专题06 阅读理解说明文 （期末真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 精选上海多所重点中学高二下期末试题，聚焦“人与社会”“人与自我”“人与自然”三大主题，涵盖成人课程、AI文化影响、鲨鱼导航等真实语境，考查阅读理解核心能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|39题|细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意、态度观点|如“人与社会”中“Adulting 101”课程探讨社会现象，考查推理能力（第3题）；“人与自然”中鲨鱼磁场导航研究，考查细节理解（第18题），情境贴近科技前沿与社会热点|

专题06 阅读理解说明文 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·上海市建平中学·期末） The teacher starts with the basics: how to thread a needle. Then she shows the students how to mend a torn shirt. The sewing class is part of a free, one-day course at Austin Community College (ACC) called “Adulting 101”. The students range in age from their late teens to mid-40s. Such programmes are designed to help people “navigate adulthood”, even those who, legally and practically, have been navigating it for quite some time. The topics run from basic — how to dress appropriately for a job interview — to advanced, such as how to file income taxes. Raffi Grinberg created “Adulting 101” at Boston College, which was inspired by his first day working at Bain& Company. He and his peers had to decide which health-insurance plan to choose, how much of his salary to devote to saving for retirement, and other financial details. “Every one of us went out and called our parents,” he admits. “We were graduates of elite schools, and we still didn’t know what to do.” The rise in need for adulting classes reflects, in part, the changing nature of childhood and adolescence, which have grown more digital and less physical. American teens spend up to nine hours each day on screens. TikTok and YouTube do offer handy tutorials on all manner of household chores. But most young users of these platforms are more interested in dancing than dishwashers. In Infantilised: How Our Culture Killed Adulthood, Keith Hayward argued that there has been a generational shift and that young people are less mature than their forebears were at the same age. They are shrinking from responsibilities such as marriage, homeowning, and child-rearing because “adulting is hard”. He adds that young people today are also less interested in what their elders have to offer: “Parents and grandparents are seen as idiots who can’t work the Wi-Fi.” If parents are not providing advice on life’s many essential tasks, “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.” Such perspectives may ring true. But young people are remaining in education for longer, meaning that financial independence, partners, and children necessarily come later. And adulting is, in fact, hard. The world is more complex than it was. Take financial decisions. People opening their first bank account have to choose between a main-street branch and an array of online banks and bank-like institutions. Many will see adulting classes as proof of youngsters’ delayed maturity. But indulged children do not acknowledge the gaps in their knowledge and try to fill them. Only a grown-up would willingly spend precious free time doing something as dull as learning how to mend a shirt. 1．If you were to design an “Adulting 101” course based on what you’ve learned from this passage, which of the following topics would be most suitable? A．Learning Spanish with ChatGPT B．Modern literature appreciation C．Financial literacy after graduation D．Navigating the mechanism behind Tik Tok 2．What does the author mean by saying “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.” A．These classes make up for the absence of parental guidance. B．These classes are more feasible than parental suggestions. C．The courses can offer knowledge beyond daily skills. D．The role of parental advice is no longer crucial because of these courses. 3．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．parents nowadays are incapable of offering useful life advice B．young people consider life skills less necessary in the digital age C．a lack of meaning content online is to blame for delayed adulthood D．social changes better explain delayed adulthood than personal failings 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the adulting courses? A．They help adults identify and bridge their knowledge gap. B．They arise and popularize for justifiable reasons. C．They are a worrisome reflection of generational failure. D．They reflect the drawbacks of family and school education. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了 “Adulting 101” 这类帮助人们适应成年生活的课程，分析了其兴起的原因，包括年轻人成长环境变化、对长辈建议兴趣缺缺以及社会本身变得更复杂等因素，同时探讨了人们对该课程的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Such programmes are designed to help people “navigate adulthood”, even those who, legally and practically, have been navigating it for quite some time. The topics run from basic — how to dress appropriately for a job interview—— to advanced, such as how to file income taxes.(这类课程旨在帮助人们 “适应成年生活”，即便对那些从法律层面和实际生活来讲，早已开启成年生活有一段时间的人来说，亦是如此。课程主题涵盖广泛，从基础内容，比如如何为求职面试得体着装，到高阶内容，例如如何申报所得税)” 可知，“Adulting 101” 课程旨在助力人们应对成年生活，涵盖从基础到高级的各种生活实用技能主题。C 选项“Financial literacy after graduation（毕业后的金融知识）”，毕业后涉及到理财等金融方面决策，属于成年生活的重要部分，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“He adds that young people today are also less interested in what their elders have to offer: “Parents and grandparents are seen as idiots who can’t work the Wi-Fi.” If parents are not providing advice on life’s many essential tasks, “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.(他补充说，如今的年轻人对长辈所能传授的东西也不太感兴趣：“父母和祖父母被看成是不会使用无线网络的笨蛋。” 如果父母没有就生活中诸多重要事务给出建议，“那就只能由这些课程来填补空白了”) ” 可知，现在年轻人对长辈建议不感兴趣，父母若不提供生活重要任务的建议，这些课程就会承担起相应责任。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But young people are remaining in education for longer, meaning that financial independence, partners, and children necessarily come later. And adulting is, in fact, hard. The world is more complex than it was.(但年轻人接受教育的时间越来越长，这意味着经济独立、寻找伴侣以及生儿育女的时间必然会推迟。事实上，成年后的生活很艰难。如今的世界比过去更加复杂)” 可知，年轻人因接受教育时间延长，成年相关事务推迟，且社会变得更复杂。这表明社会变化对成年延迟的解释力更强，而非个人的失败。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“The rise in need for adulting classes reflects, in part, the changing nature of childhood and adolescence, which have grown more digital and less physical.(对成人课程需求的增加，部分反映了童年和青少年时期性质的变化，这些时期变得更加数字化，而身体活动减少)，第六段“He adds that young people today are also less interested in what their elders have to offer: “Parents and grandparents are seen as idiots who can’t work the Wi-Fi.” If parents are not providing advice on life’s many essential tasks, “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.”(他补充说，如今的年轻人对长辈所能传授的东西也不太感兴趣：“父母和祖父母被看成是不会使用无线网络的笨蛋。”如果父母没有就生活中诸多重要事务给出建议，“那就只能由这些课程来填补空白了”)”说明因年轻人对长辈建议不感兴趣，父母指导缺失，使得成人课程有了存在的必要，这也是课程兴起的合理理由。根据倒数第二段“But young people are remaining in education for longer, meaning that financial independence, partners, and children necessarily come later. And adulting is, in fact, hard. The world is more complex than it was.”(但年轻人接受教育的时间更长，这意味着经济独立、伴侣和孩子必然会来得更晚。而且事实上，成年生活很艰难。世界比过去更复杂了)”可知，作者提到了成年课程需求增加是因为童年和青少年时期的变化，年轻人对长辈建议不感兴趣以及社会变得更复杂，导致成年生活变难，这些都表明成年课程兴起有合理原因。同时提到愿意花时间参加课程学习生活技能的是成熟的人，侧面说明课程流行也有其合理性。所以作者认为成年课程是因合理原因产生并流行的。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市浦东新区·期末） Amid all the excitement, surprise, and anxiety over China’s DeepSeek R1 AI model, I want to make a point: To many young Americans, DeepSeek is cool. They see the Chinese internet as fascinating. How did this happen? First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users. TikTok was shut down earlier in January this year, and the site faces uncertainty. So America’s internet youth flocked to a Chinese video site called RedNote, also known as Xiaohongshu. RedNote has more than 300million users in China, but until recently barely received attention in the US. And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense. Yet Chinese and American youth interact frequently there, for example trading tips for making steamed eggs properly. As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store. Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”. Today Europe has lost some of its romantic appeal. Besides, it is true that anything your parents thought was cool when they were your age, you don’t. While the differences between American and Chinese cultures are obvious, both Americans and Chinese are friendly, open, forward-looking, and business-friendly. The cultural gap is by no means unbridgeable. China has the talent, scale, and resources to create online experiences that will appeal to Americans. Undoubtedly, China has gained an advantage-not only in technology, but also in liveliness. 5．Why does the author mention “more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users” in para.2? A．To prove that he has resisted the temptation of TikTok. B．To indicate that TikTok should spend more on advertising. C．To highlight that TikTok has a strong appeal to most Americans. D．To suggest that other US video sites learn from TikTok’s marketing strategies. 6．The author describes his encounter with RedNote to show ______. A．that RedNote has a confusing and unrealistice layout B．why RedNote doesn’t really appeal to older Americans C．that RedNote is too complex for older people to operate D．how RedNote uses its new features to catch users’ attention 7．What is the author’s attitude towards Chinese internet products and services? A．They are completely unappealing and worthless. B．They have some charm but lack innovation. C．Their charm and originality are on the rise. D．It’s hard to understand their popularity among the youth. 8．Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the coolness of China’s internet? A．European culture has lost all its appeal to American youth. B．DeepSeek is a wise and humorous companion when chatting. C．Chinese online products and services boast an innovative and unique style. D．Young Americans’ parents think China’s internet shape their children’s views. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．C 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文围绕中国互联网产品和服务在年轻美国人群体中的 “酷文化” 现象展开，分析其背后的原因及影响。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段“First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users.( 第一，中国的产品和服务越来越有魅力，越来越有创意。我不是抖音的忠实用户，但它的吸引力是任何美国视频网站都无法比拟的，因为超过一半的美国人是抖音的活跃用户。)”可知，前文说中国产品和服务有越来越大的魅力和创意，TikTok 有美国视频网站无法比拟的吸引力。提到这一数据是为了强调 TikTok 对大多数美国人有很强的吸引力，以此来证明中国互联网产品的魅力。故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense.( 当年轻的美国人访问RedNote时，他们被一个显而易见的事实震惊了：这不是他们的父母经常光顾的那种网站。这本书的第一页满是汉字和许多图片，至少对我这个老美国人来说，毫无意义。)”可知，作者描述自己与 RedNote 的相遇，提到首页满是汉字和对他（一个老美国人）来说没意义的图片，后面又说这不是他父母会常去的网站。这表明 RedNote 对年长的美国人没有吸引力。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段“First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality.( 第一，中国的产品和服务越来越有魅力，越来越有创意。)”可知，文章开头就提到中国产品和服务有越来越大的魅力和创意，后面又通过 TikTok、RedNote、DeepSeek 等例子进一步说明。作者认为中国互联网产品和服务的魅力和创意在上升。故选C项。 8．细节理解题。根据第四段“As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store.( 在人工智能大语言模型方面，DeepSeek堪称奇迹。在所有的LLMs中，我发现与它聊天是最有趣的。它的书面回答可能是喜怒无常和好玩的。当然，本周DeepSeek是苹果应用商店下载量最高的应用。)”以及第五段中“Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”.( 中国崛起为“酷文化”的另一个可能原因是缺乏竞争对手。就在不久之前，一个典型的美国青少年对欧洲产生热情是很常见的，因为欧洲被认为更有智慧、更有艺术气息、更“有文化”。)”可知，年轻的美国父母认为中国的互联网影响了他们孩子的观点不是中国互联网酷的原因。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市徐汇区·期末） Time travel is a classic theme in science fiction, appearing in everything from Doctor Who to Edge of Tomorrow. Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. Movies like Groundhog Day and Palm Springs play with these ideas, making us wonder: How would we escape such a fate? Memory loss is another favorite sci-fi theme. A hero who can’t remember anything instantly creates mystery — why? What are they hiding? Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. Stories like Memento and Inception explore identity: Who are we without our memories? Nicholas Binge’s Dissolution masterfully combines time travel and memory into a gripping thriller (惊悚片). The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. Then a stranger, Hassan, claims Stanley’s memories are being stolen. The story unfolds through interview transcripts and flashbacks, creating a complex puzzle reminiscent (回忆者) of Memento. Binge’s clever writing keeps you hooked, and with a film adaptation already in the works, this is a must-read for sci-fi fans. For something shorter but equally intriguing, Olivia Waite’s Murder by Memory offers a cozy yet futuristic mystery. Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. The novella is fast-paced and fun, perfect for readers who love sci-fi crime. Though brief, it’s the start of a promising series, and hopefully, future installments will be bundled into a longer collection. If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. Happy reading! 9．What is a common consequence of time travel in science fiction stories? A．Characters gain supernatural abilities. B．Historical accuracy is exactly preserved. C．Societies achieve Utopian perfection. D．Timelines are disrupted, leading to repeated or erased events. 10．How does selective memory loss enhance a story’s narrative? A．It eliminates the need for character development. B．It allows the protagonist to outsmart others easily. C．It creates shared uncertainty between the character and reader. D．It focuses the plot entirely on action sequences. 11．What challenges does the protagonist of Dissolution face? A．Isolation from family and her husband’s fading memory. B．A high-stakes political conspiracy. C．A dangerous journey through physical realms. D．A career-threatening professional mistake. 12．What unique element defines the murders in Murder by Memory? A．Victims’ stored memories are destroyed, preventing rebirth. B．The killer uses futuristic technology to hide their identity. C．The crimes occur in a virtual reality simulation. D．The detective possesses supernatural powers. 13．According to the author, what unites the two recommended books? A．Both are lengthy novels with intricate world-building. B．They blend themes of identity and futuristic technology. C．They cater to fans of twisty, thought-provoking narratives. D．Both focus on historical events reimagined through sci-fi. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．A 12．A 13．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科幻作品中时间旅行和记忆主题的书籍推荐。 9．细节理解题。 根据第一段中“Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. (无论是通过时间机器还是神秘的古代石头，改变过去往往都会造成混乱——改变时间线、抹去关键事件，或者让角色陷入无尽的循环之中。)”可知，在科幻故事中，时间旅行的一个常见后果是时间线被扰乱，导致事件重复或被抹去。故选D。 10．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. (选择性失忆加深了阴谋，同时让读者和角色处于同一认知层面。)”可知，选择性失忆在故事中创造了角色和读者之间的共同不确定性，从而增强了故事的叙述。故选C。 11．细节理解题。 根据第三段中“The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. (主角玛吉是一位面临孤独的老年女性——她的丈夫斯坦利不再认得她，而她疏远的儿子也躲着她。)”可知，《Dissolution》的主角面临的挑战是与家人的隔绝以及她丈夫逐渐衰退的记忆。故选A。 12．细节理解题。 根据第四段中“Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. (飞船侦探多萝西·绅士在别人的身体里醒来，发现一个杀手正在抹去受害者储存的记忆——以确保他们永远死去。)”可知，《Murder by Memory》中的谋杀案的独特之处在于受害者储存的记忆被摧毁，从而阻止了他们的重生。故选A。 13．推理判断题。 根据最后一段中“If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. (如果你喜欢关于时间和记忆的烧脑情节，这两本书是绝佳的选择——一本是层层递进的惊悚片，另一本是快速而聪明的侦探小说。)”可知，作者认为这两本书的共同之处在于它们都迎合了喜欢曲折、发人深省的叙述的读者。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤慨), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 14．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ___________. A．making a conclusion B．justifying an assumption C．explaining a phenomenon D．making a comparison 15．The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that __________. A．monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals B．feeling angry about unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 16．Dr. Brosnan and Dr. De Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _________. A．prefer grapes to cucumbers B．can be taught to exchange things C．will not be co-operation if feeling cheated D．are unhappy when separated from others 17．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B．Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C．Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D．Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 【答案】14．D 15．B 16．C 17．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal对雌性卷尾猴进行的一项研究，它们像人类女性一样，更倾向于关注“商品和服务”的价值。 14．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human,’ with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.(这种行为被认为是‘太人类化’，其言下之意就是动物是不可能产生这种微妙的不满。但是美国佐治亚州亚特兰大市Emory大学Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal最近在《自然》上发表了一项研究，这项研究认为猴子也有类似的‘太猴子化’的行为)”可知，第一段提到人会因为不公平而愤怒，推导动物会不会呢？有人认为不会，但是科学研究表明猴子同样会，下文就猴子也会因不公平而愤怒展开，所以本段是通过作比较引入主题。故选D项。 15．句意理解题。根据第一段中“Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ‘all too human,’(事实上，如果他还有偷懒的名声，那么你甚至有可能会勃然大怒。这种行为被认为是‘太人类化’)”及第一段末尾的“as well(也)”可知，人会因不公平而感到愤怒，“it is all too monkey(太猴子化)”意思是猴子和人一样，痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性，故选B项。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.(这种合作只有在每一只猴子都感觉它没有被欺骗的情况下才可能保持稳定)”可知，该研究发现，如果猴子感觉被欺骗，就不会合作。故选C项。 17．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(然而，到底这样的公平意识是人类和卷尾猴各自形成的，还是因为二者在3500万年前有一个共同的祖先造成的，目前还没有答案)”可知，人类的义愤起源不确定，故选B项。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市黄浦区格致中·期末） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnethead sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if trying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what areas to protect when managing marine spaces. 18．Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s field? A．Sharks are too hard to follow and observe. B．Sharks are not sensitive to magnetic fields. C．Sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D．Sharks are on the list of endangered species. 19．According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A．They don’t like the climate in the north. B．They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C．They learned to do so when they were young. D．The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 20．From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A．provides a new method for capturing sharks. B．supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C．adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D．suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 21．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B．Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C．Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D．Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 【答案】18．C 19．B 20．C 21．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现鲨鱼可以利用地球的磁场导航，这为我们增加了对鲨鱼生物学的理解。 18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything.(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller.(令人惊讶的是，研究人员发现，当鲨鱼在北部海域下游泳时，它们不喜欢任何方向。Keller说，这可能是因为它们不会去它们家园的北部，因为那里只有陆地，所以它们很少需要再找到返回南方的路。他说：‘可以支持这样一种理论，即它们回家的能力是一种习得的行为。’他们可能不知道在北方田野做什么，因为‘他们从来没有去过那里。’凯勒说。)”可知，根据凯勒的说法，鲨鱼在北磁场下游泳时没有任何方向偏好可能是因为它们从未去过家以北的地方。故选B。 20．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology.(凯勒的研究为尚不完整的鲨鱼生物学之谜增添了重要的一环)”可推知，凯勒的研究重要是因为Keller的研究为我们理解鲨鱼生物学增添了至关重要的信息。故选C。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy.(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”以及后文中对研究过程和发现的详细描述可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市浦东新区·期末） To some extent, celebrities’ influence has always been depending on public opinion. But the internet has made it easier for both fans and critics to express their opinions and sometimes to demand practical consequences for bad behavior. At its most extreme, this includes calls to “cancel” that person — to take away their influence. Canceling may mean refusing to buy that person’s products or pressuring their employer to fire or discipline them. The tendency of people to demand these sorts of consequences has become known as cancel culture. A heated debate has arisen around the idea of cancel culture. Some argue that it is a way of holding celebrities, influencers and political leaders accountable. People who get canceled tend to be famous and important in society. Were people to rely on police or other official agencies, some argue, influential people would escape consequences through influence or bribery (贿赂). Cancel culture lets ordinary people take matters into their own hands when they don’t trust institutions to do the right thing. At first this sounds like a good thing, but many people aren’t so sure. The idea of ordinary people deciding what the punishment should be for wrongdoing is disturbing to some. People don’t have to investigate before insisting that someone should be canceled. This means there is potential for people to be canceled for things they didn’t do, for misunderstood circumstances or for things people find personally offensive. And there are no controls on what offenses need canceling. Some people who are canceled have done genuinely terrible things, but others are guilty only of expressing an unpopular political or moral view. Supporters of cancel culture often compare canceling to boycotting, which is an established and accepted form of protest. However, boycotting targets businesses while canceling targets individuals. No one is required to buy from a company (or individual) they disagree with. But cancel culture can go further than a boycott by trying to convince major websites to prevent the person from posting. It can destroy not only their reputation but also their livelihood. While refusing to buy something yourself is clearly justifiable, stopping others with different views from buying it may not be. Cancel culture is a complex phenomenon, so we must think carefully about its implications, both good and bad. 22．One advantage of cancel culture is that ______. A．bribery will disappear among influential people B．ordinary people can depend on others for justice C．celebrities will escape consequences of bad behavior D．common people can have a say when celebrities do wrong 23．Why do some people disapprove of cancel culture? A．Punishment for celebrities can be misused. B．Offenses against politics can be uncontrollable. C．Misunderstanding can occur among celebrities. D．Unpopular moral views can be totally neglected. 24．The author holds that we should ______. A．view cancel culture as a protest B．treat cancel culture with great care C．cancel a celebrity by implication D．negotiate before canceling a person 【答案】22．D 23．A 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了“取消文化”这一现象，包括其定义、支持者和反对者的观点以及作者对此的看法。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cancel culture lets ordinary people take matters into their own hands when they don’t trust institutions to do the right thing.(当人们不信任机构会做正确的事情时，“取消文化”让普通人可以自己处理事情。)”以及“People who get canceled tend to be famous and important in society.(被取消的人往往是社会上有名且重要的人。)”可知，“取消文化”的一个优点是当名人做错事时，普通人可以有发言权。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段“The idea of ordinary people deciding what the punishment should be for wrongdoing is disturbing to some. People don’t have to investigate before insisting that someone should be canceled. This means there is potential for people to be canceled for things they didn’t do, for misunderstood circumstances or for things people find personally offensive.(普通人决定对不当行为进行何种惩罚的想法让一些人感到不安。人们在坚持认为某人应该被取消之前不需要调查。这意味着人们可能会因为没做过的事情、被误解的情况或个人认为冒犯的事情而被取消。)”可知，有些人不赞成“取消文化”是因为对名人的惩罚可能会被滥用。故选A。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Cancel culture is a complex phenomenon, so we must think carefully about its implications, both good and bad.(“取消文化”是一个复杂的现象，所以我们必须仔细考虑它的影响，包括好的和坏的。)”可知，作者认为我们应该谨慎对待“取消文化”。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市徐汇区·期末） While researching Starbound, my book exploring the feasibility of interstellar (星际) travel, encountered astonishing—and often absurd—spaceship concepts proposed in trustworthy scientific journals. The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas. Yet Orion is just one example. In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions. That same year, physicist Robert L. Forward proposed a laser-powered light sail spanning 1,000 kilometers. However, he acknowledged a critical flaw: the system would require up to 75,000 terawatts (TW) of energy. To put this in perspective, one terawatt equaled Earth’s total annual energy output at the time. In 1996, NASA engineer Thomas McKendree proposed a spacecraft constructed with diamond - like materials using molecular nanotechnology (纳米技术). This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion? Even seemingly practical designs face overwhelming hurdles (障碍). Take the “world ship” concept, where generations live and die during voyages lasting centuries. A 2020 study defined these ships as carrying over 100,000 passengers at speeds below 10% of light’s velocity (速度). However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission. Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.” 25．What does Freeman Dyson’s reflection on Project Orion reveal about the project’s feasibility? A．It was a well-executed plan with minor flaws. B．It relied on cautious and gradually increasing advancements. C．The team underestimated the risks of their ambitious approach. D．The design was too simple to address interstellar challenges. 26．Why does the author highlight Anthony Martin’s use of the word “only” when describing a starship’s capacity? A．To criticize his lack of scientific accuracy. B．To emphasize the unrealistic scale of proposed projects. C．To praise his focus on practicality over ambition. D．To question the ethics of transporting large populations. 27．What is the author’s likely intent in questioning the “99 billion” population figure for the diamond spacecraft? A．To applaud the precision of scientific calculations. B．To highlight the environmental impact of such a ship. C．To argue for even larger interstellar vehicles. D．To suggest the proposal lacks practicality or credibility. 28．What is the central flaw identified in the “world ship” concept? A．A self-defeating cycle of mechanical failures. B．Insufficient speed to reach distant stars. C．Ethical concerns about generational confinement. D．The astronomical cost of construction materials. 29．How does the author contrast colonizing the solar system with interstellar travel? A．It requires abandoning all ambitious goals. B．It prioritizes achievable projects over implausible ones. C．It focuses solely on cost-effective solutions. D．It ignores the potential of future technological breakthroughs. 【答案】25．C 26．B 27．D 28．A 29．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了星际旅行的可行性，列举了历史上几个著名的星际飞船概念（如猎户座计划、钻石飞船等），并指出这些方案存在的不切实际之处。最后提出更现实的方案是优先殖民太阳系内天体。 25．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas.(最臭名昭著的是猎户座计划（1957-1965年），该计划旨在通过在一艘宇宙飞船后面引爆热核炸弹来推动飞船前进，利用爆炸力将飞船向前推进。几十年后，参与该项目的物理学家弗里曼·戴森反思道：“我们太疯狂了，居然相信这些都能奏效。”他真诚的坦言凸显了这些想法的鲁莽。)”这表明他认为Project Orion的想法过于大胆、不切实际，团队高估了自己的能力，低估了风险。选项C“该团队低估了他们激进方法的风险”最符合这一态度。故选C项。 26．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions.(1984年，安东尼·马丁在《英国星际学会杂志》上推测，一艘星际飞船只能搭载“5000万人”——相当于不列颠群岛的地球人口。他对这个惊人的数字的随意否定（“只有？”）揭示了这些雄心的规模。)”可知，文中提到Anthony Martin在描述一艘可容纳“仅5000万人”的星舰时使用了“Only?”这个词，语气上显得轻描淡写，仿佛这个数字并不庞大。但实际上5000万人口已经相当于一个国家的人口规模，作者借此突出这类设想在规模上的荒谬性。因此，选项B“为了强调所提项目规模的不现实性”最贴切。故选B项。 27．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion?(这艘长4610公里的“钻石船”理论上可以容纳990亿人——这是一个非常具体的数字，让人不禁要问：为什么不凑整到1000亿呢？)”可知，作者对Thomas McKendree提出的990亿人口容量提出疑问：“a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion?” 这种质疑暗示该数字缺乏合理性或可信度，只是为了凑数而设定，而不是基于严谨的推算。因此，选项D“建议该提议缺乏实用性或可信度”最为准确。故选D项。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission.(然而，研究人员发现了一个关键缺陷：据估计，每秒有三个部件发生故障，维护系统需要近乎完美的自主性。矛盾的是，修复这些故障所需的自修复机制本身也可能失败，从而形成一个破坏性的循环，可能导致整个任务失败。)”可知，这说明其核心问题是机械故障与修复之间的恶性循环。故选A项。 29．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.”(考虑到这些挑战，专注于殖民我们的太阳系——比如火星、月球或像欧罗巴这样的冰卫星——可能更为现实。虽然这些项目仍然极其复杂且成本高昂，但它们避免了星际旅行的奇幻障碍。正如物理学家苏雷什·辛格所指出的那样，“最好的想法并不总是最伟大的——有时它们只是那些不违背物理学的想法。”)”可知，强调应优先考虑不违背物理规律、切实可行的项目。选项B“它优先考虑可实现的项目，而非不切实际的设想”最能概括这一对比。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市曹杨中学·期末） A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 30．Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d. what do you think of being too tidy? A．①a ②c ③b B．①b ②d ③c C．①b ②c ③a D．①a ②d ③b 31．What effect does cleaning have on people? A．It inspires people’s creativity. B．It makes people more generous. C．It costs people too much time. D．It gets people to work less efficiently. 32．What suggestion is given in the passage? A．Don’t let the mess take over. B．Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C．Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D．Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. 【答案】30．C 31．B 32．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于春季清洁的科学指南，包括清洁对人的心理影响、判断整洁或混乱程度的标准以及清理物品的建议等。 30．细节理解题。①处段落开头通过“It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. (这取决于你有多在意清洁可能产生的影响)”引出对“是否需要进行春季清洁”的讨论，对应标题b“Should I bother with the spring cleaning? (我需要费心进行春季大扫除吗？)”；②处段落通过同事家过于整洁让人无法放松的例子，探讨“何时该担心过于整洁”，对应标题c“How do I know I’m too tidy? (我怎么知道自己过于整洁了呢？)”；③处段落介绍“cleaning purgatory”方法来决定物品去留，对应标题a“How do I know what to get rid of ? (我怎么知道该扔掉什么呢？)”。故选C项。 31．细节理解题。根据第一段“We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. (我们发现，身处整洁房间的人更有可能进行捐赠)”可知，处于整洁房间的人更可能捐款，即清洁会让人更慷慨。故选B项。 32．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. (试试“清洁炼狱”法。在我打算扔掉任何可能会后悔丢弃的东西之前，我会把它放进一个暂存箱里。它会在那里存放一个月。如果一个月内我没有再用到它，那它就必须被扔掉)”可知，作者建议通过暂存物品来判断是否丢弃，这一方法的核心是平衡整洁与混乱，避免混乱占据主导以至于影响生活。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市宝山区·期末） Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc. Examples of stratovolcanoes include: ·MOUNT FUJI: Mount Fuji is a dormant (inactive) stratovolcano that last erupted in the early 1700s. MOUNT TOBA: Mount Toba in Sumatra is 100 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide is a caldera(喷火山口). When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions. Shield volcanoes earned their name because they’re shaped like a shield. Hawaiian volcanoes are typical shield volcanoes. If you go to Hawaii, they are broad and flat. These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide. Examples of shield volcanoes include: MAUNA LOA: Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s largest active shield volcano. From its base below sea level to its summit, it’s also the tallest mountain in the world. ·FERNANDINA ISLAND: Fernandina Island is an active shield volcano in the Galapagos Islands. Shield volcanoes tend to erupt liquid lava. Violent explosions are possible. But they’re not as common for shield volcanoes. Because the lava has a low viscosity (more watery), it can flow on the surface better. When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. Cinder cones are small in comparison to the other types of volcanoes. In fact, they’re only tens of hundreds of meters in size. But at the same time, they’re very steep typically with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. Examples of cinder cones include: ·CERRO NEGRO: Cerro Negro is an active cinder cone in Nicaragua. It’s the youngest in Central America. ·PARICUTIN: The Paricutin volcano in Mexico is a cinder cone that suddenly erupted in a cornfield. Cinder cones form out of tephra, magma, and ash that it throws out. When cinder cones shoot out lava, it splits it up in the air and scatters. Eventually, it cools down and becomes part of its steep cone-like feature. 33．Which of the following statements is True based on the passage? A．MOUNT TOBA is an inactive volcano that erupted in the early 1700s. B．Shield volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide and their lava flows out extensively. C．Though small in size, Cinder cones are the most active in frequency and the steepest. D．MAUNA LOA is the world’s highest mountain from the horizon to the mountaintop. 34．Which of the following best summarizes the introduction of each volcano? A．illustration-appearance-examples-features B．appearance-examples-formation-location C．illustration-features-examples-exceptions D．illustration–location–appearance–features 35．What is the purpose of writing this passage? A．To entertain those interested in geography with descriptions of volcanoes. B．To express general concern about eruptions of different types of volcanoes. C．To inform readers of the unique characteristics of different types of volcanoes. D．To educate students some basic information about disruptive effects of volcanoes. 【答案】33．B 34．A 35．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍层状火山、盾状火山和火山渣锥的外观、实例及特征等内容。 33．细节理解题。根据Shield volcanoes中的第一段中的“These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide.(这些火山可能宽达数百公里)”以及最后一段中的“When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. (当这类火山喷发时，熔岩会流出很远的距离。)”可知，盾状火山可能宽达数百公里，且其熔岩广泛流出。故选B项。 34．推理判断题。通读全文，以Stratovolcanoes为例可知，根据Stratovolcanoes部分中的“Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc.(层状火山呈高耸的锥形。不同于夏威夷的平坦盾状火山，它们拥有更庞大的山峰。这类火山通过熔岩、火山灰等物质的层层堆积形成。)”可知，此处介绍了层状火山的说明以及外观，结合下文中的“Examples of stratovolcanoes include(层状火山例子包括)”可知，下文举例说明层状火山；根据尾段中的“When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions.(当火山灰落下或熔岩流淌时，它们会凝固，形成更狭窄的火山锥。如果你沿着环太平洋火山带旅行，会发现那里的火山大多属于这种类型。太平洋海底（板块）携带的水分会引发层状火山的喷发。层状火山的活动周期中会经历多次小规模喷发。)”可知，此处介绍了层状火山的特征，阅读另外两种火山的内容可知，文章均是先对各类火山进行了说明（illustration），接着介绍其外观（appearance），然后列举实例（examples），最后说明特征（features）。故选A项。 35．推理判断题。根据第一段“Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes.(根据地理位置，火山有不同的外观。我们将它们分为层状火山、盾状火山和火山渣锥。让我们深入了解这些类型火山之间的区别。)”可推知，写这篇文章的目的是告知读者不同类型火山的独特特征。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市静安区·期末） On 21 December 1872, HMS Challenger set off from England on the first global scientific survey of the seas. The four-year, 130,000-kilometre voyage revealed the ocean’s vast scale and its living inhabitants. Now, 150 years later, the Challenger expedition remains a milestone in oceanography (海洋学). Scientists still use its enormous collections to study how the ocean is changing. While much has changed since the Challenger era — from piano wire to sound beams for seabed mapping—some outdated ideas still persist and they urgently need to be left behind. Back then, science was driven not just by curiosity but also by an imperialistic desire to find and secure access to resources. This mindset of exploration going hand in hand with exploitation persists today. We know far more now than we did 150 years ago about the critical role the ocean plays as a support system for all life on Earth. It regulates the climate, generates oxygen, absorbs carbon and contains masses of biodiversity. Meanwhile, industries are seeking to extract more than ever from the ocean, from seabed minerals to the fish that inhabit deep waters. Working closely with scientists not only shows industrialists what is there to exploit, and where, but it can also help justify their activities. With the ocean facing so many threats, this is a critical time for marine science to move beyond the old narrative of exploitation. In its place, we need a new model for seeking to better understand the ocean, to properly protect it and to find fair, right and truly sustainable ways to use the vast blue parts of our planet. Unlike the exploitative mindset of the past, this new model prioritizes understanding and protection over resource extraction. This global scientific cooperative isn’t a single expedition, but combines the efforts of scientists worldwide on numerous research trips over the current decade. A major aim is to go to places scientists haven’t been before, and to use that knowledge to better appreciate how all of society benefits from the ocean. Earth has one ocean, and we all depend on it—not just those who will gain the most commercially. 36．Why is the Challenger expedition mentioned in the passage? A．To compare with deep-sea exploration tools. B．To point out its imperialistic goals. C．To highlight its lasting impact on marine science. D．To criticize its outdated exploration methods. 37．According to the passage, what is a major concern in today’s ocean development? A．The persistence of exploitative mindsets. B．The decline in global scientific cooperation. C．The lack of advanced technology for seabed mapping. D．The overemphasis on protecting biodiversity. 38．What does the underlined phrase “an imperialistic desire” (in paragraph 3) most likely refer to? A．A scientific curiosity about unknown marine life. B．A political strategy to claim oceanic territories. C．A cultural preference for European-led research. D．A drive to discover and control resources for power. 39．What can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 of the passage? A．There is a continued reliance on traditional approaches to ocean exploration. B．Ocean research in the future should prioritize conservation and sustainable use. C．Scientists are increasingly supporting the industrial exploitation of ocean resources. D．Resource extraction is justified if it leads to advancements in scientific knowledge. 【答案】36．C 37．A 38．D 39．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了“挑战者号”远征对海洋学的深远影响及当下海洋发展需改变利用模式。 36．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Now, 150 years later, the Challenger expedition remains a milestone in oceanography (海洋学). Scientists still use its enormous collections to study how the ocean is changing. (如今，150年过去了，“挑战者号”远征仍然是海洋学的一个里程碑。科学家们仍然利用它庞大的藏品来研究海洋是如何变化的。)”可知，文章提到“挑战者号”远征是为了强调它对海洋科学的持久影响。故选C。 37．细节理解题。根据第三段“Back then, science was driven not just by curiosity but also by an imperialistic desire to find and secure access to resources. This mindset of exploration going hand in hand with exploitation persists today. (那时，科学不仅是由好奇心驱动的，也是由一种帝国主义的欲望驱动的，即寻找和确保获得资源。这种探索与剥削并存的思维模式至今仍然存在。)”以及第四段中“Meanwhile, industries are seeking to extract more than ever from the ocean, from seabed minerals to the fish that inhabit deep waters. Working closely with scientists not only shows industrialists what is there to exploit, and where, but it can also help justify their activities. (与此同时，工业界正试图从海洋中获取比以往任何时候都更多的东西，从海底矿物到栖息在深海的鱼类。与科学家密切合作不仅能让实业家知道有什么可以开发，在哪里开发，还能帮助证明他们的活动是合理的。)”可知，当今海洋发展的一个主要担忧是剥削心态的持续存在。故选A。 38．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Back then, science was driven not just by curiosity but also by an imperialistic desire to find and secure access to resources. This mindset of exploration going hand in hand with exploitation persists today. (那时，科学不仅是由好奇心驱动的，也是由an imperialistic desire驱动的，即寻找和确保获得资源。这种探索与剥削并存的思维模式至今仍然存在。)”可知，an imperialistic desire指的是一种为了权力而发现和控制资源的驱动力。故选D。 39．推理判断题。根据第五段中“With the ocean facing so many threats, this is a critical time for marine science to move beyond the old narrative of exploitation. In its place, we need a new model for seeking to better understand the ocean, to properly protect it and to find fair, right and truly sustainable ways to use the vast blue parts of our planet. (海洋面临着如此多的威胁，现在是海洋科学超越旧的剥削叙事的关键时刻。我们需要一种新的模式，来更好地了解海洋，适当地保护海洋，并找到公平、正确和真正可持续的方式来利用我们星球上广阔的蓝色区域。)”以及第六段“A major aim is to go to places scientists haven’t been before, and to use that knowledge to better appreciate how all of society benefits from the ocean. (一个主要目标是去科学家们从未去过的地方，并利用这些知识来更好地理解整个社会是如何从海洋中受益的。)”可知，从第五段和第六段可以推断出，未来的海洋研究应该优先考虑保护和可持续利用。故选B。 1 / 26 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解说明文 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·上海市建平中学·期末） The teacher starts with the basics: how to thread a needle. Then she shows the students how to mend a torn shirt. The sewing class is part of a free, one-day course at Austin Community College (ACC) called “Adulting 101”. The students range in age from their late teens to mid-40s. Such programmes are designed to help people “navigate adulthood”, even those who, legally and practically, have been navigating it for quite some time. The topics run from basic — how to dress appropriately for a job interview — to advanced, such as how to file income taxes. Raffi Grinberg created “Adulting 101” at Boston College, which was inspired by his first day working at Bain& Company. He and his peers had to decide which health-insurance plan to choose, how much of his salary to devote to saving for retirement, and other financial details. “Every one of us went out and called our parents,” he admits. “We were graduates of elite schools, and we still didn’t know what to do.” The rise in need for adulting classes reflects, in part, the changing nature of childhood and adolescence, which have grown more digital and less physical. American teens spend up to nine hours each day on screens. TikTok and YouTube do offer handy tutorials on all manner of household chores. But most young users of these platforms are more interested in dancing than dishwashers. In Infantilised: How Our Culture Killed Adulthood, Keith Hayward argued that there has been a generational shift and that young people are less mature than their forebears were at the same age. They are shrinking from responsibilities such as marriage, homeowning, and child-rearing because “adulting is hard”. He adds that young people today are also less interested in what their elders have to offer: “Parents and grandparents are seen as idiots who can’t work the Wi-Fi.” If parents are not providing advice on life’s many essential tasks, “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.” Such perspectives may ring true. But young people are remaining in education for longer, meaning that financial independence, partners, and children necessarily come later. And adulting is, in fact, hard. The world is more complex than it was. Take financial decisions. People opening their first bank account have to choose between a main-street branch and an array of online banks and bank-like institutions. Many will see adulting classes as proof of youngsters’ delayed maturity. But indulged children do not acknowledge the gaps in their knowledge and try to fill them. Only a grown-up would willingly spend precious free time doing something as dull as learning how to mend a shirt. 1．If you were to design an “Adulting 101” course based on what you’ve learned from this passage, which of the following topics would be most suitable? A．Learning Spanish with ChatGPT B．Modern literature appreciation C．Financial literacy after graduation D．Navigating the mechanism behind Tik Tok 2．What does the author mean by saying “You’re left with these classes picking up the slack.” A．These classes make up for the absence of parental guidance. B．These classes are more feasible than parental suggestions. C．The courses can offer knowledge beyond daily skills. D．The role of parental advice is no longer crucial because of these courses. 3．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．parents nowadays are incapable of offering useful life advice B．young people consider life skills less necessary in the digital age C．a lack of meaning content online is to blame for delayed adulthood D．social changes better explain delayed adulthood than personal failings 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the adulting courses? A．They help adults identify and bridge their knowledge gap. B．They arise and popularize for justifiable reasons. C．They are a worrisome reflection of generational failure. D．They reflect the drawbacks of family and school education. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市浦东新区·期末） Amid all the excitement, surprise, and anxiety over China’s DeepSeek R1 AI model, I want to make a point: To many young Americans, DeepSeek is cool. They see the Chinese internet as fascinating. How did this happen? First, Chinese products and services have an increasing charm and originality. I am not a keen TikTok user, but it has a magnetic presence that no US video site can match since more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users. TikTok was shut down earlier in January this year, and the site faces uncertainty. So America’s internet youth flocked to a Chinese video site called RedNote, also known as Xiaohongshu. RedNote has more than 300million users in China, but until recently barely received attention in the US. And when young Americans visited RedNote, they were struck by an obvious fact: It is not the kind of site their parents would frequent. The opening page is full of Chinese characters and many images that, at least to me, an old American, make no sense. Yet Chinese and American youth interact frequently there, for example trading tips for making steamed eggs properly. As for the AI large-language models, DeepSeek is a marvel. Of all the LLMs, I find it the most fun to chat with. Its written answers can be moody and playful. Certainly this week DeepSeek was the top download on Apple’s app store. Another possible reason for the rise of China into the ranks of cultural coolness is the lack of competitors. Not so long ago, it was common for a typical American teenager to develop a passion for Europe, which was seen as more intellectual, more artistic, more “cultured”. Today Europe has lost some of its romantic appeal. Besides, it is true that anything your parents thought was cool when they were your age, you don’t. While the differences between American and Chinese cultures are obvious, both Americans and Chinese are friendly, open, forward-looking, and business-friendly. The cultural gap is by no means unbridgeable. China has the talent, scale, and resources to create online experiences that will appeal to Americans. Undoubtedly, China has gained an advantage-not only in technology, but also in liveliness. 5．Why does the author mention “more than half of all Americans are active TikTok users” in para.2? A．To prove that he has resisted the temptation of TikTok. B．To indicate that TikTok should spend more on advertising. C．To highlight that TikTok has a strong appeal to most Americans. D．To suggest that other US video sites learn from TikTok’s marketing strategies. 6．The author describes his encounter with RedNote to show ______. A．that RedNote has a confusing and unrealistice layout B．why RedNote doesn’t really appeal to older Americans C．that RedNote is too complex for older people to operate D．how RedNote uses its new features to catch users’ attention 7．What is the author’s attitude towards Chinese internet products and services? A．They are completely unappealing and worthless. B．They have some charm but lack innovation. C．Their charm and originality are on the rise. D．It’s hard to understand their popularity among the youth. 8．Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the coolness of China’s internet? A．European culture has lost all its appeal to American youth. B．DeepSeek is a wise and humorous companion when chatting. C．Chinese online products and services boast an innovative and unique style. D．Young Americans’ parents think China’s internet shape their children’s views. 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市徐汇区·期末） Time travel is a classic theme in science fiction, appearing in everything from Doctor Who to Edge of Tomorrow. Whether through a time machine or mysterious ancient stones, altering the past often creates chaos — changing timelines, erasing key events, or trapping characters in endless loops. Movies like Groundhog Day and Palm Springs play with these ideas, making us wonder: How would we escape such a fate? Memory loss is another favorite sci-fi theme. A hero who can’t remember anything instantly creates mystery — why? What are they hiding? Selective amnesia (健忘症) deepens the intrigue (阴谋、诡计) while keeping readers and characters on the same page. Stories like Memento and Inception explore identity: Who are we without our memories? Nicholas Binge’s Dissolution masterfully combines time travel and memory into a gripping thriller (惊悚片). The protagonist (主角), Maggie, is an elderly woman facing loneliness — her husband, Stanley, no longer recognizes her, and her estranged son avoids her. Then a stranger, Hassan, claims Stanley’s memories are being stolen. The story unfolds through interview transcripts and flashbacks, creating a complex puzzle reminiscent (回忆者) of Memento. Binge’s clever writing keeps you hooked, and with a film adaptation already in the works, this is a must-read for sci-fi fans. For something shorter but equally intriguing, Olivia Waite’s Murder by Memory offers a cozy yet futuristic mystery. Ship detective Dorothy Gentleman wakes up in someone else’s body to find that a killer is erasing victims’ stored memories — ensuring they stay dead. The novella is fast-paced and fun, perfect for readers who love sci-fi crime. Though brief, it’s the start of a promising series, and hopefully, future installments will be bundled into a longer collection. If you enjoy mind-bending plots about time and memory, these two books are excellent choices — one a layered thriller, the other a quick but clever whodunit. Happy reading! 9．What is a common consequence of time travel in science fiction stories? A．Characters gain supernatural abilities. B．Historical accuracy is exactly preserved. C．Societies achieve Utopian perfection. D．Timelines are disrupted, leading to repeated or erased events. 10．How does selective memory loss enhance a story’s narrative? A．It eliminates the need for character development. B．It allows the protagonist to outsmart others easily. C．It creates shared uncertainty between the character and reader. D．It focuses the plot entirely on action sequences. 11．What challenges does the protagonist of Dissolution face? A．Isolation from family and her husband’s fading memory. B．A high-stakes political conspiracy. C．A dangerous journey through physical realms. D．A career-threatening professional mistake. 12．What unique element defines the murders in Murder by Memory? A．Victims’ stored memories are destroyed, preventing rebirth. B．The killer uses futuristic technology to hide their identity. C．The crimes occur in a virtual reality simulation. D．The detective possesses supernatural powers. 13．According to the author, what unites the two recommended books? A．Both are lengthy novels with intricate world-building. B．They blend themes of identity and futuristic technology. C．They cater to fans of twisty, thought-provoking narratives. D．Both focus on historical events reimagined through sci-fi. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking(懈怠的), you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤慨), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 14．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ___________. A．making a conclusion B．justifying an assumption C．explaining a phenomenon D．making a comparison 15．The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that __________. A．monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals B．feeling angry about unfairness is also monkeys’ nature C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions 16．Dr. Brosnan and Dr. De Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _________. A．prefer grapes to cucumbers B．can be taught to exchange things C．will not be co-operation if feeling cheated D．are unhappy when separated from others 17．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B．Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C．Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D．Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市黄浦区格致中·期末） Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnethead sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if trying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what areas to protect when managing marine spaces. 18．Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s field? A．Sharks are too hard to follow and observe. B．Sharks are not sensitive to magnetic fields. C．Sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D．Sharks are on the list of endangered species. 19．According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A．They don’t like the climate in the north. B．They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C．They learned to do so when they were young. D．The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 20．From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A．provides a new method for capturing sharks. B．supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C．adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D．suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 21．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B．Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C．Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D．Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市浦东新区·期末） To some extent, celebrities’ influence has always been depending on public opinion. But the internet has made it easier for both fans and critics to express their opinions and sometimes to demand practical consequences for bad behavior. At its most extreme, this includes calls to “cancel” that person — to take away their influence. Canceling may mean refusing to buy that person’s products or pressuring their employer to fire or discipline them. The tendency of people to demand these sorts of consequences has become known as cancel culture. A heated debate has arisen around the idea of cancel culture. Some argue that it is a way of holding celebrities, influencers and political leaders accountable. People who get canceled tend to be famous and important in society. Were people to rely on police or other official agencies, some argue, influential people would escape consequences through influence or bribery (贿赂). Cancel culture lets ordinary people take matters into their own hands when they don’t trust institutions to do the right thing. At first this sounds like a good thing, but many people aren’t so sure. The idea of ordinary people deciding what the punishment should be for wrongdoing is disturbing to some. People don’t have to investigate before insisting that someone should be canceled. This means there is potential for people to be canceled for things they didn’t do, for misunderstood circumstances or for things people find personally offensive. And there are no controls on what offenses need canceling. Some people who are canceled have done genuinely terrible things, but others are guilty only of expressing an unpopular political or moral view. Supporters of cancel culture often compare canceling to boycotting, which is an established and accepted form of protest. However, boycotting targets businesses while canceling targets individuals. No one is required to buy from a company (or individual) they disagree with. But cancel culture can go further than a boycott by trying to convince major websites to prevent the person from posting. It can destroy not only their reputation but also their livelihood. While refusing to buy something yourself is clearly justifiable, stopping others with different views from buying it may not be. Cancel culture is a complex phenomenon, so we must think carefully about its implications, both good and bad. 22．One advantage of cancel culture is that ______. A．bribery will disappear among influential people B．ordinary people can depend on others for justice C．celebrities will escape consequences of bad behavior D．common people can have a say when celebrities do wrong 23．Why do some people disapprove of cancel culture? A．Punishment for celebrities can be misused. B．Offenses against politics can be uncontrollable. C．Misunderstanding can occur among celebrities. D．Unpopular moral views can be totally neglected. 24．The author holds that we should ______. A．view cancel culture as a protest B．treat cancel culture with great care C．cancel a celebrity by implication D．negotiate before canceling a person Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市徐汇区·期末） While researching Starbound, my book exploring the feasibility of interstellar (星际) travel, encountered astonishing—and often absurd—spaceship concepts proposed in trustworthy scientific journals. The most ill-famed is Project Orion (1957 - 1965), which aimed to propel a spacecraft I exploding thermonuclear bombs behind it, using the explosive force to thrust the vessel forward Decades later, physicist Freeman Dyson, who contributed to the project, reflected: “We were a insane to believe any of this could work.” His sincere admission underscores the audacity (鲁莽) such ideas. Yet Orion is just one example. In 1984, Anthony Martin speculated in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society that a starship could carry “only 50 million people”— equivalent to the earth population of the British Isles. His casual dismissal of this shocking number (“Only?”) revealed scale of these ambitions. That same year, physicist Robert L. Forward proposed a laser-powered light sail spanning 1,000 kilometers. However, he acknowledged a critical flaw: the system would require up to 75,000 terawatts (TW) of energy. To put this in perspective, one terawatt equaled Earth’s total annual energy output at the time. In 1996, NASA engineer Thomas McKendree proposed a spacecraft constructed with diamond - like materials using molecular nanotechnology (纳米技术). This 4,610-kilometer-long “diamond ship” could theoretically house 99 billion people—a curiously specific figure that begs the question: why not round to 100 billion? Even seemingly practical designs face overwhelming hurdles (障碍). Take the “world ship” concept, where generations live and die during voyages lasting centuries. A 2020 study defined these ships as carrying over 100,000 passengers at speeds below 10% of light’s velocity (速度). However, researchers identified a critical flaw: with an estimated three component failures per second, maintenance systems would need near-perfect autonomy. Paradoxically, the self-repairing mechanisms required to fix these breakdowns would themselves be likely to fail, creating a destructive cycle that could doom the entire mission. Given these challenges, focusing on colonizing our solar system—targets like Mars, the Moon, or icy moons such as Europa—may be more realistic. While still enormously complex and costly, such projects avoid the fantastical hurdles of interstellar travel. As physicist Suresh Singh notes, “The best ideas aren’t always the grandest—sometimes they’re just the ones that don’t defy physics.” 25．What does Freeman Dyson’s reflection on Project Orion reveal about the project’s feasibility? A．It was a well-executed plan with minor flaws. B．It relied on cautious and gradually increasing advancements. C．The team underestimated the risks of their ambitious approach. D．The design was too simple to address interstellar challenges. 26．Why does the author highlight Anthony Martin’s use of the word “only” when describing a starship’s capacity? A．To criticize his lack of scientific accuracy. B．To emphasize the unrealistic scale of proposed projects. C．To praise his focus on practicality over ambition. D．To question the ethics of transporting large populations. 27．What is the author’s likely intent in questioning the “99 billion” population figure for the diamond spacecraft? A．To applaud the precision of scientific calculations. B．To highlight the environmental impact of such a ship. C．To argue for even larger interstellar vehicles. D．To suggest the proposal lacks practicality or credibility. 28．What is the central flaw identified in the “world ship” concept? A．A self-defeating cycle of mechanical failures. B．Insufficient speed to reach distant stars. C．Ethical concerns about generational confinement. D．The astronomical cost of construction materials. 29．How does the author contrast colonizing the solar system with interstellar travel? A．It requires abandoning all ambitious goals. B．It prioritizes achievable projects over implausible ones. C．It focuses solely on cost-effective solutions. D．It ignores the potential of future technological breakthroughs. 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市曹杨中学·期末） A scientist’s guide to Spring Cleaning ①________ It depends on how much you care about the effects that cleaning can have. We’ve done research into this. In one study, people completed tasks in tidy or untidy rooms, then had the option to donate to charity. We found that those in tidy room were more likely to donate. Cleaning seems to make you more likely to act in a way that is more upstanding and consistent with social norms. Can I still get psychological benefits of cleaning if I pay someone else to do it? Absolutely. You don’t have to be the person that does all the tidying in order for your behaviour to change. A neat house can have an effect on everyone in the household. My teenage daughter argues that she can’t help being messy. Should I let her off tidying her room? Some people are habitually messy, but that’s not always a bad thing. In another study, we had our subjects sit in clean or messy rooms while dreaming up new uses for ping pong balls. We found that people from the messy rooms were more creative and innovative with their ideas. Now I have an excuse for the state of my house. But when should I worry that things are too messy? Speaking from a personal perspective, you should start to worry if the mess is preventing you from getting things done in an efficient manner. There’s a concept called ‘household chaos’. Suppose your two shoes are never in the same place. If you have to run around and find the missing shoe, it could cause problems in your everyday life. That’s when things start to get too messy. ②________ If you find you’ve thrown things away that you later realise you need, or if being too tidy gets in the way of enjoying social interactions. I remember going to a colleague’s house that was spotless, with white carpets and a white couch, and I found that I just couldn’t relax. ③________ Try ‘cleaning purgatory’. Before I throw out anything that I think I may regret, I put in a holding bin. It sits there for a month. If I don’t get back to it then it has to go. 30．Some headings are missing in the passage. Match the following headings with the proper paragraphs. Note there is one more than you need. a. How do I know what to get rid of? b. Should I bother with the spring cleaning? c. How do I know I’m too tidy? d. what do you think of being too tidy? A．①a ②c ③b B．①b ②d ③c C．①b ②c ③a D．①a ②d ③b 31．What effect does cleaning have on people? A．It inspires people’s creativity. B．It makes people more generous. C．It costs people too much time. D．It gets people to work less efficiently. 32．What suggestion is given in the passage? A．Don’t let the mess take over. B．Associate cleanliness and order with morality. C．Help young children develop a habit of tidiness. D．Better not ask anyone else to do the cleaning for you. 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高二下·上海市宝山区·期末） Based on their geography, volcanoes have different appearances. We classify them as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones. Let’s dive into the differences between these types of volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are tall and cone-shaped (锥形的). Instead of flat shield volcanoes like in Hawaii, they have bigger peaks. They build up by layering lava(熔岩), ash, and etc. Examples of stratovolcanoes include: ·MOUNT FUJI: Mount Fuji is a dormant (inactive) stratovolcano that last erupted in the early 1700s. MOUNT TOBA: Mount Toba in Sumatra is 100 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide is a caldera(喷火山口). When ash falls or lava flows, it solidifies and makes a narrower cone. If you travel along the Pacific Ring of Fire, these are mostly this type of volcano. The Pacific Ocean seafloor brings water causing eruptions from stratovolcanoes. Stratovolcanoes run through cycles with lots of small eruptions. Shield volcanoes earned their name because they’re shaped like a shield. Hawaiian volcanoes are typical shield volcanoes. If you go to Hawaii, they are broad and flat. These volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide. Examples of shield volcanoes include: MAUNA LOA: Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s largest active shield volcano. From its base below sea level to its summit, it’s also the tallest mountain in the world. ·FERNANDINA ISLAND: Fernandina Island is an active shield volcano in the Galapagos Islands. Shield volcanoes tend to erupt liquid lava. Violent explosions are possible. But they’re not as common for shield volcanoes. Because the lava has a low viscosity (more watery), it can flow on the surface better. When these types of volcanoes erupt, lava flows out large distances. Cinder cones are small in comparison to the other types of volcanoes. In fact, they’re only tens of hundreds of meters in size. But at the same time, they’re very steep typically with a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. Examples of cinder cones include: ·CERRO NEGRO: Cerro Negro is an active cinder cone in Nicaragua. It’s the youngest in Central America. ·PARICUTIN: The Paricutin volcano in Mexico is a cinder cone that suddenly erupted in a cornfield. Cinder cones form out of tephra, magma, and ash that it throws out. When cinder cones shoot out lava, it splits it up in the air and scatters. Eventually, it cools down and becomes part of its steep cone-like feature. 33．Which of the following statements is True based on the passage? A．MOUNT TOBA is an inactive volcano that erupted in the early 1700s. B．Shield volcanoes can be hundreds of kilometers wide and their lava flows out extensively. C．Though small in size, Cinder cones are the most active in frequency and the steepest. D．MAUNA LOA is the world’s highest mountain from the horizon to the mountaintop. 34．Which of the following best summarizes the introduction of each volcano? A．illustration-appearance-examples-features B．appearance-examples-formation-location C．illustration-features-examples-exceptions D．illustration–location–appearance–features 35．What is the purpose of writing this passage? A．To entertain those interested in geography with descriptions of volcanoes. B．To express general concern about eruptions of different types of volcanoes. C．To inform readers of the unique characteristics of different types of volcanoes. D．To educate students some basic information about disruptive effects of volcanoes. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·上海市静安区·期末） On 21 December 1872, HMS Challenger set off from England on the first global scientific survey of the seas. The four-year, 130,000-kilometre voyage revealed the ocean’s vast scale and its living inhabitants. Now, 150 years later, the Challenger expedition remains a milestone in oceanography (海洋学). Scientists still use its enormous collections to study how the ocean is changing. While much has changed since the Challenger era — from piano wire to sound beams for seabed mapping—some outdated ideas still persist and they urgently need to be left behind. Back then, science was driven not just by curiosity but also by an imperialistic desire to find and secure access to resources. This mindset of exploration going hand in hand with exploitation persists today. We know far more now than we did 150 years ago about the critical role the ocean plays as a support system for all life on Earth. It regulates the climate, generates oxygen, absorbs carbon and contains masses of biodiversity. Meanwhile, industries are seeking to extract more than ever from the ocean, from seabed minerals to the fish that inhabit deep waters. Working closely with scientists not only shows industrialists what is there to exploit, and where, but it can also help justify their activities. With the ocean facing so many threats, this is a critical time for marine science to move beyond the old narrative of exploitation. In its place, we need a new model for seeking to better understand the ocean, to properly protect it and to find fair, right and truly sustainable ways to use the vast blue parts of our planet. Unlike the exploitative mindset of the past, this new model prioritizes understanding and protection over resource extraction. This global scientific cooperative isn’t a single expedition, but combines the efforts of scientists worldwide on numerous research trips over the current decade. A major aim is to go to places scientists haven’t been before, and to use that knowledge to better appreciate how all of society benefits from the ocean. Earth has one ocean, and we all depend on it—not just those who will gain the most commercially. 36．Why is the Challenger expedition mentioned in the passage? A．To compare with deep-sea exploration tools. B．To point out its imperialistic goals. C．To highlight its lasting impact on marine science. D．To criticize its outdated exploration methods. 37．According to the passage, what is a major concern in today’s ocean development? A．The persistence of exploitative mindsets. B．The decline in global scientific cooperation. C．The lack of advanced technology for seabed mapping. D．The overemphasis on protecting biodiversity. 38．What does the underlined phrase “an imperialistic desire” (in paragraph 3) most likely refer to? A．A scientific curiosity about unknown marine life. B．A political strategy to claim oceanic territories. C．A cultural preference for European-led research. D．A drive to discover and control resources for power. 39．What can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 of the passage? A．There is a continued reliance on traditional approaches to ocean exploration. B．Ocean research in the future should prioritize conservation and sustainable use. C．Scientists are increasingly supporting the industrial exploitation of ocean resources. D．Resource extraction is justified if it leads to advancements in scientific knowledge. 1 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $学科网 主题01人与社会 1.C 2.A 3.D 4. 5.C 6.B 7.C 8. 主题02人与自我 9.D 10.C 11.A 14.D 15.B 16.C 主题03人与自然 18.C 19.B 20.C 主题01人与社会 22.D 23.A 24.B www zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题06阅读理解说明文 基础 必练 Passage 1 Passage 2 D Passage 1 12.A 13.C Passage 2 17.B Passage 1 21.A 进阶 提升 Passage 1 1/2 丽学科网 25.C26.B27.D28.A 主题02人与自我— 30.C31.B32.A 主题03人与自然— 33.B34.A35.C 36.C37.A38.D39.B www zxxk.com Passage 2 29.B Passage 1 Passage 1 Passage 2 2/2 让教与学更高效