专题07 阅读理解议论文（期末真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 高一下学期期末英语阅读理解议论文汇编，涵盖“人与社会”“人与自我”“人与自然”三大主题，精选上海闵行区六校联考、复旦大学附属中学等名校真题，素材涉及文物归属、AI伦理、基因工程等时代热点，考查语言理解与思维能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解选择题|28题|词汇理解（如“encyclopaedic”）、细节查找（罗塞塔石碑归还原因）、态度推断（作者对博物馆论点态度）、主旨归纳（儿童模仿因素）|情境时代性（AI、基因工程等热点）；名校真题汇编（上海多所重点中学期末试题）；问题层次分明（基础到深层推断）|

专题07 阅读理解议论文 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·上海市闵行区六校联考·期末） Saved or Stolen? The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide-ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. The museum helps us understand how events that happened at different times and in different places were connected, and how they influenced each other. Indeed, this was the vision of its founder, Sir Hans Sloane, who tried setting up cross-cultural comparisons in his original collection in 1753. As you walk around the British Museum today, it’s clear that Sloane’s broad-minded vision is very much alive and well. What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. Imagine having an important national monument from your country kept permanently in another country. How would you feel? Would you try to get the country to return it? It’s not surprising that many countries have gone on to ask for their treasures back. However; where they should be kept is a question that is still heatedly debated. The Rosetta Stone is a well-known exhibit that illustrates this problem. Carved in 196BCE, the stone was the key to unlocking the language of the ancient Egyptians. It was first discovered in 1799 near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta) by soldiers in Napoleon’s army, but on Napoleon’s defeat in 1801, it became the property of the British. Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. The Egyptian government has other ideas and is trying to persuade the museum to return it. They claim that it’s important for their nation’s history and identity, and that many Egyptians can’t afford to go to London to see it. But the British Museum won’t let the Rosetta Stone go, even as a loan, as they fear it won’t be returned. The British Museum is a place dedicated to international understanding, and the advantages of an encyclopaedic museum are clear to see: “We need to explore common ground, how people perceive their relationship to each other...and (to) see human history as an ongoing joint project,” explains MacGregor, former director of the British Museum. But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never-ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. So as you admire the breathtaking objects on display at the museum, think about their heritage. Remember to ask yourself: Does the end justify the means? Is taking an object for a museum different from theft? And shouldn’t important objects be exhibited where they were originally made? 1．Which of the following words is similar in meaning to “encyclopaedic” (paragraph 1) ? A．being famous for its modern exhibitions. B．focusing only on ancient artifacts. C．containing a wide range of knowledge or information. D．owned by a private collector for personal use. 2．Why does the British Museum refuse to return the Rosetta Stone to Egypt? A．Because Egypt lacks the financial resources to protect it. B．Because more visitors can see it in London and its location is safer. C．Because the stone was legally purchased during colonial times. D．Because the Egyptian government has not formally requested its return. 3．The author’s attitude toward the British Museum’s argument is ______. A．strongly supportive B．completely neutral C．slightly skeptical D．openly against 4．What can be inferred about the “encyclopaedic museum” vision? A．It ignores the historical context of artifact acquisition. B．It successfully promotes global cultural harmony. C．It intentionally worsen international tensions. D．It prioritizes scientific research over national heritage. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） It’s easy to feel as though you’re doing something wrong these days if you don’t know your VO2-Max and how many hours of REM sleep you get each night, or if you’re not taking a dozen different supplements and scrutinizing every bite of food that makes its way into your mouth. “Biohackers” and other longevity seekers would have you believe that if you diligently measure your every bodily function and meticulously tailor your nutrition and exercise routine, you can reprogram your body to live longer and evade dreaded diseases. These folks’ logical flaw is to assume that the biological processes in your body are just as predictable and controllable as a microchip. What they don’t understand, or choose to ignore, is that the human organism is far too complex and unpredictable for that level of control. Take, for example, a recent fad among people without diabetes to closely monitor their bodies’ glucose (葡萄糖) levels. They claim to use the data generated by these devices to learn how to customize their diet for optimal glucose levels. The trouble is that our bodies’ glucose response to food intake is far too inconsistent to produce informative results. Researchers in a recent study fed participants identical meals separated by one week in a highly controlled hospital environment, while the participants wore continuous glucose monitors. Even when eating identical meals under these artificial conditions, the glucose measurements from a given participant looked no more similar than when the participants each ate an entirely different meal. A scatter chart the researchers made comparing the glucose results from one meal against the identical meal a week later looked like it could have been made by a person throwing darts blindfolded. Randomness is inherent to life. Our parents’ chromosomes (染色体) are shuffled like a deck of cards before we receive half of each of their genetic code. Diseases are often the result of random processes. More than two-thirds of cancer-causing mutations are not due to anything we’ve put our bodies through. They are the unavoidable result of random errors introduced in our DNA by the molecular machines that copy our DNA before our cells divide.   There is a growing industry of people and companies selling biohacking advice, tracking devices, and supplements. They believe they are selling people hope for better health. In reality, they may be selling people guilt that they haven’t done more already to control their health and may create a burden of unachievable expectations. Of course, none of this is meant to imply that there is nothing we can do to affect our health. Basic health maxims (箴言) still apply: Don’t smoke. Don’t drink excessive amounts of alcohol. If you’re obese, lose some weight. Control your blood pressure and cholesterol. Exercise. Get age-appropriate vaccinations and cancer screens. But obsessing over minute-to-minute changes in your glucose level or tracking your blood levels of a dozen different vitamins and minerals is unlikely to make a massive impact on your health. If you’re doing these things because you believe you can exert complete control over your health outcomes like a programmer writing a piece of code, my message is: Don’t sweat the small stuff. 5．The glucose monitoring study is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to demonstrate that ______. A．identical meals produce identical bodily responses B．the human body is highly variable and unpredictable C．continuous glucose monitors are inaccurate D．hospital conditions affect metabolic rates 6．The passage states that most cancer-causing mutations occur because of ______. A．inherited genetic defects B．environmental toxin exposure C．random DNA replication error D．terrible food choices 7．Which of the following behaviors does the expression “Don’t sweat the small stuff” (last paragraph) criticize? A．overemphasizing trivial biological data B．neglecting fundamental health principles C．rejecting cutting-edge medical technology D．underestimating genetic factors 8．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Genetic testing provides the most reliable health predictions among all forms of biohacking. B．Biohacking shifts the blame onto individuals for health problems that are often just bad luck. C．More advanced technology is needed to fully understand complex human biological systems. D．Ignoring modern health technologies is the key to better well-being. 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） We are all explorers. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of what makes us human. Indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species. Long before the first caveman sat beside the fire and grunted news that there were plenty of wildebeest (羚羊) out there, our ancestors had learned the value of sending out pioneers to investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York. Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed — different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely “well-travelled”, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day. Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveller “who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people”. Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the “greatest living explorer”, said, “An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before — and also done something scientifically useful.” Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: “You have to have gone somewhere new.” Then Robin Hanbury Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called “tribal” peoples, said, “A traveller simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.” Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told me, “If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.” To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery. Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set their own particular criteria the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel o discovering new things, both a very definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings. 9．The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that A．exploration is an inner element of being human. B．most people are not enthusiastic about exploring. C．exploration fails to lead to surprising results. D．most people find exploration frustrating. 10．According to the passage, what is the writer’s view of explorers? A．Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages. B．Their main value is in teaching others. C．They act on an urge that is common to everyone. D．They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others. 11．The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that A．Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration. B．Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration. C．Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states. D．Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation. 12．When discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that A．people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests. B．certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration. C．the generally accepted definition has changed over time. D．historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校·期末） Technology is never a neutral tool for achieving human ends. Technological innovations reshape people as they use these innovations to control their environment. Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. While the term AI brings about anxieties about killer robots or catastrophic levels of unemployment, there are other, deeper implications. As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. Aristotle argued that the capacity for making practical judgments depends on regularly making them on habit and practice. We see the emergence of machines as substitute judges in a variety of everyday contexts as a potential threat to people learning how to effectively exercise judgment themselves. In the workplace, managers routinely make decisions about who to hire or fire and which loan to approve, to name a few. These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. Recommendation engines, which are increasingly prevalent intermediaries in people’s consumption of culture, may serve to constrain choice and minimize luck. By presenting consumers with algorithmically selected choices of what to watch, read, stream and visit next, companies are replacing human taste with machine taste. In one sense, this is helpful. After all, machines can survey a wider range of choices than any individual is likely to have the time or energy to do on their own. At the same time, though, this selection is optimizing for what people are likely to prefer based on what they’ve preferred in the past. We think there is some risk that people’s options will be constrained by their past in a new and unanticipated way. As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable. The predictions are going to get better and better, and they will ultimately make common experiences more efficient and pleasant. Algorithms could soon-if they don’t already-have a better idea about which show you’d like to watch next and which job candidate you should hire than you do. One day, humans may even find a way for machines to make these decisions without some of the biases that humans typically display. But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. 13．What do we learn about the deeper implications of AI? A．It is causing great levels of unemployment. B．It is doing physical harm to human operators. C．It is altering moral judgments. D．It is reshaping humanity. 14．What is the consequence of algorithmic prescription replacing human judgment? A．People lose the chance to cultivate the ability to make practical judgments. B．People are prevented from participating in making major decisions in the workplace. C．Managers no longer have the chance to decide which loan to approve. D．Managers do not need to take the trouble to determine who to hire or fire. 15．What is likely to happen to larger parts of our daily life as machine learning algorithms improve? A．They will turn out to be more extensive. B．They will repeat our past experience. C．They can be vastly anticipated. D．They may become more commonly found. 16．Why does the author say the creatures living in the more and more Al-mediated world will become increasingly unlike us? A．They will have lost the most significant human element of being intelligent. B．They will no longer possess the human characteristic of being unpredictable. C．They will not be able to understand themselves as we can do today. D．They will be deprived of what their predecessors were proud of about themselves. 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市建平中学·期末） To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example seems oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 17．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should ________. A．view from the child’s perspective B．simplify each action shown to the child C．follow the theory of imitation D．set a good example for the child to copy 18．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. B．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. 19．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people ________. A．whose talent and skill are extraordinary B．whose actions are consistent with theirs C．whom they want to be shaped into D．who enjoy a high social status 20．What is the passage mainly about? A．The reason for parenting by imitation. B．The factors determining children’s imitation. C．The significance of learning by imitation. D．The way children choose models. 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市第十中学·期末） Genetic engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living organism. It allows scientists to identify specific genes, to remove them from an organism’s chromosomes (染色体), improve them, analyze them, and possibly clone them, and to then reinsert the changed gene into the original organism, or a completely different organism. Unlike traditional breeding (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same species, genetic engineering can insert desired ones into organisms of different species. Genetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture. For example, by genetically engineered (GE) foods, anti-cancer agents, minerals and vitamins can be increased. Improved taste, shelf life, and better transport are all possible. Also, GE plants can increase pest and bacterial resistance, therefore, making the food safe for consumers.But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives, and critics are starting to voice their concerns. Unlike Europe, in the United States labelling is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods that contain genetically engineered products. Most Americans do not realize that they are, in fact, eating GE foods. The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks. With limited understanding of genes, scientists cannot predict possible effects. Because most genes introduced into GE plants come from sources not introduced into the human body, it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions. Moreover, due to the lack of labelling if allergies (过敏) develop, it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them. There is also a major moral question in many minds. For many, the conflict is not whether it is safe or not, but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary. We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving. GE food is unnecessary, and fails to address the root of hunger. Many believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it. Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits arc amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk. 21．According to the passage, traditional breeding is different from genetic engineering because ________. A．traditional breeding is more scientific B．traditional breeding takes place within the same species C．traditional breeding changes the genes in the same species D．traditional breeding changes the genes in different species 22．The underlined phrase “the lack of labelling” in Paragraph 4 indicates ________. A．the US government is responsible for GE food B．scientists try to hide potential dangers from customers C．it is currently possible to find the origins of some allergies D．information concerning gene sources is unavailable to customers 23．According to Paragraph 5, GE food is unnecessary because ________. A．we’re now producing more food than before B．there are potential dangers in producing GE food C．it won’t help solve the problem of hunger in the world D．neither customers nor corporations benefit from GE food 24．What is the author’s attitude towards genetic engineering? A．Optimistic. B．Welcoming. C．Disapproving. D．Unconcerned. 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市曹杨第二中学·期末） So few adults can remember the details of their own preschool or kindergarten years, it can be hard to appreciate just how much the early-education landscape has been transformed over the past two decades. The changes are not restricted to the physical environment of classrooms. Teaching methods and curricula have changed too. Much greater parts of the day are now spent on what’s called “seatwork”(a term that probably doesn’t need any explanation) and direct instruction, formerly used mainly in the older grades, in which a teacher carefully controls the content and pacing of what a child is supposed to learn. One study, titled “Is Kindergarten the New First Grade?” compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art. Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade, the authors concluded. In turn, children who would once have used the kindergarten year as a gentle transition into school are in some cases being held back before they’ve had a chance to start. Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage. But now that kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper, not a welcome mat, to elementary school, concerns about school preparedness kick in earlier and earlier. A child who’s supposed to read by the end of kindergarten had better be getting ready in preschool. As a result, expectations that may arguably have been reasonable for 5- and 6-year-olds, such as being able to sit at a desk and complete a task using pencil and paper, are now directed at even younger children, who Jack the motor skills and attention span to be successful. Preschool classrooms have become increasingly difficult spaces, with teachers asking pre-schoolers to finish their “work” before they can go play. And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations. More children today seem to lack the language skills needed to retell a simple story or to use basic connecting words and prepositions. They can’t make a conceptual analogy between, say, the veins(纹理) on a leaf and the veins in their own hands. That’s right. The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more. 29．What can be inferred from the sentence “Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade”? A．Kindergarten is going to replace the first grade in the future. B．Kindergarten kids are asked to learn what first-graders learn. C．Today’s kindergarten kids are smarter than first graders in the past. D．Some kids choose to skip kindergarten to go to the first grade directly. 30．By “kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper”, the writer implies that some kindergarten kids________. A．might not be able to go to the kindergarten B．are worried about their school-readiness skills C．are not allowed to move on to elementary school D．think of the kindergarten year as a gentle transition 31．What idea does the writer intend to convey in Paragraph 4? A．Pre-schoolers need to be academically prepared. B．Preschool teachers are not as kind as they used to be. C．Today’s preschool education doesn’t prove successful. D．Children pick up their first language later than before. 32．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．What Preschool Kids Should Be Taught B．How the New Preschool Is Damaging Kids C．Why We Should Take Preschoolers Seriously D．Who Is to Blame for Preschoolers’ Lack of Skills 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市实验学校·期末） A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as a wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO2 per household every year). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls “what-I-can-do environmentalism.” But the other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on visual grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look unattractive but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have led to a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for making laws to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states — Florida, Hawaii and Utah — have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates argue that there should be more. Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles condensation drops (冷凝水) from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck’s HOA in Wake Forest, N.C．, notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. “Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. “I’m not going to go crazy,” he says. “But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complains, I’ll have to address it again.” North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. “Most visual restrictions are rooted. to a degree, in the belief that homogenous (统一协调的) external appearance are supportive of property value,” says Sara Stubbins, executive director of the Community Association Institute’s North Carolina chapter. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospective buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers. Alexander Lee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property advocating that the idea “needs to change in light of global warming.” “We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,” Alexander Lee says. 25．What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryers? A．Electricity consumption. B．Air pollution. C．Waste of energy. D．Ugly looking. 26．Which of the following is INCORRECT? A．Opposers think air-drying laundry would devalue surrounding property. B．Opposers consider the outdoor clothesline as an eyesore to the scenery. C．Right-to-dry movements led to the pass of written laws to protect clotheslines. D．Most of states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines. 27．In the last paragraph Alexander Lee recommends that ______. A．clotheslines should be banned in the community B．clotheslines wouldn’t lessen the property values C．the globe would become warmer and warmer D．we should protect the environment in the community 28．An appropriate title for the passage might be ______. A．Opinions on Environmental Protection B．Opinions on Air-drying Laundry C．What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism D．Restrictions on Clotheslines 14 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读理解议论文 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·上海市闵行区六校联考·期末） Saved or Stolen? The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide-ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. The museum helps us understand how events that happened at different times and in different places were connected, and how they influenced each other. Indeed, this was the vision of its founder, Sir Hans Sloane, who tried setting up cross-cultural comparisons in his original collection in 1753. As you walk around the British Museum today, it’s clear that Sloane’s broad-minded vision is very much alive and well. What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. Imagine having an important national monument from your country kept permanently in another country. How would you feel? Would you try to get the country to return it? It’s not surprising that many countries have gone on to ask for their treasures back. However; where they should be kept is a question that is still heatedly debated. The Rosetta Stone is a well-known exhibit that illustrates this problem. Carved in 196BCE, the stone was the key to unlocking the language of the ancient Egyptians. It was first discovered in 1799 near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta) by soldiers in Napoleon’s army, but on Napoleon’s defeat in 1801, it became the property of the British. Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. The Egyptian government has other ideas and is trying to persuade the museum to return it. They claim that it’s important for their nation’s history and identity, and that many Egyptians can’t afford to go to London to see it. But the British Museum won’t let the Rosetta Stone go, even as a loan, as they fear it won’t be returned. The British Museum is a place dedicated to international understanding, and the advantages of an encyclopaedic museum are clear to see: “We need to explore common ground, how people perceive their relationship to each other...and (to) see human history as an ongoing joint project,” explains MacGregor, former director of the British Museum. But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never-ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. So as you admire the breathtaking objects on display at the museum, think about their heritage. Remember to ask yourself: Does the end justify the means? Is taking an object for a museum different from theft? And shouldn’t important objects be exhibited where they were originally made? 1．Which of the following words is similar in meaning to “encyclopaedic” (paragraph 1) ? A．being famous for its modern exhibitions. B．focusing only on ancient artifacts. C．containing a wide range of knowledge or information. D．owned by a private collector for personal use. 2．Why does the British Museum refuse to return the Rosetta Stone to Egypt? A．Because Egypt lacks the financial resources to protect it. B．Because more visitors can see it in London and its location is safer. C．Because the stone was legally purchased during colonial times. D．Because the Egyptian government has not formally requested its return. 3．The author’s attitude toward the British Museum’s argument is ______. A．strongly supportive B．completely neutral C．slightly skeptical D．openly against 4．What can be inferred about the “encyclopaedic museum” vision? A．It ignores the historical context of artifact acquisition. B．It successfully promotes global cultural harmony. C．It intentionally worsen international tensions. D．It prioritizes scientific research over national heritage. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕大英博物馆展品来源及归属问题展开讨论，以罗塞塔石碑为例，指出该馆拒绝归还他国文物引发争议，质疑其做法的合理性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“The British Museum has a well-earned reputation as an “encyclopaedic” museum, with a global story told through eight million objects. Inside, a wide ranging collection includes everything from prehistoric pottery to precious handmade jewellery from India and Ming Dynasty vases from China. (大英博物馆作为一座“encyclopaedic”博物馆实至名归，馆藏八百万件文物向世人述说着全球文明的故事。其浩瀚馆藏包罗万象，从史前陶器到印度手工精制珠宝，再到中国明代瓷器，无不尽收其中)”可知，大英博物馆的藏品范围广泛，涵盖了不同时期和不同地区的物品，包罗万象。所以“encyclopaedic”意思应是包含广泛的知识或信息，与C项“containing a wide range of knowledge or information”意思相近。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many of the museum’s treasures were acquired in a similar way, but unsurprisingly, the British Museum is reluctant to let the Rosetta Stone go. It argues that more people see the Stone in London than they would in Cairo, the location is more secure and the exhibit is a critical part of its global collection. (博物馆的许多宝藏都是以类似的方式获得的，但不出所料，大英博物馆不愿让罗塞塔石碑离开。它辩称，在伦敦看到这块石头的人比在开罗看到的人更多，存放地点更安全，而且该展品是其全球藏品的重要组成部分)”可知，大英博物馆拒绝将罗塞塔石碑归还给埃及是因为在伦敦有更多人能看到它，且存放地点更安全。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But this attempt to bring different cultures together has been self-defeating, ultimately having the opposite effect: taking treasures from other countries has resulted in never ending international arguments and frosty relations with foreign governments. (但这种将不同文化汇聚在一起的尝试适得其反，最终产生了相反的效果：从其他国家拿走珍宝导致了无休止的国际争论和与外国政府的冷淡关系)”可知，作者认为大英博物馆拿走他国珍宝的行为带来了负面结果，说明作者对大英博物馆拒绝归还文物的理由是公开反对的。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“What’s less clear is how the museum acquired many of the objects on display and whether they should remain there. The collection has an obvious political dimension: while some objects have a well-documented history, others were added during Britain’s colonial period, so it’s possible they were stolen from famous archaeological sites or acquired in the war. (不太清楚的是，博物馆是如何获得许多展出物品的，以及这些物品是否应该继续留在那里。这些藏品具有明显的政治层面：虽然有些物品有详细的历史记录，但其他一些是在英国殖民时期增加的，所以它们有可能是从著名的考古遗址被盗走或在战争中获得的)”可知，大英博物馆所谓的“百科全书式博物馆”愿景忽略了文物获取的历史背景。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） It’s easy to feel as though you’re doing something wrong these days if you don’t know your VO2-Max and how many hours of REM sleep you get each night, or if you’re not taking a dozen different supplements and scrutinizing every bite of food that makes its way into your mouth. “Biohackers” and other longevity seekers would have you believe that if you diligently measure your every bodily function and meticulously tailor your nutrition and exercise routine, you can reprogram your body to live longer and evade dreaded diseases. These folks’ logical flaw is to assume that the biological processes in your body are just as predictable and controllable as a microchip. What they don’t understand, or choose to ignore, is that the human organism is far too complex and unpredictable for that level of control. Take, for example, a recent fad among people without diabetes to closely monitor their bodies’ glucose (葡萄糖) levels. They claim to use the data generated by these devices to learn how to customize their diet for optimal glucose levels. The trouble is that our bodies’ glucose response to food intake is far too inconsistent to produce informative results. Researchers in a recent study fed participants identical meals separated by one week in a highly controlled hospital environment, while the participants wore continuous glucose monitors. Even when eating identical meals under these artificial conditions, the glucose measurements from a given participant looked no more similar than when the participants each ate an entirely different meal. A scatter chart the researchers made comparing the glucose results from one meal against the identical meal a week later looked like it could have been made by a person throwing darts blindfolded. Randomness is inherent to life. Our parents’ chromosomes (染色体) are shuffled like a deck of cards before we receive half of each of their genetic code. Diseases are often the result of random processes. More than two-thirds of cancer-causing mutations are not due to anything we’ve put our bodies through. They are the unavoidable result of random errors introduced in our DNA by the molecular machines that copy our DNA before our cells divide.   There is a growing industry of people and companies selling biohacking advice, tracking devices, and supplements. They believe they are selling people hope for better health. In reality, they may be selling people guilt that they haven’t done more already to control their health and may create a burden of unachievable expectations. Of course, none of this is meant to imply that there is nothing we can do to affect our health. Basic health maxims (箴言) still apply: Don’t smoke. Don’t drink excessive amounts of alcohol. If you’re obese, lose some weight. Control your blood pressure and cholesterol. Exercise. Get age-appropriate vaccinations and cancer screens. But obsessing over minute-to-minute changes in your glucose level or tracking your blood levels of a dozen different vitamins and minerals is unlikely to make a massive impact on your health. If you’re doing these things because you believe you can exert complete control over your health outcomes like a programmer writing a piece of code, my message is: Don’t sweat the small stuff. 5．The glucose monitoring study is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to demonstrate that ______. A．identical meals produce identical bodily responses B．the human body is highly variable and unpredictable C．continuous glucose monitors are inaccurate D．hospital conditions affect metabolic rates 6．The passage states that most cancer-causing mutations occur because of ______. A．inherited genetic defects B．environmental toxin exposure C．random DNA replication error D．terrible food choices 7．Which of the following behaviors does the expression “Don’t sweat the small stuff” (last paragraph) criticize? A．overemphasizing trivial biological data B．neglecting fundamental health principles C．rejecting cutting-edge medical technology D．underestimating genetic factors 8．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Genetic testing provides the most reliable health predictions among all forms of biohacking. B．Biohacking shifts the blame onto individuals for health problems that are often just bad luck. C．More advanced technology is needed to fully understand complex human biological systems. D．Ignoring modern health technologies is the key to better well-being. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述生物黑客等长寿追求者观点的逻辑缺陷，指出人体复杂不可控，无需过度关注细节。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The trouble is that our bodies’ glucose response to food intake is far too inconsistent to produce informative results. Researchers in a recent study fed participants identical meals separated by one week in a highly controlled hospital environment, while the participants wore continuous glucose monitors. Even when eating identical meals under these artificial conditions, the glucose measurements from a given participant looked no more similar than when the participants each ate an entirely different meal. (问题在于，我们身体对食物摄入的葡萄糖反应极不稳定，无法得出有参考价值的结果。近期一项研究中，研究人员在高度可控的医院环境中，让参与者间隔一周食用完全相同的餐食，同时让他们佩戴持续葡萄糖监测仪。即便在这种人为控制的条件下食用相同餐食，同一参与者的葡萄糖测量结果之间的相似性，也并不比他们各自食用完全不同餐食时更高。)”可知，第三段提到葡萄糖监测研究是为了证明人体具有高度可变性和不可预测性。故选B项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“More than two-thirds of cancer-causing mutations are not due to anything we’ve put our bodies through. They are the unavoidable result of random errors introduced in our DNA by the molecular machines that copy our DNA before our cells divide. (超过三分之二的致癌突变不是由于我们对身体所做的任何事情。它们是细胞分裂前复制DNA的分子机器在DNA中引入随机错误的不可避免的结果。)”可知，文章指出大多数致癌突变的发生是因为随机的DNA复制错误。故选C项。 7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“But obsessing over minute-to-minute changes in your glucose level or tracking your blood levels of a dozen different vitamins and minerals is unlikely to make a massive impact on your health. (但是，沉迷于葡萄糖水平的每分钟变化或追踪十几种不同维生素和矿物质的血液水平不太可能对您的健康产生巨大影响。)”可知，沉迷于健康数据不太可能对健康产生巨大影响，由此可知，作者反对过度关注琐碎的生理数据，所以划线句子“Don’t sweat the small stuff. (不要为小事烦恼。)”批评了“过度强调琐碎的生物数据”的行为。故选A项。 8．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“There is a growing industry of people and companies selling biohacking advice, tracking devices, and supplements. They believe they are selling people hope for better health. In reality, they may be selling people guilt that they haven’t done more already to control their health and may create a burden of unachievable expectations. (越来越多的人和公司出售生物黑客建议、追踪设备和补充剂。他们认为自己在向人们出售改善健康的希望。实际上，他们可能在让人们感到内疚，因为他们没有做更多的事情来控制自己的健康，并可能造成无法实现的期望的负担。)”可推断，生物黑客将健康问题的责任推给个人，而这些问题往往只是运气不好。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市交通大学附属中学·期末） We are all explorers. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of what makes us human. Indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species. Long before the first caveman sat beside the fire and grunted news that there were plenty of wildebeest (羚羊) out there, our ancestors had learned the value of sending out pioneers to investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York. Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed — different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely “well-travelled”, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day. Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveller “who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people”. Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the “greatest living explorer”, said, “An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before — and also done something scientifically useful.” Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: “You have to have gone somewhere new.” Then Robin Hanbury Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called “tribal” peoples, said, “A traveller simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.” Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told me, “If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.” To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery. Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set their own particular criteria the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel o discovering new things, both a very definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings. 9．The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that A．exploration is an inner element of being human. B．most people are not enthusiastic about exploring. C．exploration fails to lead to surprising results. D．most people find exploration frustrating. 10．According to the passage, what is the writer’s view of explorers? A．Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages. B．Their main value is in teaching others. C．They act on an urge that is common to everyone. D．They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others. 11．The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that A．Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration. B．Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration. C．Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states. D．Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation. 12．When discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that A．people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests. B．certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration. C．the generally accepted definition has changed over time. D．historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public. 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．C 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了探索是人类的本能，不同职业的人对“探索”有不同定义，且往往与自身职业相关。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borne, and a visitor navigate the subways of New York.(我们这种探索的天性无疑帮助我们人类遍布全球，就像如今它无疑帮助最后的游牧民族彭南人在婆罗洲资源枯竭的森林中生存下来，也帮助游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭一样)”可知，前文提出探索是人类的天性，然后列举了游牧民族彭南人在婆罗洲资源枯竭的森林中生存下来和游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭两个例子。由此推知，作者提及游客在纽约的地铁中穿梭是为了证明探索是人类的天性。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段中“That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown are being tested each day.(然而，这并不能改变一个事实：即使在今天，我们所有人都有这种探索的本能；而且在各种职业中——无论是艺术家、海洋生物学家还是天文学家——每天都在挑战未知的边界)”可知，所有人都有探索的本能，各种职业的人每天都在挑战未知的边界。由此推知，作者认为探险家的行为冲动是每个人都具有的。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognize because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses.(Thomas Hardy将他的一些小说背景设定在埃格敦荒原，一个虚构的未开垦地区，并利用这片风景来暗示他笔下人物的欲望和恐惧。他在探究我们都能理解的事情，因为这些是人类共有的。这无疑是一种探索行为，进入作者选择的遥远世界。)”可知，埃格敦荒原是一个虚构的未开垦地区，象征着他笔下人物的欲望和恐惧，表明Hardy的目的是探究人们的情感状态，这也是一种探索。由此可知，作者提到哈代对荒原的描述是为了表明哈代旨在研究人类的情感状态。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Each definition is slightly different and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting edge scientist would say it was of the present.(每个定义都略有不同，并且往往反映了每个先驱者的努力领域。无论我问谁都是如此：著名的历史学家会说探索是过去的事情，前沿的科学家会说探索是当下的事情)”可知，不同的人对探索有不同的定义，作者认为不同领域的人会根据自己的职业兴趣定义探索的含义。由此可知，作者认为人们倾向于将探索与自己的职业兴趣联系起来。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校·期末） Technology is never a neutral tool for achieving human ends. Technological innovations reshape people as they use these innovations to control their environment. Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. While the term AI brings about anxieties about killer robots or catastrophic levels of unemployment, there are other, deeper implications. As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. Aristotle argued that the capacity for making practical judgments depends on regularly making them on habit and practice. We see the emergence of machines as substitute judges in a variety of everyday contexts as a potential threat to people learning how to effectively exercise judgment themselves. In the workplace, managers routinely make decisions about who to hire or fire and which loan to approve, to name a few. These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. Recommendation engines, which are increasingly prevalent intermediaries in people’s consumption of culture, may serve to constrain choice and minimize luck. By presenting consumers with algorithmically selected choices of what to watch, read, stream and visit next, companies are replacing human taste with machine taste. In one sense, this is helpful. After all, machines can survey a wider range of choices than any individual is likely to have the time or energy to do on their own. At the same time, though, this selection is optimizing for what people are likely to prefer based on what they’ve preferred in the past. We think there is some risk that people’s options will be constrained by their past in a new and unanticipated way. As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable. The predictions are going to get better and better, and they will ultimately make common experiences more efficient and pleasant. Algorithms could soon-if they don’t already-have a better idea about which show you’d like to watch next and which job candidate you should hire than you do. One day, humans may even find a way for machines to make these decisions without some of the biases that humans typically display. But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. 13．What do we learn about the deeper implications of AI? A．It is causing great levels of unemployment. B．It is doing physical harm to human operators. C．It is altering moral judgments. D．It is reshaping humanity. 14．What is the consequence of algorithmic prescription replacing human judgment? A．People lose the chance to cultivate the ability to make practical judgments. B．People are prevented from participating in making major decisions in the workplace. C．Managers no longer have the chance to decide which loan to approve. D．Managers do not need to take the trouble to determine who to hire or fire. 15．What is likely to happen to larger parts of our daily life as machine learning algorithms improve? A．They will turn out to be more extensive. B．They will repeat our past experience. C．They can be vastly anticipated. D．They may become more commonly found. 16．Why does the author say the creatures living in the more and more Al-mediated world will become increasingly unlike us? A．They will have lost the most significant human element of being intelligent. B．They will no longer possess the human characteristic of being unpredictable. C．They will not be able to understand themselves as we can do today. D．They will be deprived of what their predecessors were proud of about themselves. 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．C 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了人工智能如何重塑人类，影响人类的判断和选择能力，让人类丧失其不可预测性，变得不再像自己。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Artificial intelligence, for example, is altering humanity. (例如，人工智能正在改变人类)”和第二段中“As AI increasingly shapes the human experience, how does this change what it means to be human? Central to the problem is a person’s capacity to make choices, particularly judgments that have moral implications. (随着人工智能越来越多地塑造人类体验，这将如何改变作为人类的意义？问题的核心是一个人做出选择的能力，尤其是具有道德含义的判断)”可推知，人工智能的深层含义是它正在改变人类的意义，即重塑人类。故选D项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These are areas where algorithmic (算法的) prescription is replacing human judgment, and so people who might have had the chance to develop practical judgment in these areas no longer will. (在这些领域，算法正在取代人类的判断，因此，那些本有机会在这些领域发展实践判断的人将不再有机会)”可知，算法替代人类判断会导致人们失去培养实践判断能力的机会。故选A项。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第七段“As machine learning algorithms improve and as they train on more extensive data sets, larger parts of everyday life are likely to become utterly predictable.(随着机器学习算法的改进和更广泛数据集的训练，日常生活中的大部分都可能变得完全可预测)”可知，我们的日常生活的很大部分可能变得可以广泛预测。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But to the extent that unpredictability is part of how people understand themselves and part of what people like about themselves, humanity is in the process of losing something significant. As they become more and more predictable, the creatures inhabiting the increasingly AI-mediated world will become less and less like us. (但在某种程度上，不可预测性是人们理解自己的一部分，也是人们喜欢自己的一部分，人类正在失去一些重要的东西。随着它们变得越来越可预测，生活在日益以人工智能为媒介的世界中的生物将变得越来越不像我们)”可推知，不可预测性是人类的重要特性，而人工智能可能会导致这种不可预测性的丧失。由此推知，作者认为生活在越来越以人工智能为媒介的世界里的生物将越来越不像我们。故选B项。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市建平中学·期末） To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example seems oversimplified. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore, we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”. Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to achieve his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a screaming is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 17．According to the passage, to teach a child to learn something, parents should ________. A．view from the child’s perspective B．simplify each action shown to the child C．follow the theory of imitation D．set a good example for the child to copy 18．Which of the following situation will lead a child to seek for a model? A．The child comes up with a solution to an issue. B．The child is blamed by parents for his/her wrongdoing. C．The child encounters a professional who can get the right result. D．The child is in trouble and cannot figure out an approach. 19．It can be inferred that children usually imitate people ________. A．whose talent and skill are extraordinary B．whose actions are consistent with theirs C．whom they want to be shaped into D．who enjoy a high social status 20．What is the passage mainly about? A．The reason for parenting by imitation. B．The factors determining children’s imitation. C．The significance of learning by imitation. D．The way children choose models. 【答案】17．A 18．D 19．C 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨儿童模仿学习的复杂性，分析儿童寻求模仿对象的场景、选择模仿对象的依据及社会评价对其模仿行为的影响。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.(从孩子的角度来看。他处于一个新的情境中，没有现成的应对方法。他在寻求一种能达到特定目的的应对方式。如果他对这种情境没有现成的应对方法，也无法推理出该做什么，他就会观察一个似乎能得到正确结果的榜样。孩子会寻找一个能指导他该做什么的权威人士或专家。)”可知，要教孩子学习，家长应从孩子的角度出发，理解其在新情境中对榜样的需求，而非单纯设定榜样。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result.(他处于一个新的情境中，没有现成的应对方法。他在寻求一种能达到特定目的的应对方式。如果他对这种情境没有现成的应对方法，也无法推理出该做什么，他就会观察一个似乎能得到正确结果的榜样。)”可知，当孩子陷入困境且无法想出解决方法时，会寻求榜样。故选D项。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players.(他会模仿那些看起来值得成为的人，而不是那些他希望避免拥有其社会地位的人。如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴手，他会观察并努力模仿有能力的演奏者的技巧。)”可知，儿童通常模仿那些他们希望成为的人。故选C项。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段指出“儿童模仿并非简单的‘有样学样’”，第二段分析“儿童在无应对方法时会寻求榜样”，第三段说明“社会评价会影响儿童的模仿行为”，第四、五段阐述“儿童会选择值得成为的人作为模仿对象”，结合全文内容可知，文章围绕“决定儿童模仿行为的多种因素”展开。故选B项。 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市第十中学·期末） Genetic engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living organism. It allows scientists to identify specific genes, to remove them from an organism’s chromosomes (染色体), improve them, analyze them, and possibly clone them, and to then reinsert the changed gene into the original organism, or a completely different organism. Unlike traditional breeding (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same species, genetic engineering can insert desired ones into organisms of different species. Genetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture. For example, by genetically engineered (GE) foods, anti-cancer agents, minerals and vitamins can be increased. Improved taste, shelf life, and better transport are all possible. Also, GE plants can increase pest and bacterial resistance, therefore, making the food safe for consumers.But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives, and critics are starting to voice their concerns. Unlike Europe, in the United States labelling is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods that contain genetically engineered products. Most Americans do not realize that they are, in fact, eating GE foods. The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks. With limited understanding of genes, scientists cannot predict possible effects. Because most genes introduced into GE plants come from sources not introduced into the human body, it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions. Moreover, due to the lack of labelling if allergies (过敏) develop, it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them. There is also a major moral question in many minds. For many, the conflict is not whether it is safe or not, but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary. We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving. GE food is unnecessary, and fails to address the root of hunger. Many believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it. Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits arc amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk. 21．According to the passage, traditional breeding is different from genetic engineering because ________. A．traditional breeding is more scientific B．traditional breeding takes place within the same species C．traditional breeding changes the genes in the same species D．traditional breeding changes the genes in different species 22．The underlined phrase “the lack of labelling” in Paragraph 4 indicates ________. A．the US government is responsible for GE food B．scientists try to hide potential dangers from customers C．it is currently possible to find the origins of some allergies D．information concerning gene sources is unavailable to customers 23．According to Paragraph 5, GE food is unnecessary because ________. A．we’re now producing more food than before B．there are potential dangers in producing GE food C．it won’t help solve the problem of hunger in the world D．neither customers nor corporations benefit from GE food 24．What is the author’s attitude towards genetic engineering? A．Optimistic. B．Welcoming. C．Disapproving. D．Unconcerned. 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．C 24．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了基因工程在农业中的应用及其带来的积极贡献，同时也探讨了公众对基因工程食品的担忧和道德质疑。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Unlike traditional breeding (繁殖), where a desired quality would be bred within the same species, genetic engineering can insert desired ones into organisms of different species.(与传统育种不同，传统育种是在同一物种内培育出理想的品质，而基因工程可以将理想的品质插入到不同物种的生物体中)”可知，传统育种是在同一物种内进行的。故选B项。 22．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Unlike Europe, in the United States labelling is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods that contain genetically engineered products. Most Americans do not realize that they are, in fact, eating GE foods.(与欧洲不同，在美国，转基因食品或含有转基因产品的食品不需要标注。大多数美国人实际上并没有意识到他们在食用转基因食品)”和划线词所在句“Moreover, due to the lack of labelling if allergies (过敏) develop, it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them.(此外，由于the lack of labelling，如果出现过敏反应，将极难找到过敏的源头)”可知，在美国转基因食品不要求标注，导致消费者无法知晓食物的基因来源信息。所以“the lack of labelling”指的是消费者无法获取关于基因来源的信息。故选D项。 23．细节理解题。根据第四段中“We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world, yet one in seven people are starving. GE food is unnecessary, and fails to address the root of hunger.(我们目前生产的粮食是养活世界所需粮食的1.5倍，但仍有七分之一的人在挨饿。转基因食品是不必要的，也无法解决饥饿的根源问题)”可知，转基因食品并不能帮助解决世界饥饿问题，所以没有必要。故选C项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.(我认为转基因食品的好处惊人，但在我们确定这些食品将如何影响我们之前，它们不值得冒险)”可推断，作者认为基因食品不值得冒险，所以他对基因工程持不赞成的态度。故选C项。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市曹杨第二中学·期末） So few adults can remember the details of their own preschool or kindergarten years, it can be hard to appreciate just how much the early-education landscape has been transformed over the past two decades. The changes are not restricted to the physical environment of classrooms. Teaching methods and curricula have changed too. Much greater parts of the day are now spent on what’s called “seatwork”(a term that probably doesn’t need any explanation) and direct instruction, formerly used mainly in the older grades, in which a teacher carefully controls the content and pacing of what a child is supposed to learn. One study, titled “Is Kindergarten the New First Grade?” compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art. Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade, the authors concluded. In turn, children who would once have used the kindergarten year as a gentle transition into school are in some cases being held back before they’ve had a chance to start. Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage. But now that kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper, not a welcome mat, to elementary school, concerns about school preparedness kick in earlier and earlier. A child who’s supposed to read by the end of kindergarten had better be getting ready in preschool. As a result, expectations that may arguably have been reasonable for 5- and 6-year-olds, such as being able to sit at a desk and complete a task using pencil and paper, are now directed at even younger children, who Jack the motor skills and attention span to be successful. Preschool classrooms have become increasingly difficult spaces, with teachers asking pre-schoolers to finish their “work” before they can go play. And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations. More children today seem to lack the language skills needed to retell a simple story or to use basic connecting words and prepositions. They can’t make a conceptual analogy between, say, the veins(纹理) on a leaf and the veins in their own hands. That’s right. The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more. 29．What can be inferred from the sentence “Kindergarten is indeed the new first grade”? A．Kindergarten is going to replace the first grade in the future. B．Kindergarten kids are asked to learn what first-graders learn. C．Today’s kindergarten kids are smarter than first graders in the past. D．Some kids choose to skip kindergarten to go to the first grade directly. 30．By “kindergarten serves as a gatekeeper”, the writer implies that some kindergarten kids________. A．might not be able to go to the kindergarten B．are worried about their school-readiness skills C．are not allowed to move on to elementary school D．think of the kindergarten year as a gentle transition 31．What idea does the writer intend to convey in Paragraph 4? A．Pre-schoolers need to be academically prepared. B．Preschool teachers are not as kind as they used to be. C．Today’s preschool education doesn’t prove successful. D．Children pick up their first language later than before. 32．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．What Preschool Kids Should Be Taught B．How the New Preschool Is Damaging Kids C．Why We Should Take Preschoolers Seriously D．Who Is to Blame for Preschoolers’ Lack of Skills 【答案】29．B 30．C 31．C 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了过早开始对幼儿园里的孩子教导需要学龄孩子才能掌握的技能并不是好事。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One study, titled ‘Is Kindergarten the New First Grade?’ compared kindergarten teachers’ attitudes nationwide in 1998 and 2010 and found that the percentage of teachers expecting children to know how to read by the end of the year had risen from 30 to 80 percent. The researchers also reported more time spent with workbooks and worksheets, and less time devoted to music and art.(一项题为‘幼儿园是新一年级吗？’的研究比较了1998年和2010年全国幼儿园教师的态度，发现希望孩子在年底前知道如何阅读的教师比例从30%上升到80%。研究人员还报告说，花在练习册和活页练习题上的时间更多，花在音乐和艺术上的时间更少。)”可知，这项研究发现，越来越多的老师希望孩子较早学会阅读，幼儿园的孩子在练习册和活页练习题上花费更多时间，而在音乐和艺术上花费更少的时间。由此可推测出，作者说“幼儿园确实是新的一年级”，是为了表明如今在幼儿园里孩子被要求学习一年级应该学习的东西。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据画线词所在句的前一句“Until recently, school-readiness skills weren’t high on anyone’s agenda, nor was the idea that the youngest learners might be disqualified from moving on to the next stage.(直到最近，入学准备技能还没有成为任何人议程上的重点，最年轻的学生可能会被取消进入下一阶段的资格这种想法也并不多。)”可知，在早些时候，孩子们不必非要在幼儿园掌握入学准备技能，也不会被取消进入下一阶段学习的资格。画线词所在句中的But表明前后文之间是转折关系，由此可推测出，该句与上句情况相反，说的是幼儿园成了小学的把关人，而不是欢迎席，这说明没有在幼儿园掌握入学准备技能的孩子可能不被允许进入小学学习。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“And yet, even as pre-schoolers are learning more pre-academic skills at earlier ages, I’ve heard many teachers say that they seem somehow less curious and less engaged than the kids of earlier generations.(然而，尽管学龄前儿童在更早的时候就开始学习更多的学前技能，但我听到许多老师说，他们似乎没有前几代的孩子那么好奇，也没有那么投入。)”可知，学龄前的孩子虽然过早学习了更多的技能，但这些孩子没有以前的孩子有好奇心，做事情也没有特别投入。由此可推测出，作者想要表达如今的学前教育并不成功。故选C。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“The same educational policies that are publishing academic goals down to ever earlier levels seem to be contributing to the fact that young children are gaining fewer skills, not more.(同样的教育政策将学业目标降到了更早的水平，这似乎导致了幼儿获得的技能越来越少，而不是越来越多)”可知，本篇文章主要论述了“揠苗助长”式的幼儿教育对学龄前的孩子造成了伤害，过早开始给幼儿灌输学龄孩子才需掌握的技能并没有给孩子带来好处。由此可推测出，B项“新式学前教育是怎样在摧残孩子的”最适合做本文标题。故选B。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市实验学校·期末） A simple piece of rope hangs between some environmentally friendly Americans and their neighbors. On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as a wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO2 per household every year). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist, calls “what-I-can-do environmentalism.” But the other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on visual grounds. Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look unattractive but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have led to a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for making laws to protect the choice to use clotheslines. Only three states — Florida, Hawaii and Utah — have laws written broadly enough to protect clotheslines. Right-to-dry advocates argue that there should be more. Matt Reck is the kind of eco-conscious guy who feeds his trees with bathwater and recycles condensation drops (冷凝水) from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But Otto Hagen, president of Reck’s HOA in Wake Forest, N.C．, notified him that a neighbor had complained about his line. The Recks ignored the warning and still dry their clothes on a rope in the yard. “Many people claim to be environmentally friendly but don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. HOAs Hagen has decided to hold off taking action. “I’m not going to go crazy,” he says. “But if Matt keeps his line and more neighbors complains, I’ll have to address it again.” North Carolina lawmakers tried and failed earlier this year to insert language into an energy bill that would expressly prevent HOAs from regulating clotheslines. But the issue remains a touchy one with HOAs and real estate agents. “Most visual restrictions are rooted. to a degree, in the belief that homogenous (统一协调的) external appearance are supportive of property value,” says Sara Stubbins, executive director of the Community Association Institute’s North Carolina chapter. In other words, associations worry that housing prices will fall if prospective buyers think their would-be neighbors are too poor to afford dryers. Alexander Lee dismisses the notion that clotheslines devalue property advocating that the idea “needs to change in light of global warming.” “We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint,” Alexander Lee says. 25．What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage of using clothes dryers? A．Electricity consumption. B．Air pollution. C．Waste of energy. D．Ugly looking. 26．Which of the following is INCORRECT? A．Opposers think air-drying laundry would devalue surrounding property. B．Opposers consider the outdoor clothesline as an eyesore to the scenery. C．Right-to-dry movements led to the pass of written laws to protect clotheslines. D．Most of states in the US have no written laws to protect clotheslines. 27．In the last paragraph Alexander Lee recommends that ______. A．clotheslines should be banned in the community B．clotheslines wouldn’t lessen the property values C．the globe would become warmer and warmer D．we should protect the environment in the community 28．An appropriate title for the passage might be ______. A．Opinions on Environmental Protection B．Opinions on Air-drying Laundry C．What-I-Can-Do Environmentalism D．Restrictions on Clotheslines 【答案】25．D 26．C 27．D 28．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要描述了关于干衣机到底是不是能源浪费，我们要不要使用晾衣绳的辩论。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段的“But On the other side are people who oppose air-drying laundry outside on visual grounds.(但另一方面，也有人以美观为由反对在室外风干衣服)”可知，干衣机的缺点不包括不美观。故选D。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Increasingly, they have persuaded community and homeowners associations (HOAs) access the U.S. to ban outdoor clotheslines, which they say not only look unattractive but also lower surrounding property values. Those actions, in turn, have led to a right-to-dry movement that is pressing for making laws to protect the choice to use clotheslines.(他们越来越多地说服社区和房主协会进入美国，禁止在户外晾衣绳，他们说，晾衣绳不仅看起来不美观，还会降低周围房产的价值。这些行为反过来又引发了一场“干衣权”运动，该运动正在敦促立法保护使用晾衣绳的选择权)”可知，“干衣权”没有导致保护晾衣绳的成文法的通过。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“We all have to do at least something to decrease our carbon footprint(我们都必须至少做些什么来减少我们的碳足迹)”可知，在最后一段Alexander Lee建议我们应该保护社区的环境。故选D。 28．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是尤其是第一段的“On one side stand those who have begun to see clothes dryers as a wasteful consumers of energy (up to 6% of total electricity) and powerful emitters of carbon dioxide (up to a ton of CO2 per household every year). As an alternative, they are turning to clotheslines as part of what Alexander Lee, an environmentalist、calls “what-l-can-do environmentalism.”(一方面，有些人已经开始将干衣机视为能源浪费者（占总电力的6%）和二氧化碳排放者（每户每年排放一吨二氧化碳）。作为另一种选择，他们转向晾衣绳，这是环保主义者Alexander Lee所说的“我能做什么”环保主义的一部分)”可知，本文主要描述了关于干衣机到底是不是能源浪费，我们要不要使用晾衣绳的辩论。由此可知，最好的题目是B选项“Opinions on Air-drying Laundry(关于风干衣物的意见)”。故选B。 1 / 22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $