbach发现，立即得到奖励可以使你更有动力，因为它直接将奖励与任务联系起来。）可知，立即得到的奖励有助于提高动力。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“The idea of giving ourselves “little treats” is not just about enjoying something; it’s proof of how positive reinforcement can change our behavior and make us feel better mentally.”（给自己‘小款待’的想法不仅仅是享受某件事，它证明了积极的强化如何改变我们的行为并使我们在精神上感觉更好。）可推知，positive reinforcement可能是指给自己的一种喜欢的小奖励，如一种喜欢的零食。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Life is busy. We’re always expected to be productive and engaged, whether that’s with parenting, housework, or work. While taking time for small rewards can feel like a luxury (奢侈) , the truth is that it is necessary for improving our mental health. A key psychological idea behind this is the Premack Principle, which explains why treating ourselves is more than a tendency; it’s a way to improve our daily lives.”（生活是忙碌的。无论是养育孩子、做家务还是工作，我们总是被期望富有成效和投入。虽然花时间获得小奖励感觉像是一种奢侈，但事实是，这对改善我们的心理健康是必要的。这背后的一个关键心理学思想是普雷马克原则，它解释了为什么善待自己不仅仅是一种倾向;这是一种改善我们日常生活的方式。）以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Premack Principle（普雷马克原理）的含义以及如何通过奖励自己来提高工作效率和幸福感，所以最适合的标题是“The Premack Principle for Life”（生活中的普雷马克原理）。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期末） People say they prefer a short story written by a human over one composed by AI, yet most still devote the same amount of time and money to read both stories regardless of whether it is (标记) labeled as AI-generated. That was the main finding of a recent study to test whether this preference for humans over AI in creative works actually translates into consumer behavior. To investigate, we asked ChatGPT 4 to create a short story in the style of the popular fiction author Jason Brown. We recruited over 650 participants, offering each $3.50 to read and assess the AI-written story. Importantly, half of the participants were told it was AI-written, while the other half were made to think it was the work of Jason Brown. After reading the first half of the AI-written story, participants were asked to rate the quality of the work along various dimensions, such as whether they found it predictable, emotionally engaging and so on. We also measured participants’ willingness to pay in order to read to the end of the story in two ways: how much money and how much time they’d agree to spend reading some text we gave them. So, were there differences between the two groups? The group that knew the story was AI-written judged it more negatively. However, participants were ready to spend the same amount of money and time to finish reading the story whether or not it was labeled as AI. Participants also did not spend less time actually reading the AI-labeled story. When asked afterward, almost 40% of participants said they would have paid less if the same story was written by AI, highlighting that many are not aware of the difference between their subjective (主观的) judgement and actual choices. Attitudes toward AI are still forming. Future research could investigate whether there will be a resistance (抵制) against AI-generated creative works. A related question is whether the market will segment, where some consumers will be willing to pay more based on the process of creation, while others may be interested only in the product. 5．What did the study focus on? A．The differences between human and AI writing styles. B．Consumers’ preference for Jason Brown’s short stories. C．ChatGPT 4’s ability to compose stories favored by humans. D．Effect of people’s love for human-written stories on behavior. 6．What can we infer about the participants from paragraph 4? A．They all thought highly of the AI-written story. B．They spent more time on the human-written story. C．Their subjective judgement didn’t match their choices. D．Their reading habits were affected by their personal likes. 7．What does the underlined word “segment” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Stay unified. B．Divide into parts. C．Expand quickly. D．Remain unchanged. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards AI-generated works? A．Approving. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．B 8．C 【来源】浙江省丽水市2024-2025学年高一下学期6月期末英语试题 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现，尽管人们声称更喜欢人类创作的故事，但实际阅读行为不受AI标签影响，主观评价与实际选择会不一致。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“That was the main finding of a recent study to test whether this preference for humans over AI in creative works actually translates into consumer behavior. (这正是近期一项研究的主要发现——该研究旨在验证人们对人类而非AI创作的偏好是否会真正影响其消费行为。)”可知，研究聚焦于人们对人类创作故事的偏好是否真正影响其行为。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The group that knew the story was AI-written judged it more negatively. However, participants were ready to spend the same amount of money and time to finish reading the story whether or not it was labeled as AI. Participants also did not spend less time actually reading the AI-labeled story. (知道故事由AI撰写的小组对其评价更为负面。然而，无论故事是否标注为AI生成，参与者都愿意花费相同的时间和金钱去阅读。实际上，参与者也没有因为故事被贴上AI标签而减少阅读时间。)”可知，参与者对AI故$