阅读理解专题突破——新版主旨大意题-2026届高三英语二轮复习专项

**基本信息** 以“题型-方法-语篇”三维架构系统构建主旨大意题突破体系，通过选项特征分析与文体适配策略提升归纳概括能力与逻辑思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |题型解读|3类设问+2类考点|标题/文章/段落题分类界定|从命题本质到考查频次的层级递进| |选项特征|4大正确特征+4类干扰类型|正反选项比对法|基于命题规律的选项筛选逻辑| |三大题型解法|标题归纳3法/文章大意3技巧/段落大意2步骤|标题三方法（正选/反排/研读）、主题句法等|题型特征→方法适配→解题步骤的线性推导| |语篇突破|5类文体+9篇高考真题|文体结构分析法（如记叙文六要素+哲理）|从微观技巧到宏观语篇的思维升华|

2026届高考二轮复习专题之阅读理解解题技巧 ——— 主旨大意 主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读通文章后再做判断，建议学生将此类题目放在最后来做。 一、熟知题型特点与设问方式 (一)命题解读 1.主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。 2.标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 (二)题型特点 1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式： The best title for the passage is ________． The passage is mainly about ________． Which of the following is the best title for the passage? What is the text mainly about? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________． What is the first paragraph mainly about? 2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度： (1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题； (2)低频考点：段落大意题。 二、明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或主题的某一个方面 主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容 断章取义 以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点 无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖 破解主旨大意题的三大类型 类型(一)　标题归纳题 标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。 理解标题的3大特点 巧用3大方法确定文章标题 (1)正面肯定法： 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； (2)反面否定法： 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将 是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项； (3)研读备选项本身： 研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，排除 过于具体化、细节化的选项。 解题步骤： 第一步　读文章，理清结构; 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断; 第三步　对比选项得出答案 【典例】　(2024·全国甲卷阅读B) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 类型(二)　文章大意题 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。 技巧1　主题句法 解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法： (1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 (2)根据行文标志词（discourse markers）来定位主题句 转折词 段落中出现表示转折的词语，如but、 however、 in fact、 actually等，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句 总结词 表示总结或结论的词语，如therefore、 thus、 in short、 to conclude 、in conclusion等总结词后的内容往往是文章的主题句 疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句 技巧2　高频词法 若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心 技巧3　逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项 【典例】　(2021·全国甲卷阅读C) When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater. When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up. When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances.“I was a local here 20 years ago，” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head.“Safe, man. Safe.” “Yeah，” I said.“Safe.” 31．What message does the author seem to convey in the text？ A．Children should learn a second language. B．Sport is necessary for children's health. C．Children need a sense of belonging. D．Seeing the world is a must for children. 类型(三)　段落大意题 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。 定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。 常用的写作架构 第一步　首尾兼顾定段意; 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断; 第三步　对比选项得出答案 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment 基于语篇的主旨大意突破 篇章文体结构： （1）应用文：结构+细节+目的 （2）记叙文(夹叙夹议)：六要素+哲理 (情节线+情感线) （3）新闻题材：中心话题+辅助材料 （4）说明文：话题+分项信息+总结 （5）议论文：问题展示+研究+结果+解决问题 正确选项特征： 1. 表达比较含蓄，委婉（may, possible, perhaps) 2. 覆盖全文，范围恰当，大小合适 3. 是原文的近义改写，精确性强，不改变语言表达的程度及感情色彩 错误选项特征： 1. 表达过于绝对（all, only, never) 2. 文中未提及，主观臆断 3. 半对半错，与原文相似但在某处细节或是程度、态度、感情色彩上变动。 4. 偷梁换柱，张冠李戴 5. 扩大或缩小范围 6. 非主要信息点，主次不分，以偏概全。 1. 记叙文---叙事（人物事迹） Passage 1 2023年浙江1月B （人物事迹） (浙江23年1月卷) B Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 24. What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing. C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision. 25. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars? A. He disapproved of it. B. He was favorable to it. C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it. 26. What can we infer about the author? A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy. C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. How to get on well with other family members. B. How to have one's own personal space at home. C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D. How to control the budget when buying groceries. Passage 2 2021 全国乙 记叙文--叙事（人物事迹）C You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse," a pair of 10- foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products. C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach. 29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful. C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them. 30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers? A. Calming. B. Disturbing C. Refreshing D. Challenging. 31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 说明文 1.熟练掌握说明文常用说明方法 1.（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. "This works just like physical exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study. "After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy." 29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison. C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept. 2.（2019年6月C）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. 27.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California. 3. Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning. One Chinese study found that bees can be trained to learn and remember a route to a food source. The researchers also found that bees can be taught to recognize hidden objects and use the concepts of "sameness" and "difference" to accomplish certain tasks. Ants take this one step further. Recent American research has shown that ants not only have the ability to learn, but also can teach their foraging skills to other younger ants. They observed that older ants accompany young ants in search of food and teach them the route and how to avoid obstacles. 30. In this paragraph how does the author demonstrate the idea that Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning? A. By using statistics. B. By explaining reasons. C. By referencing opinions. D. By presenting study findings. 说明文---科学研究 Passage 1 2023 年新高考I卷D篇 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. Passage 2 2022新高考I D Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 说明文---新事物（社会现象，新科技产品） Passage 1 2023年浙江1月卷D According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,”says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.”InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators (传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities — and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 32. What do solar developers often ignore? A. The decline in the demand for solar energy. B. The negative impact of installing solar panels. C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D. The most recent advances in solar technology. 33. What does InSPIRE aim to do? A. Improve the productivity of local farms. B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds. C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas. 34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development. C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development Passage 2 2022 新高考II卷 C篇 Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.” “Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.” 28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 30. What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 31. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer Passage 3（2022年全国1卷C篇） The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed. “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. Passage 4 2023 年新高考I卷 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. Part III议论文 2022年新高考I卷 C篇 In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: "When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter." 24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains? A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history. C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing. 25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3? A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub. C They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships. 26. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising? A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead. C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West. 27. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. Passage 4 2019全国1卷D篇 During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior." In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). "We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us." Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, " he said. 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool. 33.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents. C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior. 34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable. C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better C. Be the Best-You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 高考题再练 1.（浙江首考2025年1月）C A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 2.（2024年高考北京卷）D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 3.（2024年1月浙江卷）D The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Biter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 4. （23年新课标2） B Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,”she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,”Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’ s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,”she says,“and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 5.（2024年新课标2） C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 6.（2022年全国甲卷）C As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go,”she says.“I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,”Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. 7. (22年新高考1卷D篇) Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common“m and“a”to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of“f”and“v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 8.（21年新高考1卷 D） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills”. Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 9. （2021年浙江二考卷C篇） If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study. Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images (图像) of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage.“We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth,”said study author Corsin Muller.”Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.” “With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions,”Muller told Live Science. At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.“To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 30. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study. D. An explanation of the research method. 最近模拟题巩固练习 （1）河南郑州一模 C 篇 When you look at the colorful rows of fruits and vegetables in the grocery store, you might think you’re getting all the nutrients you need. But recent studies show that today’s crops have fewer nutrients than what our grandparents ate decades ago. This decline is alarming and could affect our health in the future. Over the past 70 years, many fruits, vegetables, and grains have lost significant amounts of protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. A review in the journal Foods in 2024 called this a major challenge for future generations. This is especially important as more people are encouraged to eat plant-based diets for health and environmental reasons. David Montgomery, a professor at the University of Washington, warns that this nutrient decline means our food is less effective at preventing chronic diseases. Even if you eat lots of fresh produce, what you’re eating today is less nutritious than what your grandparents ate, says Kristie Ebi, an expert in climate change and health. The problem lies in modern farming practices. Methods that increase crop harvest often harm soil health. Irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting prevent the natural interactions between plants and soil fungi, reducing nutrient absorption. Climate change and rising carbon dioxide levels also play a role in lowering nutrient content. A major study in 2004 found that 43 garden crops had less protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C compared to 50 years earlier. More recent studies show similar trends in Australian vegetables and wheat, with significant drops in iron and protein. This nutrient decline affects not just plant-based diets but also meat. Animals now eat less nutritious grasses and grains, making meat and dairy products less nutritious too. Scientists urge us not to worry too much but to pay attention to how our food is grown. Montgomery says understanding the impact of farming practices gives us a new reason. As the population grows, we need to protect and restore our farmland to ensure healthy food for everyone. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. The decrease of nutrients in crops. B. The consequence of plant-based diets. C. The worsening health conditions of humans. D. The big problems of modern farming practices. （2）江苏苏北四市一模 C 篇 For gardeners who love neatness, autumn is a bit of a mixed blessing. Golden, autumn leaves look beautiful at first, but they soon turn brown and mushy, making many people want to throw them away. However, gardening and wildlife experts say this is unnecessary and even harmful. To those so inclined, Jon Stokes, the director of the Tree Council, shares his experience. “It’s not necessary. In 35 years of having a garden, I’ve never once swept a leaf, because I’ve never had to. They disappear within a week because the earthworms get them. The garden is completely full of wildlife and my grass has never suffered because of it,” he says, “Don’t take them away and drop them at the landfill, because you’ll have just taken all that goodness out of your garden. If you can’t bear to leave them where they are, get the kids to kick them into a corner, stick them in a pile, or let the hedgehogs and earthworms use them.” While gardens covered with fallen leaves may look like a mess to humans, to wildlife they are a vital source of nutrients and shelter. For an earthworm, a fallen leaf is a snack to be rolled up and pulled down into the soil. For an elephant hawk-moth caterpillar, it is a roof under which to shelter until spring. For a hedgehog, it is a bed to roll around in and turn into a nest. Even for a tree, the leafy covering is a source from which to “drink” during dry periods. Experts offer easy ways to balance neatness and nature. Oliver Fry from Surrey Wildlife Trust suggests piling leaves in dry spots for hedgehogs or wet areas for frogs. Leave some leaf-covered areas for insects, but keep others tidy. If you hate rotting leaves, cut them into small pieces—worms will carry them away faster, boosting the soil microorganisms. Adrian Thomas from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds stresses keeping leaves in the garden instead of landfills. Every gardener’s small effort with leaves can help nature a lot. Leaves aren’t waste; they’re free, natural helpers for healthy plants. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Leave the Leaves B. Warm the Worms C. Guard the Gardens D. Balance the Balance （3）辽宁名校联盟期末 C 篇 A groundbreaking study led by Stanford Medicine has revealed that premature babies who listened to recordings of their mothers reading to them exhibited more mature white matter in key language areas of the brain. This research marks the first randomized controlled trial to demonstrate a link between early speech exposure and brain development. The study involved hospitalized premature babies who regularly heard recordings of their mothers reading stories or speaking. At the conclusion of the study, MRI scans showed that a critical language pathway in these babies was significantly more developed compared to a control group of premature babies who did not receive the hearing stimulation. This finding suggests that exposure to mother’s speech can actively promote brain maturation during a critical developmental period. Lead author Katherine Travis notes, “This is the first evidence that a speech experience is contributing to brain development at this very young age. It represents a potentially transformative way to approach neonatal care, with the goal of improving language outcomes for children born prematurely.” The research highlights a common challenge faced by premature babies, who are often born at least three weeks early and may spend weeks or months in the hospital. During this time, they miss out on the consecutive hearing stimulation they would typically receive in the womb, which is crucial for language development. The intervention was simple yet effective: premature babies listened to recordings of their mothers’ voices for about 2 hours and 40 minutes each day. Despite the relatively short duration of the study, the effects on brain development were clear and measurable. The study not only provides a practical, low-cost method to support premature babies’ brain development but also opens new pathways for improving neonatal care practices worldwide. By demonstrating that the mother’s voice recordings can enhance brain development, this research offers hope and a concrete strategy to help lessen the risk of language delays often associated with premature birth. 31. Which is the suitable title of the text? A. The Importance of MRI Scans in Neonatal Care B. The Risks of Premature Birth on Language Skills C. What Distinguishes Premature Babies from Full-Term Babies D. How Mothers’ Voice Recordings Boost Premature Babies’ Brain （4）山东淄博一模 C 篇 Depression has long been attributed to chemical imbalances in the brain. Yet, for many patients, standard treatments fail. This has fueled a search for alternative explanations, with the gut bacteria emerging as a surprising candidate. Researchers from APC Microbiome, Ireland published a paper in the latest issue of Molecular Psychiatry, arguing that the community of tiny organisms in our gut produces substances that can signal the brain, influencing mood and behavior. Early animal studies were striking—transferring these organisms from depressed individuals into healthy mice could transfer depressive-like behaviors. Human studies soon followed, revealing distinct bacterial patterns in depressed patients. This research birthed the concept of “psychobiotics”: live bacteria intended to improve mental health. Early, small-scale trials reported promising results, capturing public imagination. Headlines declared bacteria as the new mood-improving drugs. However, the path from interesting association to proven treatment is difficult. Larger, more strict trials have produced mixed and modest outcomes. A critical obstacle is the bacterial community’s extreme individuality. What makes up a “healthy” bacterial community varies greatly between people, influenced by diet, genetics, and environment. A supplement containing good bacteria that helps one person may be ineffective for another. This complexity points to a deeper shift in perspective. The goal may not be to simply add a universal “happy bug”. Instead, the focus is shifting toward encouraging a healthy and diverse bacterial ecosystem as a whole. This ecosystem approach acknowledges that mental well-being might be supported not by a single type of bacteria, but by the collective function and stability of the entire community. Therefore, the real potential of this field may not be a simple pill, but a broader approach to mental healthcare. It suggests we view the body as a connected system, in which diet, lifestyle, and gut health are all tied to brain health. This doesn’t deny existing treatments but adds to the options available. Scientifically, the challenge is to go beyond mere links and establish clear cause and effect. For the public and patients, the task is to balance hope with caution. 31. What is a suitable title for the text? A. The Gut-Mind Connection: A New Way to Cure Depression B. From Mice to Humans: How Gut Bacteria Influence Our Mood C. The Gut-Brain Link: Exploring a New Frontier for Mental Health D. The Excitement and Hope of Psychobiotics: Beyond the Clear Facts （5）重庆一诊 C 篇 Researchers showed people pictures of two knots and asked them to point to the strongest one. They couldn’t. They showed people videos of each knot, where the knots turn slowly so they could get a good long look. They still failed. People couldn’t even manage it when researchers showed them each knot next to a diagram of the knots’ construction. The study in the journal Open Mind reveals a new blind spot in our physical reasoning. The experiment is the brainchild of a PhD student in Firestone’s lab, Sholei Croom. Croom, who studies intuitive physics, or what people understand about the environment just from looking at it, suspected knots might be a rare blind spot. “People make predictions all the time about how the physics of the world will play out but something about knots didn’t feel intuitive to me,” Croom says. “You don’t need to touch a pile of books to judge its stability. You don’t have to feel a bowling ball to guess how many pins it will knock over.” The researchers showed participants four knots that are physically similar but have a range of strength. People were asked to look at the knots, two at a time, and point to the strongest one. Participants were consistently incorrect. What’s more, the few times they guessed right, they did so for the wrong reasons, pointing to aspects of the knot that had nothing to do with its strength. The knots ranged from one of the strongest basic knots in existence to one so weak that it can come undone if you just touch it gently. Even between those two, side by side, people couldn’t point to the strong one. The human psychological system just fails to ascertain any physical knowledge from the properties of the knot. Objects that aren’t rigid, such as string, may be harder for people to reason about than solid ones, Croom says. “It’s a nice case study into how many open questions still remain in our ability to reason about the environment.” 31. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. A Brief Introduction to Different Types of Knots B. A New Blind Spot in Human Perception Found C. How Intuitive Physics Helps Understand the World D. Why Some People Are Better at Judging Knot Strength （6）安徽合肥一六八中学高三一模 D 篇 Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like-but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep. One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve—they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with. Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics（形而上学）of race—an area of philosophy that explores the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal—that they're more like leprechauns（一种魔法精灵）than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”). A great example of a story taking on race is George S. Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are“really”White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin—darkening it so as to look more White. Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Stories Made Easy B. Positions in Philosophy C. Stories to Think with D. Nature of Philosophical Writing （7）广东（广州零模）广州高三调研测试 D 篇 Imagine a delicate Chinese festival lantern, not made from paper, but from a smart polymer（聚合体）that can change shape on command without motors or wires. This real-world creation from North Carolina State University researchers is a breakthrough redefining possibilities in materials science. At first glance, the polymer lantern seems simple. Yet within this delicate structure lies a world of complex physics. It is bistable —able to rest naturally in two stable shapes. One is its relaxed, lantern-like form; the other is a pressed, spinning-top-like shape. When pushed down, it slowly bends, storing energy until it suddenly turns into its second form. When released, the stored energy bursts free, turning it back instantly to its original lantern shape. This feature makes it programmable, as slight twists to its structure can predictably create a variety of shapes, unlocking its potential beyond a simple toy. But the real magic comes from how these transformations can be controlled from a distance. A magnetic film（磁性薄膜）attached to the structure’s base allows it to move without physical contact. With this capability, the lantern becomes a dynamic device that can perform work, move and interact with its environment. Its potential is demonstrated by striking examples: a gentle holder to catch fish and a smart water flow controller—both powered only by the physics of the material itself. To fully understand and control this lantern’s behavior, the team developed an advanced mathematical model to precisely program its shape, stability, and power.“All of those factors are critical for creating shapes that can perform desired applications,”said one researcher. This research opens a new chapter for soft robotics, which seeks to replace hard components with flexible and intelligent materials. By combining multiple units, the researchers are looking ahead to new shape-changing surfaces or structures. At its heart, the research captures something poetic: the ability of matter to remember, adapt and move. The polymer Chinese lantern doesn’t just shine—it breathes, it moves, and it teaches us that the boundary between living and engineered systems is growing thinner every day. 35. What is the text mainly about? A. A soft robot that acts like life. B. An advanced mathematical model. C. A breakthrough in materials science. D. The potential applications of polymers. （8）浙江金丽衢十二校高三联考 D 篇 For years, most new cars sold have been equipped with high-tech touch screens that control various functions, from air conditioning and navigation to music. Even safety features like automatic lane-keeping are sometimes screen-controlled. But are touch screens safe for drivers to use while driving? Traditional physical buttons allow drivers to operate controls without looking away from the road. However, touch screens offer no physical feedback, making it harder to use them without direct visual attention. Since a single screen handles dozens of functions, finding a particular setting often means tapping through several sub-menus. The result, say critics, is a dangerous distraction. Research backs that up. In 2022, Swedish researchers conducted a study comparing 11 cars with touch screens to an older model with physical buttons. They measured how long it took drivers to perform simple tasks like changing radio stations or adjusting temperature while driving at 110 km/h. The results were striking. In the older car, drivers completed all tasks in about ten seconds, during which the car traveled approximately 300 meters. In the worst-performing modern car, the same tasks took 45 seconds, with the car covering 1.4 kilometers. Even the best-performing models required several seconds longer than the traditional button-controlled car. Another study in 2024 by Norwegian researchers used gaze-tracking cameras to measure distraction times. They found that even the quickest task—adjusting temperature-took drivers eyes off the road for an average of 3.5 seconds. Finding a new radio station took 11 seconds, while entering a new navigation address took 16 seconds. An analysis published in 2020 by the Transport Research Laboratory, a British organization, found that touch screens impaired a driver's reaction time more than driving over the legal alcohol limit. Safety organizations are taking actions. Starting this year, Euro NCAP, which provides safety ratings for cars in Europe, will require that certain critical functions like turn signals and windshield wipers must be controlled by physical buttons for a car to receive the highest five-star safety rating. Meanwhile, car manufacturers are responding to concerns. Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Porsche have begun reverting physical buttons to their new models, recognizing that many drivers find touch screens inconvenient and potentially dangerous. As car technology continues to evolve, the balance between innovation and safety remains an important consideration. 35. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A. Touch screens may pose risks to driving safety. B. Safety is an important consideration for driving. C. Physical buttons should be replaced by touch screens. D. Touch screens are more convenient than physical buttons. （9）浙江嵊州高三一模 D 篇 The human brain tends to play favorites. Its prejudices, well demonstrated by psychological studies, include the“halo effect”: if we like a certain quality in a person, we’re more likely to view their unrelated traits positively as well. There’s also“affinity bias”, which refers to how we are attracted to people with backgrounds or characteristics similar to our own. A recent study published in Communications Psychology by Ines Bramao and her team at Lund University explores how cognitive biases could affect our most basic learning and memory processes.“Our research reveals why these biases occur: people tend to expand their knowledge based on information from those they favor,”Bramao explains. This tendency may contribute to the development of polarized（两极分化的）views. Study participants first chose“teammates”and“opponents”from among images of random faces based on their like or dislike. Then they created imaginary backstories for each chosen face, giving characteristics and identities they liked to teammates and ones they disliked to opponents. Next, participants viewed images of each face set in a certain background alongside a common object. Later, the participants tried to match up objects that had shared the same background—this time, without the faces displayed. This tested their ability to learn new information through a process called memory integration: linking memories of multiple past events to make new inferences. The participants did significantly better when linking objects that had initially been“presented”by an individual they liked. The study authors suggest this finding helps to show how people’s opinions can become intensely polarized and increasingly extreme. If we tend to build understanding based mostly on what we learn from a limited set of liked individuals or similar individuals, these beliefs can remain unchallenged, leading to narrowing viewpoints. Psychologist Charles says that this study is just the beginning and that further research could move beyond images to test learning with real-world events.“This could have important implications for how people make inferences and connect dots about their beliefs that then match their worldviews,”he says.“There’s a lot of potential moving forward.” 35. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Hidden Biases in Learning B. The Science Behind Polarized Views C. How Memory Shapes Our Beliefs D. Why We Favor People Like Ourselves $2026届高考二轮复习专题之阅读理解解题技巧 ——— 主旨大意 主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读通文章后再做判断，建议学生将此类题目放在最后来做。 一、熟知题型特点与设问方式 (一)命题解读 1.主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。 2.标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 (二)题型特点 1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式： The best title for the passage is ________． The passage is mainly about ________． Which of the following is the best title for the passage? What is the text mainly about? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________． What is the first paragraph mainly about? 2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度： (1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题； (2)低频考点：段落大意题。 二、明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或主题的某一个方面 主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容 断章取义 以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点 无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖 破解主旨大意题的三大类型 类型(一)　标题归纳题 标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。 理解标题的3大特点 巧用3大方法确定文章标题 (1)正面肯定法： 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； (2)反面否定法： 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将 是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项； (3)研读备选项本身： 研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，排除 过于具体化、细节化的选项。 解题步骤： 第一步　读文章，理清结构; 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断; 第三步　对比选项得出答案 【典例】　(2024·全国甲卷阅读B) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 27. B 标题判断题。根据第一段中的“But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills.”、第二段中的“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger.”以及最后一段中的“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch.”可知，整篇文章都在描述和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。因此B项“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior (理解你的猫的行为)”最适合作本文的标题。故选B。 类型(二)　文章大意题 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。 技巧1　主题句法 解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法： (1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 (2)根据行文标志词（discourse markers）来定位主题句 转折词 段落中出现表示转折的词语，如but、 however、 in fact、 actually等，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句 总结词 表示总结或结论的词语，如therefore、 thus、 in short、 to conclude 、in conclusion等总结词后的内容往往是文章的主题句 疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句 技巧2　高频词法 若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心 技巧3　逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项 【典例】　(2021·全国甲卷阅读C) When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater. When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up. When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭) among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded (滑) up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances.“I was a local here 20 years ago，” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head.“Safe, man. Safe.” “Yeah，” I said.“Safe.” 31．What message does the author seem to convey in the text？ A．Children should learn a second language. B．Sport is necessary for children's health. C．Children need a sense of belonging. D．Seeing the world is a must for children. 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者刚搬到伦敦时并不适应，但是由于结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好地适应了。再后来，作者搬到华盛顿，但因当地人不太热情，所以作者放弃了滑板。20年后作者重新回到伦敦，来到当年待过的地方，重温童年时代的故事。 31. C 推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的地方，结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好地适应了。但是搬去华盛顿，因为没有遇到很好的玩滑板的朋友，几年之后就不再玩滑板了，作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己的回忆，在与一个孩子打招呼的时候，终于找到了自己久违的回忆。由此可推知，通过本文作者要表达的是，归属感对于孩子是很重要的。故选C。 类型(三)　段落大意题 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。 定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。 常用的写作架构 第一步　首尾兼顾定段意; 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断; 第三步　对比选项得出答案 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment 32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估算的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。 基于语篇的主旨大意突破 篇章文体结构： （1）应用文：结构+细节+目的 （2）记叙文(夹叙夹议)：六要素+哲理 (情节线+情感线) （3）新闻题材：中心话题+辅助材料 （4）说明文：话题+分项信息+总结 （5）议论文：问题展示+研究+结果+解决问题 正确选项特征： 1. 表达比较含蓄，委婉（may, possible, perhaps) 2. 覆盖全文，范围恰当，大小合适 3. 是原文的近义改写，精确性强，不改变语言表达的程度及感情色彩 错误选项特征： 1. 表达过于绝对（all, only, never) 2. 文中未提及，主观臆断 3. 半对半错，与原文相似但在某处细节或是程度、态度、感情色彩上变动。 4. 偷梁换柱，张冠李戴 5. 扩大或缩小范围 6. 非主要信息点，主次不分，以偏概全。 1. 记叙文---叙事（人物事迹） Passage 1 2023年浙江1月B （人物事迹） (浙江23年1月卷) B Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 24. What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing. C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision. 25. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars? A. He disapproved of it. B. He was favorable to it. C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it. 26. What can we infer about the author? A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy. C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. How to get on well with other family members. B. How to have one's own personal space at home. C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D. How to control the budget when buying groceries. 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者如何在家人不理解和不支持的情况下，践行自己的环保理念。 24. B 词义猜测题。根据第一段“Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.（或和他人合租，或和朋友家人一起住，如果你希望过上更绿色的生活，很有可能你身边的人并没有准备好加入。）”可猜测，“jump on that bandwagon”指“加入你正在做的事情”。故选B。 25. A 观点态度题。根据第三段“my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.”可知，作者的父亲并不支持自带容器去购物这件事。故选A。 26. D 推理判断题。根据第二段“I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.”可知，为了环保，五年前作者与父母磨合，后来又和丈夫磨合，可见其坚持不懈。故选D。 27. C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，整篇文章都在围绕与他人共同生活时，作者如何践行自己的零污染理念。故选C。 Passage 2 2021 全国乙 记叙文--叙事（人物事迹） C You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse," a pair of 10- foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic," Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products. C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach. 29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful. C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them. 30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers? A. Calming. B. Disturbing C. Refreshing D. Challenging. 31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。 28. C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.”可知，Benjamin Von Wong建造雕塑的目的是引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C。 29. A 推理判断题。根据第三段的“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.”和“Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.”可知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管是为了表明回收利用塑料吸管是困难的。故选A。 30. B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.”可知，“Truckload of Plastic”这件艺术作品是为了突出塑料垃圾的严重危害，从而在观看者心中掀起波澜，让观看者好好思考一下自己的行为。结合四个选项可推知，Truckload of Plastic会令观看者感到不安。故选B。 31. D 标题概括题。根据全文可知，文章讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。D项“变成雕塑的海洋塑料垃圾”概括了文章大意，是本文的最佳标题。故选D。 说明文 1.熟练掌握说明文常用说明方法 1.（2020年7月C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. "This works just like physical exercise," says Francisca Then, who led the study. "After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy." 29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison. C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept. 详解：句中 just like physical exercise（就像体育锻炼一样）是典型的比较（comparison）手法。答案：B 2.（2019年6月C）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素). The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent. Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源). But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development. 27.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California. B. The increasing variety of California big trees. C. The distribution of big trees in California forests. D. The influence of farming on big trees in California. 解析：整段用大量数据：declined by 50 percent / more than 55 percent / nearly 75 percent强调大树数量大幅下降、没有地区幸免，突出损失的严重性。答案：A 3. Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning. One Chinese study found that bees can be trained to learn and remember a route to a food source. The researchers also found that bees can be taught to recognize hidden objects and use the concepts of "sameness" and "difference" to accomplish certain tasks. Ants take this one step further. Recent American research has shown that ants not only have the ability to learn, but also can teach their foraging skills to other younger ants. They observed that older ants accompany young ants in search of food and teach them the route and how to avoid obstacles. 30. In this paragraph how does the author demonstrate the idea that Honeybees and ants are both capable of learning? A. By using statistics. B. By explaining reasons. C. By referencing opinions. D. By presenting study findings. 解析：文中反复出现 study found / research has shown / researchers observed作者通过引用中外两项研究的发现来支撑观点。答案：D 说明文---科学研究 Passage 1 2023 年新高考I卷D篇 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关“群体智慧”效应的基本原理以及Joaquin Navajas在此基础上的进一步研究——允许互相讨论的小组比同等数量的独立个体有更准确的预测。 32. B 段落大意题。根据第二段第一句“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ...”及第三句“When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.”可知，该段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，即独立估算的平均值如何由于误差的消除而得出较准确的预测。故选B。 33. D 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，“群体智慧”效应注重的是独立，再由题干中的“Navajas’ study”可定位至第三段，题干中的“the average accuracy could increase”与该段第二句中的“the averages from these groups were more accurate”为同义替换。再根据“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，当把群体进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，他们比独立的个体能得出更为准确的预测。也就是说，即使预测不是完全独立的，平均值的准确度也能提高。故选D。 34. C 推理判断题。根据题干中的“the follow-up study”可定位至倒数第二段，再由“the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.”及后面一连串的提问可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35. D 观点态度题。根据最后一段内容尤其是“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous”可知，虽然Navajas的研究仍然有局限性和很多问题，但对于小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas研究的态度是赞许的。故选D。 Passage 2 2022新高考I D D Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类语音的发展与农业发展所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。 32. D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds”和第二段中的“how and why this trend arose”可知，Damián Blasi的研究与人类语音的发展有关。故选D。 33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth ... by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”可知，要发出唇齿音，上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。 34. A 段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，且根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that ... after the Neolithic age”可知，一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，由此可推知第五段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的“also confirmed”是关键词。故选A。 35. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable ... is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution”可知，人类的语音并不是一成不变的，而是一个包含生物进化和文化演变等复杂的、相互作用的系统。故选C。 说明文---新事物（社会现象，新科技产品） Passage 1 2023年浙江1月卷D According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,”says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.”InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators (传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities — and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 32. What do solar developers often ignore? A. The decline in the demand for solar energy. B. The negative impact of installing solar panels. C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D. The most recent advances in solar technology. 33. What does InSPIRE aim to do? A. Improve the productivity of local farms. B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds. C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas. 34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development. C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development D篇 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了太阳能农场的发展、缺点以及解决方案。 32. B 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.”可推知，太阳能板对农业造成了很大破坏。故选B。 33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段“Solar projects need to be good neighbors”以及“They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.”可知InSPIRE准备减少太阳能项目对环境的影响。故选C。 34. A 推理判断题。根据第四段“Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities — and now there are guidelines for solar farms.”可推知，保护组织为家庭花园、企业等制定了授粉者友好指南，目的是为了保护授粉者。故选A。 35. D 标题概括题。根据全文尤其是第一段“According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals.”和最后一段“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.”可知，文章主要讲述太阳能农场的新发展。故选D。 Passage 2 2022 新高考II卷 C篇(P 19) C Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.” “Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.” 28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 30. What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 31. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer C 本文一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了纽约的一名立法者为解决司机在开车时使用手机“分神”，从而引发交通事故的问题，提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 28. A 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机开车时发短信，很多公益活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段中的“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）”可知，美国对司机发短信的禁令是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”。故选A。 29. B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约关于司机开车用手机法律所不允许的其他事情。）”可知，Textalyzer可以确定司机是否使用了手机。故选B。 30. D 指代判断题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior.（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西。）”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。再根据下文中的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.’（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’）”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。由此可推知，只有受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。 31. B 标题判断题。纵观全文可知，纽约大多数州虽然尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机，可是问题却越来越严重。为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出了利用Textalyzer技术来监控司机在开车时是否使用了手机。相关人士也呼吁让该项技术成为法律，这样才能真正改变开车使用手机的行为。故B选项“Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（开车发短信？留意短信监控器）”最适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 4（2022年全国1卷C篇）P32 C The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed. “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. C 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国一家慈善机构发起了一个让养老院老人养鸡的项目，以缓解老年人的孤独感，这个项目受到老年人的欢迎。 28. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The project was dreamed up ... to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing.”可知，这个项目的目的是为了缓解老年人的孤独感和提升他们的幸福感。D项中的promote和welfare分别对应文中的improve和wellbeing。故选D。 29. B 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“It’s good to have a different focus ... I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”可知，Ruth Xavier喜欢养鸡，做些有用的事让她感觉很好，由此可推断出她从养鸡这件事中获得了成就感。故选B。 30. C 词义猜测题。根据embark on前面的“one of the first”及其后面的“Residents really welcome the idea of ...”可知，此处指Wendy Wilson是最早发起这个项目的人之一，embark on与C项begin意思相近。故选C。 31. A 推理判断题。根据最后两段中的“Residents really welcome the idea of the project ... We are happy to be taking part in the project.”可知，人们欣然接受这个项目并且乐于参与，也就是这个项目很受大家欢迎。故选A。 Passage 5 2023 年新高考I卷 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. C 本文是一本书的序言。文章主要介绍了该书的写作目的和框架结构，告诉读者数字时代极简主义生活方式的优点，以及如何做到极简生活。 28. B 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“to make the case for digital minimalism”及“to teach you how to adopt this philosophy”可知，这本书解释什么是数字极简主义，并教你如何采用这种理念。由此可推知，这本书的目的是倡导简约数字生活方式。故选B。 29. A 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.”可知，“digital declutter”这个过程要求你在30天内远离自己喜欢的线上活动。30天后，你再加回一些你精心挑选的、对你重视的东西有巨大好处的线上活动。这一过程是对线上活动的清理。由此可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，“clear-up”与之意思一致。故选A。 30. C 细节理解题。根据题干中的“the final chapter of part one”定位至倒数第二段，由该段最后一句“You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.”可知，作者讲述了一些实验参与者的事例供读者参考。故选C。 31. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”可推知，作者建议读者对第二部分中提及的做法，根据实际需要去使用。故选A。 Part III议论文 书评 In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: "When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter." 24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains? A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history. C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing. 25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3? A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub. C They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships. 26. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising? A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead. C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West. 27. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. 答案：ADCB 24. 答案：A 解析：第一段第一句：…traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. 文中明确说明她们去那里的目的是在一间只有一间教室的校舍教书。 B、C、D 均未提及或与原文不符。 25. 答案：D 解析：第三段：had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up… the children weeping from the cold .In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.几乎没有隐私、很少洗澡、早上被子上有雪、孩子冻得哭、春天冰雪泥泞。 这些都说明生活条件极其艰苦。 A 无依据；B 与 rare baths 相反；C 是和当地家庭 Harrison 一家住，不是和孩子住。 26. 答案：C 解析：第四段：A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies…原文直接点明：令人惊心动魄的部分是关于铁路修建。 hair-raising = 令人胆战心惊的、惊心动魄的。 27. 答案：B 解析：原文定位第一段：Their stay… is the subject of Nothing Daunted… by Dorothy Wickenden；第四段：In Wickenden’s book；第五段：Wickenden is a very good storyteller.全文围绕一本书展开：介绍书的内容、作者、写作特点，属于书评（book review）。 Passage 4 2019全国1卷D篇 During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are "most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior." In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). "We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us." Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, " he said. 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool. 33.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents. C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The causes of dishonorable behavior. 34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable. C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better C. Be the Best-You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness 【语篇概要】本文是说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢，会对人们生活的各个方面产生深远的有益影响。 【答案解析】 32. C 推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的；酷的。故选C。 33. A 主旨大意题。第二段“Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.”可知，临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。该句是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了受欢迎的人的分类，故选A。 34. B 推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，由healthy adjustment推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，被人喜欢的孩子适应性更强，故选B。 35. A 主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。 高考题再练 1.（浙江首考2025年1月）C A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS C 【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。矩阵式种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。 31. A 主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用；第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展；第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”；末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念。故选A。 2.（2024年高考北京卷）D Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality D 本文是一篇说明文。文章从科学的视角探讨道德规范的根源。 34. D 标题概括题。文章开篇以19世纪因纽特人的生活为例，介绍了早期人类道德准则。接着文章指出普遍规范是根植于人类基本需求的相似性和共享的学习与解决问题的机制。此外，文章强调了社会本能、大脑中改造后的奖励系统对行为规范和习惯的影响。纵观全文可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，所以“道德的起源”最适合为文章标题。故选D。 3.（2024年1月浙江卷）D The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Biter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了斯坦福的棉花糖实验以及孩子被糖果诱惑和成人被信息诱惑的原因，最后提到我们应像控制热量的摄入一样，控制对信息的摄入以面对社会中信息爆炸的挑战。 35. D 主旨大意题。文章通过棉花糖实验引出，我们成人需要像孩子抵制棉花糖的诱惑一样，抵制网络垃圾信息的轰炸，D选项中的“Marshmallow”指的是有诱惑性的信息，D选项最符合本文大意。故选D。 4. （23年新课标2） B Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,”she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,”Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’ s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,”she says,“and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 本文是一篇记叙文。文章描述了Urban Sprouts这一学校园艺项目如何帮助低收入学校的学生发展科学技能、环境意识和健康的生活方式。 27. C 标题概括题。文章主要介绍了Urban Sprouts项目的主要目标和产生的效果，即通过校园园艺项目培养学生们对蔬菜的喜爱，改变他们的饮食习惯。因此，最适合的标题是“Growing Vegetable Lovers”。故选C。 5.（2024年新课标2） C We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. C 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了巴比伦微农场提供室内种植系统，通过云技术远程监控，减少种植植物所需的水量，实践可持续性，减少碳排放。 31. A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，整篇文章主要讲述了BMF的优势，如减少食物运输距离、节水、无农药使用、减少碳排放等，这些都是BMF的主要优势。故选A。 6.（2022年全国甲卷）C As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.“I just decided I wanted to go,”she says.“I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica.“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,”Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. C 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了让Ginni终身难忘的南极洲之旅。 31. B 主旨大意题。本文开篇即介绍了Ginni抵达南极洲时，可爱的企鹅开启了她终身难忘的旅行，下文又介绍了她去南极洲的原因、时间及其感受等。因此，B选项“一次难忘的经历”最能概括文章主旨。 7. (22年新高考1卷D篇) Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common“m and“a”to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of“f”and“v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. D 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类语音的发展与农业发展所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。 34. A 段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，且根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that ... after the Neolithic age”可知，一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，由此可推知第五段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的“also confirmed”是关键词。故选A。 8.（21年新高考1卷 D） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills”. Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. （21年新高考1卷D篇） 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了人们对情商概念的误解，以及作者对未来情商研究的期望。 35. B 段落大意题。根据最后一段中的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”可知，虽然情商继续有普遍的吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。 9. （2021年浙江二考卷C篇） If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study. Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images (图像) of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage.“We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth,”said study author Corsin Muller.”Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.” “With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions,”Muller told Live Science. At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.“To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 30. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study. D. An explanation of the research method. C篇 本文是一篇科普类短文，主要介绍了一项有关狗的研究。实验研究表明，狗能够识别人类的表情是高兴还是愤怒。 30. B 主旨大意题。题干定位：根据题干中的“the last paragraph”可定位到短文的最后一段。这一段主要说明“why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans为什么看起来狗具备识别人类表情的能力”，也就是为什么会有这样的实验研究结论。故选B项。 最近模拟题巩固练习 （1）河南郑州一模 C 篇 When you look at the colorful rows of fruits and vegetables in the grocery store, you might think you’re getting all the nutrients you need. But recent studies show that today’s crops have fewer nutrients than what our grandparents ate decades ago. This decline is alarming and could affect our health in the future. Over the past 70 years, many fruits, vegetables, and grains have lost significant amounts of protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. A review in the journal Foods in 2024 called this a major challenge for future generations. This is especially important as more people are encouraged to eat plant-based diets for health and environmental reasons. David Montgomery, a professor at the University of Washington, warns that this nutrient decline means our food is less effective at preventing chronic diseases. Even if you eat lots of fresh produce, what you’re eating today is less nutritious than what your grandparents ate, says Kristie Ebi, an expert in climate change and health. The problem lies in modern farming practices. Methods that increase crop harvest often harm soil health. Irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting prevent the natural interactions between plants and soil fungi, reducing nutrient absorption. Climate change and rising carbon dioxide levels also play a role in lowering nutrient content. A major study in 2004 found that 43 garden crops had less protein, calcium, iron, and vitamin C compared to 50 years earlier. More recent studies show similar trends in Australian vegetables and wheat, with significant drops in iron and protein. This nutrient decline affects not just plant-based diets but also meat. Animals now eat less nutritious grasses and grains, making meat and dairy products less nutritious too. Scientists urge us not to worry too much but to pay attention to how our food is grown. Montgomery says understanding the impact of farming practices gives us a new reason. As the population grows, we need to protect and restore our farmland to ensure healthy food for everyone. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. The decrease of nutrients in crops. B. The consequence of plant-based diets. C. The worsening health conditions of humans. D. The big problems of modern farming practices. 【答案】A 【详解】主旨大意归纳。解析：全文围绕“农作物营养成分下降”展开：开头提出现象，中间分析数据、原因（农业实践、气候变化）、影响，最后提出应对方向。故选A。 · B “植物饮食后果” 非重点； · C “人类健康恶化” 扩大范围； · D “现代农业问题” 只是原因，不是主旨。 （2）江苏苏北四市一模 C 篇 For gardeners who love neatness, autumn is a bit of a mixed blessing. Golden, autumn leaves look beautiful at first, but they soon turn brown and mushy, making many people want to throw them away. However, gardening and wildlife experts say this is unnecessary and even harmful. To those so inclined, Jon Stokes, the director of the Tree Council, shares his experience. “It’s not necessary. In 35 years of having a garden, I’ve never once swept a leaf, because I’ve never had to. They disappear within a week because the earthworms get them. The garden is completely full of wildlife and my grass has never suffered because of it,” he says, “Don’t take them away and drop them at the landfill, because you’ll have just taken all that goodness out of your garden. If you can’t bear to leave them where they are, get the kids to kick them into a corner, stick them in a pile, or let the hedgehogs and earthworms use them.” While gardens covered with fallen leaves may look like a mess to humans, to wildlife they are a vital source of nutrients and shelter. For an earthworm, a fallen leaf is a snack to be rolled up and pulled down into the soil. For an elephant hawk-moth caterpillar, it is a roof under which to shelter until spring. For a hedgehog, it is a bed to roll around in and turn into a nest. Even for a tree, the leafy covering is a source from which to “drink” during dry periods. Experts offer easy ways to balance neatness and nature. Oliver Fry from Surrey Wildlife Trust suggests piling leaves in dry spots for hedgehogs or wet areas for frogs. Leave some leaf-covered areas for insects, but keep others tidy. If you hate rotting leaves, cut them into small pieces—worms will carry them away faster, boosting the soil microorganisms. Adrian Thomas from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds stresses keeping leaves in the garden instead of landfills. Every gardener’s small effort with leaves can help nature a lot. Leaves aren’t waste; they’re free, natural helpers for healthy plants. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Leave the Leaves B. Warm the Worms C. Guard the Gardens D. Balance the Balance 【答案】A 【详解】主旨概括与标题提炼。解析：全文围绕“保留落叶”展开，先后通过Jon Stokes的观点、落叶对野生动物的价值、多位专家的具体建议，强调落叶应留在花园中促进生态循环。选项A“Leave the Leaves”简洁有力地概括了这一核心倡议，且与文章结尾“落叶是免费的自然助手”呼应。故选A。B 只讲蚯蚓，片面；C、D 过于笼统，无核心。 （3）辽宁名校联盟期末 C 篇 A groundbreaking study led by Stanford Medicine has revealed that premature babies who listened to recordings of their mothers reading to them exhibited more mature white matter in key language areas of the brain. This research marks the first randomized controlled trial to demonstrate a link between early speech exposure and brain development. The study involved hospitalized premature babies who regularly heard recordings of their mothers reading stories or speaking. At the conclusion of the study, MRI scans showed that a critical language pathway in these babies was significantly more developed compared to a control group of premature babies who did not receive the hearing stimulation. This finding suggests that exposure to mother’s speech can actively promote brain maturation during a critical developmental period. Lead author Katherine Travis notes, “This is the first evidence that a speech experience is contributing to brain development at this very young age. It represents a potentially transformative way to approach neonatal care, with the goal of improving language outcomes for children born prematurely.” The research highlights a common challenge faced by premature babies, who are often born at least three weeks early and may spend weeks or months in the hospital. During this time, they miss out on the consecutive hearing stimulation they would typically receive in the womb, which is crucial for language development. The intervention was simple yet effective: premature babies listened to recordings of their mothers’ voices for about 2 hours and 40 minutes each day. Despite the relatively short duration of the study, the effects on brain development were clear and measurable. The study not only provides a practical, low-cost method to support premature babies’ brain development but also opens new pathways for improving neonatal care practices worldwide. By demonstrating that the mother’s voice recordings can enhance brain development, this research offers hope and a concrete strategy to help lessen the risk of language delays often associated with premature birth. 31. Which is the suitable title of the text? A. The Importance of MRI Scans in Neonatal Care B. The Risks of Premature Birth on Language Skills C. What Distinguishes Premature Babies from Full-Term Babies D. How Mothers’ Voice Recordings Boost Premature Babies’ Brain 【答案】D 【详解】主旨要义。解析：文章讲述斯坦福医学院领导的一项突破性研究表明，听母亲给他们读书录音的早产儿在大脑的关键语言区域表现出更成熟的白质，说明在这个关键的发育阶段接触母亲的言语可以积极促进大脑成熟。所以D项“How Mothers' Voice Recordings Boost Premature Babies' Brain(母亲的录音如何促进早产儿的大脑发育)”适合作标题。故选D项。B 早产风险非重点；C 对比足月婴儿，无依据。 （4）山东淄博一模 C 篇 Depression has long been attributed to chemical imbalances in the brain. Yet, for many patients, standard treatments fail. This has fueled a search for alternative explanations, with the gut bacteria emerging as a surprising candidate. Researchers from APC Microbiome, Ireland published a paper in the latest issue of Molecular Psychiatry, arguing that the community of tiny organisms in our gut produces substances that can signal the brain, influencing mood and behavior. Early animal studies were striking—transferring these organisms from depressed individuals into healthy mice could transfer depressive-like behaviors. Human studies soon followed, revealing distinct bacterial patterns in depressed patients. This research birthed the concept of “psychobiotics”: live bacteria intended to improve mental health. Early, small-scale trials reported promising results, capturing public imagination. Headlines declared bacteria as the new mood-improving drugs. However, the path from interesting association to proven treatment is difficult. Larger, more strict trials have produced mixed and modest outcomes. A critical obstacle is the bacterial community’s extreme individuality. What makes up a “healthy” bacterial community varies greatly between people, influenced by diet, genetics, and environment. A supplement containing good bacteria that helps one person may be ineffective for another. This complexity points to a deeper shift in perspective. The goal may not be to simply add a universal “happy bug”. Instead, the focus is shifting toward encouraging a healthy and diverse bacterial ecosystem as a whole. This ecosystem approach acknowledges that mental well-being might be supported not by a single type of bacteria, but by the collective function and stability of the entire community. Therefore, the real potential of this field may not be a simple pill, but a broader approach to mental healthcare. It suggests we view the body as a connected system, in which diet, lifestyle, and gut health are all tied to brain health. This doesn’t deny existing treatments but adds to the options available. Scientifically, the challenge is to go beyond mere links and establish clear cause and effect. For the public and patients, the task is to balance hope with caution. 31. What is a suitable title for the text? A. The Gut-Mind Connection: A New Way to Cure Depression B. From Mice to Humans: How Gut Bacteria Influence Our Mood C. The Gut-Brain Link: Exploring a New Frontier for Mental Health D. The Excitement and Hope of Psychobiotics: Beyond the Clear Facts 【详解】主旨概括。解析：文章核心是探索肠道菌群与大脑的关联及其对心理健康的意义，同时指出该领域仍处于研究阶段。C项“探索心理健康新前沿”准确覆盖了研究的潜力与未知性。故选C。 A “治愈抑郁症” 绝对化； B 只讲影响情绪，片面； D 只讲精神益生菌，不全面。 （5）重庆一诊 C 篇 Researchers showed people pictures of two knots and asked them to point to the strongest one. They couldn’t. They showed people videos of each knot, where the knots turn slowly so they could get a good long look. They still failed. People couldn’t even manage it when researchers showed them each knot next to a diagram of the knots’ construction. The study in the journal Open Mind reveals a new blind spot in our physical reasoning. The experiment is the brainchild of a PhD student in Firestone’s lab, Sholei Croom. Croom, who studies intuitive physics, or what people understand about the environment just from looking at it, suspected knots might be a rare blind spot. “People make predictions all the time about how the physics of the world will play out but something about knots didn’t feel intuitive to me,” Croom says. “You don’t need to touch a pile of books to judge its stability. You don’t have to feel a bowling ball to guess how many pins it will knock over.” The researchers showed participants four knots that are physically similar but have a range of strength. People were asked to look at the knots, two at a time, and point to the strongest one. Participants were consistently incorrect. What’s more, the few times they guessed right, they did so for the wrong reasons, pointing to aspects of the knot that had nothing to do with its strength. The knots ranged from one of the strongest basic knots in existence to one so weak that it can come undone if you just touch it gently. Even between those two, side by side, people couldn’t point to the strong one. The human psychological system just fails to ascertain any physical knowledge from the properties of the knot. Objects that aren’t rigid, such as string, may be harder for people to reason about than solid ones, Croom says. “It’s a nice case study into how many open questions still remain in our ability to reason about the environment.” 31. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. A Brief Introduction to Different Types of Knots B. A New Blind Spot in Human Perception Found C. How Intuitive Physics Helps Understand the World D. Why Some People Are Better at Judging Knot Strength 【详解】主旨要义与标题归纳。解析： 题目要求选择文章最佳标题。文章开篇即呈现人们无法通过多种视觉方式判断绳结强度的现象，第二段点明这揭示了“物理推理中的一个新盲点”，并指出Croom的研究领域是“直觉物理”。后续段落详细描述了实验过程、结果（参与者持续犯错、猜对也是偶然），并在结尾再次强调这是“我们推理环境能力中仍有许多未解问题的一个很好的案例研究”。全文核心是介绍一项关于人类认知（具体是直觉物理判断）中存在一个先前未被充分认识的缺陷（盲点）的科学研究发现。因此B选项“人类感知中发现的新盲点”最全面、最准确地概括了文章主旨。故选B。A 介绍绳结类型，错误；C 直觉物理作用，非重点；D为何有人更会判断，无依据。 （6）安徽合肥一六八中学高三一模 D 篇 Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like-but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep. One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve—they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with. Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics（形而上学）of race—an area of philosophy that explores the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal—that they're more like leprechauns（一种魔法精灵）than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”). A great example of a story taking on race is George S. Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are“really”White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin—darkening it so as to look more White. Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Stories Made Easy B. Positions in Philosophy C. Stories to Think with D. Nature of Philosophical Writing 第35题. C 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. (哲学家以枯燥乏味的方式表达自己而臭名昭著。大多数哲学作品的理想是精确、清晰，以及那种不留痕迹的概念分析。)”以及最后一段“Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. (像这样富有哲理的故事给生活带来了更多的技术作品。它们是用来思考的故事。)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了哲学的抽象而复杂的理念往往是通过一个个有趣的小故事的形式体现的，它会启发读者思考，所以C项“Stories to Think with(可供思考的故事)”是本文最好的标题。故选C。 （7）广东（广州零模）广州高三调研测试 D 篇 Imagine a delicate Chinese festival lantern, not made from paper, but from a smart polymer（聚合体）that can change shape on command without motors or wires. This real-world creation from North Carolina State University researchers is a breakthrough redefining possibilities in materials science. At first glance, the polymer lantern seems simple. Yet within this delicate structure lies a world of complex physics. It is bistable —able to rest naturally in two stable shapes. One is its relaxed, lantern-like form; the other is a pressed, spinning-top-like shape. When pushed down, it slowly bends, storing energy until it suddenly turns into its second form. When released, the stored energy bursts free, turning it back instantly to its original lantern shape. This feature makes it programmable, as slight twists to its structure can predictably create a variety of shapes, unlocking its potential beyond a simple toy. But the real magic comes from how these transformations can be controlled from a distance. A magnetic film（磁性薄膜）attached to the structure’s base allows it to move without physical contact. With this capability, the lantern becomes a dynamic device that can perform work, move and interact with its environment. Its potential is demonstrated by striking examples: a gentle holder to catch fish and a smart water flow controller—both powered only by the physics of the material itself. To fully understand and control this lantern’s behavior, the team developed an advanced mathematical model to precisely program its shape, stability, and power.“All of those factors are critical for creating shapes that can perform desired applications,”said one researcher. This research opens a new chapter for soft robotics, which seeks to replace hard components with flexible and intelligent materials. By combining multiple units, the researchers are looking ahead to new shape-changing surfaces or structures. At its heart, the research captures something poetic: the ability of matter to remember, adapt and move. The polymer Chinese lantern doesn’t just shine—it breathes, it moves, and it teaches us that the boundary between living and engineered systems is growing thinner every day. 35. What is the text mainly about? A. A soft robot that acts like life. B. An advanced mathematical model. C. A breakthrough in materials science. D. The potential applications of polymers. 第35题.C 主旨归纳。解析：全文围绕一种具有双稳态和磁控能力的智能聚合物材料展开，说明其物理特性、控制方法、模型建立及应用前景，属于材料科学的突破性进展。故选C。 （8）浙江金丽衢十二校高三联考 D 篇 For years, most new cars sold have been equipped with high-tech touch screens that control various functions, from air conditioning and navigation to music. Even safety features like automatic lane-keeping are sometimes screen-controlled. But are touch screens safe for drivers to use while driving? Traditional physical buttons allow drivers to operate controls without looking away from the road. However, touch screens offer no physical feedback, making it harder to use them without direct visual attention. Since a single screen handles dozens of functions, finding a particular setting often means tapping through several sub-menus. The result, say critics, is a dangerous distraction. Research backs that up. In 2022, Swedish researchers conducted a study comparing 11 cars with touch screens to an older model with physical buttons. They measured how long it took drivers to perform simple tasks like changing radio stations or adjusting temperature while driving at 110 km/h. The results were striking. In the older car, drivers completed all tasks in about ten seconds, during which the car traveled approximately 300 meters. In the worst-performing modern car, the same tasks took 45 seconds, with the car covering 1.4 kilometers. Even the best-performing models required several seconds longer than the traditional button-controlled car. Another study in 2024 by Norwegian researchers used gaze-tracking cameras to measure distraction times. They found that even the quickest task—adjusting temperature-took drivers eyes off the road for an average of 3.5 seconds. Finding a new radio station took 11 seconds, while entering a new navigation address took 16 seconds. An analysis published in 2020 by the Transport Research Laboratory, a British organization, found that touch screens impaired a driver's reaction time more than driving over the legal alcohol limit. Safety organizations are taking actions. Starting this year, Euro NCAP, which provides safety ratings for cars in Europe, will require that certain critical functions like turn signals and windshield wipers must be controlled by physical buttons for a car to receive the highest five-star safety rating. Meanwhile, car manufacturers are responding to concerns. Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Porsche have begun reverting physical buttons to their new models, recognizing that many drivers find touch screens inconvenient and potentially dangerous. As car technology continues to evolve, the balance between innovation and safety remains an important consideration. 35. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A. Touch screens may pose risks to driving safety. B. Safety is an important consideration for driving. C. Physical buttons should be replaced by touch screens. D. Touch screens are more convenient than physical buttons. 第35题.A 主旨大意。解析：全文通过研究数据、安全机构行动和车企案例，层层论证触屏可能分散驾驶注意力、增加风险，最终指向“触屏可能对驾驶安全构成威胁”这一核心观点，选项A准确概括了文章主旨。故选A。 （9）浙江嵊州高三一模 D 篇 The human brain tends to play favorites. Its prejudices, well demonstrated by psychological studies, include the“halo effect”: if we like a certain quality in a person, we’re more likely to view their unrelated traits positively as well. There’s also“affinity bias”, which refers to how we are attracted to people with backgrounds or characteristics similar to our own. A recent study published in Communications Psychology by Ines Bramao and her team at Lund University explores how cognitive biases could affect our most basic learning and memory processes.“Our research reveals why these biases occur: people tend to expand their knowledge based on information from those they favor,”Bramao explains. This tendency may contribute to the development of polarized（两极分化的）views. Study participants first chose“teammates”and“opponents”from among images of random faces based on their like or dislike. Then they created imaginary backstories for each chosen face, giving characteristics and identities they liked to teammates and ones they disliked to opponents. Next, participants viewed images of each face set in a certain background alongside a common object. Later, the participants tried to match up objects that had shared the same background—this time, without the faces displayed. This tested their ability to learn new information through a process called memory integration: linking memories of multiple past events to make new inferences. The participants did significantly better when linking objects that had initially been“presented”by an individual they liked. The study authors suggest this finding helps to show how people’s opinions can become intensely polarized and increasingly extreme. If we tend to build understanding based mostly on what we learn from a limited set of liked individuals or similar individuals, these beliefs can remain unchallenged, leading to narrowing viewpoints. Psychologist Charles says that this study is just the beginning and that further research could move beyond images to test learning with real-world events.“This could have important implications for how people make inferences and connect dots about their beliefs that then match their worldviews,”he says.“There’s a lot of potential moving forward.” 35. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Hidden Biases in Learning B. The Science Behind Polarized Views C. How Memory Shapes Our Beliefs D. Why We Favor People Like Ourselves 第35题.A 主旨大意归纳。解析：文章围绕“认知偏差如何影响学习和记忆”展开，通过实验说明人们更易从喜欢的人那里学习信息，并可能因此形成极化观点。A. The Hidden Biases in Learning（学习中的隐性偏见）全面概括了研究的核心：认知偏差对学习过程的影响。故选A。 $