2026届高考英语三轮押题07：阅读理解之说明文（新高考通用）练习

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读理解高频题型，以高考命题趋势为导向，覆盖科普、社会、科技、环境四大主题，通过典例训练语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |科普知识|3篇（健康睡眠/森林斑块/济州海女）|细节理解、词义猜测、主旨归纳|从生活现象到科学原理，贴合高考科普类文本考查逻辑| |社会问题与现象|3篇（行善贬损/Z世代共享餐桌/旅行纪念品）|态度推理、段落主旨、句意理解|围绕社会热点，构建现象分析与价值判断的思维链条| |人工智能|3篇（妈祖预警/AI虚假影像/人机协作）|细节推断、观点判断、词义猜测|结合科技前沿，体现技术应用与伦理思辨的命题趋势| |环境生态|2篇（城市热岛/绿色宜居城市）|逻辑梳理、细节辨析、标题归纳|紧扣生态主题，形成成因-影响-对策的完整认知体系|

2026年高考英语三轮押题07：阅读理解之说明文 押题依据 年份 试卷类型 体裁 主题 话题 考点分布 押题依据 2025 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 科技科普 前沿技术、生活科技应用 细节查找、词义猜测、逻辑推理、观点判断 紧跟科技热点，侧重技术原理与实际应用考查 2025 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 社会文化 民俗风情、观念变迁 信息比对、段落主旨、作者态度、写作目的 文化类题材稳定，注重人文理解与思辨解读 2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 科普健康 人体机能、日常健康常识 细节辨析、因果推理、正误判断、标题归纳 贴合生活实际，常考查成因分析与实用建议 2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 环境生态 资源保护、气候变化 逻辑梳理、细节理解、推断引申、主旨概括 生态环保为常考方向，聚焦现状与解决措施 2023 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 社会经济 职场发展、消费观念 细节定位、态度揣摩、语句理解、段落作用 紧扣社会热点，分析现象规律与发展趋势 2023 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 学术科普 生物研究、科学新发现 推理判断、词义辨析、细节筛选、全文主旨 科研类选材高频，考验信息整合分析能力 押题预测 核心题型及具体解决方法 题型一、科普知识 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 约320词 健康生活・季节与睡眠规律 科普说明文 细节理解、词义猜测、段落作用、主旨大意 贴合日常健康热点，常考生活科普类阅读；题型覆盖高考高频四大题型，词汇与句式难度适配高二期末考纲，侧重信息定位与逻辑分析能力考查。 “If you feel like sleeping more in the winter, you’re not alone, ”said Dr. Raj, an associate professor of clinical medicine, citing research that found at least a third of American adults reported they sleep more in the winter. The 188 patients undergoing sleep studies at St. Hedwig Hospital in Berlin slept about an hour longer in winter than they did in summer, which the authors said wasn’t statistically significant. But participants did get 30 more minutes of rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep during winter. The REM phase of sleep is the sweet spot of sleep cycles, characterized by more dreaming and faster heart rate and breathing than in other stages. It’s “an essential stage of sleep that helps with memory, concentration, mood regulation and immune function,” Raj said. The desire for, or occurrence of, more sleep during winter may have to do with how light fluctuates throughout the year. “Our bodies receive signals from the sun when it comes to our circadian rhythm (生理节奏), meaning that when it is bright outside we tend to be active, but when the sun goes down, you may tend to feel tired,” Raj said. “The decrease in sunlight causes an increase in melatonin, a hormone made in the body that regulates sleep-wake cycles.” With the earlier production of melatonin during winter, “it would be natural to assume that a healthy person also would need more sleep during the winter,” said Dr. Weiss, a research assistant professor. And light influences not only sleep quantity but also sleep quality. “REM sleep is highly affected by light and darkness, so when during the winter we have less light, the body is going to basically overcompensate by giving more REM sleep,” said Dr. Tal, a psychologist specializing in sleep issues. Humans still don’t need to hibernate (冬眠), Weiss said, nor can we afford to due to our social and occupational obligations. “But we can make adjustments in a better way during winter,” she said. “To help our bodies make this transition from sleep to wake, it’s important to have light exposure in the morning during winter months,” Weiss said. 1．What can be learned about REM sleep from the study? A．It rose by half an hour in winter. B．It made up most of the extra sleep. C．It was the only sleep stage measured. D．It stayed unchanged as sleep time grew. 2．What does the underlined word “fluctuates” mean? A．Varies. B．Fades. C．Travels. D．Reflects. 3．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To criticize the Berlin study. B．To present a counterargument. C．To offer practical sleep advice. D．To explain the science behind winter sleep. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Why Hibernate? B．What’s REM Sleep? C．How to Sleep Better? D．Why More Winter Sleep? 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 310-390 森林斑块与生物栖息 生态说明文 词义猜测、细节推断 聚焦自然保护，考查环境类文本解读 Forests across the world are breaking into smaller pieces because of farming, cities, roads, and dams. These small patches are called forest remnants (残余). For many years, scientists believed that only large forests could support many species. Smaller patches were seen as weak and unable to support much life. This idea came from the “island theory”. Scientists treated each forest patch like an island. Bigger patches could support more species, while smaller and separated patches could not. This view focused only on size and distance. But this idea ignored what surrounds these forest patches. Birds and animals do not live separately. They move, search for food, and interact with the landscape around them. This means the area outside the forest also plays a key role. The land around a forest patch is called the matrix (基质). This can include farms, grasslands, water, or scattered trees. Birds must travel through this space to move between forest areas. The quality of this land affects how easily they can survive. If the matrix has trees and vegetation, birds can move safely and find food. If the area is open or filled with water, movement becomes risky. This can lead to fewer species surviving in those patches. A new study shows that the matrix plays a much bigger role than scientists once thought. Improving the surrounding land can help even small forest patches support many bird species. Forest patches surrounded by trees supported more bird species than those surrounded by open areas. Even a small increase in tree cover made a big difference. This finding is important because it shows that people can improve biodiversity without increasing forest size. By adding trees and improving nearby land, even small forests can become rich habitats. “I hope the finding will inform more effective land-use policy and encourage governments and landowners to invest in wildlife-friendly farming practices that support both biodiversity and agricultural productivity,” noted Dr. Chase Mendenhall from Slippery Rock University. 5．What can we learn about the traditional “island theory” in paragraph 2? A．It overestimated small patches. B．It valued the harmony of nature. C．It focused on land quality over size. D．It overlooked the impact of settings. 6．What can be inferred about the matrix in paragraph 3? A．It blocks birds’ movement. B．It limits birds’ food sources. C．It is related to species’ survival. D．It mainly provides water for forests. 7．What conclusion can be drawn from the new study in paragraph 4? A．Better surroundings boost biodiversity. B．Small patches are helpless for bird species. C．Forest size matters most for biodiversity. D．Open areas are better than tree-covered ones. 8．What is Dr. Chase Mendenhall’s attitude towards the new finding? A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic. C．Conservative. D．Critical. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 290-370 济州海女潜水研究 科研说明文 数据判断、细节辨析 人文科研结合，高频考查论据手法 The Haenyeo women who dive deep into the East China Sea to harvest seashells and fish spend the most time underwater of any humans ever studied— one to five hours a day. The women spent an average of 56 percent of the time beneath the surface— more underwater time than many aquatic (水生的) mammals, the researchers say. Biologist McKnight’s team worked with seven Haenyeo from South Korea’s Jeju Island. They tracked 1, 786 dives, recording time underwater, depth, and oxygen levels in the women’s brains and muscles. The results showed the Haenyeo dive for 2 to 10 hours a day, spending more time than other aquatic mammals. The history of female divers in this part of Asia dates back 3, 000 years. Researchers had studied the divers in the lab, but this time the team monitored them in a real-life setting to put their abilities in context with other aquatic mammals, which was distinct from prior research. The team expected to see low oxygen levels and slow heart rates in the Haenyeo, characteristics of other mammals’ physiological dive response. Instead, it was the opposite: The women had elevated heart rates and very little oxygen reduction in their brains or muscles while diving, a surprise that might be explained by the women’s frequent, shallow dives. The Haenyeo dives range from 3 to 15 feet deep, averaging 11 seconds in length with just 9 seconds between dives to recover on the surface. Even more impressive is their average age of 70. “This shows amazing health,” said co-author Melissa Ilardo. Her lab study found the Jeju Haenyeo have genetic differences linked to blood pressure and cold tolerance, aiding their diving. McKnight hopes to study their CO2 tolerance next, as repeated breath-holding builds CO₂, which upsets most people. Marine biologist Ted Cheeseman noted their diving is like sea otters’ (海獭) , adding: “Their adaptation shows culture drives evolution.” 9．How does the study present the Haenyeo women’s diving ability? A．By giving examples. B．By analysing causes. C．By providing statistics. D．By quoting the former study. 10．What distinguished the study from former research? A．The duration of the study. B．The research environment. C．The data analysis method. D．The number of participants. 11．Which of the following can refer to the underlined word “elevated” in Para. 4? A．Increased. B．Delayed. C．Measured. D．Disturbed. 12．What did Melissa Ilardo’s study show? A．Blood pressure has no relation to diving. B．All Jeju women have strong cold tolerance. C．The Haenyeo’s diving skill is purely learned. D．Genes make for the Haenyeo’s diving ability. 题型二、社会问题与社会现象 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 320-400 行善贬损心理现象 社会说明文 主旨判断、态度推理 贴近生活心理，侧重逻辑思辨分析 Have you ever questioned why someone is being unusually kind? You’re not alone. We often instinctively look for hidden motives behind generous acts, a reaction psychologists call “do-gooder derogation.” This means we may judge a seemingly selfless person more harshly (严厉地) than someone who is openly self-interested. A classic experiment, the “public goods game”, demonstrates this. Participants are given money and can choose to contribute to a shared pot, which grows and is later split equally. While contributing maximizes the group’s total gain, selfish individuals can contribute little and still benefit. Surprisingly, the most generous contributors in this game are often criticized as much as the selfish “free riders”. Psychologist Nichola Raihani suggests we are all playing a social “status game”. We are suspicious of those who might be using kindness to boost their reputation. This suspicion is at the heart of the “tainted altruism effect”. Imagine a friend, Andy, volunteers at a homeless shelter. If we discover his true motive is to date the shelter manager, we judge him more severely than if he took a coffee shop job for the same reason. The charitable context makes the hidden motive seem worse. Researcher Sebastian Hafenbradl explored this further. His studies confirmed that we judge people like Andy more harshly when they seek social rewards from a good deed. Interestingly, the judgment softens if the person is honest about their motive upfront, as this removes the “unearned social reward” of appearing purely altruistic (利他主义的). Furthermore, people who do good merely to feel good about themselves are judged less harshly than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Both acts contain self-interest, but seeking public approval is seen as more dishonest. So, is any act truly selfless? Perhaps not. But if the result is more kindness in the world, maybe we can forgive a little mixed motivation. 13．What is the purpose of mentioning the “public goods game” in paragraph 2? A．To support a social theory with evidence. B．To explain the rules of a well-known game. C．To introduce a popular economic experiment D．To give an example of a psychological finding. 14．The “tainted altruism effect” is best shown in the case where ________. A．an athlete’s fair win brings public honor. B．a firm’s charity donation aims at a tax cut. C．a student’s hard work targets a scholarship. D．a volunteer’s sharing seeks to inspire others. 15．What did Sebastian Hafenbradi’s studies find? A．Seeking public approval shows the least honesty. B．Hiding selfish motives results in gentler criticism. C．Admitting selfish motives in advance reduces blame. D．Acting for self-satisfaction draws the strongest criticism. 16．What is the author’s attitude towards mixed-motive kindness? A．Tolerant. B．Indifferent. C．Confused. D．Critical. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 300-380 Z 世代共享餐桌文化 社会文化说明文 段落主旨、细节理解 时代热点话题，代际观念类常考 Shared tables, a trend enjoying popularity in the 1980s, offer a different social way to digital natives in the West. Where diners once were unwilling to sit with strangers, Gen Z, individuals born between 1997 and 2012, are pulling their chairs a little closer. According to new data, 90% of Gen Z diners say they enjoy communal tables, or shared tables, compared to just 60% of boomers, people born during a period when many babies were born, highlighting a generational revival (复苏) of dining together. Communal dining has long divided the room — in more than one way. For example, a report from the online reservation service company Resy found 63% of respondents feel that communal tables are great for meeting new people, with half saying they’ve had interesting conversations with someone they otherwise wouldn’t have spoken to while dining with strangers. However, the format has been a joke in an American comedy, where characters put up with awkward small talk over shared seating. Michael Della Penna, chief strategy officer at the digital advertising research firm InMarket, said that, for members of a notably anxious generation, the communal environment can be comforting, “because you don’t have to be the focus or the initiator of the group conversation.” It’s especially comforting for those who may feel like they don’t have the social skills. “It’s a safe step towards connecting and being social where you don’t have the heavy weight of carrying the entire conversation,” Della Penna said. “Communal dining has a history of thousands of years, but its popularity has been unstable, with waves of enthusiasm following periods of little interaction,” said Donnie Madia, a Chicago-based restaurateur. “Back in 2008, after the financial crisis, which forced people to reduce engagement with others, people wanted to be together, and to be in smaller spaces; once they started to come back to the restaurants, they wanted that festive feeling of dining together.” Gen Z grew up online, but they’re intentionally seeking real-world connections, and restaurants have become that gathering space again. For them, sharing a table isn’t just practical seating. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly talk about? A．Digital natives lack connections. B．The shared dining trend is back. C．Shared tables change social ways. D．Gen Z have similar eating habits. 18．What do the examples show about communal dining in paragraph 2? A．It is often misunderstood. B．It is gaining popularity. C．It receives mixed reactions. D．It leads to disconnection. 19．Why might communal dining appeal to anxious people? A．It provides group topics to discuss. B．It allows them to present social skills. C．It enables them to be the talk’s focus. D．It offers a less pressured way to socialize. 20．What do Donnie Madia’s words imply? A．Communal dining caught on after 2008. B．Crises discourage people from exploring. C．Restaurants need to create the festive feeling. D．Social disconnection stimulates communal dining. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 330-410 旅行纪念品价值探讨 人文说明文 句意理解、主旨归纳 生活感悟类选材，设问角度灵活 On a backpacking trip through the Himalayas, my bruises became the truest souvenirs — scars (伤疤) carrying a story only I can tell, with no hidden costs to the planet. Perhaps that’s why my desire for typical souvenirs has faded. I now value experiences over objects. But maybe that’s just me. Two out of three Americans bring back souvenirs. When a friend hands me a fridge magnet, I feel uneasy. What does it mean to take home a piece of a place, and at what cost? Humans have always had a deep-rooted habit of collecting. According to psychologist Vanavi Madakal, looking at a souvenir can bring back happy emotions as the brain links it to positive experiences. But the drive goes beyond memory. “At the core of our actions is a desire to feel heard, seen and recognised,” she says. For many, souvenirs satisfy a need to say, “I was there!” Yet, while travellers today are more aware of their impact, souvenirs have been somewhat left behind. Take handmade scarves for example. A genuine piece can be costly, driving travellers toward cheap imitations. This creates a “vicious cycle”: frustrated artisans may turn to using low-quality materials just to feed their families. While purchasing fake goods might seem to support local sellers, the true cost is often borne by artisans who rely on time-honoured craftsmanship. So, how can you buy souvenirs that are ethical, sustainable and meaningful? “It’s not just about buying or choosing carefully, it’s about rejecting and explaining why,” says Justin Francis of Responsible Travel. One practical step is looking for labels that certify genuine local goods. Asking friends what they want can also be more meaningful than guessing. And remember: a good souvenir doesn’t have to be something physical. Join a cooking class, and you take home skills that keep giving. Ultimately, there’s no universal rule. But next time you’re grabbing a quick airport souvenir, pause and reflect. “Think back to the Silk Road — trade was personal,” says Francis. Buying directly from the maker, he believes, is “the purest form of commerce.” 21．What does the author imply by saying “my bruises became the truest souvenirs”? A．Souvenirs can harm the planet. B．Injuries are unexpected souvenirs. C．We should say no to travel souvenirs. D．Personal stories make the best souvenirs. 22．What aspect of souvenirs does paragraph 2 focus on? A．Their emotional appeal. B．Their long history. C．Their growing popularity. D．Their cultural value. 23．What is the consequence of the vicious cycle? A．Souvenirs get standardised. B．Tourism hurts the local economy. C．Traditional skills are put at risk. D．Local sellers lose their customer base. 24．What is the writing purpose of the passage? A．To promote genuine local products. B．To explore the true meaning of souvenirs. C．To compare different types of souvenirs. D．To discourage people from buying souvenirs. 题型三、人工智能 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 320-400 妈祖气象预警系统 科技说明文 细节推断、词义猜测 中国科技输出，契合家国热点命题 China is actively sharing its early warning technologies with the world, offering solutions that help developing countries better prepare for extreme weather. From AI-powered forecasting models to emergency response systems, the country is making significant contributions to a United Nations program known as Early Warnings for All. At the heart of these efforts is MAZU, a homegrown early warning system developed by China’s weather service. Powered by artificial intelligence, MAZU is designed to help nations reduce weather-related risks. Its name comes from a sea goddess traditionally believed to protect against sea disasters. It also stands for “multi-risk, alert, zero-gap, and universal.” MAZU offers a comprehensive package of hard technology and soft measures. It includes a cloud-based early warning system, an emergency response framework, and a “call-to-action” mechanism that ensures high-level warnings lead to immediate action. The system is flexible and can be customized to meet the specific needs of different countries. In Fujian, a coastal province often hit by typhoons, MAZU has been put into practice through a “1262” disaster prevention model. This model identifies key risk areas 12 hours in advance, places rescue forces six hours ahead, and warns high-risk townships two hours before a weather event. When Typhoon Danas struck in July, the system helped Fuzhou prepare by draining rivers ahead of time, greatly reducing possible damage. MAZU has also been shared with other countries. Its city version, MAZU-Urban, has been tested in over 35 countries across Asia, Africa, and Oceania. In March, it successfully predicted rainfall in Kampala, Uganda, and winds at Lake Victoria. The Uganda National Weather Service expressed thanks for the support. The system can be adapted to local conditions by using disaster data and emergency standards of different areas. China plans to continue supporting developing nations through training programs and technological cooperation. As an official from China’s weather service said, “The introduction of MAZU marks China’s shift from an active participant in global weather efforts to a contributor to major international plans and a provider of global public goods.” 25．What can be inferred about MAZU? A．It relies on fixed procedures for all users. B．It helps different nations avoid sea disasters. C．It limits application to specific disaster types. D．It integrates cultural roots into modern technology. 26．What does the underlined word “customized” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tailored. B．Assessed. C．Employed. D．Tested. 27．Why does the author mention the “1262” model? A．To stress the rapid advancement of MAZU. B．To prove the practical effectiveness of MAZU. C．To showcase the creative design of MAZU. D．To highlight the wide popularity of MAZU. 28．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To illustrate MAZU’s global recognition. B．To explain AI’s role in weather forecasting. C．To present a Chinese solution to global challenges. D．To introduce the development of AI-powered models. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 310-390 AI 野生动物虚假影像 科技科普说明文 细节查找、观点判断 人工智能前沿话题，现实意义强 A video on social media shows a leopard entering the backyard of a house where a child is playing, and a cat scares it away, protecting the child. The video has gained over a million “likes” and has been shared more than 15,000 times. Believe it or not, the video is totally created by artificial intelligence (AI). A new study has raised concerns that AI-generated wildlife images and videos could potentially bias public knowledge of wild animals and weaken critical conservation efforts. Researchers from the University of Córdoba in Spain found that several features of modern life can intensify the problem — including our heavy reliance on social media, our tendency to anthropomorphize (人格化) animal behavior, and people’s increasing separation from the natural world. “Our findings indicate that some posts are concerning because they do not reflect reality, which can contribute to misinformation,” study co-author José Guerrero Casado told Popular Science. “For effective biodiversity conservation, it is essential that society is well informed.” Examples provided in the study range from affectionate predator-prey (捕食者与猎物) interactions to humans interacting with dangerous wild animals, as well as videos of animals attacking people, which can generate unwarranted fear and cause harmful responses toward wildlife. Other misleading content shows AI-generated animals with inaccurate physical characteristics, places species in locations where they do not exist, or describes endangered species as being more common or less at risk than they are in reality. “When these types of images and videos are frequently exposed to people, it could lead to reduced support for conservation projects. What’s more, as AI technology advances, it will become more difficult to identify real wildlife imagery from false content, increasing the likelihood that misleading posts will spread unchecked,” Casado added. To help deal with these potential issues, the researchers recommend integrating media literacy in classrooms and launching public awareness efforts to give people the tools to judge whether what they see on social media is real. They hope their findings will encourage the public to think more critically about the wildlife-content they find online. 29．What is one of the negative impacts of AI-generated wildlife content? A．It reduces people’s interest in social media. B．It increases human-wildlife conflicts in reality. C．It misleads public opinion about wild animals. D．It slows down the development of AI technology. 30．What does the underlined word “unwarranted” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Unnecessary. B．Unconscious. C．Constant. D．Hidden. 31．Why will misleading content spread more easily in the future? A．It is free from review. B．It is easy to get public attention. C．People will rely less on social media. D．AI-generated content will be harder to tell. 32．What do the researchers suggest doing about the problems? A．Banning AI from creating wildlife-related content. B．Promoting media literacy and mass consciousness. C．Encouraging the public to avoid social media. D．Limiting the sharing of wildlife videos online. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 340-420 人工智能人机协作 科技议论文 细节推理、主旨把握 AI 应用热议，侧重利弊辩证考查 Since ChatGPT’s release three years ago, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed from an online novelty into essential infrastructure (基础设施). It now serves as a silent helper in offices, an uncredited partner in classrooms, and even “ears” in exam rooms. A report shows 84% of high school students use AI for schoolwork. For companies, AI’s promise of cheap labor is highly attractive, with global spending on AI reaching hundreds of billions of dollars last year. Nevertheless, people often view AI as a competition between humans and machines — a misleading perception that needs to be corrected. The reality is humans working with machines, often within budget limits and imperfect systems. While companies develop smarter AI models, its daily applications are most significant. For example, a doctor can pass tiring record-writing to AI, allowing her to focus more on patients. A call center can also respond in 35 languages at 3 a.m. without a large multilingual team. Despite these benefits, the danger is that harm from AI may grow faster than its good effects. Deepfakes (深度伪造) can become powerful weapons: a false video can destroy a person’s reputation long before it is proven fake. An incorrect AI-generated fact might be a minor issue in homework, but it can be extremely risky in medical records. Even without harmful intentions, AI significantly changes how people make judgments. AI-generated results often appear confident and well-considered, yet they are not always reliable. An AI “copilot” can reassign work and responsibility, but what is offered as help frequently requires human oversight. While AI offers speed, it also forces users to repeatedly decide whether to trust its suggestions. This change can be seen widely: hospitals trying to improve care without lowering quality, communities struggling with fast-spreading fake videos, and workers using AI to save time or avoid duties. When a technology’s strengths are easy to praise and its weaknesses easy to ignore, who should pay for its mistakes? 33．Why does the author mention the numbers in Paragraph 1? A．To criticize the improper use of AI. B．To show the popularity of AI in daily life. C．To stress the benefits of AI over its harms. D．To compare the uses of AI in different areas. 34．Which word best describes the relationship between humans and AI? A．Competitive. B．Distant. C．Cooperative. D．Independent. 35．What can be learned about AI-generated results according to the text? A．They ensure the safety of medical records. B．They enhance people’s judgment accuracy. C．They improve the quality of schoolwork. D．They require careful human checking. 36．What is the author’s primary concern about AI? A．Its high electricity consumption. B．Its quick spread of fake videos. C．Its responsibility for making errors. D．Its technical progress in the future. 题型四、环境生态 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 330-410 城市热岛效应治理 环境说明文 细节辨析、逻辑梳理 气候环境高频考点，成因对策常考 The “urban heat island” (UHI) effect, a phenomenon where metropolitan areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their rural surroundings, is a formidable and intensifying challenge for cities worldwide. This thermal discrepancy, which can escalate to a staggering 3-4°C or more, is not merely a matter of discomfort; it acts as a pernicious multiplier of climate change impacts, driving up energy consumption, exacerbating public health crises, and destabilizing local ecosystems. The primary culprits are the fundamental alterations humans make to the landscape. Vast expanses of natural vegetation, which cool the air through shading and the process of evapotranspiration-where plants release water vapor-are supplanted by asphalt, concrete, and brick. These materials possess high thermal mass, aggressively absorbing solar radiation by day and slowly releasing it as heat throughout the night, effectively trapping cities in a thermal blanket that prevents normal nocturnal cooling. This foundational issue is critically compounded by anthropogenic waste heat, the byproduct of energy expended by vehicles, industrial facilities, and the very air conditioning systems deployed to combat the rising temperatures. The consequences of this amplified heat are systemic and severe. Surging demand for air conditioning during heatwaves places immense, often dangerous, strain on power grids, increasing the risk of blackouts precisely when cooling is most vital. This creates a vicious feedback loop: higher energy use generates more waste heat, which in turn raises ambient temperatures further. From a public health perspective, the UHI effect is particularly insidious because it often elevates nighttime temperatures most significantly. Since the human body relies on cooler nighttime periods for physiological recovery from daytime heat stress, the loss of this respite leads to a marked increase in heat-related morbidity and mortality, disproportionately affecting the elderly, the very young, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Mitigation strategies, therefore, must be as multi-faceted as the problem itself. Increasing urban greenery is the most direct countermeasure. This goes beyond mere parks; it includes integrating green roofs and walls on buildings, planting shade trees along streetscapes, and creating “pocket parks” in underutilized spaces. A complementary approach involves re-engineering the urban fabric itself through the use of “cool materials.” These innovative pavements and building surfaces are designed to have higher solar reflectance (albedo) and improved thermal emissivity, meaning they reflect more sunlight and release absorbed heat more readily than conventional materials. Cities like Los Angeles have experimented with coating streets in light-gray reflective sealant, with studies showing measurable surface temperature reductions. While technological and design solutions are crucial, experts like Dr. Michael Chen, an urban climatologist at the University of Toronto, caution that “we cannot simply engineer our way out of the heat island effect without also addressing the root cause: our patterns of energy consumption and urban sprawl.” Ultimately, combating the UHI effect is not just about cooling cities; it is a fundamental component of building urban resilience, improving public health outcomes, and creating more sustainable and livable environments for the future, requiring an integrated strategy of smart design, policy, and community engagement. 37．What is the main topic of the passage? A．The technological history of air conditioning. B．The causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies for urban heat islands. C．A comparison of architectural styles in different cities. D．The health benefits of urban gardening programs. 38．According to paragraph 1, how do materials like asphalt and concrete contribute to the UHI effect? A．They produce cold air that sinks into the ground. B．They absorb heat by day and release it slowly at night, disrupting normal cooling cycles. C．They directly absorb moisture from the air, making it drier and hotter. D．They block wind flows that would otherwise cool the city. 39．The author mentions the “vicious feedback loop” in paragraph 2 to illustrate that: A．Hotter weather naturally leads to more outdoor activities. B．Efforts to cool cities with air conditioning can unintentionally make the problem worse. C．Power grids are becoming more efficient every year. D．Public health warnings are effective at reducing energy use. 40．Which of the following would Dr. Michael Chen most likely consider a limited solution to the UHI effect? A．Planting thousands of new street trees across a metropolitan area. B．Mandating the use of cool, reflective materials on all new buildings. C．Launching a public education campaign about nighttime heat risks. D．Focusing only on reflective paints without changing high energy consumption patterns. 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 300-380 绿色宜居城市建设 城市人文说明文 细节理解、标题归纳 生态城市题材，价值观导向鲜明 Guimarães, a historic city in northern Portugal often called the “birthplace of the nation,” has been named European Green Capital for 2026. Unlike previous winners known mainly for recycling or emission cuts, this city stands out for a broader vision: designing urban spaces to improve people’s health, especially that of children and young people. City planners have focused on streets for people rather than cars. Green corridors now connect parks, creating safe, tree-lined pathways for walking and cycling. River restoration projects have turned polluted waterways into attractive public spaces where families gather. These nature-based solutions do more than beautify — they make active living the easiest choice. Studies show that when green spaces are accessible, people move more. For young people, safe routes to school mean they can walk or cycle without parents worrying about traffic. The PEGADAS Programme, a cross-border initiative, takes this approach further by involving youth directly. It brings together thousands of students from Portugal and Spain to take part in environmental projects. Participants monitor local wildlife, plant trees, and design initiatives encouraging peers to walk or cycle to school. By giving young people real responsibilities, the program helps them form lasting habits of active living while building environmental awareness. It transforms what could be abstract concepts into tangible, meaningful experiences. Guimarães offers a powerful lesson: cities can be designed for health. The choice is not between environmental sustainability and human wellbeing — properly understood, they are the same goal. As one official put it, “We are not building a sustainable city for its own sake. We are building a city where people — especially young people — can live well.” 41．How does Guimarães encourage active living? A．By restricting private car use. B．By offering bike-sharing programs. C．By building convenient waterways. D．By designing people-friendly streets. 42．What does the PEGADAS Programme allow young people to do? A．Learn wildlife facts. B．Join in design projects. C．Turn ideas into actions. D．Know abstract concepts. 43．What does the official’s statement show? A．The city puts people first. B．The city promotes its practice. C．The city prioritizes sustainability. D．The city values its development. 44．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Guimarães’ Green Solutions. B．European Green Capital for 2026. C．Green Cities Built for Citizen’s Wellbeing. D．Guimarães’ Green Vision of Health Living. 2 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026年高考英语三轮押题07：阅读理解之说明文 押题依据 年份 试卷类型 体裁 主题 话题 考点分布 押题依据 2025 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 科技科普 前沿技术、生活科技应用 细节查找、词义猜测、逻辑推理、观点判断 紧跟科技热点，侧重技术原理与实际应用考查 2025 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 社会文化 民俗风情、观念变迁 信息比对、段落主旨、作者态度、写作目的 文化类题材稳定，注重人文理解与思辨解读 2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 科普健康 人体机能、日常健康常识 细节辨析、因果推理、正误判断、标题归纳 贴合生活实际，常考查成因分析与实用建议 2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 环境生态 资源保护、气候变化 逻辑梳理、细节理解、推断引申、主旨概括 生态环保为常考方向，聚焦现状与解决措施 2023 新高考 Ⅰ 卷 说明文 社会经济 职场发展、消费观念 细节定位、态度揣摩、语句理解、段落作用 紧扣社会热点，分析现象规律与发展趋势 2023 新高考 Ⅱ 卷 说明文 学术科普 生物研究、科学新发现 推理判断、词义辨析、细节筛选、全文主旨 科研类选材高频，考验信息整合分析能力 押题预测 核心题型及具体解决方法 题型一、科普知识 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 约320词 健康生活・季节与睡眠规律 科普说明文 细节理解、词义猜测、段落作用、主旨大意 贴合日常健康热点，常考生活科普类阅读；题型覆盖高考高频四大题型，词汇与句式难度适配高二期末考纲，侧重信息定位与逻辑分析能力考查。 “If you feel like sleeping more in the winter, you’re not alone, ”said Dr. Raj, an associate professor of clinical medicine, citing research that found at least a third of American adults reported they sleep more in the winter. The 188 patients undergoing sleep studies at St. Hedwig Hospital in Berlin slept about an hour longer in winter than they did in summer, which the authors said wasn’t statistically significant. But participants did get 30 more minutes of rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep during winter. The REM phase of sleep is the sweet spot of sleep cycles, characterized by more dreaming and faster heart rate and breathing than in other stages. It’s “an essential stage of sleep that helps with memory, concentration, mood regulation and immune function,” Raj said. The desire for, or occurrence of, more sleep during winter may have to do with how light fluctuates throughout the year. “Our bodies receive signals from the sun when it comes to our circadian rhythm (生理节奏), meaning that when it is bright outside we tend to be active, but when the sun goes down, you may tend to feel tired,” Raj said. “The decrease in sunlight causes an increase in melatonin, a hormone made in the body that regulates sleep-wake cycles.” With the earlier production of melatonin during winter, “it would be natural to assume that a healthy person also would need more sleep during the winter,” said Dr. Weiss, a research assistant professor. And light influences not only sleep quantity but also sleep quality. “REM sleep is highly affected by light and darkness, so when during the winter we have less light, the body is going to basically overcompensate by giving more REM sleep,” said Dr. Tal, a psychologist specializing in sleep issues. Humans still don’t need to hibernate (冬眠), Weiss said, nor can we afford to due to our social and occupational obligations. “But we can make adjustments in a better way during winter,” she said. “To help our bodies make this transition from sleep to wake, it’s important to have light exposure in the morning during winter months,” Weiss said. 1．What can be learned about REM sleep from the study? A．It rose by half an hour in winter. B．It made up most of the extra sleep. C．It was the only sleep stage measured. D．It stayed unchanged as sleep time grew. 2．What does the underlined word “fluctuates” mean? A．Varies. B．Fades. C．Travels. D．Reflects. 3．What is the function of paragraph 3? A．To criticize the Berlin study. B．To present a counterargument. C．To offer practical sleep advice. D．To explain the science behind winter sleep. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Why Hibernate? B．What’s REM Sleep? C．How to Sleep Better? D．Why More Winter Sleep? 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】文章探究人们冬季更想多睡的现象，介绍冬季REM睡眠变长，从光照、褪黑素角度解释成因，并给出冬季作息调整建议。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But participants did get 30 more minutes of rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep during winter. (但参与者在冬季的快速眼动睡眠，即REM睡眠，确实增加了30分钟。)”可知，研究发现REM睡眠在冬季增加了半小时。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“The desire for, or occurrence of, more sleep during winter may have to do with how light fluctuates throughout the year. (冬季想要多睡觉或实际睡得更久，可能与一年中光照的fluctuates有关。)”以及下文“The decrease in sunlight causes an increase in melatonin, a hormone made in the body that regulates sleep-wake cycles. (阳光的减少会导致褪黑激素的增加，褪黑激素是体内产生的一种调节睡眠-觉醒周期的激素。)”可知，这里主要讲人的睡眠时长和光照的变化相关，所以fluctuates意为“变化、波动”，与varies同义。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段““Our bodies receive signals from the sun when it comes to our circadian rhythm (生理节奏), meaning that when it is bright outside we tend to be active, but when the sun goes down, you may tend to feel tired,” Raj said. “The decrease in sunlight causes an increase in melatonin, a hormone made in the body that regulates sleep-wake cycles.” (拉吉说：“就人体生理节奏而言，我们的身体会接收来自太阳的信号。这意味着外界天亮时，我们往往精力充沛；而太阳下山后，人就容易感到疲惫。日照减少会促使褪黑素分泌增多，褪黑素是人体分泌的一种激素，负责调节睡眠和清醒的周期。”)”可知，第三段是从科学角度解释人们冬天想多睡觉的原理。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文首句“If you feel like sleeping more in the winter, you’re not alone. (如果你冬天总想多睡会儿，你并不孤单。)”以及后文围绕冬季睡眠时间、REM 睡眠、光照和褪黑素的原理展开说明可知，文章主要解释为什么人们冬天会睡得更多，所以D项“Why More Winter Sleep? (为什么冬天睡得多？)”符合语境，适合作标题。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 310-390 森林斑块与生物栖息 生态说明文 词义猜测、细节推断 聚焦自然保护，考查环境类文本解读 Forests across the world are breaking into smaller pieces because of farming, cities, roads, and dams. These small patches are called forest remnants (残余). For many years, scientists believed that only large forests could support many species. Smaller patches were seen as weak and unable to support much life. This idea came from the “island theory”. Scientists treated each forest patch like an island. Bigger patches could support more species, while smaller and separated patches could not. This view focused only on size and distance. But this idea ignored what surrounds these forest patches. Birds and animals do not live separately. They move, search for food, and interact with the landscape around them. This means the area outside the forest also plays a key role. The land around a forest patch is called the matrix (基质). This can include farms, grasslands, water, or scattered trees. Birds must travel through this space to move between forest areas. The quality of this land affects how easily they can survive. If the matrix has trees and vegetation, birds can move safely and find food. If the area is open or filled with water, movement becomes risky. This can lead to fewer species surviving in those patches. A new study shows that the matrix plays a much bigger role than scientists once thought. Improving the surrounding land can help even small forest patches support many bird species. Forest patches surrounded by trees supported more bird species than those surrounded by open areas. Even a small increase in tree cover made a big difference. This finding is important because it shows that people can improve biodiversity without increasing forest size. By adding trees and improving nearby land, even small forests can become rich habitats. “I hope the finding will inform more effective land-use policy and encourage governments and landowners to invest in wildlife-friendly farming practices that support both biodiversity and agricultural productivity,” noted Dr. Chase Mendenhall from Slippery Rock University. 5．What can we learn about the traditional “island theory” in paragraph 2? A．It overestimated small patches. B．It valued the harmony of nature. C．It focused on land quality over size. D．It overlooked the impact of settings. 6．What can be inferred about the matrix in paragraph 3? A．It blocks birds’ movement. B．It limits birds’ food sources. C．It is related to species’ survival. D．It mainly provides water for forests. 7．What conclusion can be drawn from the new study in paragraph 4? A．Better surroundings boost biodiversity. B．Small patches are helpless for bird species. C．Forest size matters most for biodiversity. D．Open areas are better than tree-covered ones. 8．What is Dr. Chase Mendenhall’s attitude towards the new finding? A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic. C．Conservative. D．Critical. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文介绍传统岛屿理论对森林斑块的认知局限，探究森林周边基质环境对物种存活的影响，阐述新研究成果及其生态保护价值。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But this idea ignored what surrounds these forest patches.(但这一观点忽视了森林斑块周边的环境。)”可知，传统的“岛屿理论”忽略了森林所处的外部环境的影响。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The land around a forest patch is called the matrix (基质).(森林斑块周围的土地被称为基质。)以及“The quality of this land affects how easily they can survive.(这片土地的质量影响动物的存活难易程度。)”可知，基质环境和物种生存息息相关。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Improving the surrounding land can help even small forest patches support many bird species.(改善周边环境能够让小型森林斑块孕育更多鸟类物种。)”可知，优良的周边环境能够提升生物多样性。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Dr. Chase Mendenhall的话““I hope the finding will inform more effective land-use policy and encourage governments and landowners to invest in wildlife-friendly farming practices that support both biodiversity and agricultural productivity,”(我希望这一研究成果能助力制定更完善的土地利用政策，推动政府与土地所有者推行利于野生动物的耕作模式，兼顾生物多样性与农业产能。)”可知，博士对该研究发现持乐观态度。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 290-370 济州海女潜水研究 科研说明文 数据判断、细节辨析 人文科研结合，高频考查论据手法 The Haenyeo women who dive deep into the East China Sea to harvest seashells and fish spend the most time underwater of any humans ever studied— one to five hours a day. The women spent an average of 56 percent of the time beneath the surface— more underwater time than many aquatic (水生的) mammals, the researchers say. Biologist McKnight’s team worked with seven Haenyeo from South Korea’s Jeju Island. They tracked 1, 786 dives, recording time underwater, depth, and oxygen levels in the women’s brains and muscles. The results showed the Haenyeo dive for 2 to 10 hours a day, spending more time than other aquatic mammals. The history of female divers in this part of Asia dates back 3, 000 years. Researchers had studied the divers in the lab, but this time the team monitored them in a real-life setting to put their abilities in context with other aquatic mammals, which was distinct from prior research. The team expected to see low oxygen levels and slow heart rates in the Haenyeo, characteristics of other mammals’ physiological dive response. Instead, it was the opposite: The women had elevated heart rates and very little oxygen reduction in their brains or muscles while diving, a surprise that might be explained by the women’s frequent, shallow dives. The Haenyeo dives range from 3 to 15 feet deep, averaging 11 seconds in length with just 9 seconds between dives to recover on the surface. Even more impressive is their average age of 70. “This shows amazing health,” said co-author Melissa Ilardo. Her lab study found the Jeju Haenyeo have genetic differences linked to blood pressure and cold tolerance, aiding their diving. McKnight hopes to study their CO2 tolerance next, as repeated breath-holding builds CO₂, which upsets most people. Marine biologist Ted Cheeseman noted their diving is like sea otters’ (海獭) , adding: “Their adaptation shows culture drives evolution.” 9．How does the study present the Haenyeo women’s diving ability? A．By giving examples. B．By analysing causes. C．By providing statistics. D．By quoting the former study. 10．What distinguished the study from former research? A．The duration of the study. B．The research environment. C．The data analysis method. D．The number of participants. 11．Which of the following can refer to the underlined word “elevated” in Para. 4? A．Increased. B．Delayed. C．Measured. D．Disturbed. 12．What did Melissa Ilardo’s study show? A．Blood pressure has no relation to diving. B．All Jeju women have strong cold tolerance. C．The Haenyeo’s diving skill is purely learned. D．Genes make for the Haenyeo’s diving ability. 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 【导语】本文介绍了济州岛海女（Haenyeo）的潜水能力，包括她们的潜水时长、生理反应以及遗传因素对潜水能力的影响。 【详解】9．推理判断题。根据第一段“The Haenyeo women who dive deep into the East China Sea to harvest seashells and fish spend the most time underwater of any humans ever studied — one to five hours a day.(海女们潜入东海深处采集贝壳和鱼类，她们在水下停留的时间比任何被研究过的人类都要长，每天1到5个小时。)”和第二段“The women spent an average of 56 percent of the time beneath the surface — more underwater time than many aquatic mammals, the researchers say. Biologist McKnight’s team worked with seven Haenyeo from South Korea’s Jeju Island. They tracked 1, 786 dives, recording time underwater, depth, and oxygen levels in the women’s brains and muscles. The results showed the Haenyeo dive for 2 to 10 hours a day, spending more time than other aquatic mammals.(研究人员说，这些女性平均有56%的时间在水下，比许多水生哺乳动物在水下的时间还要长。生物学家麦克奈特的团队与来自韩国济州岛的七名海女合作。他们追踪了1786次潜水，记录了水下时间、深度以及女性大脑和肌肉中的氧气水平。结果显示，海女们每天潜水2到10个小时，比其他水生哺乳动物在水下停留的时间更长。)”可知，这两段话通过提供统计数据来展示海女们的潜水能力。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers had studied the divers in the lab, but this time the team monitored them in a real-life setting to put their abilities in context with other aquatic mammals, which was distinct from prior research.(研究人员曾在实验室里研究过这些潜水员，但这次研究小组在真实环境中监测了她们，以便将她们的能力与其他水生哺乳动物进行比较，这与之前的研究有所不同。)”可知，这项研究与以前的研究的不同之处在于研究环境。 11．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The team expected to see low oxygen levels and slow heart rates in the Haenyeo, characteristics of other mammals’ physiological dive response. Instead, it was the opposite.(研究团队原本以为会在海女身上观测到低血氧水平和心率放缓 —— 这是其他哺乳动物潜水生理反应的典型特征。结果却截然相反。)”可知，研究团队原本预计会观察到海女潜水时出现低氧水平和心率减慢的现象，然而结果却是相反的，所以画线单词elevated意为“加快，增加”。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Her lab study found the Jeju Haenyeo have genetic differences linked to blood pressure and cold tolerance, aiding their diving.(她的实验室研究发现，济州岛海女有与血压和耐寒性相关的基因差异，这有助于她们潜水。)”可知，梅丽莎·伊拉多的研究显示基因造就了海女的潜水能力。 题型二、社会问题与社会现象 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 320-400 行善贬损心理现象 社会说明文 主旨判断、态度推理 贴近生活心理，侧重逻辑思辨分析 Have you ever questioned why someone is being unusually kind? You’re not alone. We often instinctively look for hidden motives behind generous acts, a reaction psychologists call “do-gooder derogation.” This means we may judge a seemingly selfless person more harshly (严厉地) than someone who is openly self-interested. A classic experiment, the “public goods game”, demonstrates this. Participants are given money and can choose to contribute to a shared pot, which grows and is later split equally. While contributing maximizes the group’s total gain, selfish individuals can contribute little and still benefit. Surprisingly, the most generous contributors in this game are often criticized as much as the selfish “free riders”. Psychologist Nichola Raihani suggests we are all playing a social “status game”. We are suspicious of those who might be using kindness to boost their reputation. This suspicion is at the heart of the “tainted altruism effect”. Imagine a friend, Andy, volunteers at a homeless shelter. If we discover his true motive is to date the shelter manager, we judge him more severely than if he took a coffee shop job for the same reason. The charitable context makes the hidden motive seem worse. Researcher Sebastian Hafenbradl explored this further. His studies confirmed that we judge people like Andy more harshly when they seek social rewards from a good deed. Interestingly, the judgment softens if the person is honest about their motive upfront, as this removes the “unearned social reward” of appearing purely altruistic (利他主义的). Furthermore, people who do good merely to feel good about themselves are judged less harshly than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Both acts contain self-interest, but seeking public approval is seen as more dishonest. So, is any act truly selfless? Perhaps not. But if the result is more kindness in the world, maybe we can forgive a little mixed motivation. 13．What is the purpose of mentioning the “public goods game” in paragraph 2? A．To support a social theory with evidence. B．To explain the rules of a well-known game. C．To introduce a popular economic experiment D．To give an example of a psychological finding. 14．The “tainted altruism effect” is best shown in the case where ________. A．an athlete’s fair win brings public honor. B．a firm’s charity donation aims at a tax cut. C．a student’s hard work targets a scholarship. D．a volunteer’s sharing seeks to inspire others. 15．What did Sebastian Hafenbradi’s studies find? A．Seeking public approval shows the least honesty. B．Hiding selfish motives results in gentler criticism. C．Admitting selfish motives in advance reduces blame. D．Acting for self-satisfaction draws the strongest criticism. 16．What is the author’s attitude towards mixed-motive kindness? A．Tolerant. B．Indifferent. C．Confused. D．Critical. 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．C 16．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了心理学中的“行善者贬损”现象和“污点利他效应”，通过实验和案例解释了人们为何会对带有隐藏动机的慷慨行为产生怀疑，并指出虽然纯粹的利他可能不存在，但只要结果是增加善意，混合动机的行为也是可以被原谅的。 【详解】13．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“We often instinctively look for hidden motives behind generous acts, a reaction psychologists call “do-gooder derogation.”(我们总会本能揣测慷慨举动背后的隐藏动机，这种心理反应被心理学家称作“行善者贬损效应”。)”以及第二段开头的“A classic experiment, the ‘public goods game’, demonstrates this.(一个经典的实验，‘公共物品游戏’，证明了这一点。)”可知，列举实验是为举例说明该项心理学研究发现。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“We are suspicious of those who might be using kindness to boost their reputation. This suspicion is at the heart of the “tainted altruism effect”.(人们会怀疑有人借善意抬高自身声望，这种质疑就是“沾染私利的利他效应”的核心。)”以及举例“Imagine a friend, Andy, volunteers at a homeless shelter. If we discover his true motive is to date the shelter manager(想象一下，朋友安迪在流浪者收容所做志愿者。如果我们发现他的真实动机是为了约会收容所经理)”可知，该效应指的是在慈善背景下，隐藏的个人私利会被看得更严重。B选项“一家公司的慈善捐款旨在减税”符合这一描述。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Interestingly, the judgment softens if the person is honest about their motive upfront, as this removes the ‘unearned social reward’ of appearing purely altruistic (利他主义的).(有趣的是，如果一个人一开始就诚实地交代了自己的动机，人们的判断就会变得温和，因为这消除了纯粹利他主义带来的‘不劳而获的社会回报’。)”可知，提前承认自私动机可以减少责备。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But if the result is more kindness in the world, maybe we can forgive a little mixed motivation.(只要行为能给世界带来更多善意，我们或许可以谅解带有复杂动机的善意。)”可知作者对此持包容态度。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 300-380 Z 世代共享餐桌文化 社会文化说明文 段落主旨、细节理解 时代热点话题，代际观念类常考 Shared tables, a trend enjoying popularity in the 1980s, offer a different social way to digital natives in the West. Where diners once were unwilling to sit with strangers, Gen Z, individuals born between 1997 and 2012, are pulling their chairs a little closer. According to new data, 90% of Gen Z diners say they enjoy communal tables, or shared tables, compared to just 60% of boomers, people born during a period when many babies were born, highlighting a generational revival (复苏) of dining together. Communal dining has long divided the room — in more than one way. For example, a report from the online reservation service company Resy found 63% of respondents feel that communal tables are great for meeting new people, with half saying they’ve had interesting conversations with someone they otherwise wouldn’t have spoken to while dining with strangers. However, the format has been a joke in an American comedy, where characters put up with awkward small talk over shared seating. Michael Della Penna, chief strategy officer at the digital advertising research firm InMarket, said that, for members of a notably anxious generation, the communal environment can be comforting, “because you don’t have to be the focus or the initiator of the group conversation.” It’s especially comforting for those who may feel like they don’t have the social skills. “It’s a safe step towards connecting and being social where you don’t have the heavy weight of carrying the entire conversation,” Della Penna said. “Communal dining has a history of thousands of years, but its popularity has been unstable, with waves of enthusiasm following periods of little interaction,” said Donnie Madia, a Chicago-based restaurateur. “Back in 2008, after the financial crisis, which forced people to reduce engagement with others, people wanted to be together, and to be in smaller spaces; once they started to come back to the restaurants, they wanted that festive feeling of dining together.” Gen Z grew up online, but they’re intentionally seeking real-world connections, and restaurants have become that gathering space again. For them, sharing a table isn’t just practical seating. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly talk about? A．Digital natives lack connections. B．The shared dining trend is back. C．Shared tables change social ways. D．Gen Z have similar eating habits. 18．What do the examples show about communal dining in paragraph 2? A．It is often misunderstood. B．It is gaining popularity. C．It receives mixed reactions. D．It leads to disconnection. 19．Why might communal dining appeal to anxious people? A．It provides group topics to discuss. B．It allows them to present social skills. C．It enables them to be the talk’s focus. D．It offers a less pressured way to socialize. 20．What do Donnie Madia’s words imply? A．Communal dining caught on after 2008. B．Crises discourage people from exploring. C．Restaurants need to create the festive feeling. D．Social disconnection stimulates communal dining. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．D 20．D 【导语】本文主要介绍共享餐桌潮流再度复兴，对比不同代际态度，分析其受年轻人欢迎的原因及历史兴衰变化。 【详解】17．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“According to new data, 90% of Gen Z diners say they enjoy communal tables, or shared tables, compared to just 60% of boomers, people born during a period when many babies were born, highlighting a generational revival (复苏) of dining together.(根据新数据，90%的Z世代用餐者表示他们喜欢共用餐桌（即共享餐桌），而婴儿潮一代人（出生于婴儿大量出生时期的一代人）中这一比例仅为60%，这凸显了聚餐文化在代际间的复苏。)”可知，第一段主要讲了共享用餐的潮流再度回归。 18．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Communal dining has long divided the room — in more than one way. For example, a report from the online reservation service company Resy found 63% of respondents feel that communal tables are great for meeting new people, with half saying they’ve had interesting conversations with someone they otherwise wouldn’t have spoken to while dining with strangers. However, the format has been a joke in an American comedy, where characters put up with awkward small talk over shared seating.(共餐长期以来一直让人们看法不一——而且不止在一个方面。例如，在线预订服务公司Resy的一份报告发现，63%的受访者认为共用餐桌非常适合结识新朋友，其中一半人表示，他们曾与陌生人共餐时与本不会交谈的人进行过有趣的对话。然而，这种用餐形式在一部美国喜剧中却成了笑料，剧中角色们在共享座位上忍受着尴尬的闲聊。)”可知，这些事例体现出人们对共享就餐的反应是褒贬不一的。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段“Michael Della Penna, chief strategy officer at the digital advertising research firm InMarket, said that, for members of a notably anxious generation, the communal environment can be comforting, “because you don’t have to be the focus or the initiator of the group conversation.” It’s especially comforting for those who may feel like they don’t have the social skills. “It’s a safe step towards connecting and being social where you don’t have the heavy weight of carrying the entire conversation,” Della Penna said.(数字广告研究公司InMarket的首席战略官Michael Della Penna表示，对于这个明显焦虑的一代人来说，共享用餐的环境可以带来安慰，“因为你不必成为焦点，也不必做群体对话的发起者。”这对于那些觉得自己缺乏社交技能的人来说尤其令人感到安慰。“这是向社交和建立联系迈出的安全一步，你不必承受独自撑起整场对话的沉重负担，”Della Penna说道。)”可知，共享就餐为性格焦虑的人提供了压力更小、更轻松的社交方式。 20．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Communal dining has a history of thousands of years, but its popularity has been unstable, with waves of enthusiasm following periods of little interaction(共餐有着数千年的历史，但它的流行程度一直不稳定，在一段段冷淡期之后，又会掀起一波又一波的热潮)”和“Back in 2008, after the financial crisis, which forced people to reduce engagement with others, people wanted to be together, and to be in smaller spaces(回到2008年，金融危机迫使人们减少与他人的交往，那之后人们渴望聚在一起，待在更小的空间里)”可知，Donnie Madia的话暗示了社会疏离感会促使人们进行集体用餐。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 330-410 旅行纪念品价值探讨 人文说明文 句意理解、主旨归纳 生活感悟类选材，设问角度灵活 On a backpacking trip through the Himalayas, my bruises became the truest souvenirs — scars (伤疤) carrying a story only I can tell, with no hidden costs to the planet. Perhaps that’s why my desire for typical souvenirs has faded. I now value experiences over objects. But maybe that’s just me. Two out of three Americans bring back souvenirs. When a friend hands me a fridge magnet, I feel uneasy. What does it mean to take home a piece of a place, and at what cost? Humans have always had a deep-rooted habit of collecting. According to psychologist Vanavi Madakal, looking at a souvenir can bring back happy emotions as the brain links it to positive experiences. But the drive goes beyond memory. “At the core of our actions is a desire to feel heard, seen and recognised,” she says. For many, souvenirs satisfy a need to say, “I was there!” Yet, while travellers today are more aware of their impact, souvenirs have been somewhat left behind. Take handmade scarves for example. A genuine piece can be costly, driving travellers toward cheap imitations. This creates a “vicious cycle”: frustrated artisans may turn to using low-quality materials just to feed their families. While purchasing fake goods might seem to support local sellers, the true cost is often borne by artisans who rely on time-honoured craftsmanship. So, how can you buy souvenirs that are ethical, sustainable and meaningful? “It’s not just about buying or choosing carefully, it’s about rejecting and explaining why,” says Justin Francis of Responsible Travel. One practical step is looking for labels that certify genuine local goods. Asking friends what they want can also be more meaningful than guessing. And remember: a good souvenir doesn’t have to be something physical. Join a cooking class, and you take home skills that keep giving. Ultimately, there’s no universal rule. But next time you’re grabbing a quick airport souvenir, pause and reflect. “Think back to the Silk Road — trade was personal,” says Francis. Buying directly from the maker, he believes, is “the purest form of commerce.” 21．What does the author imply by saying “my bruises became the truest souvenirs”? A．Souvenirs can harm the planet. B．Injuries are unexpected souvenirs. C．We should say no to travel souvenirs. D．Personal stories make the best souvenirs. 22．What aspect of souvenirs does paragraph 2 focus on? A．Their emotional appeal. B．Their long history. C．Their growing popularity. D．Their cultural value. 23．What is the consequence of the vicious cycle? A．Souvenirs get standardised. B．Tourism hurts the local economy. C．Traditional skills are put at risk. D．Local sellers lose their customer base. 24．What is the writing purpose of the passage? A．To promote genuine local products. B．To explore the true meaning of souvenirs. C．To compare different types of souvenirs. D．To discourage people from buying souvenirs. 【答案】21．D 22．A 23．C 24．B 【导语】作者认为亲身经历胜过实物纪念品，人们收藏纪念品源于情感与心理需求。劣质仿品损害传统工艺，旅行应秉持可持续理念，理性选购或留存无形收获。 【详解】21．推理判断题。根据第一段“On a backpacking trip through the Himalayas, my bruises became the truest souvenirs — scars (伤疤) carrying a story only I can tell, with no hidden costs to the planet.(在一次穿越喜马拉雅山脉的背包旅行中，我身上的伤痕成了最真实的纪念品——这些伤疤承载着只有我能讲述的故事，而且对地球没有任何负面影响)”可知，作者说“我的伤痕成了最真实的纪念品”这句话意味着个人经历才是最好的纪念品。 22．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans have always had a deep-rooted habit of collecting. According to psychologist Vanavi Madakal, looking at a souvenir can bring back happy emotions as the brain links it to positive experiences. But the drive goes beyond memory. “At the core of our actions is a desire to feel heard, seen and recognised,” she says. For many, souvenirs satisfy a need to say, “I was there!”(人类一直以来都有强烈的收集癖好。心理学家瓦纳维·马达卡尔表示，看着一件纪念品能唤起愉悦的情绪，因为大脑会将其与积极的经历联系起来。但这种驱动力远不止于记忆。“我们行为的根源在于渴望被倾听、被看见和被认可，”她说道。对许多人来说，纪念品满足了他们想要表达“我当时在那里”的需求)”可知，第二段主要论述了纪念品的情感吸引力。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段“This creates a “vicious cycle”: frustrated artisans may turn to using low-quality materials just to feed their families. While purchasing fake goods might seem to support local sellers, the true cost is often borne by artisans who rely on time-honoured craftsmanship.(这就形成了一个“恶性循环”：沮丧的工匠可能会为了养家糊口而转而使用低质量的材料。虽然购买假货看似支持了当地的卖家，但真正的代价往往由依赖传统工艺的工匠承担)”可知，这种恶性循环会让传统技艺面临危险。 24．推理判断题。根据第二段“Humans have always had a deep-rooted habit of collecting. According to psychologist Vanavi Madakal, looking at a souvenir can bring back happy emotions as the brain links it to positive experiences. But the drive goes beyond memory. “At the core of our actions is a desire to feel heard, seen and recognised,” she says. For many, souvenirs satisfy a need to say, “I was there!”(人类一直以来都有强烈的收集癖好。心理学家瓦纳维·马达卡尔表示，看着一件纪念品能唤起愉悦的情绪，因为大脑会将其与积极的经历联系起来。但这种驱动力远不止于记忆。“我们行为的根源在于渴望被倾听、被看见和被认可，”她说道。对许多人来说，纪念品满足了他们想要表达“我当时在那里”的需求)”结合文章说明了作者认为亲身经历胜过实物纪念品，人们收藏纪念品源于情感与心理需求。劣质仿品损害传统工艺，旅行应秉持可持续理念，理性选购或留存无形收获。可知，这篇文章的写作目的是探究纪念品的真正含义。 题型三、人工智能 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 320-400 妈祖气象预警系统 科技说明文 细节推断、词义猜测 中国科技输出，契合家国热点命题 China is actively sharing its early warning technologies with the world, offering solutions that help developing countries better prepare for extreme weather. From AI-powered forecasting models to emergency response systems, the country is making significant contributions to a United Nations program known as Early Warnings for All. At the heart of these efforts is MAZU, a homegrown early warning system developed by China’s weather service. Powered by artificial intelligence, MAZU is designed to help nations reduce weather-related risks. Its name comes from a sea goddess traditionally believed to protect against sea disasters. It also stands for “multi-risk, alert, zero-gap, and universal.” MAZU offers a comprehensive package of hard technology and soft measures. It includes a cloud-based early warning system, an emergency response framework, and a “call-to-action” mechanism that ensures high-level warnings lead to immediate action. The system is flexible and can be customized to meet the specific needs of different countries. In Fujian, a coastal province often hit by typhoons, MAZU has been put into practice through a “1262” disaster prevention model. This model identifies key risk areas 12 hours in advance, places rescue forces six hours ahead, and warns high-risk townships two hours before a weather event. When Typhoon Danas struck in July, the system helped Fuzhou prepare by draining rivers ahead of time, greatly reducing possible damage. MAZU has also been shared with other countries. Its city version, MAZU-Urban, has been tested in over 35 countries across Asia, Africa, and Oceania. In March, it successfully predicted rainfall in Kampala, Uganda, and winds at Lake Victoria. The Uganda National Weather Service expressed thanks for the support. The system can be adapted to local conditions by using disaster data and emergency standards of different areas. China plans to continue supporting developing nations through training programs and technological cooperation. As an official from China’s weather service said, “The introduction of MAZU marks China’s shift from an active participant in global weather efforts to a contributor to major international plans and a provider of global public goods.” 25．What can be inferred about MAZU? A．It relies on fixed procedures for all users. B．It helps different nations avoid sea disasters. C．It limits application to specific disaster types. D．It integrates cultural roots into modern technology. 26．What does the underlined word “customized” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tailored. B．Assessed. C．Employed. D．Tested. 27．Why does the author mention the “1262” model? A．To stress the rapid advancement of MAZU. B．To prove the practical effectiveness of MAZU. C．To showcase the creative design of MAZU. D．To highlight the wide popularity of MAZU. 28．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To illustrate MAZU’s global recognition. B．To explain AI’s role in weather forecasting. C．To present a Chinese solution to global challenges. D．To introduce the development of AI-powered models. 【答案】25．D 26．A 27．B 28．C 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了中国积极对外分享气象预警技术，自研“妈祖”智能预警系统实用性强，已在多国落地试用。我国还将持续开展技术合作，助力全球应对极端天气灾害。 【详解】25．推理判断题。根据第二段“At the heart of these efforts is MAZU, a homegrown early warning system developed by China’s weather service. Powered by artificial intelligence, MAZU is designed to help nations reduce weather-related risks. Its name comes from a sea goddess traditionally believed to protect against sea disasters. It also stands for “multi-risk, alert, zero-gap, and universal.”(这些努力的核心是中国气象部门自主研发的“妈祖”预警系统。该系统由人工智能驱动，旨在帮助各国降低与天气相关的风险。其名称源自一位传统上被认为能抵御海难的海神。同时，“妈祖”也代表“多风险、预警、零差距和全民覆盖”。)”可知，MAZU 这个名字源自传统中被认为能抵御海难的海神妈祖，同时它又是中国自主研发的人工智能驱动的现代预警系统，体现了文化根源与现代科技的融合。 26．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线单词句中“The system is flexible and can be … to meet the specific needs of different countries.( 该系统具有灵活性，可以根据不同国家的具体需求……。)”由此可知，此处为根据不同国家的具体需求进行定制。故可猜测划线单词customized意为“量身定制的”，与 A选项tailored“量身定制”同义。 27．推理判断题。根据第四段“In Fujian, a coastal province often hit by typhoons, MAZU has been put into practice through a “1262” disaster prevention model. This model identifies key risk areas 12 hours in advance, places rescue forces six hours ahead, and warns high-risk townships two hours before a weather event. When Typhoon Danas struck in July, the system helped Fuzhou prepare by draining rivers ahead of time, greatly reducing possible damage.( 在经常遭受台风袭击的沿海省份福建，“妈祖”预警系统通过“1262”防灾模式得以应用。该模型能够提前 12 小时识别关键风险区域，提前 6 小时部署救援力量，并在天气事件发生前 2 小时向高风险地区发出警报。在 7 月台风“丹娜丝”来袭时，该系统帮助福州做好了准备，提前排干了河流，大大减少了可能造成的损失。)”可推知，作者提及“1262”模式是为了证明“妈祖”的实用有效性。 28．推理判断题。通读全文可知，全文围绕中国自主研发的 MAZU 预警系统展开，介绍了它的技术原理、国内成功实践，以及向发展中国家推广、助力联合国“全民预警”计划的全球贡献。作者的核心目的是展示中国为全球极端天气应对这一共同挑战提供的解决方案。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 310-390 AI 野生动物虚假影像 科技科普说明文 细节查找、观点判断 人工智能前沿话题，现实意义强 A video on social media shows a leopard entering the backyard of a house where a child is playing, and a cat scares it away, protecting the child. The video has gained over a million “likes” and has been shared more than 15,000 times. Believe it or not, the video is totally created by artificial intelligence (AI). A new study has raised concerns that AI-generated wildlife images and videos could potentially bias public knowledge of wild animals and weaken critical conservation efforts. Researchers from the University of Córdoba in Spain found that several features of modern life can intensify the problem — including our heavy reliance on social media, our tendency to anthropomorphize (人格化) animal behavior, and people’s increasing separation from the natural world. “Our findings indicate that some posts are concerning because they do not reflect reality, which can contribute to misinformation,” study co-author José Guerrero Casado told Popular Science. “For effective biodiversity conservation, it is essential that society is well informed.” Examples provided in the study range from affectionate predator-prey (捕食者与猎物) interactions to humans interacting with dangerous wild animals, as well as videos of animals attacking people, which can generate unwarranted fear and cause harmful responses toward wildlife. Other misleading content shows AI-generated animals with inaccurate physical characteristics, places species in locations where they do not exist, or describes endangered species as being more common or less at risk than they are in reality. “When these types of images and videos are frequently exposed to people, it could lead to reduced support for conservation projects. What’s more, as AI technology advances, it will become more difficult to identify real wildlife imagery from false content, increasing the likelihood that misleading posts will spread unchecked,” Casado added. To help deal with these potential issues, the researchers recommend integrating media literacy in classrooms and launching public awareness efforts to give people the tools to judge whether what they see on social media is real. They hope their findings will encourage the public to think more critically about the wildlife-content they find online. 29．What is one of the negative impacts of AI-generated wildlife content? A．It reduces people’s interest in social media. B．It increases human-wildlife conflicts in reality. C．It misleads public opinion about wild animals. D．It slows down the development of AI technology. 30．What does the underlined word “unwarranted” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Unnecessary. B．Unconscious. C．Constant. D．Hidden. 31．Why will misleading content spread more easily in the future? A．It is free from review. B．It is easy to get public attention. C．People will rely less on social media. D．AI-generated content will be harder to tell. 32．What do the researchers suggest doing about the problems? A．Banning AI from creating wildlife-related content. B．Promoting media literacy and mass consciousness. C．Encouraging the public to avoid social media. D．Limiting the sharing of wildlife videos online. 【答案】29．C 30．A 31．D 32．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了AI生成的野生动物视频可能误导公众认知、危害动物保护。 【详解】29．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“AI-generated wildlife images and videos could potentially bias public knowledge of wild animals and weaken critical conservation efforts.(AI生成的野生动物图像和视频可能会扭曲公众对野生动物的认知，并削弱关键的保护工作)”以及第三段中“some posts are concerning because they do not reflect reality, which can contribute to misinformation(一些帖子令人担忧，因为它们不反映现实，这可能导致错误信息)”可知，AI生成的野生动物内容会误导公众对野生动物的看法。 30．词句猜测题。 根据第四段中“Examples provided in the study range from affectionate predator-prey (捕食者与猎物) interactions to humans interacting with dangerous wild animals, as well as videos of animals attacking people, which can generate unwarranted fear and cause harmful responses toward wildlife.(该研究列举了各类虚假案例：既有捕食者与猎物温情相处的画面，也有人类与危险野生动物近距离互动的场景，还有动物袭击人类的视频。这类内容会引发人们的unwarranted恐惧心理，进而致使大众对野生动物产生抵触伤害行为)”可知，这些视频中动物攻击人的场景是虚构的，由此产生的恐惧是没有根据的、不必要的。unwarranted意思是“没有根据的，不必要的”。 31．细节理解题。 根据第五段中“as AI technology advances, it will become more difficult to identify real wildlife imagery from false content, increasing the likelihood that misleading posts will spread unchecked(随着AI技术的发展，将越来越难以区分真实的野生动物图像和虚假内容，从而增加误导性帖子不受控制地传播的可能性)”可知，原因是AI生成的内容将更难被辨别真假。 32．细节理解题。 根据最后一段中“the researchers recommend integrating media literacy in classrooms and launching public awareness efforts to give people the tools to judge whether what they see on social media is real(研究人员建议在课堂中融入媒体素养教育，并开展公众宣传活动，让人们有工具判断他们在社交媒体上看到的内容是否真实。)”可知，研究人员的建议是推广媒体素养和公众意识。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 340-420 人工智能人机协作 科技议论文 细节推理、主旨把握 AI 应用热议，侧重利弊辩证考查 Since ChatGPT’s release three years ago, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed from an online novelty into essential infrastructure (基础设施). It now serves as a silent helper in offices, an uncredited partner in classrooms, and even “ears” in exam rooms. A report shows 84% of high school students use AI for schoolwork. For companies, AI’s promise of cheap labor is highly attractive, with global spending on AI reaching hundreds of billions of dollars last year. Nevertheless, people often view AI as a competition between humans and machines — a misleading perception that needs to be corrected. The reality is humans working with machines, often within budget limits and imperfect systems. While companies develop smarter AI models, its daily applications are most significant. For example, a doctor can pass tiring record-writing to AI, allowing her to focus more on patients. A call center can also respond in 35 languages at 3 a.m. without a large multilingual team. Despite these benefits, the danger is that harm from AI may grow faster than its good effects. Deepfakes (深度伪造) can become powerful weapons: a false video can destroy a person’s reputation long before it is proven fake. An incorrect AI-generated fact might be a minor issue in homework, but it can be extremely risky in medical records. Even without harmful intentions, AI significantly changes how people make judgments. AI-generated results often appear confident and well-considered, yet they are not always reliable. An AI “copilot” can reassign work and responsibility, but what is offered as help frequently requires human oversight. While AI offers speed, it also forces users to repeatedly decide whether to trust its suggestions. This change can be seen widely: hospitals trying to improve care without lowering quality, communities struggling with fast-spreading fake videos, and workers using AI to save time or avoid duties. When a technology’s strengths are easy to praise and its weaknesses easy to ignore, who should pay for its mistakes? 33．Why does the author mention the numbers in Paragraph 1? A．To criticize the improper use of AI. B．To show the popularity of AI in daily life. C．To stress the benefits of AI over its harms. D．To compare the uses of AI in different areas. 34．Which word best describes the relationship between humans and AI? A．Competitive. B．Distant. C．Cooperative. D．Independent. 35．What can be learned about AI-generated results according to the text? A．They ensure the safety of medical records. B．They enhance people’s judgment accuracy. C．They improve the quality of schoolwork. D．They require careful human checking. 36．What is the author’s primary concern about AI? A．Its high electricity consumption. B．Its quick spread of fake videos. C．Its responsibility for making errors. D．Its technical progress in the future. 【答案】33．B 34．C 35．D 36．C 【导语】文章介绍人工智能普及应用现状，阐述人机协作模式，剖析其潜在危害并探讨其出错后的责任归属问题。 【详解】33．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“A report shows 84% of high school students use AI for schoolwork. For companies, AI’s promise of cheap labor is highly attractive, with global spending on AI reaching hundreds of billions of dollars last year.(一份报告显示84%的高中生使用人工智能完成课业。对于企业而言，人工智能低廉劳动力的前景极具吸引力，去年全球人工智能支出达到数千亿美元)”可知，作者列举数据是为了体现人工智能在日常生活中的普及程度。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nevertheless, people often view AI as a competition between humans and machines — a misleading perception that needs to be corrected. The reality is humans working with machines, often within budget limits and imperfect systems.(然而，人们常将人工智能视作人类与机器之间的较量，这是一种需要纠正的错误看法。现实情况是人类与机器协同工作，且往往受制于预算限制与不完善的体系)”可知，人类和人工智能是合作共处的关系。 35．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“An AI “copilot” can reassign work and responsibility, but what is offered as help frequently requires human oversight.(人工智能辅助工具可以分配工作与职责，但它所提供的协助往往需要人为监督把控)”可知，人工智能生成的结果需要人类仔细核查。 36．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“When a technology’s strengths are easy to praise and its weaknesses easy to ignore, who should pay for its mistakes?(当一项技术的优点易被称颂、缺点易被忽视时，谁该为它犯下的错误承担责任？)”可知，作者最担忧人工智能犯错后的责任划分问题。 题型四、环境生态 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 330-410 城市热岛效应治理 环境说明文 细节辨析、逻辑梳理 气候环境高频考点，成因对策常考 The “urban heat island” (UHI) effect, a phenomenon where metropolitan areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their rural surroundings, is a formidable and intensifying challenge for cities worldwide. This thermal discrepancy, which can escalate to a staggering 3-4°C or more, is not merely a matter of discomfort; it acts as a pernicious multiplier of climate change impacts, driving up energy consumption, exacerbating public health crises, and destabilizing local ecosystems. The primary culprits are the fundamental alterations humans make to the landscape. Vast expanses of natural vegetation, which cool the air through shading and the process of evapotranspiration-where plants release water vapor-are supplanted by asphalt, concrete, and brick. These materials possess high thermal mass, aggressively absorbing solar radiation by day and slowly releasing it as heat throughout the night, effectively trapping cities in a thermal blanket that prevents normal nocturnal cooling. This foundational issue is critically compounded by anthropogenic waste heat, the byproduct of energy expended by vehicles, industrial facilities, and the very air conditioning systems deployed to combat the rising temperatures. The consequences of this amplified heat are systemic and severe. Surging demand for air conditioning during heatwaves places immense, often dangerous, strain on power grids, increasing the risk of blackouts precisely when cooling is most vital. This creates a vicious feedback loop: higher energy use generates more waste heat, which in turn raises ambient temperatures further. From a public health perspective, the UHI effect is particularly insidious because it often elevates nighttime temperatures most significantly. Since the human body relies on cooler nighttime periods for physiological recovery from daytime heat stress, the loss of this respite leads to a marked increase in heat-related morbidity and mortality, disproportionately affecting the elderly, the very young, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Mitigation strategies, therefore, must be as multi-faceted as the problem itself. Increasing urban greenery is the most direct countermeasure. This goes beyond mere parks; it includes integrating green roofs and walls on buildings, planting shade trees along streetscapes, and creating “pocket parks” in underutilized spaces. A complementary approach involves re-engineering the urban fabric itself through the use of “cool materials.” These innovative pavements and building surfaces are designed to have higher solar reflectance (albedo) and improved thermal emissivity, meaning they reflect more sunlight and release absorbed heat more readily than conventional materials. Cities like Los Angeles have experimented with coating streets in light-gray reflective sealant, with studies showing measurable surface temperature reductions. While technological and design solutions are crucial, experts like Dr. Michael Chen, an urban climatologist at the University of Toronto, caution that “we cannot simply engineer our way out of the heat island effect without also addressing the root cause: our patterns of energy consumption and urban sprawl.” Ultimately, combating the UHI effect is not just about cooling cities; it is a fundamental component of building urban resilience, improving public health outcomes, and creating more sustainable and livable environments for the future, requiring an integrated strategy of smart design, policy, and community engagement. 37．What is the main topic of the passage? A．The technological history of air conditioning. B．The causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies for urban heat islands. C．A comparison of architectural styles in different cities. D．The health benefits of urban gardening programs. 38．According to paragraph 1, how do materials like asphalt and concrete contribute to the UHI effect? A．They produce cold air that sinks into the ground. B．They absorb heat by day and release it slowly at night, disrupting normal cooling cycles. C．They directly absorb moisture from the air, making it drier and hotter. D．They block wind flows that would otherwise cool the city. 39．The author mentions the “vicious feedback loop” in paragraph 2 to illustrate that: A．Hotter weather naturally leads to more outdoor activities. B．Efforts to cool cities with air conditioning can unintentionally make the problem worse. C．Power grids are becoming more efficient every year. D．Public health warnings are effective at reducing energy use. 40．Which of the following would Dr. Michael Chen most likely consider a limited solution to the UHI effect? A．Planting thousands of new street trees across a metropolitan area. B．Mandating the use of cool, reflective materials on all new buildings. C．Launching a public education campaign about nighttime heat risks. D．Focusing only on reflective paints without changing high energy consumption patterns. 【答案】37．B 38．B 39．B 40．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了城市热岛效应的成因、危害及缓解对策。 【详解】37．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The primary culprits are the fundamental alterations humans make to the landscape.(造成这一现象的主要元凶，是人类对自然地貌做出的根本性改造。)”、第二段“The consequences of this amplified heat are systemic and severe.(这种持续加剧的高温所带来的后果，影响范围广且后果十分严峻。)”和第三段“Mitigation strategies, therefore, must be as multi-faceted as the problem itself.(因此，缓解对策必须和问题本身一样多角度、全方位。)”可知，文章的主旨是城市热岛效应的成因、危害及缓解对策。 38．细节理解题。根据第一段“These materials possess high thermal mass, aggressively absorbing solar radiation by day and slowly releasing it as heat throughout the night, effectively trapping cities in a thermal blanket that prevents normal nocturnal cooling.(这类物质热容量大，白天大量吸收太阳辐射，入夜后又缓慢散发热量，如同给城市裹上一层保温罩，阻碍城市实现正常的夜间降温。)”可知，根据第一段，沥青、混凝土这类材料白天吸热、夜晚缓慢放热，扰乱正常降温循环。 39．推理判断题。根据第二段“This creates a vicious feedback loop: higher energy use generates more waste heat, which in turn raises ambient temperatures further. (这就形成了恶性循环：能源消耗越多，产生的废热就越多，进而使得环境温度进一步升高。)”可知，第二段提到 “恶性循环”是为了说明依靠空调降温反而会加重高温问题。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“we cannot simply engineer our way out of the heat island effect without also addressing the root cause: our patterns of energy consumption and urban sprawl.(如果不解决能源消耗模式和城市无序扩张这一根本问题，我们单凭工程手段根本无法消除热岛效应。)”可知，迈克尔・陈博士最有可能认为只使用反光涂料、不改变高耗能模式属于治标不治本，这是治理热岛效应的有限治标办法。 词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由 300-380 绿色宜居城市建设 城市人文说明文 细节理解、标题归纳 生态城市题材，价值观导向鲜明 Guimarães, a historic city in northern Portugal often called the “birthplace of the nation,” has been named European Green Capital for 2026. Unlike previous winners known mainly for recycling or emission cuts, this city stands out for a broader vision: designing urban spaces to improve people’s health, especially that of children and young people. City planners have focused on streets for people rather than cars. Green corridors now connect parks, creating safe, tree-lined pathways for walking and cycling. River restoration projects have turned polluted waterways into attractive public spaces where families gather. These nature-based solutions do more than beautify — they make active living the easiest choice. Studies show that when green spaces are accessible, people move more. For young people, safe routes to school mean they can walk or cycle without parents worrying about traffic. The PEGADAS Programme, a cross-border initiative, takes this approach further by involving youth directly. It brings together thousands of students from Portugal and Spain to take part in environmental projects. Participants monitor local wildlife, plant trees, and design initiatives encouraging peers to walk or cycle to school. By giving young people real responsibilities, the program helps them form lasting habits of active living while building environmental awareness. It transforms what could be abstract concepts into tangible, meaningful experiences. Guimarães offers a powerful lesson: cities can be designed for health. The choice is not between environmental sustainability and human wellbeing — properly understood, they are the same goal. As one official put it, “We are not building a sustainable city for its own sake. We are building a city where people — especially young people — can live well.” 41．How does Guimarães encourage active living? A．By restricting private car use. B．By offering bike-sharing programs. C．By building convenient waterways. D．By designing people-friendly streets. 42．What does the PEGADAS Programme allow young people to do? A．Learn wildlife facts. B．Join in design projects. C．Turn ideas into actions. D．Know abstract concepts. 43．What does the official’s statement show? A．The city puts people first. B．The city promotes its practice. C．The city prioritizes sustainability. D．The city values its development. 44．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Guimarães’ Green Solutions. B．European Green Capital for 2026. C．Green Cities Built for Citizen’s Wellbeing. D．Guimarães’ Green Vision of Health Living. 【答案】41．D 42．C 43．A 44．D 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了葡萄牙吉马良斯获评 2026 欧洲绿色之都，它主打健康宜居城市规划，打造绿色出行空间，还开展活动引导青少年践行环保，兼顾生态发展与民众幸福生活。 【详解】41．细节理解题。根据第二段中“City planners have focused on streets for people rather than cars. Green corridors now connect parks, creating safe, tree-lined pathways for walking and cycling.( 城市规划者将重点放在了行人道路而非汽车道上。如今，绿色走廊将公园连接起来，形成了安全且绿树成荫的步行和骑行通道。)”可知，吉马良斯通过设计适合人的街道来鼓励人们积极锻炼。 42．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By giving young people real responsibilities, the program helps them form lasting habits of active living while building environmental awareness. It transforms what could be abstract concepts into tangible, meaningful experiences.( 通过赋予年轻人实际的责任，该计划帮助他们养成积极的生活习惯，同时培养环保意识。它将抽象的概念转化为切实、有意义的体验。)”可知，“PEGADAS 计划”让年轻人将抽象的环保理念转化为具体的实际行动。 43．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As one official put it, “We are not building a sustainable city for its own sake. We are building a city where people — especially young people — can live well.”(正如一位官员所说：“我们不是为了城市自身的可持续性而建造城市。我们是在建造一个能让人们——尤其是年轻人——过上美好生活的城市。”)”可知，城市建设的最终目的是为了让人们生活得更好，而非单纯追求可持续性本身，体现了以人为本的核心理念。由此可推知，这位官员的声明表明了这座城市把人民放在首位。 44．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文核心是介绍葡萄牙吉马良斯当选 2026 年欧洲绿色首都的独特之处 —— 它的绿色愿景并非局限于回收或减排，而是通过城市设计提升居民（尤其是年轻人）的健康与福祉。该标题既点明了主体“吉马良斯”，又准确概括了文章核心 “绿色愿景与健康生活的结合”。由此可知，这篇文章适合的标题是“吉马良斯的健康生活绿色愿景”。 2 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $