专题03 完形填空（期末真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 精选上海多所重点中学高一下期末完形填空真题，围绕人与社会、自我、自然三大主题，融合超加工食品健康风险、春节橘子文化、植物免疫分子研究等真实情境，考查语言运用与逻辑思维能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |完形填空|6篇90题|词汇辨析（如make up/crowd out）、逻辑连接（如However/After all）、文化理解（春节橘子象征意义）|以科技前沿（植物免疫分子）、社会热点（社交媒体求职）、文化传承（传统节日习俗）为素材，通过上下文语境考查学生词汇运用与推理能力，匹配高一下学期语言能力与思维品质培养要求。|

专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·上海市进才中学·期末） Ultra-Processed Food Could Be Taking Years off Your Life They’re cheap, convenient, and engineered to taste oddly delicious — but new research suggests that eating a diet high in ultra-processed food could quietly increase your risk of dying years earlier than expected. A massive international study published this week in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine analyzed data from more than 240,000 adults across eight countries and found a clear 1 between diets high in ultra-processed foods and premature death. Specifically, the researchers estimated that in the. U. S., up to 14% of all early deaths — defined as dying between ages 30 and 69 — could be 2 to these types of foods. “The findings support that ultra-processed food 3 contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in many countries,” the researchers wrote, adding that reducing these foods should be part of public health policy. That might sound 4 , but it tracks with what nutrition experts have been saying for years. Ultra-processed foods — packaged items loaded with additives, flavor enhancers, stabilizers, and preservatives — 5 about 70% of the modern food supply. That includes chips, sodas, frozen meals, sugary cereals, protein bars, and even many items that look healthy on the surface. “These are foods that definitely don’t exist in nature by themselves,” said dietitian Scott Keatley, R. D．, explaining that they’re built for shelf life and addictive flavor, not 6 . Beyond the lack of vitamins or fiber, ultra-processed foods tend to 7 out whole foods that actually support health. According to Keatley, this dietary shift 8 the risk of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, visceral fat buildup, and DNA damage — factors that are all linked to heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. “Over time, the cumulative (累积的) damage can 9 years off a lifespan,” he said, “especially in people who are already metabolically vulnerable.” That doesn’t mean you have to live on kale (羽衣甘蓝) and salmon forever. Dietitian Jessica Cording, R. D．, recommends a balanced 85/15 10 . This means eating mostly whole foods, while still leaving room for 11 processed options. “It’s not 12 that the foods are a one-way ticket to early death,” she said. “But it’s more like there are things that happen because of them.” Even within the ultra-processed 13 , some choices are better than others. A fortified (营养强化的) plant milk or a low-sugar protein bar is miles better than a sleeve of frosted pastries. But nutritionists agree: chips, soda, and frozen desserts shouldn't be your main dietary 14 . 15 , what you eat most often — not occasionally — is what ends up shaping your long-term health. 1．A．contrast B．sign C．fault D．connection 2．A．attributed B．submitted C．distributed D．restricted 3．A．production B．intake C．transport D．storage 4．A．dramatic B．appealing C．selective D．established 5．A．put up B．bring up C．make up D．push up 6．A．calorie B．nutrition C．contribution D．satisfaction 7．A．crowd B．run C．burn D．work 8．A．maps B．marks C．raises D．ruins 9．A．add B．drive C．pick D．shave 10．A．conclusion B．procedure C．gap D．approach 11．A．occasional B．multiple C．complex D．eventual 12．A．originally B．deliberately C．practically D．essentially 13．A．schedule B．category C．reach D．program 14．A．requests B．channels C．characters D．directions 15．A．In turn B．After all C．To conclude D．On purpose 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项研究发现，食用大量超加工食品可能会增加早逝风险，营养专家建议以全食物为主，适量摄入加工食品，并指出长期饮食习惯对健康有决定性影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：本周发表在《美国预防医学杂志》上的一项大规模国际研究分析了来自八个国家的24万多名成年人的数据，发现饮食中超加工食品含量高与早逝之间存在明显联系。A. contrast对比；B. sign迹象；C. fault错误；D. connection联系。根据下文“Specifically, the researchers estimated that in the. U. S., up to 14% of all early deaths —  defined as dying between ages 30 and 69 — could be ____2____ to these types of foods.”可知，研究人员估计，在美国，30岁至69岁之间的所有早逝者中，多达14%的早逝可归因于超加工食品，由此可知，研究中发现了饮食中超加工食品含量高与早逝之间存在明显的“联系”。故选D项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：具体来说，研究人员估计，在美国，30岁至69岁之间的所有早逝者中，多达14%的早逝可归因于这些类型的食品。A. attributed归因于；B. submitted提交；C. distributed分配；D. restricted限制。根据上文“a clear ____1____ between diets high in ultra-processed foods and premature death”可知，饮食中超加工食品含量高与早逝之间存在着联系，由此可知，此处指的是多达14%的早逝可“归因于”超加工食品。故选A项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员写道：“这些发现支持了超加工食品的摄入导致了许多国家疾病负担的加重。”，并补充说，减少这些食品的摄入应该是公共卫生政策的一部分。A. production生产；B. intake摄入；C. transport运输；D. storage储存。根据下文“reducing these foods should be part of public health policy”可知，减少超加工食品的摄入应该是公共卫生政策的一部分，由此可知，此处指的是超加工食品的“摄入”对疾病负担有显著影响。故选B项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来可能很夸张，但与营养专家多年来的说法是一致的。A. dramatic夸张的；B. appealing吸引人的；C. selective选择性的；D. established已确立的。根据下文“but it tracks with what nutrition experts have been saying for years.”可知，这与营养专家多年来的说法是一致的，结合表示转折关系的“but”可知，此处指的是这听起来可能很“夸张”。故选A项。 5．考查动词短语辨析。句意：超加工食品 —— 添加了添加剂、调味增强剂、稳定剂和防腐剂的包装食品 —— 约占现代食品供应的70%。A. put up搭建；B. bring up提出；C. make up组成，占（比例）；D. push up提高。根据下文“about 70% of the modern food supply”可知，此处指的是超加工食品约“占”现代食品供应的70%。故选C项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：营养师Scott Keatley解释说：“这些食物在自然界中肯定是不存在的”，并解释说，它们是为了保质期和令人上瘾的味道而设计的，而不是为了营养。A. calorie卡路里；B. nutrition营养；C. contribution贡献；D. satisfaction满意。根据上文“These are foods that definitely don’t exist in nature by themselves”以及“they’re built for shelf life and addictive flavor”可知，超加工食品为保质期和成瘾性口味而设计，而非“营养”。故选B项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了缺乏维生素或纤维外，超加工食品往往会排挤掉真正有益健康的天然食品。A. crowd挤满；B. run跑；C. burn燃烧；D. work工作。根据下文“According to Keatley, this dietary shift ____8____ the risk of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, visceral fat buildup, and DNA damage — factors that are all linked to heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes.”可知，这种饮食转变会增加患慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗、内脏脂肪堆积和DNA损伤的风险，而这些因素都与心脏病、癌症和2型糖尿病有关，由此可知，此处指的是超加工食品往往会“排挤掉”真正有益健康的天然食品。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Keatley表示，这种饮食转变会增加患慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗、内脏脂肪堆积和DNA损伤的风险，而这些因素都与心脏病、癌症和2型糖尿病有关。A. maps绘制地图；B. marks标记；C. raises提高；D. ruins毁坏。根据下文“factors that are all linked to heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes”可知，这些因素都与心脏病、癌症和2型糖尿病有关，由此可知，此处指的是这种饮食转变会“增加”患慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗、内脏脂肪堆积和DNA损伤的风险。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说：“随着时间的推移，累积的损害可能会缩短寿命，尤其是对于那些代谢功能已经较弱的人来说。”A. add增加；B. drive驾驶；C. pick挑选；D. shave剃须，削减。根据上文“the cumulative (累积的) damage”以及下文“especially in people who are already metabolically vulnerable”可知，累积的损害对代谢功能已经较弱的人来说，可能会“缩短”寿命。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：营养师Jessica Cording建议采取平衡的85/15饮食方法。A. conclusion结论；B. procedure程序；C. gap缺口；D. approach方法。根据下文的“This means eating mostly whole foods, while still leaving room for ____11____ processed options.”可知，这意味着主要吃天然食品，同时仍然为偶尔的加工食品留出空间，由此可知，此处指的是营养师Jessica Cording建议采取平衡的85/15饮食“方法”。故选D项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着主要吃天然食品，同时仍然为偶尔的加工食品留出空间。A. occasional偶尔的；B. multiple多个的；C. complex复杂的；D. eventual最终的。根据上文“This means eating mostly whole foods”以及下文“It’s not ____12____ that the foods are a one-way ticket to early death”可知，主要吃天然食品，但这些食物并不是早逝的必然原因，由此可知，此处指的是仍然为“偶尔的”加工食品留出空间。故选A项。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：她说：“这些食物本质上并不是早逝的必然原因。”A. originally最初；B. deliberately故意地；C. practically实际上；D. essentially本质上。根据下文“But it’s more like there are things that happen because of them.”可知，但更像是因为它们而发生了一些事情，由此可知，此处指的是这些食物“本质上”并不是早逝的必然原因。故选D项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：即使在超加工食品类别中，有些选择也比其他选择更好。A. schedule时间表；B. category类别；C. reach范围；D. program程序。根据下文“A fortified (营养强化的) plant milk or a low-sugar protein bar is miles better than a sleeve of frosted pastries.”可知，营养强化的植物奶或低糖蛋白棒比一袋糖霜糕点要好得多，由此可知，此处指的是即使在超加工食品“类别”中，有些选择也比其他选择更好。故选B项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但营养学家一致认为：薯片、苏打水和冷冻甜点不应该是你饮食的主要角色。A. requests请求；B. channels频道；C. characters角色，特征；D. directions方向。根据上文“some choices are better than others”以及“A fortified (营养强化的) plant milk or a low-sugar protein bar is miles better than a sleeve of frosted pastries”可知，即使在超加工食品类别中，有些选择也比其他选择更好，由此可知，此处指的是薯片、苏打水和冷冻甜点不应该是你饮食的主要“角色”。故选C项。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，你经常吃的东西 —— 而不是偶尔吃的东西 —— 才是最终决定你长期健康状况的因素。A. In turn依次；B. After all毕竟；C. To conclude总之；D. On purpose故意地。根据下文的“what you eat most often — not occasionally — is what ends up shaping your long-term health.”以及上文内容可知，这里是对上文的转折性总结，即“毕竟”长期健康由日常饮食决定。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市育才中学·期末） In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be 1 without oranges. The sweet fruit not only adorns decorated homes, but also 2 as a good snack for visitors because it peels easily. The popularity of the fruit during the festive season has a long history. As early as the Qing Dynasty, Chinese parents would 3 fruit like oranges, dates (枣子) or persimmons (柿子) beside their children’s pillows, along with red envelopes under the pillow. The tradition was meant to 4 monsters from folk tales. The children would then eat the fruit upon waking up the next morning. There are many 5 for why oranges have come to be considered such a lucky symbol. A major part of that comes from pronunciation. Some say the Mandarin pronunciation of the fruit “ju” sounds like the word for “ji” (good luck). Others 6 its Cantonese pronunciation “gam,” which is the same as the word “gold.” The Chinese are known for a good amount of “luck talk” during Chinese New Year. The practice is believed to be a sign of good 7 for the rest of the year. Other fruit considered auspicious in Chinese culture include the apple, a homophone for “ 8 ” and the lychee, a homophone for “profit.” 9 , of course, is nearly as popular as the orange during the festival. Besides having an auspicious ring to its name, the reddish golden color and round shape of oranges are also 10 seen as symbols of good luck. They’ve even 11 Chinese art lasting thousands of years. The 12 poem The Orange Tree by the Warring States period poet Qu Yuan sings the praises of a young man, with the fruit and tree as its central metaphor. A letter to a friend by Wang Xizhi, 13 by a gift of oranges, remains the great calligrapher’s most famous passages nearly 2,000 years later. Today, the orange is such a popular fruit that people will shell out for the highest quality ones they can find. Meanwhile, the rest looking to buy regular, 14 oranges usually have to deal with demand-driven price rises during Chinese New Year. The fruit has become practically a(an) 15 for the most important holiday in almost every household in China. 1．A．capable B．complete C．complex D．common 2．A．regards B．creates C．serves D．stands 3．A．supply B．place C．carry D．deliver 4．A．set off B．put off C．ward off D．show off 5．A．explanations B．contributions C．conclusions D．occasions 6．A．attach to B．point to C．contribute to D．object to 7．A．attitude B．fortune C．attempt D．benefit 8．A．bonus B．affair C．advance D．safety 9．A．either B．neither C．something D．everything 10．A．barely B．widely C．causally D．necessarily 11．A．blocked B．inspired C．assembled D．approached 12．A．typical B．ancient C．ordinary D．critical 13．A．adapted B．aroused C．accompanied D．assessed 14．A．autonomous B．affordable C．artificial D．apparent 15．A．alternative B．attempt C．base D．necessity 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．B 8．D 9．B 10．B 11．B 12．B 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了橘子在中国春节庆祝活动中的重要性及原因。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在中国，没有橘子的春节庆祝活动是不完整的。A. capable有能力的；B. complete完整的；C. complex复杂的；D. common常见的。根据下文“The sweet fruit not only adorns decorated homes, but also _____ as a good snack for visitors because it peels easily.”可知，橘子有装饰作用，还很方便食用，由此可知，橘子是春节必备的水果，没有橘子的春节庆祝活动是不完整的。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种甜美的水果不仅装扮着装饰精美的房屋，而且因为容易去皮，也可用作款待客人的好零食。A. regards把……视为；B. creates创造；C. serves可用作，接待；D. stands站立。根据句中“because it peels easily”可知，橘子容易去皮，由此可知，橘子可用作款待客人的好零食。故选C项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：早在清朝，中国父母就会在孩子的枕头旁放橘子、枣子或柿子等水果，枕头下放红包。A. supply供应；B. place放置；C. carry携带；D. deliver递送。根据句中“along with red envelopes under the pillow”可知，中国父母在孩子的枕头下放红包，由此可知，他们把橘子、枣子或柿子等水果放置在孩子的枕头旁。故选B项。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这个传统是为了避开民间故事中的怪物。A. set off启程；B. put off推迟；C. ward off避开；D. show off炫耀。根据句中“monsters from folk tales”和中国传统文化可知，把橘子、枣子或柿子等水果放置在孩子的枕头旁是为了避开民间故事中的怪物。故选C项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于为什么橘子被认为是如此幸运的象征，有很多解释。A. explanations解释；B. contributions贡献；C. conclusions结论；D. occasions时机。根据下文“A major part of that comes from pronunciation.”可知，橘子被认为是幸运的象征的部分原因是它的发音，由此可知，下文在解释为什么橘子被认为是幸运的象征。故选A项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：其他人则指出它的广东话发音“gam”，与“gold (金子)”一词相同。A. attach to附加到；B. point to指出（问题或事实）；C. contribute to有助于；D. object to反对。根据句中“its Cantonese pronunciation “gam,” which is the same as the word “gold.””可知，橘子的广东话发音也是它被认为是幸运的象征的原因，由此可知，其他人指出了这个原因。故选B项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种做法被认为是今年剩余时间好运的征兆。A. attitude态度；B. fortune运气；C. attempt尝试；D. benefit益处。根据上文“The Chinese are known for a good amount of “luck talk” during Chinese New Year.”和中国文化可知，中国人在春节期间说大量的“吉利话”，这种做法是为了今年能有好运气。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中国文化中，其他被视为吉祥的水果包括苹果和荔枝，苹果是“平安”的谐音，荔枝是“利润”的谐音。A. bonus奖金；B. affair事件；C. advance进步；D. safety平安。根据句中“apple”和中国文化可知，“apple”的中文发音是“苹果”，是“平安”的谐音，所以被视为吉祥的水果。故选D项。 9．考查代词词义辨析。句意：当然，这两种水果在节日期间都不如橙子受欢迎。A. either（两者中的）任何一个；B. neither两者都不；C. something某物，某事；D. everything每件事。根据上文“In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be _____ without oranges.”和中国文化可知，橘子是春节期间必不可少的水果，由此可知，苹果和荔枝都不如它受欢迎，“neither”意为“两者都不”，符合语境。故选B项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：除了名字有一个吉祥的特点外，橘子的红金色和圆形也被广泛认为是好运的象征。A. barely几乎不；B. widely广泛地；C. causally有原因地；D. necessarily必要地。根据上文“In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be _____ without oranges.”和中国文化可知，橘子是春节期间必不可少的水果，由此可知，因为它的颜色和形状，它被广泛认为是好运的象征。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们甚至激励延续数千年的中国艺术。A. blocked阻塞；B. inspired激励；C. assembled组装；D. approached接近。根据下文“The _____ poem The Orange Tree by the Warring States period poet Qu Yuan sings the praises of a young man, with the fruit and tree as its central metaphor.”可知，屈原的古诗《橘颂》是以橘喻人，由此可知，橘子激励了中国艺术。故选B项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：战国诗人屈原的古诗《橘颂》歌颂了一个年轻人，以水果和树为中心隐喻。A. typical典型的；B. ancient古代的；C. ordinary普通的；D. critical关键的。根据句中“The Orange Tree by the Warring States period poet Qu Yuan”可知，《橘颂》是战国诗人屈原的诗，由此可知，这是一首古代的诗歌。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：王羲之给朋友的一封信，伴随着一份橘子礼物，近2000年后，仍然是这位伟大书法家最著名的文章。A. adapted适应；B. aroused激起；C. accompanied伴随；D. assessed评估。根据句中“A letter to a friend by Wang Xizhi, _____ by a gift of oranges”可知，句中涉及的是王羲之的《奉橘贴》，是王羲之给朋友的一封信，伴随着一份橘子礼物。故选C项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，其他希望购买普通的、买得起的橘子的人通常不得不应对中国新年期间需求驱动的价格上涨。A. autonomous自主的；B. affordable买得起的；C. artificial人造的；D. apparent显而易见的。根据句中“regular”可知，有些人希望买的买普通、买得起的橘子，所以要应对价格上涨问题。故选B项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种水果几乎已经成为中国每个家庭最重要节日的必需品。A. alternative可选择的事物；B. attempt尝试；C. base基础；D. necessity必需品。根据上文“In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be _____ without oranges.”可知，在中国，没有橘子的春节庆祝活动是不完整的，由此可知，它几乎已经成为中国每个家庭最重要节日的必需品。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市同济大学第二附属中学·期末） One of the quickest ways to get a job lately has been to announce on social media that you were laid off (解雇). Despite the overall strength of the job market, layoffs have been increasing in recent months. Companies in the entertainment, automotive, and financial industries, such as Netflix, Tesla, and JPMorgan Chase, have all announced layoffs, and more are 1 in the technology, aerospace, and travel sectors. However, many recently laid-off 2 are turning to social media platforms to share their experiences and seek new employment opportunities. What was once considered an embarrassing no-no has now become a(n) 3 step to show one’s toughness and readiness for new challenges. Nathan Felt, 4 , shared his layoff experience online after losing his position as a director of product design at Guaranteed Rate. He expressed a mix of disappointment and hope for the future, and provided a podcast discussing how 5 can lead to growth opportunities. His post, which did not 6 ask for a job, received numerous responses, including several job offers. He eventually started a new role as a product-design leader at Amazon. Career coaches advise job seekers to avoid 7 sadness in their online posts. 8 , they suggest expressing gratitude for their previous employment and conveying eagerness for new opportunities. Liz Maupin, a marketing producer in Los Angeles, posted about her being fired. She wrote, “If you hear of anything, I’m a lovely producer and am 9 about keeping working.” Within 24 hours, she was flooded with responses, and one of them turned into a job offer, which she described as “ 10 ”. Others who have successfully found new jobs through social media emphasize the importance of providing 11 information, such as job titles, experience levels, and their value to a team. Sarah Nelson, who works in human resources, 12 her layoff from a San Francisco firm on a social media platform. She 13 in conversations with several companies. Recently she started a new remote job as a recruiter (招聘人员) with Dandy, an online dental lab platform, in Scottsdale, Ariz. Silvia Fuentes, who revealed her layoff last week, specified that she was seeking a mid-level digital product designer role. She included the phrase “hmu” (“hit me up”, meaning “contact me”) in her 14 for job opportunities. She was 15 by several professionals online in no time, and she has had a few initial conversations so far. 1．A．maintained B．advocated C．expected D．disciplined 2．A．travellers B．bikers C．individuals D．employers 3．A．risky B．false C．dangerous D．effective 4．A．on the whole B．in particular C．as a result D．for example 5．A．shelters B．failures C．achievements D．promotions 6．A．directly B．gratefully C．randomly D．commonly 7．A．funding B．displaying C．overlooking D．doubting 8．A．Instead B．Otherwise C．Moreover D．Meanwhile 9．A．flexible B．passionate C．alert D．confused 10．A．accidental B．romantic C．stressful D．amazing 11．A．classified B．statistical C．detailed D．timely 12．A．publicized B．negotiated C．battled D．caused 13．A．specialized B．believed C．engaged D．investigated 14．A．request B．priority C．signal D．praise 15．A．shut up B．logged out C．called off D．tracked down 【答案】 1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．B 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．B 10．D 11．C 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分享了多个真实案例，表明越来越多被裁员工通过社交媒体宣布被解雇的信息，以真诚态度分享经历、展示能力，快速获得新工作机会。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：娱乐、汽车和金融行业的公司，如网飞、特斯拉和摩根大通，都宣布了裁员，科技、航空航天和旅游业预计也将有更多裁员。A. maintained维持；B. advocated提倡；C. expected预期；D. disciplined训练。根据上文“Companies in the entertainment, automotive, and financial industries, such as Netflix, Tesla, and JPMorgan Chase, have all announced layoffs”和下文“in the technology, aerospace, and travel sectors”可知，在描述完娱乐、汽车和金融行业的公司裁员的现状后，此处指预计科技、航空航天和旅游业有更多裁员。故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，许多最近被解雇的个人转向社交媒体平台分享他们的经历，寻找新的就业机会。A. travellers旅行者；B. bikers骑行者；C. individuals个人；D. employers雇主。根据上文“Companies in the entertainment, automotive, and financial industries, such as Netflix, Tesla, and JPMorgan Chase, have all announced layoffs”可知，此处指那些被公司解雇的个人。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：曾经被认为是令人尴尬的禁忌，现在却成为展示一个人的坚韧和准备迎接新挑战的有效步骤。A. risky冒险的；B. false虚假的；C. dangerous危险的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“One of the quickest ways to get a job lately has been to announce on social media that you were laid off (解雇).”可知，在社交媒体上宣布自己被解雇可以很快找到工作，因此是指成为有效步骤。故选D。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，Nathan Felt在失去了Guaranteed Rate产品设计总监的职位后，在网上分享了他的裁员经历。A. on the whole总体而言；B. in particular特别；C. as a result因此；D. for example例如。根据上文“However, many recently laid-off ___2___ are turning to social media platforms to share their experiences and seek new employment opportunities.”和“Nathan Felt”可知，上一段总的描述被解雇的人求职的方法，本段开始用具体的案例进行说明，此处用for example“例如”引出Nathan Felt的案例。故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他在表达失望的同时，也展现了未来的希望，并发布了一期播客，探讨失败如何带来成长机会。A. shelters庇护所；B. failures失败；C. achievements成就；D. promotions晋升。根据上文“after losing his position as a director of product design at Guaranteed Rate”可知，Nathan失去了Guaranteed Rate产品设计总监的职位，此处指这一失败经历如何带来成长机会。故选B。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他的帖子没有直接寻求工作，但收到了许多回复，其中包括几份工作邀请。A. directly直接地；B. gratefully感激地；C. randomly随机地；D. commonly通常地。根据上文“He expressed a mix of disappointment and hope for the future, and provided a podcast discussing how ___5___ can lead to growth opportunities.”可知，Nathan在帖子中表达的是个人的情绪和观点，并未直接寻求工作。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：职业教练建议求职者避免在网络帖子中显露出悲伤。A. funding资助；B. displaying显露；C. overlooking忽视；D. doubting怀疑。根据下文“they suggest expressing gratitude for their previous employment and conveying eagerness for new opportunities”可知，职业教练建议失去工作的人表达对以前工作的感激之情，并表达对新机会的渴望，因此是要避免显露出悲伤。故选B。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们建议表达对以前工作的感激之情，并表达对新机会的渴望。A. Instead相反；B. Otherwise否则；C. Moreover此外；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上文“Career coaches advise job seekers to avoid ___7___ sadness in their online posts.”可知，上一句提到职业教练建议避免的事项，本句提供替代性的方法，前后是转折关系，应用Instead“相反”引出下文。故选A。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她写道，“如果你听说了什么，我是一个可爱的制片人，我对继续工作充满热情。”A. flexible灵活的；B. passionate热情的；C. alert警觉的；D. confused困惑的。根据上文“they suggest expressing gratitude for their previous employment and conveying eagerness for new opportunities”可知，职业教练建议失去工作的人表达对新机会的渴望，此处是呼应eagerness，Liz写的是自己对继续工作充满热情。故选B。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在24小时内，她收到了大量回复，其中一个变成了工作邀请，她说这“太棒了”。A. accidental偶然的；B. romantic浪漫的；C. stressful有压力的；D. amazing令人惊叹的。根据上文“Within 24 hours, she was flooded with responses, and one of them turned into a job offer”可知，Liz在分享自己的消息后很快就收到了大量回复，其中一个变成了工作邀请，这会让失去工作的她惊叹，她会说这“太棒了”。故选D。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其他通过社交媒体成功找到新工作的人强调提供详细信息的重要性，比如职位、经验水平以及他们对团队的价值。A. classified分类的；B. statistical统计的；C. detailed详细的；D. timely及时的。根据下文“such as job titles, experience levels, and their value to a team”可知，职位、经验水平以及他们对团队的价值都是应该提供的详细信息。故选C。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sarah Nelson在一家旧金山公司从事人力资源工作，她在社交媒体平台上公布了自己被解雇的消息。A. publicized公开；B. negotiated协商；C. battled斗争；D. caused引起。根据上文“One of the quickest ways to get a job lately has been to announce on social media that you were laid off (解雇).”可知，在社交媒体上宣布自己被解雇可以很快找到工作，此处是呼应开头的announce，指Sarah在社交媒体平台上公布了自己被解雇的消息。故选A。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她与几家公司进行了洽谈。A. specialized专门；B. believed相信；C. engaged参与；D. investigated调查。根据上文“her layoff from a San Francisco firm”和下文“in conversations with several companies”可知，失去工作正在求职的Sarah应该是与几家公司进行洽谈，寻找合适的工作机会，engaged in conversations表示“参与谈话”。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她在求职请求中加入了“hmu”（“hit me up”，意思是“联系我”）一词。A. request请求；B. priority优先；C. signal信号；D. praise赞扬。根据上文“Silvia Fuentes, who revealed her layoff last week, specified that she was seeking a mid-level digital product designer role.”可知，Silvia明确表示了自己寻找的职位，因此是在求职请求中加入了“联系我”一词。故选A。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：几位专业人士很快就在网上找到了她，到目前为止，她已经有了几次初步的交谈。A. shut up闭嘴；B. logged out注销；C. called off取消；D. tracked down搜寻到。根据下文“she has had a few initial conversations so far”可知，Silvia已经有了几次初步的交谈，因此她是被几位专业人士搜寻到。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） Today we live in a society structured to promote early bloomers. Our school system has 1 people by the time they are 18, using grades and SAT scores. Some of these people zoom to prestigious academic launching pads while others get left behind. Many prominent models of success, like Bill Gates or Taylor Swift, achieved fame 2 . Magazines publish lists with headlines like “30 Under 30” to 3 youthful superstars on the rise. “Young people are just smarter,” Zuckerberg once declared, a statement that might rank among the most controversial in history. But for many people, the talents that bloom later in life are more 4 than the ones that bloom early. A 2019 study by researchers in Denmark found that, on average, Nobel Prize winners made their crucial discoveries at the age of 44. Even brilliant people apparently need at least a couple of decades to master their field. Successful late bloomers are all around us. Colonel Harland Sanders started Kentucky Fried Chicken in his 60s. Isak Dinesen published the book that 5 her literary reputation, Out of Africa, at 52. If Samuel Johnson had died at 40, few would remember him, but now he is considered one of the greatest writers in the history of the English language. Why do some people 6 later than others? In his book Late Bloomers, the journalist Rich Karlgaard points out that this is really two questions: First, why didn’t these people bloom earlier? Second, what traits or skills did they 7 that enabled them to bloom late? It turns out that late bloomers are not simply early bloomers on a delayed timetable—they didn’t just do the things early bloomers did but at a later age. Late bloomers tend to be 8 different, displaying a different set of abilities that are mostly 9 to or discouraged by our current education system. They usually have to invent their own paths. Late bloomers “fulfill their potential frequently in novel and unexpected ways,” Karlgaard writes, “surprising even those 10 to them.” These people don’t do as much advance planning as the conceptual 11 , but they regard their entire lives as experiments. They try something and learn, and then they try something else and learn more. Their focus is not on their 12 work, which they often toss away haphazardly. Their focus is on the process of learning itself: Am I closer to understanding, to mastering? They live their lives as a long period of 13 , trying this and trying that, a slow process of 14 and elaboration, so the quality of their work peaks late in life. They are the ugly ducklings of human achievement, who, over the decades, turn themselves into 15 . 1．A．united B．sorted C．engaged D．labeled 2．A．overnight B．by chance C．late in life D．at an early age 3．A．marvel B．glorify C．document D．approve 4．A．consequential B．predictable C．respectful D．conclusive 5．A．deserved B．restored C．saved D．established 6．A．bounce back B．hit their peak C．turn over a new leaf D．come into play 7．A．draw B．master C．possess D．lack 8．A．qualitatively B．tremendously C．initially D．distinctly 9．A．subject B．essential C．equivalent D．invisible 10．A．indifferent B．superior C．close D．familiar 11．A．boomers B．seekers C．models D．geniuses 12．A．finished B．worthwhile C．individual D．intellectual 13．A．ebb and flow B．trial and error C．think and act D．hit and miss 14．A．evolution B．accumulation C．progression D．exploitation 15．A．dragons B．phoenixes C．swans D．peacocks 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述晚成者的价值及晚成的原因。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的学校系统在人们18岁时就通过分数和SAT成绩将他们分类。A. united联合；B. sorted分类；C. engaged参与；D. labeled贴标签。根据下文“using grades and SAT scores”可知，学校系统通过分数和SAT成绩将学生分类。故选B。 2．考查介词短语辨析。句意：一些像比尔·盖茨或泰勒·斯威夫特这样的成功典范，在很年轻的时候就取得了名声。A. overnight一夜之间；B. by chance偶然；C. late in life在晚年；D. at an early age在年轻的时候。根据前文“Some of these people zoom to prestigious academic launching pads while others get left behind.”以及后文提到的晚成者可知，此处是在说早成者，即年轻时就取得成功的人。故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：杂志会刊登像“ 30岁或30岁以下”这样的头条来赞美正在崛起的年轻的超级明星。A. marvel惊叹；B. glorify赞美；C. document记录；D. approve批准。根据下文““Young people are just smarter,” Zuckerberg once declared, a statement that might rank among the most controversial in history.”可知，杂志刊登这样的头条是为了赞美这些年轻的超级明星。故选B。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但对许多人来说，晚年才绽放的才能比早年绽放的才能更有意义。A. consequential有意义的；B. predictable可预测的；C. respectful恭敬的；D. conclusive决定性的。根据空后“than the ones that bloom early”以及后文提到的诺贝尔奖获得者在晚年做出重要发现可知，此处是在说晚年绽放的才能更有意义。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：伊萨克·迪内森在52岁时出版了奠定她文学声誉的书《走出非洲》。A. deserved值得；B. restored恢复；C. saved拯救；D. established建立、奠定。根据下文“but now he is considered one of the greatest writers in the history of the English language”可知，他被认为是英语史上最伟大的作家之一，所以说这本书奠定了她的文学声誉。故选D。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：为什么有些人比其他人更晚达到巅峰？A. bounce back反弹；B. hit their peak达到巅峰；C. turn over a new leaf改过自新；D. come into play开始起作用。根据空后“later than others”以及后文提到的晚成者可知，此处是在说为什么有些人比其他人更晚达到巅峰。故选B。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们拥有哪些特质或技能使他们能够晚成？A. draw画；B. master掌握；C. possess拥有；D. lack缺乏。根据下文“It turns out that late bloomers are not simply early bloomers on a delayed timetable — they didn’t just do the things early bloomers did but at a later age.”可知，此处是在说他们拥有哪些特质或技能使他们能够晚成。故选C。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：晚成者往往在本质上有所不同，展示出一套与我们当前教育体系大多忽视或劝阻的能力。A. qualitatively本质上；B. tremendously极大地；C. initially最初；D. distinctly明显地。根据下文“displaying a different set of abilities”可知，晚成者与早成者在本质上是截然不同的。故选A。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. subject受……影响的；B. essential基本的；C. equivalent等价的；D. invisible看不见的，被忽视的。根据空后“to or discouraged by our current education system”可知，晚成者展示的能力大多被当前教育体系忽视或劝阻。故选D。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：卡尔加德写道，晚成者“经常以新颖和意想不到的方式发挥他们的潜力，甚至让那些亲近他们的人都感到惊讶”。A. indifferent漠不关心的；B. superior优越的；C. close亲近的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据空前“surprising even those”以及后文提到的晚成者以新颖和意想不到的方式发挥潜力可知，此处是在说甚至让那些亲近他们的人都感到惊讶。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些人不像概念上的天才那样做太多预先计划，但他们把自己的整个生活都视为实验。A. boomers繁荣者；B. seekers寻求者；C. models模范；D. geniuses天才。根据“but they regard their entire lives as experiments”以及前文提到的晚成者与早成者的不同可知，与晚成者对比的是 “天才型早成者”。故选D。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们的注意力不在于他们完成的作品，他们经常随意地丢弃。A. finished完成的；B. worthwhile值得的；C. individual个人的；D. intellectual智力的。根据下文“which they often toss away haphazardly”可知，他们的注意力不在于完成的作品。故选A。 13．考查名词短语辨析。句意：他们把生活看作是一个漫长的尝试和错误的过程，尝试这个，尝试那个，一个缓慢的积累和完善的过程，所以他们的工作质量在晚年达到顶峰。A. ebb and flow涨落；B. trial and error尝试和错误；C. think and act思考和行动；D. hit and miss碰运气。根据下文“trying this and trying that”可知，他们把生活看作是一个漫长的尝试和错误的过程。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. evolution进化；B. accumulation积累；C. progression进展；D. exploitation开发。根据空后“and elaboration”以及前文提到的尝试和错误的过程可知，此处是在说这是一个缓慢的积累和完善的过程。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们是人类成就中的丑小鸭，几十年后，他们变成了天鹅。A. dragons龙；B. phoenixes凤凰；C. swans天鹅；D. peacocks孔雀。根据前文“the ugly ducklings of human achievement”以及“turn themselves into”可知，此处是在说他们从丑小鸭变成了天鹅，象征着从平凡到卓越的转变。根据常识，通常拿丑小鸭和天鹅作对比，来突出华丽的转身，故选C。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市浦东新区·期末） In the future, we may no longer need chemical pesticides to help crops grow healthily. Chinese scientists have discovered a small molecule called the 2’cADPR in plant cells that can trigger 1 . This molecule holds the potential to be developed into a new type of biopesticide. “Once this biopesticide is put into use, it can 2 when sprayed onto the plant surface and absorbed by the plant,” Wan Li, one of the researchers, told China Daily. “Based on existing scientific knowledge, it potentially can be 3 to different plants and combat many diseases.” Wan’s team studies Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant widely used in biological research. Within its cells, there are around 150 immune sensors, each monitoring for 4 types of “enemies”, such as viruses and harmful bacteria. When one of these sensors 5 a threat, it produces 2’cADPR. This molecule then initiates the plant’s immune response, helping the plant 6 its “shield” of disease resistance. In this 7 , for the plant, 2’cADPR is an exceptionally capable “guard” that can defend against various pathogens (病原体). Scientifically speaking, 2’cADPR is key to the plant’s “broad-spectrum disease resistance”, which means resistance against more than one pathogen species or the majority of races or 8 of the same pathogen. Wan said that the small molecule has already been put into production. The next step is to continue proving its effectiveness in the field and hopefully soon put it into use. 9 , another study jointly conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University and Zhejiang University has 10 a similar broad-spectrum immune pathway in rice. The key molecule in this case is pRib-AMP, which is generated by the OsTIR protein in rice cells. 11 , for immune systems, it’s not always “the stronger, the better”. For both plants and animals, it is crucial to maintain “immune homeostasis (内环境稳定)”, a 12 that allows the immune system to effectively fight off pathogens without 13 or damaging its own tissues. According to the joint study, rice cells achieve this balance through another protein called ROD1, which interacts with OsTIR to prevent it from producing too many pRib-AMP molecules. Wan noted that traditional chemical pesticides harm the environment and 14 health risks. But these special molecules originate from plants themselves and are therefore safe when used properly as biopesticides. This offers a more eco-friendly 15 to protect plants from diseases. 1．A．intensity B．immunity C．particularity D．flexibility 2．A．respond B．occur C．appear D．function 3．A．supplied B．applied C．opposed D．exposed 4．A．general B．random C．specific D．intrinsic 5．A．addresses B．detects C．poses D．creates 6．A．hold up B．take up C．put up D．bring up 7．A．situation B．sense C．case D．scope 8．A．strains B．versions C．variables D．groups 9．A．Meanwhile B．Consequently C．Nevertheless D．Instead 10．A．processed B．realized C．identified D．proved 11．A．Besides B．Moreover C．However D．Therefore 12．A．tendency B．balance C．process D．signal 13．A．overestimating B．overrating C．overusing D．overreacting 14．A．pose B．suggest C．ignore D．manage 15．A．equivalent B．initiative C．preference D．alternative 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．C 8．A 9．A 10．C 11．C 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了中国科学家在植物细胞中发现了一种叫做2’cADPR的小分子，它能触发免疫力。这种分子具有开发成一种新型生物农药的潜力。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：中国科学家在植物细胞中发现了一种名为 2’cADPR的小分子，它能触发免疫力。​A. intensity强度，烈度；B. immunity免疫力；C. particularity特殊性；D. flexibility灵活性​。后文多次提到immune response（免疫反应）、disease resistance（抗病性），且该分子被称为guard（守卫），可知其核心作用是触发植物的“免疫力”。故选B​。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员之一Wan Li告诉《中国日报》：“这种生物农药一旦投入使用，当它被喷洒到植物表面并被植物吸收后就能起作用。”​A. respond反应，响应；B. occur发生；C. appear出现；D. function起作用。​根据常识可知，生物农药的本质是发挥防治疾病的作用，function强调“起作用”，符合“投入使用后发挥功效”的语境。​故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。​句意：基于现有科学知识，它有可能被应用于不同植物并对抗多种疾病。A. supplied供应；B. applied应用；C. opposed反对；D. exposed暴露。根据后文“to different plants and combat many diseases”可知，be applied to是固定搭配，意为“被应用于”，符合“将生物农药推广到不同植物”的语境。​故选B​。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在它的细胞内，大约有150个免疫传感器，每个都监测特定类型的“敌人”，如病毒和有害细菌。A. general普遍的；B. random随机的；C. specific特定的；D. intrinsic内在的。前文each（每个）表明传感器有明确分工，分别针对“特定类型”的敌人（如病毒、细菌各有对应传感器）。​故选C​。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当其中一个传感器检测到威胁时，它会产生 2’cADPR。​A. addresses处理；B. detects检测到；C. poses造成；D. creates创造​。传感器的核心功能是“监测并检测威胁”，detects符合其“发现威胁信号”的作用。故选B。​ 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种分子随后启动植物的免疫反应，帮助植物建立其抗病的“盾牌”。​A. hold up举起，支撑；B. take up开始从事，占据；C. put up建立，竖起；D. bring up抚养，提出​。后文“盾牌（shield）”需要“建立”或“竖起”才能发挥防御作用，put up形象地体现了植物启动抗病屏障的过程。故选C​。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这种情况下，对植物来说，2’cADPR 是一个能力极强的“守卫”，可以抵御各种病原体。​A. situation情况；B. sense意义；C. case情况，案例；D. scope范围​。in this case是固定短语，意为“在这种情况下”，特指前文描述的“2’cADPR启动免疫反应”的具体场景。situation虽可表示“情况”，但case更强调“具体案例”，与 后文“guard”的比喻呼应更紧密。​故选C​。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从科学角度讲，2’cADPR 是植物“广谱抗病性”的关键，这意味着对不止一种病原体物种或同一种病原体的大多数种族或菌株有抗性。A. strains菌株，品系；B. versions版本；C. variables变量；D. groups群体。在生物学中，strains特指同一病原体的不同菌株（如同种细菌的不同变种），与前文“races（种族）”并列，准确描述病原体的细分类型。故选A。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同时，中国科学院、复旦大学和浙江大学联合开展的另一项研究在水稻中发现了类似的广谱免疫通路。A. Meanwhile同时；B. Consequently因此；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Instead反而​。前文介绍拟南芥中的 2’cADPR，此处转而说明水稻中的类似发现，两者是并行的研究成果，无因果或转折关系。Meanwhile表示“同时”，体现研究的并列性，符合逻辑。​故选A。​ 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同时，中国科学院、复旦大学和浙江大学联合开展的另一项研究在水稻中发现了类似的广谱免疫通路。​A. processed处理；B. realized意识到；C. identified识别，发现；D. proved证明​。根据常识可知，科研研究的核心成果是“发现”新的机制或通路，identified强调“识别并确认”，符合“在水稻中发现免疫通路”的语境。​故选C。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于免疫系统来说，并不总是“越强越好”。​A. Besides此外；B. Moreover而且；C. However然而；D. Therefore因此。前文强调免疫通路的“广谱抗病性”优势，此处转而提出“免疫系统并非越强越好”，形成逻辑转折。However表转折，准确衔接前后文的对比关系。​故选C​。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对植物和动物来说，维持 “免疫内环境稳定” 至关重要，这是一种平衡，能让免疫系统有效抵御病原体而不过度反应或损害自身组织。​A. tendency趋势；B. balance平衡；C. process过程；D. signal信号​。上文“immune homeostasis（免疫内环境稳定）”的本质是“平衡”，后文“achieve this balance”直接呼应，说明这是一种“平衡状态”。故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：对植物和动物来说，维持 “免疫内环境稳定” 至关重要，这是一种平衡，能让免疫系统有效抵御病原体而不过度反应或损害自身组织。A. overestimating高估；B. overrating高估；C. overusing过度使用；D. overreacting过度反应​。根据常识可知，免疫系统若“过度反应”，可能错误攻击自身组织，与“损害自身组织”构成并列，符合“免疫平衡”的反面描述。​故选D​。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Wan指出，传统化学农药危害环境并造成健康风险。A. pose造成；B. suggest暗示；C. ignore忽视；D. manage管理。pose health risks 是固定搭配，意为“造成健康风险”，准确描述化学农药的负面影响。​故选A​。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这为保护植物免受疾病侵害提供了一种更环保的替代方案。A. equivalent等价物；B. initiative倡议；C. preference偏好；D. alternative替代方案​。生物农药与传统化学农药形成对比，是更环保的“替代方案”。alternative强调“可替代的选择”，符合“用新型农药替代传统农药”的语境。equivalent强调“等同性”，与“更环保”的优势矛盾。​故选D​。 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市上海交通大学附属中学·期末） A great deal of what is taught in a university environment is theory and not fact. Although 1 actual evidence, the majority of thinking is conclusions that writers and researches have drawn from their analysis of relevant data. Writers and researchers 2 ideas about what is going on in the world and then research evidence to support or challenge these ideas. 3 , academic debate is founded on an exchange of ideas or theories. If one person puts forward an idea or theory, then other people will often put forward 4 . When you as a student writer/researcher enter a debate, you become part of this ongoing discussion contributing to the body of knowledge surrounding the issue under discussion. For example, Piaget’s and Donaldson’s views 5 on how children develop. Piaget proposed that children’s thinking does not develop entirely smoothly. 6 , there are certain points at which it takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities. Piaget saw these transitions as taking place at about 18months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that 7 these ages children are not capable of understanding concepts and/or ideas in certain ways. Piaget’s proposal has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum. On the other hand, Donaldson’s theory focuses on the concept of embedded (嵌入式的) and disembedded thinking. Thinking that is placed in a familiar context makes “human” sense and is more easily understood by children who are able to 8 with it. When children are asked to do something outside their limits of human sense—that is, when something is 9 —their thinking is disembedded and it fails to make sense. Donaldson challenged Piaget’s theory of children having a 10 on their thinking. She encouraged practioners, like teachers, to 11 what children are able to do rather than focusing on the things they cannot do. She believed that in order to educate young children effectively, practitioners must decentre and try to present things from 12 point of view. What this means for you is that, while there is often a(n) 13 viewpoint on a particular issue, there will be other viewpoints that you can explore and analyze through literature. To be able to think critically, you must be willing to question your own views and be 14 the ideas and views of others. You also need to be confident enough to recognize that just because something is in print does not mean it is 15 . 1．A．prepared for B．devoted to C．measured by D．based on 2．A．suggest B．confirm C．abandon D．appreciate 3．A．As usual B．Above all C．In detail D．In fact 4．A．proofs B．alternatives C．plans D．solutions 5．A．depend B．differ C．insist D．agree 6．A．Instead B．Nevertheless C．Consequently D．Meanwhile 7．A．between B．after C．before D．at 8．A．leave B．grow C．reason D．stick 9．A．unfamiliar B．uninteresting C．insensible D．independent 10．A．focus B．ceiling C．suggestion D．conclusion 11．A．take over B．make up C．put aside D．seek out 12．A．a parent’s B．a teacher’s C．a child’s D．an expert’s 13．A．opposing B．original C．dominant D．defensive 14．A．good for B．particular about C．satisfied with D．open to 15．A．unique B．true C．typical D．clear 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．D 12．C 13．C 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了大学教育环境中理论与实践的关系，以及学术辩论的重要性，同时通过皮亚杰（Piaget）和唐纳森（Donaldson）关于儿童发展理论的对比，强调了批判性思维在学术研究和日常学习中的必要性。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：虽然基于实际证据，但大多数想法是作者和研究人员从分析相关数据中得出的结论。A. prepared for为……做好准备；B. devoted to致力于；C. measured by以……来衡量；D. based on基于。根据下文“actual evidence, the majority of thinking is conclusions that writers and researches have drawn from their analysis of relevant data”可知，想法是基于实际证据的。故选D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作家和研究人员提出关于世界上正在发生什么的想法，然后研究证据来支持或挑战这些想法。A. suggest提议；B. confirm确认；C. abandon抛弃；D. appreciate欣赏。根据上文“Writers and researchers”和下文“ideas about what is going on in the world”可知，作家和研究人员提出一些想法。故选A。 3．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，学术辩论是建立在思想或理论交流的基础上的。A. As usual像往常一样；B. Above all首先；C. In detail详细地；D. In fact事实上。根据下文“academic debate is founded on an exchange of ideas or theories”可知，学术辩论是建立在思想或理论交流的基础上的，这是客观事实，空格处意为“事实上”。故选D。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果一个人提出了某个想法或理论，那么其他人往往会提出不同的看法。A. proofs证明；B. alternatives备选方案；C. plans计划；D. solutions解决办法。根据下文“When you as a student writer/researcher enter a debate”可知，如果一个人提出一个想法，那其他人就会提出不同的看法，空格处意为“备选方案”。故选B。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，皮亚杰和唐纳森对儿童如何发展的看法不同。A. depend依靠；B. differ不同；C. insist坚持；D. agree同意。根据下文“Piaget proposed that children’s thinking does not develop entirely smoothly”和“Piaget saw these transitions as taking place at about 18months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years”可知，皮亚杰和唐纳森对儿童如何发展的看法不同。故选B。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，在某些特定的点上，它会获得成功并进入全新的领域和功能。A. Instead相反；B. Nevertheless然而，不过；C. Consequently因此，结果；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上文“children’s thinking does not develop entirely smoothly”和下文“there are certain points at which it takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities”可知，儿童的思维发展并非完全平稳，相反，在某些特定阶段，儿童的思维会取得飞跃，空格处意为“相反”。故选A。 7．考查介词词义辨析。句意：这被认为意味着在这些年龄之前，儿童无法以某些方式理解概念和/或想法。A. between在……之间；B. after在……之后；C. before在……之前；D. at处于……状态。根据上文“these transitions as taking place at about 18months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years”和下文“these ages children are not capable of understanding concepts”可知，思维的转变大约发生在18个月、7岁以及11或12岁时，所以在这些年龄之前，儿童无法理解一些概念。故选C。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：嵌入在熟悉情境中的思维对儿童来说具有“人性化”意义，因此更容易被能够进行推理的儿童所理解。A. leave离开；B. grow成长；C. reason推理；D. stick粘，贴。根据上文“more easily understood by children who are able to”可知，能够推理的儿童更容易理解一些概念。故选C。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：而当儿童被要求做一些超出他们“人性化”理解范围的事情时——即当事情不熟悉时——他们的思维就会变得非嵌入式，无法理解。A. unfamiliar不熟悉的；B. uninteresting无趣的；C. insensible无知觉的；D. independent独立的。根据上文“outside their limits of human sense”可知，超出他们“人性化”理解范围的事情就是一些他们不熟悉的事情。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：唐纳森对皮亚杰关于儿童思维有上限的理论提出了挑战。A. focus焦点；B. ceiling上限；C. suggestion建议；D. conclusion结论。根据下文“what children are able to do rather than focusing on the things they cannot do”可知，唐纳森对皮亚杰的儿童思维有上限的理论提出了挑战。故选B。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：她鼓励像老师这样的从业者去寻找孩子们能做什么，而不是专注于他们不能做的事情。A. take over接管；B. make up编造；C. put aside暂时搁置，不考虑；D. seek out寻找。根据下文“what children are able to do”可知，她鼓励老师找出孩子们能做什么。故选D。 12．考查名词所有格辨析。句意：她认为，为了有效地教育幼儿，教育工作者必须去中心化，并尝试从儿童的角度出发来呈现事物。A. a parent’s家长的；B. a teacher’s老师的；C. a child’s孩子的；D. an expert’s专家的。根据上文“in order to educate young children effectively, practitioners must decentre and try to present things from”可知，教育工作者要从儿童的角度出发来呈现事物。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对你来说，这意味着尽管在某个特定问题上往往存在主流观点，但你仍然可以通过文献探索和分析其他观点。A. opposing反对的；B. original原先的；C. dominant占主导地位的；D. defensive防御的。while表“尽管”，根据下文“there will be other viewpoints that you can explore”可知，在某个特定问题上往往存在主流观点。故选C。 14．考查固定短语辨析。句意：为了能够批判性地思考，你必须愿意质疑自己的观点，并对他人的想法和观点持开放态度。A. good for对……好的；B. particular about对……挑剔；C. satisfied with对……满意；D. open to对……持开放态度。根据上文“To be able to think critically, you must be willing to question your own views”和下文“the ideas and views of others”可知，你要质疑自己的观点，并对他人的想法和观点持开放态度。故选D。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你还需要足够自信地认识到，仅仅因为某些东西被印出来了，并不意味着它就是真的。A. unique独特的；B. true真正的；C. typical典型的；D. clear清楚的。根据上文“To be able to think critically”和“just because something is in print does not mean”和客观事实可知，某些东西被印出来了，并不意味着它就是真的。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市曹杨中学·期末） Why do some people live to be longer than others? You know the standard 1 : keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities 2 longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question 3 the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more 4 and less neurotic(神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a(an) 5 life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: Those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough 6 to make it through tough times. Interestingly, 7 , other characteristics that you might consider advantages had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, 8 , were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being 9 to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your 10 as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should 11 to be as outgoing as possible. Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help 12 your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids 13 diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. Therefore, it might be 14 to form those personality traits contributing to longevity through health-related behaviours, stress reduction and 15 to the challenging problems. 1．A．statements B．definitions C．applications D．explanations 2．A．result from B．lead to C．rely on D．consist of 3．A．assessing B．interviewing C．examining D．diagnosing 4．A．active B．extensive C．persuasive D．sensitive 5．A．agreeable B．normal C．changeable D．formal 6．A．resources B．associations C．procedures D．interactions 7．A．therefore B．however C．furthermore D．otherwise 8．A．in other words B．as usual C．in addition D．for instance 9．A．resistant B．open C．bind D．alert 10．A．perspective B．ambition C．personality D．philosophy 11．A．reject B．strive C．claim D．oppose 12．A．extend B．restrict C．shorten D．determine 13．A．unhealthy B．nutritious C．adequate D．moderate 14．A．predictable B．advisable C．sustainable D．enjoyable 15．A．temptation B．introduction C．adaptation D．objection 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究表明，寿命最长的人比其他人更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。长寿的女性也比正常寿命的女性更有同情心和合作精神。解释了自身性格以及母亲的性格对人的寿命的影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你知道标准的解释：保持适度的饮食，鼓励有规律的锻炼，等等。A. statements声明；B. definitions定义；C. applications应用；D. explanations解释。根据后文“keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc”可知保持适度的饮食，鼓励有规律的锻炼可以解释为什么有些人比其他人活得长。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：某些个性会带来更长的寿命吗？A. result from由于；B. lead to导致；C. rely on依赖；D. consist of由……组成。根据后文“longer lives”可知此处指某些个性会不会导致人的寿命更长。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：《美国老年医学会杂志》上的一项新研究研究了这个问题，研究了至少活到100岁的人的246名子女的性格特征。A. assessing评价；B. interviewing采访；C. examining研究，检查；D. diagnosing诊断。根据后文“the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100”指研究至少活到100岁的人的246名子女的性格特征。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，寿命最长的人比其他人更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。A. active活跃的；B. extensive巨大的；C. persuasive有说服力的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据上文“those living the longest are more outgoing, more”可知长寿的人具有的是一些积极的性格，即更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长寿的女性也比正常寿命的女性更有同情心和合作精神。A. agreeable愉悦的；B. normal正常的；C. changeable变化的；D. formal正式的。结合上文“Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with”可知此处是在把长寿的女性与正常寿命的女性进行比较。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与你从进化理论中所期望的是一致的：那些喜欢交朋友和帮助别人的人可以收集到足够的资源来度过困难时期。A. resources资源；B. associations协会；C. procedures程序；D. interactions互动。结合后文“to make it through tough times”可知要度过困难时期应该是要收集足够的资源。故选A。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有趣的是，其他你可能认为是优势的特征对研究参与者是否可能更长寿没有影响。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. furthermore此外；D. otherwise否则。根据前后文可知此处表转折，应用however。故选B。 8．考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，那些更自律的人并不太可能活到很老。A. in other words换句话说；B. as usual和往常一样；C. in addition此外；D. for instance例如。此处是在针对上文提到“其他你可能认为是优势的特征对研究参与者是否可能更长寿没有影响”这一观点进行举例。故选D。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另外，对新思想的开放与长寿没有关系，这可能解释了所有那些脾气不好、固步自封的老人们。A. resistant抵制的；B. open开放的；C. bind捆绑；D. alert警惕的。根据后文“which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways”可知脾气不好、固步自封的人活到了老年，说明了对新思想的开放与长寿没有关系，故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个成年人，你是否能成功地改变自己的性格，这是一个长期存在的心理学争论的主题。A. perspective观点；B. ambition抱负；C. personality个性；D. philosophy哲学。呼应上文“the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100”即研究主要是针对性格对寿命的影响，所以此处指改变性格。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但这篇新发表的论文建议，如果你想长寿，你应该努力尽可能地外向。A. reject拒绝；B. strive努力；C. claim声称；D. oppose反对。根据上文“those living the longest are more outgoing”可知如果你想长寿，你应该努力尽可能地外向。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，最近的另一项研究表明，你母亲的性格也可能有助于决定你的寿命。A. extend延伸；B. restrict限制；C. shorten缩短；D. determine决定。根据后文“Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.”可知，当我们成年后，童年的饮食模式很难改变，这可能意味着抑郁的母亲的孩子最终会早逝，所以母亲的性格也可能有助于决定你的寿命。故选D。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：该研究调查了近2.8万名挪威母亲，发现那些更焦虑、抑郁和愤怒的母亲更有可能给孩子吃不健康的饮食。A. unhealthy不健康的；B. nutritious有营养的；C. adequate足够的；D. moderate普通的。根据后文“kids of depressed moms end up dying younger”可知那些更焦虑、抑郁和愤怒的母亲更有可能给孩子吃不健康的饮食，导致孩子成年后难以改变饮食模式，最终会早逝。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力和适应挑战性的问题，形成有助于长寿的性格特征可能是明智的。A. predictable可预测的；B. advisable明智的；C. sustainable可持续的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据后文“through health-related behaviours, stress reduction”可知通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力来形成有助于长寿的性格特征是明智的做法。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力和适应挑战性的问题，形成有助于长寿的性格特征可能是明智的。A. temptation诱惑；B. introduction介绍；C. adaptation适应，改编；D. objection反对。根据后文“to the challenging problems”指适应挑战性问题，应用adaptation。故选C。 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市控江中学·期末） It is springtime, and the city feels especially glorious. If we were to reflect on what has brought us joy in our daily life, birds would probably be enjoying a top 1 on the happy list for many. Especially those we saw outside of our windows or, in New York City, on the street. Three species in particular 2 the sidewalks, tops of buildings, fire escapes, window ledge (窗沿), and air conditioners: house sparrows, pigeons and starlings (椋鸟). All of these species are invasive. When these species were first introduced, the scientific fields of ecology and conservation were almost 3 , and now we know that for pest (害虫) control, this was a terrible idea. I have been studying starlings in New York City since 2016. I do so formally in museums and labs but in between my research I watch them 4 on the street. I was initially fascinated by their adaptability to the 5 landscape, especially their 6 flexibility. They will eat a pile of yellow rice on Columbus Avenue, a soft pretzel on Central Park West, and a flattened apple pie in the parking lot of a Costco in Queens. The sounds they make are so 7 that you might not recognize that they are coming from the same species. If you listen closely, you can hear their up-and-down whistling, whirring, and even an early video game laser-like sound. You may not consider it 8 enough to be called a song, but it is a song nonetheless. When you stare at them, as I have many times, they never ever appear to look at you, but they obviously see you because they 9 incredibly rapidly to absolutely any movement or disturbance. They are off 10 , always faster than I can draw my phone out in order to grab a good picture. Sometimes, I wish that I did not know about what else they do across the country, and could just enjoy watching them in quiet 11 . And I wonder if you can know about their paths of 12 and still appreciate aspects of their behavior. At times this winter, nothing in the 13 environment even came close to remind me of life or the natural world. And then way up in that bit of sky, beside the water tower, I spotted five of them. I’d know their triangular wings, and their suspicious (有疑心的) and 14 behavior, anywhere. As they flew up and 15 , they inspired my hope for bluer skies and future springtime. 1．A．peak B．spot C．attraction D．idea 2．A．impact B．imitate C．dominate D．threaten 3．A．nonstop B．nonexistent C．nonviolent D．nonprofit 4．A．legally B．academically C．generously D．informally 5．A．urban B．natural C．regional D．scenic 6．A．dietary B．flying C．communicative D．behavior 7．A．strange B．similar C．varied D．powerful 8．A．popular B．loud C．clear D．beautiful 9．A．stick B．object C．respond D．apply 10．A．in a flash B．in a word C．in a sense D．in a hurry 11．A．mood B．ignorance C．laboratories D．neighborhoods 12．A．creation B．exploration C．destruction D．depression 13．A．conserved B．hidden C．built D．connected 14．A．quick B．elegant C．commonplace D．dramatic 15．A．out of reach B．out of curiosity C．out of mind D．out of sight 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．A 6．A 7．C 8．D 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者对城市中常见鸟类的观察与感受，以及它们带来的希望与生机。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们反思日常生活中给我们带来快乐的事物，对许多人来说，鸟类可能会在快乐清单上占据首位。A. peak山峰；B. spot地点；C. attraction吸引力；D. idea想法。根据下文“on the happy list”可知，此处表示在快乐清单上占据首位，a top spot表示“首位”。故选B。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：三种鸟类尤其占据人行道、建筑物顶部、防火梯、窗沿和空调：麻雀、鸽子和椋鸟。A. impact影响；B. imitate模仿；C. dominate占据主导地位；D. threaten威胁。根据下文“the sidewalks, tops of buildings, fire escapes, window ledge (窗沿), and air conditioners”可知，此处表示这三种鸟类占据这些地方。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当这些物种首次被引入时，生态学和保护科学的领域几乎不存在，现在我们知道，为了控制害虫，这是一个糟糕的想法。A. nonstop不停的；B. nonexistent不存在的；C. nonviolent非暴力的；D. nonprofit非营利的。根据下文“and now we know that for pest (害虫) control, this was a terrible idea.”可知，此处表示当时这些领域几乎不存在。故选B。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我在博物馆和实验室里正式研究它们，但在研究之间，我在街上非正式地观察它们。A. legally合法地；B. academically学术上；C. generously慷慨地；D. informally非正式地。根据上文“I do so formally in museums and labs but in between my research I watch them”和下文“on the street”可知，此处与上文形成对比，指在街头“非正式地”观察它们。故选D。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最初，我对它们对城市景观的适应性感到着迷，尤其是它们的饮食灵活性。A. urban城市的；B. natural自然的；C. regional地区的；D. scenic风景优美的。根据下文“They will eat a pile of yellow rice on Columbus Avenue, a soft pretzel on Central Park West, and a flattened apple pie in the parking lot of a Costco in Queens.”可知，此处表示这些鸟对城市景观的适应。故选A。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. dietary饮食的；B. flying飞行的；C. communicative交际的；D. behavior行为的。根据下文“They will eat a pile of yellow rice on Columbus Avenue, a soft pretzel on Central Park West, and a flattened apple pie in the parking lot of a Costco in Queens.”可知，此处表示它们的饮食灵活性。故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们发出的声音如此多种多样，以至于你可能认不出它们来自同一物种。A. strange奇怪的；B. similar相似的；C. varied多样的；D. powerful有力的。根据下文“you can hear their up-and-down whistling, whirring, and even an early video game laser-like sound”可知，此处表示它们发出的声音多种多样。故选C。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你可能认为它不够优美称不上一首歌，但它仍然算是一首歌。A. popular受欢迎的；B. loud大声的；C. clear清楚的；D. beautiful优美的。根据下文“enough to be called a song, but it is a song nonetheless”可知，前后为转折关系，此处指叫声可能不够“优美”，但仍属于歌声。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当你盯着它们看时，就像我多次做的那样，它们似乎从来不会看你，但它们显然看到了你，因为它们对任何运动或干扰的反应都非常迅速。A. stick坚持；B. object反对；C. respond反应；D. apply申请。根据下文“to absolutely any movement or disturbance”可知，此处表示它们对任何运动或干扰的反应都非常迅速。故选C。 10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：它们立刻飞走了，总是比我拿出手机拍一张好照片的速度还要快。A. in a flash立刻；B. in a word总之；C. in a sense在某种意义上；D. in a hurry匆忙地。根据下文“always faster than I can draw my phone out in order to grab a good picture.”可知，此处表示它们飞走的速度很快，立刻飞走了。故选A。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有时，我希望自己不知道它们在全国范围内还做了什么，只想在无知中安静地欣赏它们。A. mood情绪；B. ignorance无知；C. laboratories实验室；D. neighborhoods街区。根据上文“I wish that I did not know about what else they do across the country”可知，作者希望“不知道”椋鸟的负面影响，即处于“无知”状态。故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想知道你是否了解它们的破坏路径，但仍然欣赏它们行为的一些方面。A. creation创造；B. exploration探索；C. destruction破坏；D. depression沮丧。根据上文“All of these species are invasive”可知，椋鸟作为入侵物种会造成“破坏”。故选C。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：今年冬天的某些时候，在建筑环境中，没有任何东西能让我联想到生命或自然世界。A. conserved保护；B. hidden隐藏；C. built建筑，建成的；D. connected连接。根据下文“environment even came close to remind me of life or the natural world”可知，与natural world对比，此处指城市中“建筑”的环境（如建筑、街道等）。故选C。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论在哪里，我都会认出它们三角形的翅膀，以及它们多疑和敏捷的行为。A. quick快的；B. elegant优雅的；C. commonplace普通的；D. dramatic戏剧性的。根据上文“They are off ____ , always faster than I can draw my phone out in order to grab a good picture”可知，椋鸟的行为反应“敏捷”。故选A。 15．考查介词短语辨析。句意：当它们飞起来又消失时，它们激发了我对更蓝的天空和未来春天的希望。A. out of reach够不着；B. out of curiosity出于好奇；C. out of mind心不在焉；D. out of sight看不见。根据上文“As they flew up”可知，椋鸟飞走后“消失在视线中”。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市奉贤区致远高级中学·期末） The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 1 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 2 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had 3 several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber 4 some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds. When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 5 to your evolving purpose, or to include 6 ideas or newly discovered information. Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 7 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to 8 topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 9 . Always make time to become your own 10 and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you 11 new ideas. Revising involves 12 the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose 13 throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the 14 , that is, facts, opinions, inferences --- that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many 15 details that may confuse readers? 1．A．technique B．style C．career D．process 2．A．in particular B．in other words C．for example D．as a result 3．A．rejected B．skipped C．undergone D．replaced 4．A．released B．rewrote C．recorded D．reserved 5．A．addition B．response C．opposition D．contrast 6．A．fixed B．ambitious C．fresh D．familiar 7．A．However B．Moreover C．Instead D．Therefore 8．A．discuss B．cover C．exhaust D．switch 9．A．drafting B．rearranging C．performing D．training 10．A．director B．audience C．master D．visitor 11．A．personal B．valuable C．basic D．delicate 12．A．mixing B．weakening C．maintaining D．assessing 13．A．amazing B．bright C．unique D．clear 14．A．angles B．evidence C．information D．hints 15．A．unnecessary B．uninteresting C．concrete D．final 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．B 12．D 13．D 14．C 15．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了作品修改的目的和途径。修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必须的步骤。文章以安德鲁劳埃德韦伯的作品为例，作品搬上舞台前都要经历很多的修改和变化，对作品的修订主要是由于生成性的目标、新鲜的思想和新的发现。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你把你的草稿看作是彩排或试演，修改似乎是写作过程中很自然的一部分。 A. technique技巧；    B. style风格；C. career事业生涯 ；D. process过程。草稿修改应该是写作过程的一个部分，process符合语境，且与下文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process."呼应。故选D项。 2．考查介词短语辨析。句意：许多百老汇演出的彩排和外地预演的目的是什么?答案是添加，删除，替换，重新排序，换句话说——修改。A. in particular尤其是；    B. in other words 换句话说；C. for example 例如；D. as a result 因此。前面adding，deleting，replacing，reordering都是revising的具体步骤，所以revising和这些名词同义；介词短语in other words意为"换句话说"，表解释前面，符合语境。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：安德鲁·劳埃德·韦伯的音乐剧《歌剧魅影》就经历了这样的过程。A. rejected 拒绝；B. skipped 跳过，略过；C. undergone 经历；D. replaced 替换。人们观看的是完美的表演，但表演之前作品经历了（undergo）多次修改，与上段的"AndrewLloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process．"呼应．故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，劳埃德·韦伯改写了一些音乐，因为魅影的化妆阻止了演员唱出某些声音。A. released发行，释放；    B. rewrote 改写；C. recorded 录制，记录；D.  reserved 预留，预订。动词rewrite表示"重写、修改"，与动词revise近义，与本篇文话题相关。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你修改时，你改变了你的作品的各个方面，以响应你不断发展的目标，或包括新鲜的想法或新发现的信息。A. addition此外；B.  response反应；C. opposition反对，相反；D. contrast 对比。 介词短语in addition to表示"而且、除…之外还有"，in opposition to表示"与…的意见相反"，in contrast to表示"与…形成对比"，都与本题不符。in response to（作为对……的反应）在本句表示你修改作品是对你变化发展的新想法新发现的一种回应，符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当你修改时，你改变了你的作品的各个方面，以响应你不断发展的目标，或包括新鲜的想法或新发现的信息。A. fixed 固定的；B. ambitious有抱负的；C. fresh新鲜的；D. familiar 熟悉的。不断发展的目标，就会有不断地新想法， fresh ideas 与后面的newly discovered information对应。故选C项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：复习不是在任务结束时才想出来的。相反，它是写作过程中的一个重要阶段，作者在写作过程中的每一步都要修改。A.  However 然而；B.  Moreover 此外；C. Instead 相反，而是；D.  Therefore 因此。前面说到修改不是写完之后有时间才做的事情，相反，是写作过程中重要的一个步骤，副词instead，表示恰恰相反，与前面句not just呼应。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：甚至你在写作前改变话题的决定也是一种修改。A. discuss 讨论；B.  cover 覆盖；C. exhaust使精疲力竭；D. switch 转换，改变。switch topics（变换话题）也是修改作品过程中可能会发生的，也是一种修改。故选D项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，不要犯跳过起草后的修改阶段的错误。A. drafting起草；B. rearranging 重新安排；C.  performing 表演；D. training训练。修改是在起草（drafting）后应该做的一个事情，先起草，才能有修改。故选A项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一定要留出时间成为你自己的观众，可以这么说，看看你的彩排。A. director 导演；B.  audience观众；C. master 主人，大师；D. visitor访客，游客。名词audience（观众）与下句view your dress rehearsal对应。做观众观看自己的作品，找到不足，再进行修改。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：用这种方法回顾你的作品可以给你带来有价值的新想法。A. personal个人的；B.  valuable有价值的；C. basic基本的；D. delicate娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的。形容词valuable表示"做自己作品的观众可以得到有价值的新信息"。故选B项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：修改包括评估你写作各个方面的有效性和恰当性，使你的写作目的更清晰，重新聚焦或发展你所陈述的事实和观点。A. mixing混合；B. weakening 变弱，削弱；C. maintaining 保持；D. assessing 评估，检测。根据语境可知，评估了所有方面的有效性和适当性 ，才能使写作目的更清晰，这是修改的草稿的一部分。故选D项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的草稿的主旨或目的是否清晰明了? A.amazing惊人的；B. bright 明亮的，聪明的；C.  unique独特的；    D. clear 清晰的。写作的目的必然是要主旨清晰明了的，不能令读者迷惑不解，形容词clear在本句表示"我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰"，与下文confuse readers对应。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我是否曾迷失自己的目标? 我是否已经给我的读者提供了所有的信息，包括事实、观点、推论——这些是他们理解我的主旨所需要的信息? A. angles 角度，角；B. evidence证据；C.information 信息；D.  hints暗示。 作者写作要提供给读者足够的信息，后句名词facts、opinions、inferences都属于information，与上句newly discovered information呼应。故选C项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，我是否包含了太多可能会让读者混淆的不必要细节? A. unnecessary没必要的；B.  uninteresting无趣的、乏味的；C. concrete具体的；D.  final最终的、决定性的。空前的too many表明，过多的信息，应该是有些不必要的，unnecessary details表示"多余的信息"才可能会使读者困惑、误导读者。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市七宝中学·期末） For all the talk of dogs and humans being best friends, sometimes representatives of the two species just don’t click. Giving up an unsuitable family pet can be heartbreaking, but, if the animal is an expensive working dog, it can also be financially ruinous. Guide dogs, for example, can cost up to $50,000 to train, but about a third are returned because they don’t click with their allocated owner. To cut down on the number of 1 , researchers in Germany are trying to develop more harmonious pooch-person relationships. Their work towards that goal has now confirmed what many dog-owners already suspect, and what some may be 2 to admit: dogs really do look like their humans. More relevant to the quest for lasting friendships, they have similar 3 too. “We are interested in understanding what makes a good dog-owner match and to find out how we can find the right dog for a person,” says Yana Bender, a PhD student at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Jena. “To do that, we first need to establish the status quo(现状): are dogs and their owners 4 more similar or more different?” Writing in the journal Personality and Individual Differences, Ms Bender and her colleagues have reviewed the 5 evidence to show how the similarities show through. One domain concerns physical appearance. While it might sound barking, numerous studies in recent decades have shown that people really can match pictures of dogs to their owners more often and more 6 than would be possible with guesswork alone. Some sources of similarity are clear: women with short hair tend to own dogs with short ears, for example, while those with long hair tend to 7 long-eared breeds. People with higher body-mass-indices also tend to have more overweight dogs. Other connections are less 8 , as shown by research revealing dogs and owners can be correctly 9 from pictures in which only their eyes are visible. A similar affinity bias may be at play for invisible characteristics as well, with owners’ personality traits 10 in the way their dogs behave. 11 owners have dogs that are more nervous around strangers, neurotics are more likely to pair with aggressive pets and conscientious people own dogs that are more motivated and easier to train. Owners of breeds classed as dangerous, such as the 12 XL Bully, rate themselves higher on traits like sensation-seeking and psychopathy. What is going on? Psychologists have known for decades that humans place more 13 on relationships with people that look and behave like them, and the same seems to 14 dogs. Women with short hair rate short-eared breeds such as the Siberian Husky and Basenji as friendlier and more intelligent. Long-haired women think the same about Beagles and Springer Spaniels. The phenomenon of matching personalities appears to be more complex than that of matching looks. 15 people simply selecting a dog they believe matches their personality, the moods and behaviour of the owner could influence and shape the dog over time—and to a lesser extent, vice versa. Being around less confident people, for example, could make a dog more nervous, while having an anxious dog can exacerbate an owner’s worries. 1．A．mistakes B．mismatches C．misconceptions D．misfortunes 2．A．ready B．anxious C．confident D．reluctant 3．A．personalities B．appearances C．preferences D．tastes 4．A．especially B．coincidentally C．generally D．previously 5．A．adaptable B．acceptable C．available D．additional 6．A．randomly B．reliably C．regretfully D．respectively 7．A．introduce B．dislike C．improve D．favor 8．A．obvious B．complicated C．indirect D．vague 9．A．trained B．restricted C．paired D．navigated 10．A．recorded B．mirrored C．rewarded D．mastered 11．A．Extroverted B．Intelligent C．Careful D．Introverted 12．A．friendly B．notorious C．remarkable D．peculiar 13．A．value B．performance C．strength D．advantage 14．A．refer to B．react to C．subject to D．apply to 15．A．In particular B．Or rather C．Rather than D．In response 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了德国研究人员为了减少人与宠物狗之间的不匹配现象，正在研究如何建立更和谐的人狗关系。研究发现，人与狗在外貌和性格上有相似之处，而且人的情绪和行为也可能影响并塑造狗的性格。这些发现有助于人们更好地理解人与狗之间的匹配关系，并为人选择合适的宠物狗提供了参考。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了减少不匹配的数量，德国的研究人员正在努力发展更和谐的人狗关系。A. mistakes错误；B. mismatches不匹配；C. misconceptions误解；D. misfortunes不幸。根据上文“Giving up an unsuitable family pet can be heartbreaking, but, if the animal is an expensive working dog, it can also be financially ruinous”（放弃一个不适合的家庭宠物可能令人心碎，但如果宠物是一只昂贵的工作犬，也可能造成经济上的毁灭）可知，为了减少人与宠物狗之间的不匹配，德国的研究人员正在研究更和谐的人狗关系。故选B项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们朝着这个目标所做的工作已经证实了许多养狗人已经怀疑的事情，以及一些人可能不情愿承认的事情：狗看起来真的和它们的主人很像。A. ready准备好的；B. anxious焦虑的；C. confident自信的；D. reluctant不情愿的。根据上文“their work towards that goal has now confirmed what many dog-owners already suspect”（他们为实现这一目标所做的工作现在证实了许多狗主人已经怀疑的事情）可知，他们的研究已经证实了许多养狗人已经怀疑的事情，即人与狗在外貌上有相似之处，这是有些人可能不愿意承认的。故选D项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在寻求持久友谊方面，他们也有相似的性格。A. personalities性格；B. appearances外貌；C. preferences偏好；D. tastes品味。根据后文“a similar affinity bias may be at play for invisible characteristics as well, with owners’ personality traits”（类似的亲和力偏见也可能对无形特征起作用，包括主人的性格特征）可知，除了外貌上的相似，人与狗在性格等不可见的特征上也有相似之处。故选A项。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：为了做到这一点，我们首先需要确定现状：狗和它们的主人一般来说更相似还是更不同？A. especially尤其；B. coincidentally巧合地；C. generally一般地；D. previously以前。根据后文“more similar or more different”可知，此处是在询问狗和它们的主人一般来说是更相似还是更不同，应用generally。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在《个性和个体差异》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，本德女士和她的同事回顾了现有的证据，以证明这种相似性是如何表现出来的。A. adaptable可适应的；B. acceptable可接受的；C. available可获得的，现有的；D. additional额外的。根据后文“evidence to show how the similarities show through”可知，此处是指为了证明这种相似性是如何表现出来的，他们回顾了现有的证据。故选C项。 6．考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然这听起来可能有些牵强，但近几十年的众多研究表明，人们真的能更频繁、更可靠地将狗的图片与它们的主人的图片匹配起来，而仅仅靠猜测是不可能的。A. randomly随机地；B. reliably可靠地；C. regretfully遗憾地；D. respectively分别地。根据上文“One domain concerns physical appearance”可知，此处是在说明外貌上的相似性，即人们能更可靠地将狗的图片与它们的主人的图片匹配起来。故选B项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些相似性的来源是显而易见的：例如，短发的女性往往拥有短耳朵的狗，而长发的女性往往喜欢长耳朵的品种。A. introduce介绍；B. dislike不喜欢；C. improve提高；D. favor喜欢。根据上文“women with short hair tend to own dogs with short ears”可知，短发女性往往拥有短耳朵的狗，此处与之并列，指的是长发女性往往喜欢长耳朵的狗品种。故选D项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其他联系就不那么明显了，有研究表明，仅从眼睛可见的图片中，就能正确地将狗和主人配对。A. obvious明显的；B. complicated复杂的；C. indirect间接的；D. vague模糊的。根据上文“Some sources of similarity are clear”可知，上文提到了一些明显的相似性来源，此处指其他联系就不那么明显了。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：其他联系就不那么明显了，有研究表明，仅从眼睛可见的图片中，就能正确地将狗和主人配对。A. trained训练；B. restricted限制；C. paired配对；D. navigated导航。根据后文“from pictures in which only their eyes are visible”可知，此处是指仅通过眼睛就能正确地将狗和主人配对。故选C项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在不可见的特征上也可能存在类似的亲和力偏差，主人的性格特征在狗的行为中得到反映。A. recorded记录；B. mirrored反映；C. rewarded奖励；D. mastered掌握。根据上文“a similar affinity bias may be at play for invisible characteristics as well”可知，在不可见的特征上也存在亲和力偏差，即主人的性格特征在狗的行为中得到反映。故选B项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：内向的主人养的狗在陌生人面前更紧张，神经质的人更可能搭配攻击性宠物，有责任心的人养的狗更有动力，也更容易训练。A. Extroverted外向的；B. Intelligent聪明的；C. Careful小心的；D. Introverted内向的。根据后文“dogs that are more nervous around strangers”可知，此处是指内向的主人在陌生人面前更紧张，所以养的狗也会更紧张。故选D项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：养被列为危险品种狗的主人，比如臭名昭著的美国恶霸犬，他们在寻求刺激和精神变态等特质上给自己的评分更高。A. friendly友好的；B. notorious臭名昭著的；C. remarkable非凡的；D. peculiar奇怪的。根据上文“breeds classed as dangerous”可知，此处是指被列为危险品种的狗，应用notorious突出名声不好。故选B项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家几十年来就知道，人类更看重与外表和行为相似的人的关系，而狗似乎也是如此。A. value价值；B. performance表现；C. strength力量；D. advantage优势。根据后文“on relationships with people that look and behave like them”可知，此处是指人类更看重与外表和行为相似的人的关系。place value on“重视”。故选A项。 14．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：心理学家几十年来就知道，人类更看重与外表和行为相似的人的关系，而狗似乎也是如此。A. refer to参考；B. react to对……作出反应；C. subject to易遭受；D. apply to适用于。根据上文“Psychologists have known for decades that humans place more  ____13____  on relationships with people that look and behave like them,”及后文“dogs”可知，此处是指狗似乎也是这样，即人类更看重与外表和行为相似的人的关系这一规律同样适用于狗。故选D项。 15．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：与其说是人们只是选择了一只他们认为与自己性格相匹配的狗，不如说主人的情绪和行为可能会随着时间的推移影响并塑造狗——反之亦然，但程度较轻。A. In particular尤其；B. Or rather更确切地说；C. Rather than而不是；D. In response作为回应。根据后文“the moods and behaviour of the owner could influence and shape the dog over time”可知，此处是在说与其说是人们选择狗，不如说是主人的情绪和行为影响狗，应用rather than强调对比。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市松江区统考·期末） Zoos are the centers for conservation efforts. “Our job is so much more than 1 being a place for people to see animals,” says Dani Hogan, a senior zookeeper in Philadelphia Zoo. “At our zoo, you can visit 2 animals like pandas or golden monkeys, and learn about them directly from the staff. A visit to the zoo is not only a way for you and your family to have a fascinating day, but also an attempt to do something 3 for wildlife. Every visit does good to our conservation programs.” Here are some typical ways zoos support various conservation plans: 1) Publicizing the importance Through offering 4 with a variety of animals, zoos help people gain a deeper understanding about the significance of species conservation. Generally, this can be achieved with a zoo’ s exhibits, its staff ready to chat, and 5 in-school programs beyond its regular daily work. 2) 6 breeding (繁殖) programs Zoos worldwide actively participate in breeding programs for species under the 7 . By carefully managing breeding pairs, the aim is to increase populations of endangered animals in human care and share new information that can support the researchers whose work is 8 wild populations. 3) Leading research Working together with other scientists, zoos are 9 in understanding species and developing methods for their care and preservation. As “America’ s First Zoo,” Philadelphia Zoo has many times published leading research that both increases the quality of care for animals and provides advanced methods to 10 animals in the wild. One advanced system developed by Philadelphia Zoo, 11 , successfully served to inspire (启发) an organization in Brazil. That organization once investigated ways to 12 important animals’ habitats that had been divided into parts due to the transport of oil and gas. After introducing the system, animals there can now safely travel from one 13 to another, increasing their populations. 4) Inspiring community Zoos provide visitors of all ages and backgrounds with amazing experiences and then a sense of 14 about the natural world. By doing that, they encourage willingness in nearby individuals to make common effort with 15 schools and organizations to conserve the wonderful wildlife. With all the work, zoos bring the importance of wildlife conservation into their communities. 1．A．unforgettably B．dramatically C．simply D．eagerly 2．A．creative B．rare C．confusing D．cruel 3．A．ironic B．immediate C．faulty D．valuable 4．A．connections B．predictions C．replacement D．mixture 5．A．royal B．additional C．natural D．casual 6．A．Representing B．Showing up C．Creating D．Joining in 7．A．threat of extinction B．theme of love C．name of selection D．rule of law 8．A．held back by B．referred to as C．included in D．related to 9．A．followers B．pioneers C．transitions D．obstacles 10．A．catch B．raise C．preserve D．attract 11．A．moreover B．instead C．in contrast D．for example 12．A．repair B．observe C．connect D．discover 13．A．country B．zoo C．habitat D．system 14．A．adventure B．wonder C．sight D．balance 15．A．local B．distant C．sacred D．private 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D 12．C 13．C 14．B 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动物园在动物保护方面所起到的作用，包括宣传重要性、参与繁殖计划、引领研究以及激励社区等方面。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“我们的工作远不止是供人们观赏动物的地方，”费城动物园的高级饲养员Dani Hogan说。A. unforgettably难以忘怀地；B. dramatically戏剧性地；C. simply仅仅；D. eagerly急切地。根据下文“animals like pandas or golden monkeys, and learn about them directly from the staff.”可知，动物园的工作不仅仅是让人们观赏动物，还可以有更多功能，C选项simply“仅仅”符合语境。故选C项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我们的动物园里，你可以参观像熊猫或金丝猴这样的稀有动物，并直接从工作人员那里了解它们。A. creative有创造力的；B. rare稀有的；C. confusing令人困惑的；D. cruel残忍的。根据“like pandas or golden monkeys”可知，熊猫和金丝猴都是稀有动物，B选项rare“稀有的”符合语境。故选B项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：参观动物园不仅是你和家人度过迷人的一天的一种方式，也是为野生动物做一些有价值的事情的尝试。A. ironic具有讽刺意味的；B. immediate立即的；C. faulty有错误的；D. valuable有价值的。根据下文“Every visit does good to our conservation programs.”可知，每一次参观都对保护计划有益，这是很有价值的事情，D选项valuable“有价值的”符合语境。故选D项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过提供与各种动物的接触机会，动物园帮助人们更深入地了解物种保护的重要性。A. connections接触；B. predictions预测；C. replacement替代；D. mixture混合。根据下文“zoos help people gain a deeper understanding about the significance of species conservation”可知，动物园让人们更深入地了解物种保护的重要性，这是通过与动物接触实现的，A选项connections“接触”符合语境。故选A项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一般来说，这可以通过动物园的展览、随时准备聊天的工作人员以及超出其日常工作范围的额外校内项目来实现。A. royal皇家的；B. additional额外的；C. natural自然的；D. casual随意的。根据下文“beyond its regular daily work”可知，这里强调的是除了日常工作之外的额外项目，B选项additional“额外的”符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：加入繁殖计划。A. Representing代表；B. Showing up出现；C. Creating创造；D. Joining in参与。根据下文“Zoos worldwide actively participate in breeding programs”可知，全球的动物园都积极参与繁殖计划，此处指加入繁殖计划，D选项Joining in“参加”符合语境。故选D项。 7．考查名词短语辨析。句意：全世界的动物园都在积极参与濒危物种的繁殖计划。A. threat of extinction灭绝的威胁；B. theme of love爱的主题；C. name of selection选择的名称；D. rule of law法治。根据下文“the aim is to increase populations of endangered animals”可知下文说的是目的是增加濒危动物数量，可推理出这里指的是面临灭绝威胁的濒危物种，A选项threat of extinction“灭绝的威胁”符合语境。故选A项。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过仔细管理繁殖对，目的是增加人工饲养下的濒危动物数量，并分享可以支持与野生种群有关的研究人员的新信息。A. held back by被…… 阻碍；B. referred to as被称为；C. included in被包含在……里；D. related to与……有关。根据上文“share new information that can support the researchers”可知，动物园分享的信息可以支持研究人员，这些研究人员的工作与野生种群有关，D选项related to“与……有关”符合语境。故选D项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：动物园与其他科学家合作，在了解物种和开发其护理和保护方法方面处于领先地位。A. followers追随者；B. pioneers先驱；C. transitions过渡；D. obstacles障碍。根据下文“As “America’ s First Zoo,” Philadelphia Zoo has many times published leading research”可知，费城动物园在很多方面都处于领先地位，可推理出此处说的是动物园在了解物种和开发其护理和保护方法方面处于领先地位，B选项pioneers“先驱”符合语境。故选B项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：费城动物园作为“美国第一家动物园”，多次发表领先的研究成果，不仅提高了动物的护理质量，还为保护野生动物提供了先进的方法。A. catch抓住；B. raise养育；C. preserve保护；D. attract吸引。根据下文“animals in the wild”可知下文说的是野外的动物，可推理出这里说的是动物园的研究成果对保护野生动物有帮助，C选项preserve“保护”符合语境。故选C项。 11．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，费城动物园开发的一个先进系统成功地启发了一家巴西组织。A. moreover此外；B. instead相反；C. in contrast相比之下；D. for example例如。根据下文“successfully served to inspire (启发) an organization in Brazil”可知下文说的是成功地启发了巴西的组织，这里是在举例说明费城动物园的研究成果，D选项for example“例如”符合语境。故选D项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该组织曾经研究如何连接因石油和天然气运输而被分割的重要动物的栖息地。A. repair修理；B. observe观察；C. connect连接；D. discover发现。根据下文“important animals’ habitats that had been divided into parts due to the transport of oil and gas”可知下文提到了因石油和天然气运输而被分割的重要动物的栖息地，这里是说把被分割的栖息地连接起来，C选项connect“连接”符合语境。故选C项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那里，动物们现在可以安全地从一个栖息地旅行到另一个栖息地，从而增加了它们的数量。A. country国家；B. zoo动物园；C. habitat栖息地；D. system系统。根据上文“After introducing the system, animals there can now safely travel”以及下文“increasing their populations”可知引入系统之后，动物可以安全地穿梭，且种群数量有所增加，这里说的是动物在不同的栖息地之间迁移，C选项habitat“栖息地”符合语境。故选C项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：动物园为各个年龄和背景的游客提供了奇妙的体验，然后对自然世界产生一种惊奇感。A. adventure冒险；B. wonder惊奇；C. sight景象；D. balance平衡。根据上文“Zoos provide visitors of all ages and backgrounds with amazing experiences”可知，动物园给游客提供奇妙体验后，会让游客对自然世界产生惊奇感，B选项wonder“惊奇”符合语境。故选B项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过这样做，他们鼓励附近的人愿意与当地学校和组织共同努力保护奇妙的野生动物。A. local当地的；B. distant遥远的；C. sacred神圣的；D. private私人的。根据上文“encourage willingness in nearby individuals”可知上文说的是附近的人，可推理出空白处应填表示“当地人”含义的表达，A选项local“当地的”符合语境。故选A项。 2 / 41 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25学年高一下·上海市进才中学·期末） Ultra-Processed Food Could Be Taking Years off Your Life They’re cheap, convenient, and engineered to taste oddly delicious — but new research suggests that eating a diet high in ultra-processed food could quietly increase your risk of dying years earlier than expected. A massive international study published this week in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine analyzed data from more than 240,000 adults across eight countries and found a clear 1 between diets high in ultra-processed foods and premature death. Specifically, the researchers estimated that in the. U. S., up to 14% of all early deaths — defined as dying between ages 30 and 69 — could be 2 to these types of foods. “The findings support that ultra-processed food 3 contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in many countries,” the researchers wrote, adding that reducing these foods should be part of public health policy. That might sound 4 , but it tracks with what nutrition experts have been saying for years. Ultra-processed foods — packaged items loaded with additives, flavor enhancers, stabilizers, and preservatives — 5 about 70% of the modern food supply. That includes chips, sodas, frozen meals, sugary cereals, protein bars, and even many items that look healthy on the surface. “These are foods that definitely don’t exist in nature by themselves,” said dietitian Scott Keatley, R. D．, explaining that they’re built for shelf life and addictive flavor, not 6 . Beyond the lack of vitamins or fiber, ultra-processed foods tend to 7 out whole foods that actually support health. According to Keatley, this dietary shift 8 the risk of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, visceral fat buildup, and DNA damage — factors that are all linked to heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. “Over time, the cumulative (累积的) damage can 9 years off a lifespan,” he said, “especially in people who are already metabolically vulnerable.” That doesn’t mean you have to live on kale (羽衣甘蓝) and salmon forever. Dietitian Jessica Cording, R. D．, recommends a balanced 85/15 10 . This means eating mostly whole foods, while still leaving room for 11 processed options. “It’s not 12 that the foods are a one-way ticket to early death,” she said. “But it’s more like there are things that happen because of them.” Even within the ultra-processed 13 , some choices are better than others. A fortified (营养强化的) plant milk or a low-sugar protein bar is miles better than a sleeve of frosted pastries. But nutritionists agree: chips, soda, and frozen desserts shouldn't be your main dietary 14 . 15 , what you eat most often — not occasionally — is what ends up shaping your long-term health. 1．A．contrast B．sign C．fault D．connection 2．A．attributed B．submitted C．distributed D．restricted 3．A．production B．intake C．transport D．storage 4．A．dramatic B．appealing C．selective D．established 5．A．put up B．bring up C．make up D．push up 6．A．calorie B．nutrition C．contribution D．satisfaction 7．A．crowd B．run C．burn D．work 8．A．maps B．marks C．raises D．ruins 9．A．add B．drive C．pick D．shave 10．A．conclusion B．procedure C．gap D．approach 11．A．occasional B．multiple C．complex D．eventual 12．A．originally B．deliberately C．practically D．essentially 13．A．schedule B．category C．reach D．program 14．A．requests B．channels C．characters D．directions 15．A．In turn B．After all C．To conclude D．On purpose Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市育才中学·期末） In China, no Spring Festival celebration would be 1 without oranges. The sweet fruit not only adorns decorated homes, but also 2 as a good snack for visitors because it peels easily. The popularity of the fruit during the festive season has a long history. As early as the Qing Dynasty, Chinese parents would 3 fruit like oranges, dates (枣子) or persimmons (柿子) beside their children’s pillows, along with red envelopes under the pillow. The tradition was meant to 4 monsters from folk tales. The children would then eat the fruit upon waking up the next morning. There are many 5 for why oranges have come to be considered such a lucky symbol. A major part of that comes from pronunciation. Some say the Mandarin pronunciation of the fruit “ju” sounds like the word for “ji” (good luck). Others 6 its Cantonese pronunciation “gam,” which is the same as the word “gold.” The Chinese are known for a good amount of “luck talk” during Chinese New Year. The practice is believed to be a sign of good 7 for the rest of the year. Other fruit considered auspicious in Chinese culture include the apple, a homophone for “ 8 ” and the lychee, a homophone for “profit.” 9 , of course, is nearly as popular as the orange during the festival. Besides having an auspicious ring to its name, the reddish golden color and round shape of oranges are also 10 seen as symbols of good luck. They’ve even 11 Chinese art lasting thousands of years. The 12 poem The Orange Tree by the Warring States period poet Qu Yuan sings the praises of a young man, with the fruit and tree as its central metaphor. A letter to a friend by Wang Xizhi, 13 by a gift of oranges, remains the great calligrapher’s most famous passages nearly 2,000 years later. Today, the orange is such a popular fruit that people will shell out for the highest quality ones they can find. Meanwhile, the rest looking to buy regular, 14 oranges usually have to deal with demand-driven price rises during Chinese New Year. The fruit has become practically a(an) 15 for the most important holiday in almost every household in China. 1．A．capable B．complete C．complex D．common 2．A．regards B．creates C．serves D．stands 3．A．supply B．place C．carry D．deliver 4．A．set off B．put off C．ward off D．show off 5．A．explanations B．contributions C．conclusions D．occasions 6．A．attach to B．point to C．contribute to D．object to 7．A．attitude B．fortune C．attempt D．benefit 8．A．bonus B．affair C．advance D．safety 9．A．either B．neither C．something D．everything 10．A．barely B．widely C．causally D．necessarily 11．A．blocked B．inspired C．assembled D．approached 12．A．typical B．ancient C．ordinary D．critical 13．A．adapted B．aroused C．accompanied D．assessed 14．A．autonomous B．affordable C．artificial D．apparent 15．A．alternative B．attempt C．base D．necessity 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市同济大学第二附属中学·期末） One of the quickest ways to get a job lately has been to announce on social media that you were laid off (解雇). Despite the overall strength of the job market, layoffs have been increasing in recent months. Companies in the entertainment, automotive, and financial industries, such as Netflix, Tesla, and JPMorgan Chase, have all announced layoffs, and more are 1 in the technology, aerospace, and travel sectors. However, many recently laid-off 2 are turning to social media platforms to share their experiences and seek new employment opportunities. What was once considered an embarrassing no-no has now become a(n) 3 step to show one’s toughness and readiness for new challenges. Nathan Felt, 4 , shared his layoff experience online after losing his position as a director of product design at Guaranteed Rate. He expressed a mix of disappointment and hope for the future, and provided a podcast discussing how 5 can lead to growth opportunities. His post, which did not 6 ask for a job, received numerous responses, including several job offers. He eventually started a new role as a product-design leader at Amazon. Career coaches advise job seekers to avoid 7 sadness in their online posts. 8 , they suggest expressing gratitude for their previous employment and conveying eagerness for new opportunities. Liz Maupin, a marketing producer in Los Angeles, posted about her being fired. She wrote, “If you hear of anything, I’m a lovely producer and am 9 about keeping working.” Within 24 hours, she was flooded with responses, and one of them turned into a job offer, which she described as “ 10 ”. Others who have successfully found new jobs through social media emphasize the importance of providing 11 information, such as job titles, experience levels, and their value to a team. Sarah Nelson, who works in human resources, 12 her layoff from a San Francisco firm on a social media platform. She 13 in conversations with several companies. Recently she started a new remote job as a recruiter (招聘人员) with Dandy, an online dental lab platform, in Scottsdale, Ariz. Silvia Fuentes, who revealed her layoff last week, specified that she was seeking a mid-level digital product designer role. She included the phrase “hmu” (“hit me up”, meaning “contact me”) in her 14 for job opportunities. She was 15 by several professionals online in no time, and she has had a few initial conversations so far. 1．A．maintained B．advocated C．expected D．disciplined 2．A．travellers B．bikers C．individuals D．employers 3．A．risky B．false C．dangerous D．effective 4．A．on the whole B．in particular C．as a result D．for example 5．A．shelters B．failures C．achievements D．promotions 6．A．directly B．gratefully C．randomly D．commonly 7．A．funding B．displaying C．overlooking D．doubting 8．A．Instead B．Otherwise C．Moreover D．Meanwhile 9．A．flexible B．passionate C．alert D．confused 10．A．accidental B．romantic C．stressful D．amazing 11．A．classified B．statistical C．detailed D．timely 12．A．publicized B．negotiated C．battled D．caused 13．A．specialized B．believed C．engaged D．investigated 14．A．request B．priority C．signal D．praise 15．A．shut up B．logged out C．called off D．tracked down Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市复旦大学附属中学·期末） Today we live in a society structured to promote early bloomers. Our school system has 1 people by the time they are 18, using grades and SAT scores. Some of these people zoom to prestigious academic launching pads while others get left behind. Many prominent models of success, like Bill Gates or Taylor Swift, achieved fame 2 . Magazines publish lists with headlines like “30 Under 30” to 3 youthful superstars on the rise. “Young people are just smarter,” Zuckerberg once declared, a statement that might rank among the most controversial in history. But for many people, the talents that bloom later in life are more 4 than the ones that bloom early. A 2019 study by researchers in Denmark found that, on average, Nobel Prize winners made their crucial discoveries at the age of 44. Even brilliant people apparently need at least a couple of decades to master their field. Successful late bloomers are all around us. Colonel Harland Sanders started Kentucky Fried Chicken in his 60s. Isak Dinesen published the book that 5 her literary reputation, Out of Africa, at 52. If Samuel Johnson had died at 40, few would remember him, but now he is considered one of the greatest writers in the history of the English language. Why do some people 6 later than others? In his book Late Bloomers, the journalist Rich Karlgaard points out that this is really two questions: First, why didn’t these people bloom earlier? Second, what traits or skills did they 7 that enabled them to bloom late? It turns out that late bloomers are not simply early bloomers on a delayed timetable—they didn’t just do the things early bloomers did but at a later age. Late bloomers tend to be 8 different, displaying a different set of abilities that are mostly 9 to or discouraged by our current education system. They usually have to invent their own paths. Late bloomers “fulfill their potential frequently in novel and unexpected ways,” Karlgaard writes, “surprising even those 10 to them.” These people don’t do as much advance planning as the conceptual 11 , but they regard their entire lives as experiments. They try something and learn, and then they try something else and learn more. Their focus is not on their 12 work, which they often toss away haphazardly. Their focus is on the process of learning itself: Am I closer to understanding, to mastering? They live their lives as a long period of 13 , trying this and trying that, a slow process of 14 and elaboration, so the quality of their work peaks late in life. They are the ugly ducklings of human achievement, who, over the decades, turn themselves into 15 . 1．A．united B．sorted C．engaged D．labeled 2．A．overnight B．by chance C．late in life D．at an early age 3．A．marvel B．glorify C．document D．approve 4．A．consequential B．predictable C．respectful D．conclusive 5．A．deserved B．restored C．saved D．established 6．A．bounce back B．hit their peak C．turn over a new leaf D．come into play 7．A．draw B．master C．possess D．lack 8．A．qualitatively B．tremendously C．initially D．distinctly 9．A．subject B．essential C．equivalent D．invisible 10．A．indifferent B．superior C．close D．familiar 11．A．boomers B．seekers C．models D．geniuses 12．A．finished B．worthwhile C．individual D．intellectual 13．A．ebb and flow B．trial and error C．think and act D．hit and miss 14．A．evolution B．accumulation C．progression D．exploitation 15．A．dragons B．phoenixes C．swans D．peacocks 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市浦东新区·期末） In the future, we may no longer need chemical pesticides to help crops grow healthily. Chinese scientists have discovered a small molecule called the 2’cADPR in plant cells that can trigger 1 . This molecule holds the potential to be developed into a new type of biopesticide. “Once this biopesticide is put into use, it can 2 when sprayed onto the plant surface and absorbed by the plant,” Wan Li, one of the researchers, told China Daily. “Based on existing scientific knowledge, it potentially can be 3 to different plants and combat many diseases.” Wan’s team studies Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant widely used in biological research. Within its cells, there are around 150 immune sensors, each monitoring for 4 types of “enemies”, such as viruses and harmful bacteria. When one of these sensors 5 a threat, it produces 2’cADPR. This molecule then initiates the plant’s immune response, helping the plant 6 its “shield” of disease resistance. In this 7 , for the plant, 2’cADPR is an exceptionally capable “guard” that can defend against various pathogens (病原体). Scientifically speaking, 2’cADPR is key to the plant’s “broad-spectrum disease resistance”, which means resistance against more than one pathogen species or the majority of races or 8 of the same pathogen. Wan said that the small molecule has already been put into production. The next step is to continue proving its effectiveness in the field and hopefully soon put it into use. 9 , another study jointly conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University and Zhejiang University has 10 a similar broad-spectrum immune pathway in rice. The key molecule in this case is pRib-AMP, which is generated by the OsTIR protein in rice cells. 11 , for immune systems, it’s not always “the stronger, the better”. For both plants and animals, it is crucial to maintain “immune homeostasis (内环境稳定)”, a 12 that allows the immune system to effectively fight off pathogens without 13 or damaging its own tissues. According to the joint study, rice cells achieve this balance through another protein called ROD1, which interacts with OsTIR to prevent it from producing too many pRib-AMP molecules. Wan noted that traditional chemical pesticides harm the environment and 14 health risks. But these special molecules originate from plants themselves and are therefore safe when used properly as biopesticides. This offers a more eco-friendly 15 to protect plants from diseases. 1．A．intensity B．immunity C．particularity D．flexibility 2．A．respond B．occur C．appear D．function 3．A．supplied B．applied C．opposed D．exposed 4．A．general B．random C．specific D．intrinsic 5．A．addresses B．detects C．poses D．creates 6．A．hold up B．take up C．put up D．bring up 7．A．situation B．sense C．case D．scope 8．A．strains B．versions C．variables D．groups 9．A．Meanwhile B．Consequently C．Nevertheless D．Instead 10．A．processed B．realized C．identified D．proved 11．A．Besides B．Moreover C．However D．Therefore 12．A．tendency B．balance C．process D．signal 13．A．overestimating B．overrating C．overusing D．overreacting 14．A．pose B．suggest C．ignore D．manage 15．A．equivalent B．initiative C．preference D．alternative 主题01 人与社会—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市上海交通大学附属中学·期末） A great deal of what is taught in a university environment is theory and not fact. Although 1 actual evidence, the majority of thinking is conclusions that writers and researches have drawn from their analysis of relevant data. Writers and researchers 2 ideas about what is going on in the world and then research evidence to support or challenge these ideas. 3 , academic debate is founded on an exchange of ideas or theories. If one person puts forward an idea or theory, then other people will often put forward 4 . When you as a student writer/researcher enter a debate, you become part of this ongoing discussion contributing to the body of knowledge surrounding the issue under discussion. For example, Piaget’s and Donaldson’s views 5 on how children develop. Piaget proposed that children’s thinking does not develop entirely smoothly. 6 , there are certain points at which it takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities. Piaget saw these transitions as taking place at about 18months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that 7 these ages children are not capable of understanding concepts and/or ideas in certain ways. Piaget’s proposal has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum. On the other hand, Donaldson’s theory focuses on the concept of embedded (嵌入式的) and disembedded thinking. Thinking that is placed in a familiar context makes “human” sense and is more easily understood by children who are able to 8 with it. When children are asked to do something outside their limits of human sense—that is, when something is 9 —their thinking is disembedded and it fails to make sense. Donaldson challenged Piaget’s theory of children having a 10 on their thinking. She encouraged practioners, like teachers, to 11 what children are able to do rather than focusing on the things they cannot do. She believed that in order to educate young children effectively, practitioners must decentre and try to present things from 12 point of view. What this means for you is that, while there is often a(n) 13 viewpoint on a particular issue, there will be other viewpoints that you can explore and analyze through literature. To be able to think critically, you must be willing to question your own views and be 14 the ideas and views of others. You also need to be confident enough to recognize that just because something is in print does not mean it is 15 . 1．A．prepared for B．devoted to C．measured by D．based on 2．A．suggest B．confirm C．abandon D．appreciate 3．A．As usual B．Above all C．In detail D．In fact 4．A．proofs B．alternatives C．plans D．solutions 5．A．depend B．differ C．insist D．agree 6．A．Instead B．Nevertheless C．Consequently D．Meanwhile 7．A．between B．after C．before D．at 8．A．leave B．grow C．reason D．stick 9．A．unfamiliar B．uninteresting C．insensible D．independent 10．A．focus B．ceiling C．suggestion D．conclusion 11．A．take over B．make up C．put aside D．seek out 12．A．a parent’s B．a teacher’s C．a child’s D．an expert’s 13．A．opposing B．original C．dominant D．defensive 14．A．good for B．particular about C．satisfied with D．open to 15．A．unique B．true C．typical D．clear Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市曹杨中学·期末） Why do some people live to be longer than others? You know the standard 1 : keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities 2 longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question 3 the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more 4 and less neurotic(神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a(an) 5 life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: Those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough 6 to make it through tough times. Interestingly, 7 , other characteristics that you might consider advantages had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, 8 , were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being 9 to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your 10 as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should 11 to be as outgoing as possible. Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help 12 your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids 13 diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. Therefore, it might be 14 to form those personality traits contributing to longevity through health-related behaviours, stress reduction and 15 to the challenging problems. 1．A．statements B．definitions C．applications D．explanations 2．A．result from B．lead to C．rely on D．consist of 3．A．assessing B．interviewing C．examining D．diagnosing 4．A．active B．extensive C．persuasive D．sensitive 5．A．agreeable B．normal C．changeable D．formal 6．A．resources B．associations C．procedures D．interactions 7．A．therefore B．however C．furthermore D．otherwise 8．A．in other words B．as usual C．in addition D．for instance 9．A．resistant B．open C．bind D．alert 10．A．perspective B．ambition C．personality D．philosophy 11．A．reject B．strive C．claim D．oppose 12．A．extend B．restrict C．shorten D．determine 13．A．unhealthy B．nutritious C．adequate D．moderate 14．A．predictable B．advisable C．sustainable D．enjoyable 15．A．temptation B．introduction C．adaptation D．objection 主题02 人与自我—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市控江中学·期末） It is springtime, and the city feels especially glorious. If we were to reflect on what has brought us joy in our daily life, birds would probably be enjoying a top 1 on the happy list for many. Especially those we saw outside of our windows or, in New York City, on the street. Three species in particular 2 the sidewalks, tops of buildings, fire escapes, window ledge (窗沿), and air conditioners: house sparrows, pigeons and starlings (椋鸟). All of these species are invasive. When these species were first introduced, the scientific fields of ecology and conservation were almost 3 , and now we know that for pest (害虫) control, this was a terrible idea. I have been studying starlings in New York City since 2016. I do so formally in museums and labs but in between my research I watch them 4 on the street. I was initially fascinated by their adaptability to the 5 landscape, especially their 6 flexibility. They will eat a pile of yellow rice on Columbus Avenue, a soft pretzel on Central Park West, and a flattened apple pie in the parking lot of a Costco in Queens. The sounds they make are so 7 that you might not recognize that they are coming from the same species. If you listen closely, you can hear their up-and-down whistling, whirring, and even an early video game laser-like sound. You may not consider it 8 enough to be called a song, but it is a song nonetheless. When you stare at them, as I have many times, they never ever appear to look at you, but they obviously see you because they 9 incredibly rapidly to absolutely any movement or disturbance. They are off 10 , always faster than I can draw my phone out in order to grab a good picture. Sometimes, I wish that I did not know about what else they do across the country, and could just enjoy watching them in quiet 11 . And I wonder if you can know about their paths of 12 and still appreciate aspects of their behavior. At times this winter, nothing in the 13 environment even came close to remind me of life or the natural world. And then way up in that bit of sky, beside the water tower, I spotted five of them. I’d know their triangular wings, and their suspicious (有疑心的) and 14 behavior, anywhere. As they flew up and 15 , they inspired my hope for bluer skies and future springtime. 1．A．peak B．spot C．attraction D．idea 2．A．impact B．imitate C．dominate D．threaten 3．A．nonstop B．nonexistent C．nonviolent D．nonprofit 4．A．legally B．academically C．generously D．informally 5．A．urban B．natural C．regional D．scenic 6．A．dietary B．flying C．communicative D．behavior 7．A．strange B．similar C．varied D．powerful 8．A．popular B．loud C．clear D．beautiful 9．A．stick B．object C．respond D．apply 10．A．in a flash B．in a word C．in a sense D．in a hurry 11．A．mood B．ignorance C．laboratories D．neighborhoods 12．A．creation B．exploration C．destruction D．depression 13．A．conserved B．hidden C．built D．connected 14．A．quick B．elegant C．commonplace D．dramatic 15．A．out of reach B．out of curiosity C．out of mind D．out of sight Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市奉贤区致远高级中学·期末） The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 1 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 2 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had 3 several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber 4 some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds. When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 5 to your evolving purpose, or to include 6 ideas or newly discovered information. Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 7 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to 8 topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 9 . Always make time to become your own 10 and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you 11 new ideas. Revising involves 12 the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose 13 throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the 14 , that is, facts, opinions, inferences --- that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many 15 details that may confuse readers? 1．A．technique B．style C．career D．process 2．A．in particular B．in other words C．for example D．as a result 3．A．rejected B．skipped C．undergone D．replaced 4．A．released B．rewrote C．recorded D．reserved 5．A．addition B．response C．opposition D．contrast 6．A．fixed B．ambitious C．fresh D．familiar 7．A．However B．Moreover C．Instead D．Therefore 8．A．discuss B．cover C．exhaust D．switch 9．A．drafting B．rearranging C．performing D．training 10．A．director B．audience C．master D．visitor 11．A．personal B．valuable C．basic D．delicate 12．A．mixing B．weakening C．maintaining D．assessing 13．A．amazing B．bright C．unique D．clear 14．A．angles B．evidence C．information D．hints 15．A．unnecessary B．uninteresting C．concrete D．final 主题03 人与自然—— Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海市七宝中学·期末） For all the talk of dogs and humans being best friends, sometimes representatives of the two species just don’t click. Giving up an unsuitable family pet can be heartbreaking, but, if the animal is an expensive working dog, it can also be financially ruinous. Guide dogs, for example, can cost up to $50,000 to train, but about a third are returned because they don’t click with their allocated owner. To cut down on the number of 1 , researchers in Germany are trying to develop more harmonious pooch-person relationships. Their work towards that goal has now confirmed what many dog-owners already suspect, and what some may be 2 to admit: dogs really do look like their humans. More relevant to the quest for lasting friendships, they have similar 3 too. “We are interested in understanding what makes a good dog-owner match and to find out how we can find the right dog for a person,” says Yana Bender, a PhD student at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Jena. “To do that, we first need to establish the status quo(现状): are dogs and their owners 4 more similar or more different?” Writing in the journal Personality and Individual Differences, Ms Bender and her colleagues have reviewed the 5 evidence to show how the similarities show through. One domain concerns physical appearance. While it might sound barking, numerous studies in recent decades have shown that people really can match pictures of dogs to their owners more often and more 6 than would be possible with guesswork alone. Some sources of similarity are clear: women with short hair tend to own dogs with short ears, for example, while those with long hair tend to 7 long-eared breeds. People with higher body-mass-indices also tend to have more overweight dogs. Other connections are less 8 , as shown by research revealing dogs and owners can be correctly 9 from pictures in which only their eyes are visible. A similar affinity bias may be at play for invisible characteristics as well, with owners’ personality traits 10 in the way their dogs behave. 11 owners have dogs that are more nervous around strangers, neurotics are more likely to pair with aggressive pets and conscientious people own dogs that are more motivated and easier to train. Owners of breeds classed as dangerous, such as the 12 XL Bully, rate themselves higher on traits like sensation-seeking and psychopathy. What is going on? Psychologists have known for decades that humans place more 13 on relationships with people that look and behave like them, and the same seems to 14 dogs. Women with short hair rate short-eared breeds such as the Siberian Husky and Basenji as friendlier and more intelligent. Long-haired women think the same about Beagles and Springer Spaniels. The phenomenon of matching personalities appears to be more complex than that of matching looks. 15 people simply selecting a dog they believe matches their personality, the moods and behaviour of the owner could influence and shape the dog over time—and to a lesser extent, vice versa. Being around less confident people, for example, could make a dog more nervous, while having an anxious dog can exacerbate an owner’s worries. 1．A．mistakes B．mismatches C．misconceptions D．misfortunes 2．A．ready B．anxious C．confident D．reluctant 3．A．personalities B．appearances C．preferences D．tastes 4．A．especially B．coincidentally C．generally D．previously 5．A．adaptable B．acceptable C．available D．additional 6．A．randomly B．reliably C．regretfully D．respectively 7．A．introduce B．dislike C．improve D．favor 8．A．obvious B．complicated C．indirect D．vague 9．A．trained B．restricted C．paired D．navigated 10．A．recorded B．mirrored C．rewarded D．mastered 11．A．Extroverted B．Intelligent C．Careful D．Introverted 12．A．friendly B．notorious C．remarkable D．peculiar 13．A．value B．performance C．strength D．advantage 14．A．refer to B．react to C．subject to D．apply to 15．A．In particular B．Or rather C．Rather than D．In response Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海市松江区统考·期末） Zoos are the centers for conservation efforts. “Our job is so much more than 1 being a place for people to see animals,” says Dani Hogan, a senior zookeeper in Philadelphia Zoo. “At our zoo, you can visit 2 animals like pandas or golden monkeys, and learn about them directly from the staff. A visit to the zoo is not only a way for you and your family to have a fascinating day, but also an attempt to do something 3 for wildlife. Every visit does good to our conservation programs.” Here are some typical ways zoos support various conservation plans: 1) Publicizing the importance Through offering 4 with a variety of animals, zoos help people gain a deeper understanding about the significance of species conservation. Generally, this can be achieved with a zoo’ s exhibits, its staff ready to chat, and 5 in-school programs beyond its regular daily work. 2) 6 breeding (繁殖) programs Zoos worldwide actively participate in breeding programs for species under the 7 . By carefully managing breeding pairs, the aim is to increase populations of endangered animals in human care and share new information that can support the researchers whose work is 8 wild populations. 3) Leading research Working together with other scientists, zoos are 9 in understanding species and developing methods for their care and preservation. As “America’ s First Zoo,” Philadelphia Zoo has many times published leading research that both increases the quality of care for animals and provides advanced methods to 10 animals in the wild. One advanced system developed by Philadelphia Zoo, 11 , successfully served to inspire (启发) an organization in Brazil. That organization once investigated ways to 12 important animals’ habitats that had been divided into parts due to the transport of oil and gas. After introducing the system, animals there can now safely travel from one 13 to another, increasing their populations. 4) Inspiring community Zoos provide visitors of all ages and backgrounds with amazing experiences and then a sense of 14 about the natural world. By doing that, they encourage willingness in nearby individuals to make common effort with 15 schools and organizations to conserve the wonderful wildlife. With all the work, zoos bring the importance of wildlife conservation into their communities. 1．A．unforgettably B．dramatically C．simply D．eagerly 2．A．creative B．rare C．confusing D．cruel 3．A．ironic B．immediate C．faulty D．valuable 4．A．connections B．predictions C．replacement D．mixture 5．A．royal B．additional C．natural D．casual 6．A．Representing B．Showing up C．Creating D．Joining in 7．A．threat of extinction B．theme of love C．name of selection D．rule of law 8．A．held back by B．referred to as C．included in D．related to 9．A．followers B．pioneers C．transitions D．obstacles 10．A．catch B．raise C．preserve D．attract 11．A．moreover B．instead C．in contrast D．for example 12．A．repair B．observe C．connect D．discover 13．A．country B．zoo C．habitat D．system 14．A．adventure B．wonder C．sight D．balance 15．A．local B．distant C．sacred D．private 18 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $