Unit 8 Making a Difference Grammar Focus课件2025-2026学年人教版英语八年级下册

该初中英语课件聚焦八年级下册Unit 8现在完成时语法，核心涵盖for/since用法、延续性动词特点及与一般过去时的区别。通过Review环节回顾已学标志词，再以Read the sentences活动对比for/since用法，搭建从已知到未知的学习支架，衔接前后知识脉络。 其亮点在于采用语境化教学，结合"Observe"分析句子转换培养思维品质，"Work in groups"采访活动提升学习能力，通过表格对比时态差异强化语言能力。实例丰富如4c语篇填空、小组调查任务，教师可直接使用活动设计，学生能在实践中掌握语法应用，提升综合语言素养。

Unit 8 UNIT 8 Making a Difference 能够梳理和归纳包含for和since的现在完成时的功能和意义，并在语境中准确理解和使用。 能够了解现在完成时中与持续性时间状语连用的典型动词的特点（延续性动词）。 能够在较复杂的语篇语境中理解一般过去时和现在完成时的表意区别。 n. 军队 army soldier n. 军人；士兵 primary adj. 小学教育的；首要的 When I was in primary school, I wanted to join the army and become a soldier. 当我上小学的时候，我想参军成为一名士兵。 help out 分担工作；帮忙做 charity n. 慈善机构（或组织）； 慈善事业 warmly adv. 热情地；温暖地 The students helped out at a local charity and were warmly welcomed by the old people there. 学生们在当地一家慈善机构帮忙，并受到了那里老人们的热烈欢迎。 现在完成时可以描述过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，常与already、yet、ever、just、before、recently等副词连用。 e.g. She has already read Journey to the West. Read the sentences. How are for and since used differently? Have you been to our animal shelter before? No, I haven’t. But one of my friends has volunteered here for a long time. Has she ever done volunteer work? Yes, she has. She has been a volunteer at a nursing home since last August. How long have you been a volunteer? I have been a volunteer here for a few months. How long has he worked as a volunteer at the museum? He has volunteered here since his summer holidays started. “Have you been to …?” “Have you gone to …?” “Have you been to …?” focuses on whether the person has visited a place in the past, and the question focuses more on the experience. “Have you gone to …?” focuses more on the act of leaving for a destination(目的地) and the person is possibly still there or on the way, i.e. the trip is ongoing or not yet finished. “I have been a volunteer for a few months.” The present perfect tense is typically used to express an action or state that happened at some point in the past and has relevance (有关系) to the present. The verb “become” can be used in the present perfect tense but not with “for”. For example, “I have become a volunteer.” Using “become” means that an event has happened recently. Verbs with “for” or “since” The present perfect tense is used to describe actions or states that started in the past and continue to the present or have some relevance to the present moment. Present perfect sentences often include “for” and “since” to provide more details. “For” is used with a duration (期间) of time, and “since” is used with a specific point in time. Some verbs are frequently used with “for” or “since” in the present perfect tense, for example, be, live, work, know, wait, travel, study. I have lived in the city for three years. I have lived here since 2022. Read more sentences. Jill is in Paris now. She arrived in Paris three days ago. Jill has been in Paris for three days. I have a camera. I bought it in 2023. I’ve had a camera since 2023. / … for three years. I live in this village. I started to live in this village when I was born. I’ve lived in this village since I was born. 现在完成时的句子中，哪些标志词能够引出表示一段时间的状语？ 这两个标志词后面接的时间有什么特点？ 如果句中包含表示过去的时间状语，一般用什么时态？ 在与持续性时间状语连用的现在完成时的肯定句中，动词时延续性的还是非延续性的？ 现在完成时II 现在完成时还可表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态，该用法中的动词多是延续性动词，常见的时态标志词有since, for等。 since e.g. They have lived in the small village since 2008. 他们自2008年以来一直住在这个小村庄。 Cindy hasn’t phoned since she went to New York.  Cindy自从去了纽约后就一直没有打电话。 意为“自从……以来”，它既可作介词，也可作连词。作介词时，后接表示过去的时间点，表示某事开始的时间；作连词时，引导时间状语从句，从句常用一般过去时。 作介词，后接一段时间，表示一个动作或一种状态已经持续了多长时间。 e.g. We have waited here for half an hour. 我们在这里等了半个小时了。 Linda’s mother has been ill for three days. Linda的妈妈已经病了三天了。 for 1. 对since或for引导的时间状语提问时，常用how long。 (对划线部分提问) Zhou Jie has had the computer since five years ago.   How long has Zhou Jie had the computer? Mr. Wang has taught in this school for 20 years.   How long has Mr. Wang taught in this school?    2. 在现在完成时中，含有since和for的句子通常可以相互转换。 e.g. They have known each other since ten years ago. =They have known each other for ten years. 他们相识十年了。 3. go, come, leave等表示短暂意义的动词(短语)不能应用在表示持续性现在完成时的肯定与疑问结构中。若要表示这一意义，需将其改为相应的表示延续性的动词(短语)或表示状态的词语。  become → be, borrow → keep, catch a cold → have a cold,   come (to) / go (to) → be (in), leave (…) → be away (from …), die → be dead, join → be in / be a member of, buy → have, begin → be on … e.g. a. The kid has come to this village for three days. (×)  The kid has been in this village for three days. (√)       b. His uncle has joined the club for four years. (×)  His uncle has been a member of the club for four years. (√)     但表示短暂意义的动词(短语)可应用在表示持续性现在完成时的否定结构中。 e.g. We haven’t seen each other for years.  【语境应用】根据要求完成下列各题，每空一词。 1) Andy left his hometown in 2015.    (用since改写句子) Andy ________ ________ ________ ________ his hometown since 2015. 2) The film began twenty minutes ago.    (改为同义句) The film has ________ ________ ________ twenty minutes. 3) They have lived here since five years ago.  (改为同义句) They have lived here ________ ________ ________. has been away from been on for for five years 4) Robert joined the music club last month.     (改为同义句) Robert ________ ________ ________ the music club ________ a month. 5) Mr. Jackson has been in China for three years. (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has Mr. Jackson been in China? 6) Bruce has learned to swim since two months ago.       (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ has Bruce learned to swim? has been in for How long How long Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets and for or since. 1. This college student enjoys volunteering for the army. She ___________ (teach) English to the soldiers _______ three years. 2. I _________ (be) a member of the Red Cross for six years. I have made a lot of friends _______ I joined the organization. has taught / has been teaching for have been since 3. Mr Wu has taught in a primary school as a volunteer ______ two years now. ______ he started working there, he _________ (help) many students. 4. The organization __________ (train) over 6,000 volunteers _______ it began to offer classes three years ago. for Since has helped has trained since 现在完成时和一般过去时 时态 基本结构 意义 时间状语 现在完成时 助动词have / has+过去分词 过去发生的动作或存在的状态与现在有关，持续到现在或对现在有影响。 already, never, ever, just, yet, since ..., for ...  一般过去时 动词过去式 只表示过去发生的动作。 yesterday, in 2025 … Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. I love being a volunteer! I __________ (work) with a sports organization for almost three years now. Since I started, I __________ (help) out at over ten different sports events. I __________ (make) many new friends and I ___________ even _________ (meet) many famous athletes. For example, I _________ (meet) two national football players from Argentina last month. have worked have helped have made have met met They were at a stadium for a charity match. The stadium _________ (be) so big that they ________ (get) lost. I gave them directions and they __________ (smile) and __________ (thank) me warmly. I am proud to be a volunteer! was got smiled thanked “athletes” “players” An athlete is someone skilled at sports or physical exercise who competes in individual or team events. It is a broad term (广义) that can apply to different sports, from running to swimming, football, and martial arts (武术). A player is someone who takes part in a game or sport. It can refer to both physical sports and games of mental skills (like chess or cards). Some sports, like running, boxing, and swimming, are not seen as “games”, and so the word “player” is not used. 广义的“运动员”，擅长体育运动、参与竞技的人 侧重“参赛选手”，特指有竞技、游戏性质的参与者 Sports event volunteer These volunteers help out at sports events without getting paid. They support the event and help everything run smoothly. They can help with setting up the event and cleaning up. They can assist (协助) the players and athletes. Being an event volunteer helps people gain experience in how events are managed. It helps support the organization and community, and also gives the volunteer a chance to be a part of sports and events that they like. Interview your groupmates using the questions below. Share the answers with the class. How long have you known your best friend / …? had your favourite toy / …? lived in your neighbourhood / …? How long have you known your best friend? I’ve known him for ten years! How long have you known your best friend? I’ve known him since I was in kindergarten! Wow, that’s a long time! Work in groups of six. Choose a topic and do a survey. Then present it. Who has had the longest friendship? How long have you known your best friend? When did you meet him or her? Who has lived in the neighbourhood the longest? How long have you lived in your neighbourhood? Where do you live? When did you begin to live there? Which toy have you owned the longest? How long have you had your favourite toy? What toy is it? When did you get it? 内容 要点 现在完成时的时间标志 引出表示一段时间的状语标志词是since(接时间点)和for(接时间段)。 现在完成时和一般过去时 句中有明确过去时间的状语，常用一般过去时；句中包含过去的时间，表示句中动作只和过去有关，和现在没有联系。有的时间状语两者都可以用，需要根据上下文情境决定。 延续性动词和非延续性动词 当现在完成时与表示持续性时间的状语连用时，动作或状态需要持续，要与延续性动词连用，否定句不受此限制(I haven’t seen you for ages)。 I can 梳理和归纳包含for和since的现在完成时的功能和意义，并在语境中准确理解和使用。 了解现在完成时中与持续性时间状语连用的典型动词的特点（延续性动词）。 在较复杂的语篇语境中理解一般过去时和现在完成时的表意区别。 预习Section B部分的文章及生词。 了解自己感兴趣的某项技术的历史，或绝迹物种的历史，做成一张调查表。 e.g. Dinosaurs have been extinct since … / for … years. Humans have used fire since … People have driven cars since / for … People have communicated by email since / for … $