专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，江苏专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 高中英语说明文阅读理解汇编，精选江苏多地高一下期末试题，涵盖科普知识（如颜色科学、鹦鹉视频通话）、社会问题（如素食标签偏见、社交媒体回音室）、发明创造（如AI教育应用、盐动力冰箱）等主题，素材贴近科技前沿与社会热点，问题设计梯度分明。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（选择题）|每篇4题|科普（细菌生长机制、颜色感知原理）、社会现象（素食标签效应、回音室算法影响）、发明创造（AI教育工具、电子皮肤技术）|情境时代性（如AI教育、环保科技），问题层次分明（细节理解如“Quinlan对海绵细菌的看法”，推理判断如“下一段可能讨论的内容”），贴合高考阅读理解命题趋势|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 答案版 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A Passage 2：1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A Passage 3：1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C Passage 4：1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 主题02 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1：1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C Passage 2：1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 主题03 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 2：1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1：1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 2：1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．D 4．D Passage 2：1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B Passage 3：1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D Passage 4：1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1：1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A Passage 2：1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 主题03 人与社会——人工智能 Passage 1：1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C Passage 2：1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 主题04 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C Passage 2：1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏海安高级中学·期末） Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1-2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．What encourages bacterial growth. B．How sponges are exactly structured. C．How bacteria grow independently. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Poorly adaptive. B．Relatively harmless. C．Partly distributed. D．Surprisingly unpleasant. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Evidence of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to help bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏镇江·期末） From her window in rural Aberdeenshire, Laura never fails to enjoy the natural beauty and reflect on the great color, a seemingly ordinary element in our daily lives, has astonishing secrets related to the human body. One of its remarkable characteristics is the so-called “weight”. Imagine this experiment: Take two boxes of the same weight, wrap one in white paper and the other in red. When you lift them, the red-wrapped box will likely feel heavier. This isn’t a trick of the mind alone. Fourteen years ago, Professor Dai’er uncovered that colors carried “weight” in our brains. Through complicated and thorough experiments, he ranked colors by this understood “weight”: red, blue, green, orange, yellow, white, from heaviest to lightest. Color science isn’t just about how colors seem heavy or light. It also gives colors “tastes” that can remind people of different foods and feelings. For example, warm colors like bright red often make people think of sweet strawberries or the spicy kick of chilli peppers, bringing a sense of energy and excitement. Our sensory organst (器官) can “detect” them too. Scientifically, each color corresponds to (相一致) a specific wavelength of electromagnetic energy, ranging from around 380 to 700 nanometers. For instance, red light had a longer wavelength (about 620 — 750 nm), while violet has a shorter one (around 380 — 450 nm). The heat-sensitive sensory nerve endings (神经末梢) can respond to the varying energy levels of different wavelengths, allowing many blind people, who lack functional eyesight, to have a understanding of color. Interestingly, colors can change how our body makes hormones (荷尔蒙), which affects our health and how we feel at work. Warm colors like yellow and red can make us feel more energetic and excited, so they’re good for active workplaces. Cool colors such as blue and green help us relax and concentrate better, perfect for jobs that need careful thinking. Colors are really important for our mind and body, and we can use them to make our lives better. In essence, color is far more than a visual delight; it’s a silent force shaping our physical and mental states, waiting to be better used in our lives. 1．What does the experiment tell us? A．That color has weight is still a scientific guess. B．The red-wrapped box causes mental pressure on people. C．People’s understanding of color weight varies individually. D．Colors can create a sense of different weights in people’s minds. 2．Why can blind people distinguish colors? A．They feel colors’ taste. B．They sense colors’ weight. C．Skin absorbs colors directly. D．Sensory organs detect colors’ wavelengths. 3．According to the text, which color is best for decorating a study room? A．Red. B．Orange. C．Blue. D．Yellow. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Color: Beyond What We See. B．Color: A Basic Visual Feature. C．Colors and Human Emotions. D．The Mysterious Weight of Color. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Scientists recently conducted a study that involved giving pet parrots a tablet. They could use the tablets to make video calls to other parrots. It turned out that the birds showed signs of feeling less isolated (孤独的). They also began to engage in more social behaviours, including cleaning their feathers, as well as singing and playing. Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, a co-author of the study, works at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. She said that video calls had helped many people feel less isolated during the pandemic. “There are 20 million parrots living in people’s homes in the US, and we wanted to explore whether those birds might benefit from video calling, too,” Hirskyj-Douglas said. “If we gave them the opportunity to call other parrots, would they choose to do so, and would the experience benefit the parrots?” In order for the parrots to use their tablets, the birds first had to learn to ring a bell. They could then touch a photo of another bird on the screen to call that bird. The birds were also given a choice of which “friend” to call. In total the birds made 147 deliberate calls to each other during the study. Scientists took detailed notes on the birds’ behaviour and later reviewed the video footage (片段). Their analysis suggested that there were, indeed, benefits for the birds. In the wild, many parrots live in large groups. As pets, they tend to be kept alone or in a small group. Isolation and boredom can cause birds to develop psychological problems. These are problems related to the mind and behaviour. These problems can look like rocking, pacing back and forth, or self-harming behaviours such as feather-plucking. Rébecca Kleinberger, who works at Northeastern University in Massachusetts, also helped with the study. She said video calling could reproduce some of the social benefits of living in a larger group. 1．What was the main purpose of the study? A．To see if parrots can use tablets. B．To check if video calls benefit parrots. C．To test parrots’ mental health. D．To compare parrots’ living conditions. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How the study was done. B．What the study found. C．Where the findings are applied. D．Why the study matters. 3．How do video calls help parrots? A．By stopping bad habits. B．By encouraging reproduction. C．By enhancing fitness. D．By increasing social contact. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wild Parrots Are Healthier in Social Settings. B．Lonely Parrots May Develop Mental Issues. C．Parrots Feel Less Lonely Through Video Calls. D．Parrots Correct Behaviour Through Video Calls. Passage 4 （23-24高一下·江苏徐州·期末） Tim Cook of Apple and Bob Iger of Disney lead the trend among CEOs to wake early, often before 6 am, a habit shared by two-thirds of American CEOs. This contrasts sharply with the general population, where less than a third rise early. The underlying message is that early rising relates to success. Bartleby, a columnist, has tried early starts and acknowledges benefits like clearing inboxes and solving problems before the day's mess. A 2012 study supports the benefits of early rising. It finds early risers to be happier and healthier, while night owls often suffer from insufficient sleep, affecting their mood, health, and productivity. The research also indicates that late risers earn 4% less than early risers. What's more, early risers enjoy higher social status, with latecomers often viewed as lazy or undisciplined. However, rising early has its drawbacks. Early risers might end up working as late as others due to urgent tasks that arise during the day. Moreover, they may become socially dull, missing out on evening socializing. Night owls, by contrast, tend to engage more in social activities. Changing one's natural sleep pattern is difficult due to genetic (基因的) factors. Bartleby's own attempts to wake early led to too much caffeine consumption. Finally, the best advice might be to accept one's natural rhythm and stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither early birds nor night owls, but in between. Many, including Bartleby, get sleepy in the afternoon, too. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 and why they ought to have nap rooms. 1．What does the author want to prove by mentioning Tim Cook and Bob Iger? A．Waking up early has something to do with success. B．Rising early enjoys great popularity among CEOs. C．Starting early tells CEOs and general people apart. D．Getting up early benefits people's mood and health. 2．What can be concluded about early risers? A．They suffer from insufficient sleep. B．They are better paid than later risers. C．They tend to be the last to leave the office. D．They spare evening time for social events. 3．What does the author suggest on changing the sleep pattern? A．Adjust the body clock gradually. B．Drink caffeine to keep awake. C．Don't transform the natural rhythm. D．Don't get into the napping habit. 4．What does the passage mainly focus on? A．Advantages and disadvantages of early starts. B．Development and importance of early rising. C．Relationship between early starts and success. D．Differences between early birds and night owls. 主题02 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） When food items are specifically labelled as vegan — indicating they are prepared with no animal products, including eggs or butter — people are less likely to select them, even though it is better for the planet and for their health, according to a recent experiment. Growing and transporting food accounts for a quarter of all global greenhouse gas emissions, which are accelerating the climate crisis. Of these, the vast majority come from processes linked to meat and dairy production, which is why experts are advising societies to shift toward more plant-based eating. “We have to make big changes to how we produce and consume food if we want to reach climate goals and feed Earth's ever-growing population,” says Richard Waite, an expert on food climate policy. But the study at MIT indicates this may prove challenging. Researchers asked some 150 people attending several university events to choose their lunch between two options, one of them vegan. Choices included vegetable versus cheese ravioli and a vegetable hummus wrap versus a Greek salad with feta. A similar study of meal preferences was also conducted online. Half the respondents in both studies randomly received an order form in which the vegan item was labelled. When this vegan terminology (术语) was used, people were less likely to order the entrée (主菜) than when it was not. For the in-person attendees, some two-thirds more avoided the dish. After the research was published, some people told the study's lead author, Alex Berke, a doctoral student at MIT's Media Lab, the results were unexpected. But she anticipated the outcome. Berke herself began eating vegetarian — a plant-based diet that includes dairy and eggs — at age 10 and adopted a vegan diet three years ago to help the climate. “Anyone who has been eating vegan for a while would not be surprised,” says Berke. “They see the bias against these foods.” Environmentalists are clear they are not urging everyone to become vegetarians, but, if possible, to include more plant-based meals. “If you shift a third of your beef consumption to beans and soy, you reduce the climate impact of your diet by about 15 per cent,” Waite says. 1．What did the recent experiment find? A．People chose food at random. B．Foods called vegan were chosen less. C．People preferred meat products. D．Food choices affected climate greatly. 2．How did some people feel about the results? A．They were interested. B．They disagreed. C．They were surprised. D．They felt upset. 3．What does the underlined word “bias” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Unfair dislike. B．Strong support. C．Hot discussion. D．Hard fight. 4．What do environmentalists suggest people do? A．Avoid plant-based meals. B．Become vegetarians. C．Eat less meat in daily life. D．Remove meat products. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Do you ever hear a friend speak on a topic with the belief that “everyone” thinks the same way? Do you often find yourself surrounded in a social media feed that is completely tailored (订做的) to you and your beliefs, reading along without the immediate realization? A social media echo chamber (社交媒体回音室) is when one experiences a tailored media information that leaves out opposing viewpoints and differing voices. Social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube connect groups of like-minded users together based on shared content preferences. As a result, people see and take in information according to our preexisting beliefs and opinions. Social media companies therefore rely on algorithms (算法) to assess our interests and flood us with information that will keep our attention. The algorithms focus on what we “like”, and “share” to keep feeding content that makes us comfortable. In order to truly get access to all information and to evaluate our media, we must give ourselves the opportunity to step out of our comfort zone. While this becomes increasingly challenging, there are things we can do. The first step is to beef up your media sources. Adding in a few media sources with different opinions will allow you to at least understand what people are saying outside of your echo chamber. Next, read each thing you see with a critical eye. Make sure that each thing you accept as truth is truly fact. Lastly, attempt to search out reliable new sources that are known for trying their best to leave out false information. By accepting that our media buffet (自助餐) on social media is a product of our present beliefs and opinions, we can work to make sure we are not simply stuck in a social media echo chamber. 1．What is a result of the social media echo chamber? A．People keep reading for more differing viewpoints. B．People contact like-minded online users effectively. C．People rely on algorithms to evaluate their interests. D．People only get information confirming their beliefs. 2．What does the phrase “beef up” underlined in paragraph 3 mean? A．Track. B．Identify. C．Improve. D．Provide. 3．Which of the following can help us get out of the echo chamber? A．Exposing ourselves to opposing voices. B．Criticizing all the things on social media. C．Accepting our present beliefs and opinions. D．Researching primary sources of information. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To call on people to use algorithms frequently. B．To ask people not to take in information blindly. C．To promote the use of various social media sites. D．To inform people of new technology developments. 主题03 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏淮安·期末） A heated theme around AI in education is that students could use these generative tools to complete their homework. Educators are worried that students may not build essential skills if it becomes too easy to misrepresent machine-generated work as their own. In addition to concerns that such use may contribute to cheating, it’s also known that AI can provide misinformation that may mislead students. As a result, many schools have banned (禁止) generative AI completely. But is that reasonable? The answer is no, says Sebastian Rao, a Virginia STEM school senior. Instead, he supports AI policies that make the technology accessible to students and educators but provide appropriate edges. “How do we structure a classroom that uses AI?” asks Rao. He says the focus should be to thoughtfully integrate (合并) AI technology in classrooms so that students can use it to enhance their education and build new skills. When schools place strict bans on AI, students may be confused and unsure about what they can and can’t use. Many students use AI in ways educators didn’t consider, worsening the problem of managing their use in the classroom. Meanwhile, the technology is evolving quickly and becoming integrated into an ever-growing range of tools. Academic tools like Grammarly now use AI, as do search engines like Google and Bing. Khan Academy recently built a free AI-powered app, Khanmigo, to provide one-on-one homework help to students who may not otherwise have access to a live tutor (家庭教师). “A lot of students don’t really know what to think about a lot of these technologies. Some are confused about ‘What does AI mean? Is it cheating in certain cases?’” explains Rao. Rather than viewing the use of AI as cheating, the U. S. Department of Education is integrating AI into policy because the technology allows educators to support students with a valuable, personalized approach to learning. Knowing how to use AI effectively and properly will be necessary for students’ future development. 1．Why do many schools ban AI completely? A．AI may offer much information. B．AI may cause students a lot of worry. C．AI may destroy students’ essential skills. D．AI may weaken students’ study performance. 2．What is Sebastian Rao’s opinion on AI in education? A．Schools should refuse AI technology. B．Educators should build their AI skills. C．Schools should establish clear guidelines. D．Educators should enhance their education. 3．What may the ban on AI at school result in? A．Rapid evolution of AI. B．Students’ confusion about AI. C．Popularity of a live tutor. D．Educators’ interest in technology. 4．What is the U.S. Department of Education’s attitude towards AI? A．Unclear. B．Worried. C．Favorable. D．Negative. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏镇江·期末） What does a 450-million-year old land plant have to do with waking you up for work in the morning? Unless you’re sleeping on a forest floor, we’d say not a whole lot. Moss (苔藓) Echo is out to change all that, bringing ancient nature into the modern home in a rather clever little device. The Moss Echo has actual moss growing on it. But it’s not just a mini garden; it’s a handy home device that keeps time, works as an alarm clock and includes a Bluetooth speaker, with an LED display that’s programmed through a smartphone app. Moss sits on a replaceable moss filter (过滤器), which surrounds the network of LED bulbs (灯泡). Besides, Moss Echo has been created by its team to act as a powerful purifier (净化器), with the plant’s tiny leaf-like structures—called phyllids—taking in pollutants and then releasing clean air back into the environment. It also comes with plenty of nature-themed features, like a sleep mode that plays relaxing sounds of the great outdoors to help you drift off, and an alarm clock that’ll wake you up in an equally gentle way. For anyone who has experienced a moss takeover in the garden, you’ll know that these plants are extremely adaptable. The moss here can survive for six months without water, but we don’t recommend preventing your little air-quality helpers from a drink;  the creators suggest giving it a spritz (喷) a couple of times a day. However, if your brown thumb does strike, makers Moss  Lab have replacement filters that click into the device’s frame (框), for an additional cost. If watered, even irregularly, the moss should stay happy and healthy for many years. There are some personalizing add-ons, like switching up the look with different wood and metal frames, for an additional price. The Moss Echo is available for US$179, which is 40% off expected retail. Included in the pack is a white or black unit, USB-C cable and a sleek water spray bottle. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about Moss Echo? A．Its size. B．Its functions. C．Its price. D．Its structure. 2．Which of the following helps Moss Echo to act as a purifier? A．Phyllids. B．The network of LED bulbs. C．The moss filter. D．The Bluetooth speaker. 3．What can we infer about the moss from paragraph 3? A．It only lives for 6 months. B．It is easy to survive. C．It adapts to the environment slowly. D．It doesn’t need watering. 4．What can we learn about Moss Echo? A．It costs more than US$200. B．It offers wood and metal frames for free. C．It helps to improve your gardening skills. D．It combines nature with modern technology. 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏无锡·期末） A sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle eventually does harm to health but breaking out of long inactivity can be discouraging. Now, however, there may be a simple way to ease into more activity. A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits. “It’s quite simple, but it’s not an idea that’s out there,” says University of Sydney exercise scientist Emmanuel Stamatakis who led the research. “Many people, including many health professionals, still think of physical activity as something that you do during your free time, and you need to go somewhere to do it.” Stamatakis and his colleagues, on the other hand, wanted to understand if daily life activities done somewhat vigorously in short bouts could also provide health benefits compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle. To study this, his team used data from nearly 25,000 adults who were non-exercisers. Without these data, it was almost impossible to continue the study. Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death. The team found that people who did at least four one-to-two-minute high intensity physical activities every day had a nearly 40 percent less risk of dying from cancer and a roughly 49 percent over chance of dying from a cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.” 1．What did the recent study find? A．An inactive lifestyle is harmful but hard to change B．Daily short but intense activities do good to health. C．Doing daily housework is also a kind of exercise D．More physical exercises can make you more active. 2．What does the underlined word “vigorously” most probably mean? A．Continuously. B．Energetically. C．Regularly. D．Creatively. 3．Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5? A．Research purposes. B．Research limitations. C．Research methods. D．Research findings. 4．What would Stamatakis suggest? A．Carrying out more short bouts of intense activity. B．Avoiding movement of light intensity. C．Doing only 8 minutes intense activity every day. D．Going to exercise at fixed time and place. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） Each fall, the California coast welcomes large numbers of North America’s monarch butterflies(黑脉金斑蝶). In the past, millions of the brightly colored insects gathered in groups of California trees to spend the winter. But over the last few decades, the number of these monarchs has fallen sharply. Poisoning may partly explain this loss, a new study finds. People use pesticides(杀虫剂) to kill off different types of pests and weeds(害虫和杂草).Pesticides can also poison non-pests. Scientists had worried that such pollutants might be harming monarchs. But no one knew how much risk these insects faced. To find out, a team of scientists focused on California’s Central Valley. It’s home to cities,towns and natural areas; it is also an important place for the monarchs to give birth. The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars(幼虫) only feed on. They recognized 64 different pesticides on their samples. The average plant contained nine. Some had as many as 25. Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs. “We were surprised that we found pesticides in all of the samples,” says Sarah Hoyle, a pesticide expert. “Everywhere we looked — home gardens, parks, agricultural lands, wildlife reserves — pesticides were present.” The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores. Garden stores want their plants to look attractive, Hoyle notes, and “one way to help with this is to use chemicals.” But people who buy milkweed plants often don’t know they have been treated with pesticides. Of course, pesticides are unlikely to be the only cause for the monarchs’ decrease, Hoyle notes. Both habitat(栖息地) loss and climate change also could present risks. However, the new findings point to the need for stronger action to limit pesticide pollution, Hoyle argues. Many people are planting milkweed plants to feed monarch caterpillars. It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars. 1．What should be responsible for the monarchs’ decrease according to the study? A．The use of chemicals. B．Extreme weather. C．Wildfires in California. D．Reduction of food resources. 2．What do we know about milkweed plants? A．They mainly grow in the valleys of California. B．They play a key role in the life circle of monarchs. C．They are very popular with people who love gardening. D．They are used by researchers to feed monarch caterpillars. 3．Which milkweeds may have the most harmful effects on monarchs? A．Those in parks. B．Those at garden stores. C．Those in wildlife reserves D．Those on agricultural lands. 4．What is Sarah Hoyle’s advice for people? A．Not using pesticides in their fields. B．Planting more flowers in their gardens. C．Not buying milk weeds from garden stores. D．Managing to grow pesticide-free milkweeds. 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末） Authorities have moved to tighten control of the rapidly expanding semi-prepared food industry, specifying definitions of precooked dishes and rolling out rules on the use of additives (添加剂) in the sector to ensure food safety. Restaurant s are also being encouraged to identify dishes on their menus that include semi-prepared ingredients (食材), a move that experts say will help customers make informed decisions. The reforms, led by the State Administration for Market Regulation, which watches and checks product quality and consumer rights, were detailed in an announcement issued on Thursday by six government agencies. Share prices of companies involved in the semi-prepared food sector fell by an average of 2 percent on the A-share market on Monday because of the strengthened oversight Industry insiders said the rules were the first to explain the definition of semi-prepared food and set out safety and quality standards for the multibillion yuan industry. China has more than 70,000 companies making food items that have undergone some preparation but are not fully cooked or ready to eat, according to Xinhua News Agency. Their output value topped 500 billion yuan ($69.4 million) last year and is on track to go beyond 1 trillion yuan in a few years, it said. The new rules tell the difference between semi-prepared food — also known as prepackaged meals — and other food items, such as instant noodles, frozen dumplings and salads. They say semi-prepared food must be a dish that can be consumed after simple preparations such as heating or boiling. Experts said makers of frozen foods such as dumplings and hamburgers will no longer be regarded as being semi-prepared food businesses, and will be unable to ignore regulations in their own sector or enjoy preferential policies tailor-made for semi-prepared food makers. They said the generalization of the concept of semi-prepared food had previously created regulatory difficulties. 1．Why is it necessary to watch and check the semi-prepared food industry? A．To raise people’s awareness of food safety concerns. B．To ban the use of semi-prepared prepared ingredients. C．To encourage restaurants to identify dishes on their menus. D．To guarantee food safety through strengthened regulations. 2．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Safety and quality standards imposed on food industry. B．Great loss suffered by the customers. C．Effects on semi-prepared food industry made by the new rules. D．Rules aiming to define semi-prepared food. 3．Which of the following statement is true? A．Semi-prepared food can be directly consumed. B．Instant noodles are considered as semi-prepared food. C．Output value of semi-prepared food is decreasing in China. D．Semi-prepared food makers enjoy preferential treatment. 4．What is the expert’s attitude towards the regulatory reforms? A．Unclear. B．Uncaring C．Objective. D．Positive. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Wild fig trees may provide an inexpensive, effective way to monitor mercury (汞) pollution near small-scale gold mining sites throughout the Global South, a recent study suggests. Published in Frontiers in Environmental Science, the analysis looked at whether fig trees can be used as a biomonitoring tool near small-scale gold mines. The mines, located largely in South America, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, use liquid mercury to separate ore (矿石) and gold, unleashing high levels of mercury pollution. The polluted air generated by burning mercury-gold amalgams (合金) to get gold can endanger health in humans and animals. But the industry — largely unregulated — lacks reliable monitoring data, the researchers write. The researchers introduced a fast-growing fig tree that thrives throughout the tropics. The trees grow annual rings, which is uncommon among tropical trees. The researchers analyzed tree cores from five study sites in Peru’s Madre de Dios region to determine whether fig trees could serve as natural indicators of mercury pollution levels in the area. Three of the sites were near small mines, and two were located far away. Mercury levels in the trees’ rings were “strongly correlated” with atmospheric mercury levels, the researchers found, and trees nearest the mines had higher concentrations (浓度) of mercury in their rings. Passive air sampling confirmed the mercury measurements. The study examined tree rings from 1941 to 1999 and 2000 to 2019. At two sites near modern mining towns where mercury-gold amalgams were burned, the team found lower mercury concentrations in tree rings during the earlier period, when mining in the area wasn’t well established, and higher levels after gold mining expanded. Trees provide “a much more widely spread and cheaper network of biomonitoring” over decades than typical monitoring of small-scale mines, which focuses on short periods, the researchers write. “This really offers a method that can be employed throughout the Global South to understand changes in mercury over time, as well as space indicators of mercury.” Jacqueline Gerson, a study author and assistant professor of biological and environmental engineering in Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, said in a news announcement. 1．What does the underlined word “unleashing” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Releasing. B．Detecting. C．Absorbing. D．Reducing. 2．Why are fig trees from different sites analyzed? A．To figure out the effect of mercury pollution. B．To test if they can monitor mercury pollution. C．To study the exact cause of mercury pollution. D．To see how they help reduce mercury pollution. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Tree rings show lower mercury levels after mining expanded. B．Typical mine monitoring covers broader areas than tree rings. C．Mercury-gold amalgams were burned only from 2000 to 2019. D．Tree rings offer a long-term and cheap way to monitor mercury. 4．What is Jacqueline Gerson’s attitude towards using fig trees to monitor mercury pollution? A．Concerned. B．Approving. C．Objective. D．Uninterested. 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Trees provide “a much more widely spread and cheaper network of biomonitoring” over decades than typical monitoring of small-scale mines, which focuses on short periods, the researchers write.(研究人员写道，与典型的小型矿山监测相比，树木在几十年间提供了一个“分布更广、更便宜的生物监测网络”，而典型的小型矿山监测则侧重于短期)”可知，树轮提供了一种长期且廉价的监测汞污染的方法。故选D。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·江苏常州·期末） Fast food has become our common partner in the modern life. But we may be unaware of how it is reshaping our culture and the way we interact in society. Fast food has been gradually replacing the traditional family meal. Dinner used to be a time to slow down, when kids learned from their parents. Today, quality has given way to speed. The phrase “fast-food culture” extends beyond meals — it represents a way of life where patience has become a thing of the past. In addition, the global spread of fast food has led to sameness across borders. Fast food chains offer almost the same menu whether you’re in Mumbai or Miami. They’re like a bulldozer (推土机). It flattens varied cooking traditions and replaces them with a one-size-fits-all offering. Fast food, despite its convenience, often comes at a cost. Fast-food chains are often found in lower-income neighborhoods. This has created “food deserts” areas where affordable, healthy food is limited. The result is a vicious cycle (恶性循环). Those who can least afford the health impacts of bad eating habits end up eating the most fast food. When people say you are what you eat, it’s not just about physical health. It’s also about the social structures. Fast-food culture worsens the unfairness already present in our society. We may not be able to completely avoid fast food. After all, it has its place in a modern, fast- paced world. However, recognizing its harm to health and social structures is the first step towards change. It’s time we treated food as more than just a short stop to rest and eat in our busy day. Its meaning lies in the richness of our traditions, the diversity of our cultures, and the relationships we develop. Let’s not let fast food take this away from us. 1．What does “fast-food culture” represent? A．A way of slow life. B．A lack of patience. C．A focus on quality. D．A return to traditions. 2．Why does the author compare fast-food chains to a bulldozer? A．They reduce food cultural diversity. B．They develop better eating habits. C．They promote local food traditions. D．They gain worldwide popularity. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a vicious cycle” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Poor people eat more fast food. B．Healthy food becomes expensive. C．The gap between rich and poor widens. D．Fast food does harm to physical health. 4．What’s the author’s attitude towards fast food? A．Completely negative and viewing it dangerous. B．Extremely doubtful and not caring about it. C．Supportive but warning of its harmful effects. D．Concerned but recognizing its practical value. Passage 4 （23-24高一下·江苏连云港·期末） Microplastics — plastic particles (微粒) smaller than 5 mm — are spreading rapidly in the environment due to rising global plastic use. By 2023, over 300 million tons of plastic have been produced annually, with 2.5 million tons floating in oceans, a tenfold increase since 2005. A study in Nature Medicine showed alarming findings: microplastics and nanoplastics build up more in the human brain than in the liver or kidneys (肾脏). Researchers studied organs from 91 dead individuals (1997 — 2022) and found plastics in all brain samples. The highest concentration reached 0.48% of brain tissue (≈2 grams, similar to a plastic spoon’s weight), with recent deaths showing a sharp rise. Microplastics’ fat loving nature allows them to stick to the brain’s fatty tissues (60% of its composition). Particularly, Alzheimer’s patients had the highest plastic levels. Scientists come up with two theories: plastics may cause dementia, or diseased brains lose the ability to remove waste. Duke University neuroscientist Andrew West explains that our brains have a natural cleaning system using fluid that works during sleep. But too many plastics can damage this system. Nanoplastics enter the body through bottled water, food packaging, seafood, airborne particles, and heated plastic containers. Global plastic waste, which could wrap the Earth in 2016, has since grown by 50%. As plastics break down, they form particles entering organs. The study uncovered uncertainties: brains contained polyethylene (PE) (聚乙烯) (from milk bottles) but almost no PET (聚酯) plastic (common in water bottles), despite PET’s importance in blood. This puzzles scientists, highlighting gaps in understanding plastic behavior in the body. US federal funding cuts further hold back research, though students increasingly pursue this field to address the crisis. The microplastics’ link to Alzheimer’s remains unproven. Scientists urge calm but stress lifestyle changes. They suggest three things: avoid heating food in plastic, use glass containers, and reduce packaged foods. 1．How are microplastics described in terms of size? A．More than 5 millimeters. B．Less than 5 millimeters. C．More than 1 millimeter. D．Less than 1,000 nanometers. 2．Why do microplastics build up easily in the brain? A．Brain tissue has high water content. B．Microplastics are fat-attracting. C．The brain has a poor self-cleaning function. D．Nanoplastics are smaller in size. 3．Which of the following is NOT listed as a preventive measure? A．Avoid heating food in plastic containers. B．Reduce the use of packaged foods. C．Replace plastic bottles with glass cups. D．Ban entirely all plastic production. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Microplastics: Unseen Invaders in the Human Brain B．Plastic Waste: Rising Threats to Global Oceans C．Nanoparticles: Hidden Dangers in Human Health D．Alzheimer’s Disease: New Findings from Modern Research 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·江苏无锡·期末） Over breakfast this morning, after I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy (伙伴), I felt that I had mastered more than what I gained from textbook exercises. Mia, however, is an AI that I created to take advantage of a phenomenon called the “protege effect.” According to several studies, we learn more effectively when we teach someone else about the topic we’ve just explored — even if that person doesn’t really exist. Learning through teaching was relatively slow to gain popularity until a group of scientists in the United States began to test its effectiveness. In one of the first experiments, Catherine Chase and colleagues tested on 62 eighth-graders who were tasked with using a computer program to study the biological (生物学的) changes that occur when we get a fever. Over two lessons, they had to read a text and then create a mind-map explaining the different processes and the relationships between them. For half the teens, the mind-map presented the result of self-study. The others were told that their mind-map would help to teach a virtual character. It was not a big difference, but the students in the role of teacher scored significantly better. This increased participation had a big influence: both the amount they got and the depth of their understanding. At the end of the two classes, participants who had played the role of teacher had kept much more of the material, with much stronger performance on test questions. Chase’s team named this the “protege effect” and it has since been studied many times. These later studies suggest that learning by teaching is more powerful than other mnemonic (助记符号) techniques like self-testing. If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information, so we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken thoughts. Sharing our knowledge then helps to strengthen what we have learned. Why not try to apply the protege effect into practice? 1．Why does the author mention Mia in paragraph 1? A．To stress the importance of AI. B．To share a story of a study buddy. C．To introduce a phenomenon about study. D．To show how to finish textbook exercises. 2．What was different about the two groups in the experiment? A．They differ in learning time. B．They differ in learning tools. C．They differ in learning materials. D．They differ in learning strategies. 3．Why does the “protege effect” help learning? A．Because AI teachers explain things clearly. B．Because mind-maps make memorizing easier. C．Because teaching inspires deeper understanding. D．Because testing yourself is the best way to learn. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．Learning by Teaching Helps B．Textbook Exercises Benefit More C．Mind-mapping Improves Memory D．AI Promotes Language Learning Passage 2 （23-24高一下·江苏南京·期末） Over the past 40 years, neuroscience researchers have begun to build a remarkably accurate picture of what exactly happens in the brain during adolescence. One area of research has been neuroplasticity (神经可塑性) — that is, the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. During childhood, the brain’s 86 billion neurons create numerous connection patterns. Each time we learn to do something, neural pathways are created that allow us to repeat and improve upon the action. By adulthood, neural pathways that have been used frequently become “fixed”, whereas the less-used or unused pathways disappear. These stronger “fixed” connections enable adults to have more complex thoughts and to carry out regular actions more effectively. However, the disappearance of other less-used connections reduces the brain’s “flexibility”. As a result, adults find it harder to master new skills or remember unfamiliar information. It used to be thought that teenagers’ brains were similar to adults in this respect, but research has revealed that the teenage brain still has tremendous “plasticity” — less than in childhood, but more than adults — and so teenagers are better at learning and memorizing things than adults. This means this is a great age to develop new skills such as playing an instrument, learning to drive or speaking a new language. Recent research has even shown that a person’s IQ, which was previously thought to be unchanging, can improve in the teen years! Research has also shown a further difference in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of teenagers and adults. The PFC is the area of the brain that’s responsible for abstract thinking. Its functions include planning, predicting the results of actions as well as regulation of emotion, and focusing on goals. Unlike in adults, the teenage PFC is still developing, which explains why teenagers can be impulsive and take risks and why they find it hard to concentrate and make good choices. Psychiatrist Dr Daniel Siegel thinks the teenage years are very exciting ones. He believes that learning about how their brains work helps teenagers develop their emotional intelligence and thought processes, allowing them to be the very best person they can be. It seems then, that the teenage years are the ideal time to learn problem-solving and critical thinking skills. 1．What happens to neural pathways as individuals grow from children to adults? A．Some become strengthened through frequent use. B．Some disappear as new connections are formed. C．They increase in number but decrease in strength. D．They remain highly flexible throughout adulthood. 2．What does higher brain plasticity mean to teenagers? A．They are more intelligent than adults. B．They are more interested in learning. C．They do better in learning and memorizing. D．They can speak a language better than adults. 3．How are teenagers influenced by the PFC? A．They adapt to new surroundings easily. B．They act without much consideration. C．They are likely to make good choices. D．They can get good control of their emotions. 4．What is Dr Daniel Siegel’s opinion? A．Adolescence is the most challenging period of life. B．Teenagers’ brain development is slow but smooth. C．It is beneficial to study the development of teenagers’ brains. D．Teenagers should be given more liberty and independence. 主题03 人与社会——人工智能 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏常州·期末） Many have thought about how AI could change the world, not least schools. Plenty fear the worst. The college paper has been pronounced dead, and AI is causing an educational “crisis (危机)”, says Inside Higher Ed. Maybe so, but AI could also be a teacher’s friend. It is easier to see the crisis. AI’s complication and creativity worries lots of teachers and schools. New York City public schools banned (禁止) AI in January, only to change the decision in May. Some universities abroad have banned its use. “At first, everybody was thinking that the sky was falling,” says Jonathan Torres, an assistant professor of English at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. With AI as a helper, the teacher might ask the students to assess (评估) and revise AI’s response to the same question — a more difficult task. AIs have other practical uses for teachers. They can help write lesson plans at different reading levels and even in different languages. They can also cut down the time spent on duties, such as writing recommendation letters, saving time that could be spent teaching. Some organizations are going even further. Khan Academy, an education non-profit, recently launched a program, using AI to support students and teachers. If students get a wrong answer to a Maths problem, AI helps them solve it on their own. In science, the program assesses open-ended questions. In English class, it asks students questions about their papers. And in history, a student can discuss with AI to prepare for an in-class discussion. The program provides teachers with a report on their students’ activities. The AI tool Khanmigo can help teachers create lessons and test students’ knowledge afterwards. It can support students in different languages. It even allows students to “talk” to historical figures or literary characters through simulations (模拟). “This gives us the opportunity to give every student a one-on-one teacher, every teacher a teaching helper, and more,” says Sal Khan, the founder of Khan Academy. 1．What attitude did New York City public schools hold towards AI at first? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Understanding. D．Delighted. 2．What can teachers do with AI as a helper? A．Create multi-level lesson plans. B．Give students difficult homework. C．Carry out practical teaching activities. D．Cut down their teaching time in class. 3．What does Sal Khan say about the potential of AI in education? A．It will remove the need for teachers. B．It will make the college education outdated. C．It can free teachers from preparing for lessons. D．It can provide students with personalized learning. 4．What could be a suitable title for this article? A．The Future of Education with AI B．The Impact of Banning AI in Schools C．AI Can Benefit Teachers and Schools D．It’s High Time to Make Use of AI Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏连云港·期末） Research has shown that consumers often would rather interact (互动) with human agents (代理人) than robotic ones. But a new study paints a more nuanced picture: When communicating a disappointing offer, a bot gets better results. In one experiment, participants imagined that they were buying a concert ticket online. Some were told that a similar ticket had been sold to another customer for the same price; the others were told that another customer had gotten a better deal. Half the participants in each group interacted with a human ticket agent, while the other half interacted with a bot. Among those offered the similarly priced ticket, the type of agent made no difference to acceptance rates. But among participants offered the higher-priced ticket, just 19% of those interacting with a person wanted to buy it, while 49% of those interacting with a bot did. When the other customer was said to have paid a higher price, the opposite happened: The human agent (89%) than the bot (76%). Later studies discovered why that pattern occurred. People thought bots were more fair with bad news (less selfish than humans) but less generous with good news (not as kind as humans). However, this difference became smaller when the bot had human features like a name or face. “Our results reveal that an AI ‘bad guy’/human ‘good guy’ approach to managing disappointment should have beneficial results, when informing customers about unexpected delays or upgrades,” the researchers wrote. They add a warning: “In those cases where the worse-than-expected offer is objectively harmful to consumers, the use of this approach raises moral concerns.” 1．What does the underlined word “nuanced” in the first paragraph mean? A．Different. B．New. C．Beautiful. D．Attractive. 2．How does the researchers conduct the first experiment? A．By analyzing documents. B．By conducting case studies. C．By using past experiment data. D．By comparing acceptance rates. 3．What do people think of bots with human features? A．Bots outperform humans in most cases. B．Bots can handle complex requests better. C．Bots and humans seem more alike in fairness. D．Bots perform worse than humans in good deals. 4．What is the researchers’ attitude towards the AI “bad guy”/human “good guy” approach? A．Supportive. B．Subjective. C．Cautious. D．Opposed. 主题04 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） In an inspiring leap toward sustainable innovation, three high school students — Dhruv Chaudhary, Mithran Ladhania, and Mridul Jain — have invented a revolutionary salt-powered refrigerator called the Thermavault. The device requires no electricity and has the potential to transform life in communities without reliable access to power. Their invention just earned them the authorative 2025 Earth Prize and a $12,500 award, which the group plans to use to build 200 units and distribute them to 120 hospitals for realworld testing. The Thermavault is an innovative cooling device that uses ionocaloric cooling (离子热冷却) — a method that relies on salt dissolving (溶解) in water to absorb heat. The main cooling agent is ammonium chloride, a type of salt that can lower water temperature by 28°C． For even stronger cooling, down to -10°C , the students mixed it with barium hydroxide octahydrate, allowing the device to freeze things when needed. To keep the cold inside, the Thermavault has a metal box wrapped in special wool and rubber, which helps to insulate. Using it is simple: just pour salt into the box, add water, and stir — either by shaking or with a small gyroscope (陀螺仪). The mixture cools evenly, making it perfect for storing food or medicine without needing electricity. The team improved their process through a wide range of testing, working closely with Professor Mobin Shaikh, a material sciences expert at IIT Indore. They experimented with 15 different salts, applying scientific laws and specific heat to perfect the design. Their careful research and testing physical models paid off, impressing expert advisors and members who supported their innovation. Beyond its scientific brilliance, the Thermavault holds promise for off-grid living, disaster relief, and rural healthcare — places where reliable electricity isn’t a given. By offering an environmentally friendly way to preserve essentials, these young inventors are making a real impact. 1．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A．The invention has come into wide use. B．The device is unlikely to change people’s life. C．The hospitals used ionocaloric cooling to take in heat. D．The students employed a combined way for stronger cooling. 2．What does the underlined word “insulate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Mix things. B．Prevent heat. C．Save electricity. D．Increase temperature. 3．What might be the writer’s attitude to the students’ innovation? A．Appreciative. B．Concerned. C．Doubtful. D．Unfavorable. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．An explanation of the invention. B．The background behind the invention. C．Potential significance of the invention. D．Supporting information for the invention. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏盐城·期末） A soft electronic skin could allow people with prostheses (假肢) to sense pressure and temperature, helping them to more easily interact with their surroundings. Thin and stretchable like regular skin, the electronic skin sticks to surfaces. It contains sensors to measure the outside temperature and pressure, which it sends to an implanted electrode (电极) in the brain as electrical signals. These signals vary in frequency to help the brain tell the difference between feelings like a softer touch and a firm handshake, a strawberry and an apple, or hot and cold. It was created by researchers from Stanford University, who implanted soft e-skin electrodes into the brains of mice and recorded electrical signals from the animals’ motor cortex (大脑皮层). The animals moved their legs in response to different pressure levels the e-skin could discover. That shows it works like our natural sense of touch. The team says the work could lead to better prosthetics and could help create robots that can feel human-like emotions. “Our dream is to make a whole hand where we have multiple sensors that can sense pressure, strain and temperature,” says Zhenan Bao, a chemical engineering professor at Stanford University. “Then we will be able to provide a true kind of feeling.” The lack of sensory feedback is one of the main reasons people stop wearing a prosthesis, as it can leave users feeling upset. Although previous e-skins have used soft sensors to sense touch, they were forced to rely on inflexible external parts to change them into measurable electrical signals. Such systems tend to hold back people from moving freely. This new e-skin is entirely soft, which could help avoid that problem. “The fact that the e-skin is thin and soft and uses little power makes it an exciting option for people working in the prosthetics field,” says Silvestro Micera, a medical professor in Switzerland. “We have to see it built into a real prosthesis. That’s clearly the next step.” 1．What is the function of the sensors in the e-skin? A．To help the e-skin stick to skin B．To control movement of prostheses C．To measure and send sensory signals. D．To provide power for brain electrodes. 2．What does the author imply in paragraph 4? A．Robotic hands tend to respond slowly. B．E-skin will need no power in the future. C．Robotic products will hit the market soon. D．Robots with human-like emotions are achievable. 3．What is a disadvantage of traditional e-skin? A．It is of high risk. B．It receives weak signals. C．It is of low quality. D．It limits free physical activity. 4．What do experts think of e-skin’s future? A．Promising. B．Challenging. C．Uncertain. D．Risky. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏海安高级中学·期末） Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list. Yes, it turns out that the very tool we use to clean our plates, which is warm, damp, and full of nutritious food pieces, is packed of tiny life. Lingchong You, a biologist at Duke University, along with his team, used computers to model the complex environment of a sponge for a 2022 study. He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth. This holds significance as certain bacteria tend to grow independently while others demand the companionship of others. Within a sponge filled with holes and pockets, there exist such an abundance of diverse structures that everyone attains a state of satisfaction. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily follow that these tools present a health risk to us as well. Bacteria exist everywhere and not all are harmful; in fact, many perform vital jobs. The important question is, therefore, are the bacteria found in sponges even worth worrying about? In 2017, Jennifer Quinlan, a professor of food safety, and her colleagues, collected kitchen sponges from 100 homes, finding that only 1-2% of those sponges contained bacteria linked to food poisoning in humans and the ones that did contained only small amounts of harmful bacteria. “The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan. This is not the whole story yet. If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case. 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Sponges are perfect tools in the kitchen. B．Bacteria prefer to live in dry environment. C．Kitchen sponges are good home for bacteria. D．Bacteria affect kitchen sponges’ performance. 2．What did Lingchong You find in his study? A．What encourages bacterial growth. B．How sponges are exactly structured. C．How bacteria grow independently. D．Why bacteria keep company with each other. 3．What does Quinlan think of bacteria on sponges? A．Poorly adaptive. B．Relatively harmless. C．Partly distributed. D．Surprisingly unpleasant. 4．What will be probably discussed in the following paragraph? A．Evidence of bacterial threat. B．The classification of bacteria. C．Methods to help bacterial growth. D．Research into applications of bacteria. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了细菌在厨房海绵中的生存情况，包括细菌的生长环境、种类、对人类的潜在影响以及海绵的特殊结构如何成为细菌生长的理想场所。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Bacteria know how to rough it out all over the earth. Ask most of them where they’d prefer to settle though, and a kitchen sponge (海绵) would probably top the list.(细菌知道如何在地球上顽强生存。不过，问它们最希望定居在何处的话，厨房用的海绵可能会高居榜首。)”可知，厨房用的海绵是细菌的好家园。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“He found that sponges featuring pockets of varying sizes are something that really matters for promoting bacterial growth.(他发现，海绵上那些大小各异的孔隙对于促进细菌生长至关重要。)”可知，Lingchong You发现了是什么能促进细菌的生长。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段““The vast majority of bacteria on sponges do not cause illness, and they’re just going to make them smell.” says Quinlan.(Quinlan说：“海绵上的绝大多数细菌并不会使人患病，它们只会让海绵散发出异味。”)”可知，Quinlan认为海绵上的细菌相对无害。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If dangerous bacteria happen to arrive on the scene, the sponge’s special make-up makes it an ideal place for them to grow and multiply. And there’s evidence this is the case.(如果有害细菌真的出现在现场，这种海绵特殊的结构特性就会使其成为细菌滋生和繁殖的理想场所。而且有证据表明情况确实如此。)”可知，由于最后一段提到有证据表明有害细菌会在海绵上生长繁殖，所以接下来很可能会讨论细菌威胁的证据具体是什么。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏镇江·期末） From her window in rural Aberdeenshire, Laura never fails to enjoy the natural beauty and reflect on the great color, a seemingly ordinary element in our daily lives, has astonishing secrets related to the human body. One of its remarkable characteristics is the so-called “weight”. Imagine this experiment: Take two boxes of the same weight, wrap one in white paper and the other in red. When you lift them, the red-wrapped box will likely feel heavier. This isn’t a trick of the mind alone. Fourteen years ago, Professor Dai’er uncovered that colors carried “weight” in our brains. Through complicated and thorough experiments, he ranked colors by this understood “weight”: red, blue, green, orange, yellow, white, from heaviest to lightest. Color science isn’t just about how colors seem heavy or light. It also gives colors “tastes” that can remind people of different foods and feelings. For example, warm colors like bright red often make people think of sweet strawberries or the spicy kick of chilli peppers, bringing a sense of energy and excitement. Our sensory organst (器官) can “detect” them too. Scientifically, each color corresponds to (相一致) a specific wavelength of electromagnetic energy, ranging from around 380 to 700 nanometers. For instance, red light had a longer wavelength (about 620 — 750 nm), while violet has a shorter one (around 380 — 450 nm). The heat-sensitive sensory nerve endings (神经末梢) can respond to the varying energy levels of different wavelengths, allowing many blind people, who lack functional eyesight, to have a understanding of color. Interestingly, colors can change how our body makes hormones (荷尔蒙), which affects our health and how we feel at work. Warm colors like yellow and red can make us feel more energetic and excited, so they’re good for active workplaces. Cool colors such as blue and green help us relax and concentrate better, perfect for jobs that need careful thinking. Colors are really important for our mind and body, and we can use them to make our lives better. In essence, color is far more than a visual delight; it’s a silent force shaping our physical and mental states, waiting to be better used in our lives. 1．What does the experiment tell us? A．That color has weight is still a scientific guess. B．The red-wrapped box causes mental pressure on people. C．People’s understanding of color weight varies individually. D．Colors can create a sense of different weights in people’s minds. 2．Why can blind people distinguish colors? A．They feel colors’ taste. B．They sense colors’ weight. C．Skin absorbs colors directly. D．Sensory organs detect colors’ wavelengths. 3．According to the text, which color is best for decorating a study room? A．Red. B．Orange. C．Blue. D．Yellow. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Color: Beyond What We See. B．Color: A Basic Visual Feature. C．Colors and Human Emotions. D．The Mysterious Weight of Color. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章体裁为说明文，主要介绍了颜色这一元素与人体之间令人惊奇的联系，包括颜色在人脑中会产生 “重量感”、具有 “味道”，盲人可通过感官神经感知颜色，以及颜色对人体荷尔蒙分泌的影响等，强调颜色不仅仅是视觉上的感受，更是一种影响身心状态的潜在力量。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Imagine this experiment: Take two boxes of the same weight, wrap one in white paper and the other in red. When you lift them, the red-wrapped box will likely feel heavier. This isn’t a trick of the mind alone. Fourteen years ago, Professor Dai’er uncovered that colors carried “weight” in our brains.(想象这样一个实验：取两个重量相同的盒子，一个用白纸包裹，另一个用红纸包裹。当你提起它们时，包着红纸的盒子可能会感觉更重。这不仅仅是心理作用。14 年前，戴尔教授发现颜色在我们的大脑中带有“重量”)” 可知，该实验表明颜色能在人们的脑海中产生不同重量的感觉。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“The heat - sensitive sensory nerve endings (神经末梢) can respond to the varying energy levels of different wavelengths, allowing many blind people, who lack functional eyesight, to have a understanding of color.(热敏感觉神经末梢可以对不同波长的不同能量水平做出反应，这使得许多视力有缺陷的盲人能够对颜色有所感知)” 可知，盲人能够区分颜色是因为他们的感觉器官能检测到颜色的波长。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Cool colors such as blue and green help us relax and concentrate better, perfect for jobs that need careful thinking.(蓝色和绿色等冷色有助于我们更好地放松和集中注意力，非常适合需要仔细思考的工作)”，书房是用于学习、需要集中注意力的地方，所以冷色调蓝色最适合装饰书房。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。主要介绍了颜色这一元素与人体之间令人惊奇的联系，包括颜色在人脑中会产生 “重量感”、具有 “味道”，盲人可通过感官神经感知颜色，以及颜色对人体荷尔蒙分泌的影响等，强调颜色不仅仅是视觉上的感受，更是一种影响身心状态的潜在力量。所以短文的最佳标题为 “颜色：超越我们所看到的”。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Scientists recently conducted a study that involved giving pet parrots a tablet. They could use the tablets to make video calls to other parrots. It turned out that the birds showed signs of feeling less isolated (孤独的). They also began to engage in more social behaviours, including cleaning their feathers, as well as singing and playing. Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, a co-author of the study, works at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. She said that video calls had helped many people feel less isolated during the pandemic. “There are 20 million parrots living in people’s homes in the US, and we wanted to explore whether those birds might benefit from video calling, too,” Hirskyj-Douglas said. “If we gave them the opportunity to call other parrots, would they choose to do so, and would the experience benefit the parrots?” In order for the parrots to use their tablets, the birds first had to learn to ring a bell. They could then touch a photo of another bird on the screen to call that bird. The birds were also given a choice of which “friend” to call. In total the birds made 147 deliberate calls to each other during the study. Scientists took detailed notes on the birds’ behaviour and later reviewed the video footage (片段). Their analysis suggested that there were, indeed, benefits for the birds. In the wild, many parrots live in large groups. As pets, they tend to be kept alone or in a small group. Isolation and boredom can cause birds to develop psychological problems. These are problems related to the mind and behaviour. These problems can look like rocking, pacing back and forth, or self-harming behaviours such as feather-plucking. Rébecca Kleinberger, who works at Northeastern University in Massachusetts, also helped with the study. She said video calling could reproduce some of the social benefits of living in a larger group. 1．What was the main purpose of the study? A．To see if parrots can use tablets. B．To check if video calls benefit parrots. C．To test parrots’ mental health. D．To compare parrots’ living conditions. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How the study was done. B．What the study found. C．Where the findings are applied. D．Why the study matters. 3．How do video calls help parrots? A．By stopping bad habits. B．By encouraging reproduction. C．By enhancing fitness. D．By increasing social contact. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Wild Parrots Are Healthier in Social Settings. B．Lonely Parrots May Develop Mental Issues. C．Parrots Feel Less Lonely Through Video Calls. D．Parrots Correct Behaviour Through Video Calls. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍科学家研究发现宠物鹦鹉通过视频通话减少孤独感。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中““There are 20 million parrots living in people’s homes in the US, and we wanted to explore whether those birds might benefit from video calling, too,” Hirskyj-Douglas said. “If we gave them the opportunity to call other parrots, would they choose to do so, and would the experience benefit the parrots?” (“在美国，有2000万只鹦鹉生活在人们的家中，我们想探索这些鹦鹉是否也能从视频通话中受益，”Hirskyj-Douglas说，“如果我们给它们机会与其他鹦鹉通话，它们会选择这样做吗？这种经历会对鹦鹉有益吗？”)”可知，研究的主要目的是验证视频通话是否对鹦鹉有益。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“In order for the parrots to use their tablets, the birds first had to learn to ring a bell. They could then touch a photo of another bird on the screen to call that bird. The birds were also given a choice of which “friend” to call. In total the birds made 147 deliberate calls to each other during the study. Scientists took detailed notes on the birds’ behaviour and later reviewed the video footage (片段). (为了让鹦鹉能够使用平板电脑，这些鸟首先得学会按铃。然后，它们可以触摸屏幕上另一只鸟的照片来呼叫那只鸟。这些鸟还可以选择呼叫哪个“朋友”。在研究期间，这些鸟总共进行了147次有意识的互相呼叫。科学家们详细记录了这些鸟的行为，并随后查看了视频片段。)”可知，第三段介绍了实验步骤：鹦鹉先学习按铃，再通过触摸屏幕上的照片选择通话对象，科学家记录并分析行为。因此该段主要讲研究的实施过程。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段中“It turned out that the birds showed signs of feeling less isolated (孤独的). They also began to engage in more social behaviours, including cleaning their feathers, as well as singing and playing. (结果发现，这些鸟表现出了不那么孤独的迹象。它们也开始表现出更多的社交行为，包括梳理羽毛、唱歌和玩耍。)”和最后一段中“She said video calling could reproduce some of the social benefits of living in a larger group. (她表示，视频通话可以再现群居生活带来的一些社交益处。)”可知，视频通话通过增加社交接触帮助鹦鹉。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Scientists recently conducted a study that involved giving pet parrots a tablet. They could use the tablets to make video calls to other parrots. It turned out that the birds showed signs of feeling less isolated (孤独的). They also began to engage in more social behaviours, including cleaning their feathers, as well as singing and playing. (科学家最近进行了一项研究，他们给宠物鹦鹉提供了平板电脑。这些鹦鹉可以用平板电脑与其他鹦鹉进行视频通话。结果发现，这些鸟表现出了不那么孤独的迹象。它们也开始表现出更多的社交行为，包括梳理羽毛、唱歌和玩耍。)”可知，文章主要介绍科学家研究发现宠物鹦鹉通过视频通话减少孤独感。C选项“Parrots Feel Less Lonely Through Video Calls (鹦鹉通过视频通话感觉不那么孤独)”准确概括了核心内容。故选C。 Passage 4 （23-24高一下·江苏徐州·期末） Tim Cook of Apple and Bob Iger of Disney lead the trend among CEOs to wake early, often before 6 am, a habit shared by two-thirds of American CEOs. This contrasts sharply with the general population, where less than a third rise early. The underlying message is that early rising relates to success. Bartleby, a columnist, has tried early starts and acknowledges benefits like clearing inboxes and solving problems before the day's mess. A 2012 study supports the benefits of early rising. It finds early risers to be happier and healthier, while night owls often suffer from insufficient sleep, affecting their mood, health, and productivity. The research also indicates that late risers earn 4% less than early risers. What's more, early risers enjoy higher social status, with latecomers often viewed as lazy or undisciplined. However, rising early has its drawbacks. Early risers might end up working as late as others due to urgent tasks that arise during the day. Moreover, they may become socially dull, missing out on evening socializing. Night owls, by contrast, tend to engage more in social activities. Changing one's natural sleep pattern is difficult due to genetic (基因的) factors. Bartleby's own attempts to wake early led to too much caffeine consumption. Finally, the best advice might be to accept one's natural rhythm and stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither early birds nor night owls, but in between. Many, including Bartleby, get sleepy in the afternoon, too. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 and why they ought to have nap rooms. 1．What does the author want to prove by mentioning Tim Cook and Bob Iger? A．Waking up early has something to do with success. B．Rising early enjoys great popularity among CEOs. C．Starting early tells CEOs and general people apart. D．Getting up early benefits people's mood and health. 2．What can be concluded about early risers? A．They suffer from insufficient sleep. B．They are better paid than later risers. C．They tend to be the last to leave the office. D．They spare evening time for social events. 3．What does the author suggest on changing the sleep pattern? A．Adjust the body clock gradually. B．Drink caffeine to keep awake. C．Don't transform the natural rhythm. D．Don't get into the napping habit. 4．What does the passage mainly focus on? A．Advantages and disadvantages of early starts. B．Development and importance of early rising. C．Relationship between early starts and success. D．Differences between early birds and night owls. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文主要介绍了早起的优缺点。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Tim Cook of Apple and Bob Iger of Disney lead the trend among CEOs to wake early, often before 6 am, a habit shared by two-thirds of American CEOs. This contrasts sharply with the general population, where less than a third rise early. The underlying message is that early rising relates to success.”（苹果的蒂姆·库克和迪士尼的鲍勃·艾格尔引领了CEO们早起的趋势，通常在早上6点之前，这是三分之二的美国CEO共有的习惯。这与普通人群形成了鲜明的对比，其中不到三分之一的人早起。潜在的信息是早起与成功有关。）可知，作者通过提到Tim Cook和Bob Iger想要证明早起与成功有关。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The research also indicates that late risers earn 4% less than early risers.”（研究还表明，晚起者的收入比早起者少4%。）可推知，早起者的收入比晚起者高。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Changing one's natural sleep pattern is difficult due to genetic (基因的) factors. Bartleby's own attempts to wake early led to too much caffeine consumption. Finally, the best advice might be to accept one's natural rhythm and stop worrying about your body clock.”（由于基因因素，改变一个人的自然睡眠模式是困难的。巴特尔尝试早起导致了过量的咖啡因消耗。最后，最好的建议可能是接受自己的自然节奏，不再担心你的生物钟。）可推知，作者建议不要改变自然的睡眠模式。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The underlying message is that early rising relates to success.”（隐含的信息是，早起与成功有关。）根据第二段“Bartleby, a columnist, has tried early starts and acknowledges benefits like clearing inboxes and solving problems before the day's mess..”（专栏作家巴特利比尝试过早起，并承认早起的好处，比如清理收件箱，在一天的混乱之前解决问题。）根据第三段“However, rising early has its drawbacks.”（然而，早起也有它的缺点）可知，短文主要关于早起的优缺点。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） When food items are specifically labelled as vegan — indicating they are prepared with no animal products, including eggs or butter — people are less likely to select them, even though it is better for the planet and for their health, according to a recent experiment. Growing and transporting food accounts for a quarter of all global greenhouse gas emissions, which are accelerating the climate crisis. Of these, the vast majority come from processes linked to meat and dairy production, which is why experts are advising societies to shift toward more plant-based eating. “We have to make big changes to how we produce and consume food if we want to reach climate goals and feed Earth's ever-growing population,” says Richard Waite, an expert on food climate policy. But the study at MIT indicates this may prove challenging. Researchers asked some 150 people attending several university events to choose their lunch between two options, one of them vegan. Choices included vegetable versus cheese ravioli and a vegetable hummus wrap versus a Greek salad with feta. A similar study of meal preferences was also conducted online. Half the respondents in both studies randomly received an order form in which the vegan item was labelled. When this vegan terminology (术语) was used, people were less likely to order the entrée (主菜) than when it was not. For the in-person attendees, some two-thirds more avoided the dish. After the research was published, some people told the study's lead author, Alex Berke, a doctoral student at MIT's Media Lab, the results were unexpected. But she anticipated the outcome. Berke herself began eating vegetarian — a plant-based diet that includes dairy and eggs — at age 10 and adopted a vegan diet three years ago to help the climate. “Anyone who has been eating vegan for a while would not be surprised,” says Berke. “They see the bias against these foods.” Environmentalists are clear they are not urging everyone to become vegetarians, but, if possible, to include more plant-based meals. “If you shift a third of your beef consumption to beans and soy, you reduce the climate impact of your diet by about 15 per cent,” Waite says. 1．What did the recent experiment find? A．People chose food at random. B．Foods called vegan were chosen less. C．People preferred meat products. D．Food choices affected climate greatly. 2．How did some people feel about the results? A．They were interested. B．They disagreed. C．They were surprised. D．They felt upset. 3．What does the underlined word “bias” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Unfair dislike. B．Strong support. C．Hot discussion. D．Hard fight. 4．What do environmentalists suggest people do? A．Avoid plant-based meals. B．Become vegetarians. C．Eat less meat in daily life. D．Remove meat products. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，当食物被明确标注为“vegan”(纯素食)时，人们更不愿意选择它，尽管素食对环境和健康更有利。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“When food items are specifically labelled as vegan — indicating they are prepared with no animal products, including eggs or butter — people are less likely to select them (当食品被特别标注为纯素食 —— 表明它们不含动物产品，包括鸡蛋或黄油 —— 人们选择它们的可能性更小)” 可知，最近的实验发现被称为纯素食的食物被选择得更少。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段 “After the research was published, some people told the study's lead author, Alex Berke... the results were unexpected. (研究结果公布后，一些人告诉该研究的主要作者亚历克斯・伯克…… 结果出乎意料。)” 可知，一些人对结果感到惊讶。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第一段“people are less likely to select them (人们选择它们的可能性更小)” 以及第五段 “Anyone who has been eating vegan for a while would not be surprised (任何吃了一段时间纯素食的人都不会感到惊讶)” 可知，人们对纯素食存在一种不公平的不喜欢态度，所以 “bias”意思为 “不公平的厌恶”。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Environmentalists are clear they are not urging everyone to become vegetarians, but, if possible, to include more plant-based meals. “If you shift a third of your beef consumption to beans and soy, you reduce the climate impact of your diet by about 15 per cent,” Waite says. (环保主义者明确表示，他们并非敦促每个人都成为素食者，而是建议，如果可能的话，多吃一些植物性食物。韦特说：“如果你将三分之一的牛肉摄入量换成豆类食品，那么你日常饮食对气候造成的影响就能降低约 15%。” )” 可知，环保人士建议人们在日常生活中少吃肉。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Do you ever hear a friend speak on a topic with the belief that “everyone” thinks the same way? Do you often find yourself surrounded in a social media feed that is completely tailored (订做的) to you and your beliefs, reading along without the immediate realization? A social media echo chamber (社交媒体回音室) is when one experiences a tailored media information that leaves out opposing viewpoints and differing voices. Social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube connect groups of like-minded users together based on shared content preferences. As a result, people see and take in information according to our preexisting beliefs and opinions. Social media companies therefore rely on algorithms (算法) to assess our interests and flood us with information that will keep our attention. The algorithms focus on what we “like”, and “share” to keep feeding content that makes us comfortable. In order to truly get access to all information and to evaluate our media, we must give ourselves the opportunity to step out of our comfort zone. While this becomes increasingly challenging, there are things we can do. The first step is to beef up your media sources. Adding in a few media sources with different opinions will allow you to at least understand what people are saying outside of your echo chamber. Next, read each thing you see with a critical eye. Make sure that each thing you accept as truth is truly fact. Lastly, attempt to search out reliable new sources that are known for trying their best to leave out false information. By accepting that our media buffet (自助餐) on social media is a product of our present beliefs and opinions, we can work to make sure we are not simply stuck in a social media echo chamber. 1．What is a result of the social media echo chamber? A．People keep reading for more differing viewpoints. B．People contact like-minded online users effectively. C．People rely on algorithms to evaluate their interests. D．People only get information confirming their beliefs. 2．What does the phrase “beef up” underlined in paragraph 3 mean? A．Track. B．Identify. C．Improve. D．Provide. 3．Which of the following can help us get out of the echo chamber? A．Exposing ourselves to opposing voices. B．Criticizing all the things on social media. C．Accepting our present beliefs and opinions. D．Researching primary sources of information. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To call on people to use algorithms frequently. B．To ask people not to take in information blindly. C．To promote the use of various social media sites. D．To inform people of new technology developments. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。社交媒体回音室是指一个人体验量身定制的媒体信息，将对立的观点和不同的声音排除在外。本文主要分析了社交媒体回音室产生的原因，并就如何确保我们不会简单地被困在社交媒体的回音室里提出建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As a result, people see and take in information according to our preexisting beliefs and opinions.(因此，人们根据我们先前存在的信仰和观点来看待和接受信息)”可知，社交媒体回音室的结果是人们只能得到证实他们信仰的信息。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段画线词后的句子“Adding in a few media sources with differing opinions will allow you to at least understand what people are saying outside of your echo chamber.(加入一些有不同意见的媒体来源，至少可以让你了解人们在你的回音室外说什么)”可推知，人们需要改进媒体来源，从而真正获得所有信息并评估我们的媒体。因此beef up意为“加强；改进”。和C项意思相近。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Adding in a few media sources with differing opinions will allow you to at least understand what people are saying outside of your echo chamber. Next, read each thing you see with a critical eye.(加入一些有不同意见的媒体来源，至少可以让你了解人们在你的回音室外说什么。接下来，用批判的眼光阅读你所看到的每一件事)”可知，让自己暴露在反对的声音中可以帮助我们走出回音室。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“In order to truly get access to all information and to evaluate our media, we must give ourselves the opportunity to step out of our comfort zone.(为了真正获得所有信息并评估我们的媒体，我们必须给自己一个走出舒适区的机会)”和最后一句“By accepting that our media buffet (自助餐) on social media is a product of our present beliefs and opinions, we can work to make sure we are not simply stuck in a social media echo chamber.(通过接受我们在社交媒体上的媒体自助餐是我们当前信仰和观点的产物，我们可以努力确保我们不会简单地被困在社交媒体的回音室里)”可知，作者希望通过本文让人们不要盲目接受信息。故选B。 主题03 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏淮安·期末） A heated theme around AI in education is that students could use these generative tools to complete their homework. Educators are worried that students may not build essential skills if it becomes too easy to misrepresent machine-generated work as their own. In addition to concerns that such use may contribute to cheating, it’s also known that AI can provide misinformation that may mislead students. As a result, many schools have banned (禁止) generative AI completely. But is that reasonable? The answer is no, says Sebastian Rao, a Virginia STEM school senior. Instead, he supports AI policies that make the technology accessible to students and educators but provide appropriate edges. “How do we structure a classroom that uses AI?” asks Rao. He says the focus should be to thoughtfully integrate (合并) AI technology in classrooms so that students can use it to enhance their education and build new skills. When schools place strict bans on AI, students may be confused and unsure about what they can and can’t use. Many students use AI in ways educators didn’t consider, worsening the problem of managing their use in the classroom. Meanwhile, the technology is evolving quickly and becoming integrated into an ever-growing range of tools. Academic tools like Grammarly now use AI, as do search engines like Google and Bing. Khan Academy recently built a free AI-powered app, Khanmigo, to provide one-on-one homework help to students who may not otherwise have access to a live tutor (家庭教师). “A lot of students don’t really know what to think about a lot of these technologies. Some are confused about ‘What does AI mean? Is it cheating in certain cases?’” explains Rao. Rather than viewing the use of AI as cheating, the U. S. Department of Education is integrating AI into policy because the technology allows educators to support students with a valuable, personalized approach to learning. Knowing how to use AI effectively and properly will be necessary for students’ future development. 1．Why do many schools ban AI completely? A．AI may offer much information. B．AI may cause students a lot of worry. C．AI may destroy students’ essential skills. D．AI may weaken students’ study performance. 2．What is Sebastian Rao’s opinion on AI in education? A．Schools should refuse AI technology. B．Educators should build their AI skills. C．Schools should establish clear guidelines. D．Educators should enhance their education. 3．What may the ban on AI at school result in? A．Rapid evolution of AI. B．Students’ confusion about AI. C．Popularity of a live tutor. D．Educators’ interest in technology. 4．What is the U.S. Department of Education’s attitude towards AI? A．Unclear. B．Worried. C．Favorable. D．Negative. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了AI在教育中的应用，以及对此的不同观点和态度 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Educators are worried that students may not build essential skills if it becomes too easy to misrepresent machine-generated work as their own. In addition to concerns that such use may contribute to cheating, it’s also known that AI can provide misinformation that may mislead students.”（教育工作者担心，如果将机器生成的工作误认为是他们自己的工作变得太容易，学生可能无法掌握基本技能。除了担心这种使用可能会导致作弊之外，人们还知道人工智能可能会提供误导学生的错误信息。）可知，为什么许多学校完全禁止人工智能是因为人工智能可能会削弱学生的学业表现。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Instead, he supports AI policies that make the technology accessible to students and educators but provide appropriate edges.”（相反，他支持使学生和教育者能够接触到这项技术但提供适当边界的AI政策。）可推知，Sebastian Rao的观点是学校应该建立明确的指导方针。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“When schools place strict bans on AI, students may be confused and unsure about what they can and can’t use.”（当学校严格禁止AI时，学生可能会对他们能使用什么和不能使用什么感到困惑。）可推知，学校对AI的禁令可能导致学生对AI感到困惑。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Rather than viewing the use of AI as cheating, the U. S. Department of Education is integrating AI into policy because the technology allows educators to support students with a valuable, personalized approach to learning.”（美国教育部并不将使用AI视为作弊，而是将AI整合到政策中，因为这项技术让教育者能够以有价值的、个性化的方式支持学生的学习。）可推知，美国教育部对AI的态度是积极的。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏镇江·期末） What does a 450-million-year old land plant have to do with waking you up for work in the morning? Unless you’re sleeping on a forest floor, we’d say not a whole lot. Moss (苔藓) Echo is out to change all that, bringing ancient nature into the modern home in a rather clever little device. The Moss Echo has actual moss growing on it. But it’s not just a mini garden; it’s a handy home device that keeps time, works as an alarm clock and includes a Bluetooth speaker, with an LED display that’s programmed through a smartphone app. Moss sits on a replaceable moss filter (过滤器), which surrounds the network of LED bulbs (灯泡). Besides, Moss Echo has been created by its team to act as a powerful purifier (净化器), with the plant’s tiny leaf-like structures—called phyllids—taking in pollutants and then releasing clean air back into the environment. It also comes with plenty of nature-themed features, like a sleep mode that plays relaxing sounds of the great outdoors to help you drift off, and an alarm clock that’ll wake you up in an equally gentle way. For anyone who has experienced a moss takeover in the garden, you’ll know that these plants are extremely adaptable. The moss here can survive for six months without water, but we don’t recommend preventing your little air-quality helpers from a drink;  the creators suggest giving it a spritz (喷) a couple of times a day. However, if your brown thumb does strike, makers Moss  Lab have replacement filters that click into the device’s frame (框), for an additional cost. If watered, even irregularly, the moss should stay happy and healthy for many years. There are some personalizing add-ons, like switching up the look with different wood and metal frames, for an additional price. The Moss Echo is available for US$179, which is 40% off expected retail. Included in the pack is a white or black unit, USB-C cable and a sleek water spray bottle. 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about Moss Echo? A．Its size. B．Its functions. C．Its price. D．Its structure. 2．Which of the following helps Moss Echo to act as a purifier? A．Phyllids. B．The network of LED bulbs. C．The moss filter. D．The Bluetooth speaker. 3．What can we infer about the moss from paragraph 3? A．It only lives for 6 months. B．It is easy to survive. C．It adapts to the environment slowly. D．It doesn’t need watering. 4．What can we learn about Moss Echo? A．It costs more than US$200. B．It offers wood and metal frames for free. C．It helps to improve your gardening skills. D．It combines nature with modern technology. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种名为Moss Echo的设备，这是一种结合了古老的苔藓植物和现代科技的家用设备，具有时间显示、闹钟、蓝牙音箱等功能，同时还能净化空气。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The Moss Echo has actual moss growing on it. But it’s not just a mini garden; it’s a handy home device that keeps time, works as an alarm clock and includes a Bluetooth speaker, with an LED display that’s programmed through a smartphone app.”（Moss Echo上真的有苔藓生长。但它不仅仅是一个迷你花园；它是一个方便的家用设备，可以显示时间，作为闹钟，还包括一个蓝牙音箱，有一个可以通过智能手机应用程序编程的LED显示屏。）可知，第二段主要介绍了Moss Echo的功能，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Besides, Moss Echo has been created by its team to act as a powerful purifier (净化器), with the plant’s tiny leaf-like structures—called phyllids—taking in pollutants and then releasing clean air back into the environment.”（此外，Moss Echo的团队创建它是为了作为一个强大的净化器，植物的微小叶状结构——称为叶状体——吸收污染物，然后将清洁的空气释放回环境中。）可知，叶状结构帮助Moss Echo作为净化器，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The moss here can survive for six months without water, but we don’t recommend preventing your little air-quality helpers from a drink; the creators suggest giving it a spritz (喷) a couple of times a day.”（这里的苔藓可以在没有水的情况下生存六个月，但我们不建议阻止你的小空气质量助手喝水；创造者建议每天喷几次水。）可推知，苔藓可以在没有水的情况下存活六个月，由此可知，苔藓的生存能力强，故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Moss (苔藓) Echo is out to change all that, bringing ancient nature into the modern home in a rather clever little device.”（Moss Echo要改变所有这些，将古老的自然带入现代家庭，这是一个相当聪明的小设备。）可知，Moss Echo将自然与现代科技结合，故选D。 主题04 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏无锡·期末） A sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle eventually does harm to health but breaking out of long inactivity can be discouraging. Now, however, there may be a simple way to ease into more activity. A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits. “It’s quite simple, but it’s not an idea that’s out there,” says University of Sydney exercise scientist Emmanuel Stamatakis who led the research. “Many people, including many health professionals, still think of physical activity as something that you do during your free time, and you need to go somewhere to do it.” Stamatakis and his colleagues, on the other hand, wanted to understand if daily life activities done somewhat vigorously in short bouts could also provide health benefits compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle. To study this, his team used data from nearly 25,000 adults who were non-exercisers. Without these data, it was almost impossible to continue the study. Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death. The team found that people who did at least four one-to-two-minute high intensity physical activities every day had a nearly 40 percent less risk of dying from cancer and a roughly 49 percent over chance of dying from a cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.” 1．What did the recent study find? A．An inactive lifestyle is harmful but hard to change B．Daily short but intense activities do good to health. C．Doing daily housework is also a kind of exercise D．More physical exercises can make you more active. 2．What does the underlined word “vigorously” most probably mean? A．Continuously. B．Energetically. C．Regularly. D．Creatively. 3．Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5? A．Research purposes. B．Research limitations. C．Research methods. D．Research findings. 4．What would Stamatakis suggest? A．Carrying out more short bouts of intense activity. B．Avoiding movement of light intensity. C．Doing only 8 minutes intense activity every day. D．Going to exercise at fixed time and place. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明短时间高强度的活动有益健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A recent study suggests that short bouts (一阵) of intense (高强度的) activity every day — climbing stairs, carrying a heavy load of things, or stepping up the pace of housework — can provide great health benefits. (最近的一项研究表明，每天进行短暂但高强度的活动（比如爬楼梯、搬运重物或者加快家务劳动的节奏）能够带来诸多健康益处。)”可知，最近的研究表明，短时间高强度的活动有益健康的。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。done somewhat vigorously in short bouts在句中作后置定语修饰daily life activities，根据后面“compared to a sedentary or less active lifestyle (与久坐或不太活跃的生活方式相比)”可推测，划线词应该和less active意思相反，应该是“高强度地，剧烈地”的意思。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Over the course of seven days, they used machine learning tools to determine whether a person was either sedentary, standing, walking, or doing intense activities like running during repeated 10-second windows. The researchers also divided any movement into light, middle, or high intensity. Then, for the next seven years, they recorded which study participants died and what caused the death. (在为期七天的时间里，他们利用机器学习工具来判断一个人是在静坐、站立、行走，还是在进行诸如跑步之类的高强度活动，每次判断的时间段为10秒。研究人员还将任何活动分为轻度、中度或高强度。随后，在接下来的七年里，他们记录了哪些研究参与者去世了，以及导致死亡的原因。)”可知，本段主要讲到了研究过程中的数据收集及分析方法。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“More bouts of such strong activity meant greater protection from death risks, Stamatakis says, “The more, the better.” (斯塔马塔基斯表示，这种高强度活动的次数越多，就越能有效降低死亡风险，“次数越多，效果越好。”)”可知，Stamatakis认为短时间高强度的活动有益健康，降低死亡风险，他建议多做这样的活动，越多越好。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） Each fall, the California coast welcomes large numbers of North America’s monarch butterflies(黑脉金斑蝶). In the past, millions of the brightly colored insects gathered in groups of California trees to spend the winter. But over the last few decades, the number of these monarchs has fallen sharply. Poisoning may partly explain this loss, a new study finds. People use pesticides(杀虫剂) to kill off different types of pests and weeds(害虫和杂草).Pesticides can also poison non-pests. Scientists had worried that such pollutants might be harming monarchs. But no one knew how much risk these insects faced. To find out, a team of scientists focused on California’s Central Valley. It’s home to cities,towns and natural areas; it is also an important place for the monarchs to give birth. The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars(幼虫) only feed on. They recognized 64 different pesticides on their samples. The average plant contained nine. Some had as many as 25. Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs. “We were surprised that we found pesticides in all of the samples,” says Sarah Hoyle, a pesticide expert. “Everywhere we looked — home gardens, parks, agricultural lands, wildlife reserves — pesticides were present.” The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores. Garden stores want their plants to look attractive, Hoyle notes, and “one way to help with this is to use chemicals.” But people who buy milkweed plants often don’t know they have been treated with pesticides. Of course, pesticides are unlikely to be the only cause for the monarchs’ decrease, Hoyle notes. Both habitat(栖息地) loss and climate change also could present risks. However, the new findings point to the need for stronger action to limit pesticide pollution, Hoyle argues. Many people are planting milkweed plants to feed monarch caterpillars. It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars. 1．What should be responsible for the monarchs’ decrease according to the study? A．The use of chemicals. B．Extreme weather. C．Wildfires in California. D．Reduction of food resources. 2．What do we know about milkweed plants? A．They mainly grow in the valleys of California. B．They play a key role in the life circle of monarchs. C．They are very popular with people who love gardening. D．They are used by researchers to feed monarch caterpillars. 3．Which milkweeds may have the most harmful effects on monarchs? A．Those in parks. B．Those at garden stores. C．Those in wildlife reserves D．Those on agricultural lands. 4．What is Sarah Hoyle’s advice for people? A．Not using pesticides in their fields. B．Planting more flowers in their gardens. C．Not buying milk weeds from garden stores. D．Managing to grow pesticide-free milkweeds. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了加利福尼亚黑脉金斑蝶数量锐减的原因，研究发现这可能与杀虫剂的使用有关，并且提出了保护黑脉金斑蝶的一些建议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Nearly one in every three of the plants had pesticide levels known to be deadly to monarchs.(几乎三分之一的植物中杀虫剂水平已知对黑脉金斑蝶是致命的)”可知，化学药品的使用是导致黑脉金斑蝶数量减少的原因之一。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The researchers sampled (取样) more than 200 milkweed plants across the valley, which monarch caterpillars (幼虫) only feed on.(研究人员在山谷中取样了200多株乳草植物，黑脉金斑蝶幼虫仅以此为食)”可知，乳草在黑脉金斑蝶的生命周期中起着重要作用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The highest levels of pesticides were found on milkweeds for sale at garden stores.(在园艺商店出售的乳草中发现了最高水平的杀虫剂)”可知，在园艺商店的乳草可能对黑脉金斑蝶有最有害的影响。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“It now appears necessary to ask garden stores if their plants were grown without the use of long-lasting pesticides, she says. That way your gardens can host milkweeds without accidentally harming monarch caterpillars.(她说，现在似乎有必要询问园艺商店，他们的植物是否在没有使用长效杀虫剂的情况下种植。这样你的花园就可以容纳乳草，而不会意外伤害黑脉金斑蝶的幼虫)”可知，Sarah Hoyle建议人们设法种植不含杀虫剂的乳草。故选D。 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南京·期末） Authorities have moved to tighten control of the rapidly expanding semi-prepared food industry, specifying definitions of precooked dishes and rolling out rules on the use of additives (添加剂) in the sector to ensure food safety. Restaurant s are also being encouraged to identify dishes on their menus that include semi-prepared ingredients (食材), a move that experts say will help customers make informed decisions. The reforms, led by the State Administration for Market Regulation, which watches and checks product quality and consumer rights, were detailed in an announcement issued on Thursday by six government agencies. Share prices of companies involved in the semi-prepared food sector fell by an average of 2 percent on the A-share market on Monday because of the strengthened oversight Industry insiders said the rules were the first to explain the definition of semi-prepared food and set out safety and quality standards for the multibillion yuan industry. China has more than 70,000 companies making food items that have undergone some preparation but are not fully cooked or ready to eat, according to Xinhua News Agency. Their output value topped 500 billion yuan ($69.4 million) last year and is on track to go beyond 1 trillion yuan in a few years, it said. The new rules tell the difference between semi-prepared food — also known as prepackaged meals — and other food items, such as instant noodles, frozen dumplings and salads. They say semi-prepared food must be a dish that can be consumed after simple preparations such as heating or boiling. Experts said makers of frozen foods such as dumplings and hamburgers will no longer be regarded as being semi-prepared food businesses, and will be unable to ignore regulations in their own sector or enjoy preferential policies tailor-made for semi-prepared food makers. They said the generalization of the concept of semi-prepared food had previously created regulatory difficulties. 1．Why is it necessary to watch and check the semi-prepared food industry? A．To raise people’s awareness of food safety concerns. B．To ban the use of semi-prepared prepared ingredients. C．To encourage restaurants to identify dishes on their menus. D．To guarantee food safety through strengthened regulations. 2．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Safety and quality standards imposed on food industry. B．Great loss suffered by the customers. C．Effects on semi-prepared food industry made by the new rules. D．Rules aiming to define semi-prepared food. 3．Which of the following statement is true? A．Semi-prepared food can be directly consumed. B．Instant noodles are considered as semi-prepared food. C．Output value of semi-prepared food is decreasing in China. D．Semi-prepared food makers enjoy preferential treatment. 4．What is the expert’s attitude towards the regulatory reforms? A．Unclear. B．Uncaring C．Objective. D．Positive. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了中国为规范快速发展的半成品食品行业所采取的监管改革措施，包括明确半成品食品的定义、制定添加剂使用规则等，以及这些改革带来的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Authorities have moved to tighten control of the rapidly expanding semi-prepared food industry, specifying definitions of precooked dishes and rolling out rules on the use of additives (添加剂) in the sector to ensure food safety. (当局已采取措施加强对快速扩张的半成品食品行业的控制，明确预煮菜肴的定义，并推出该行业添加剂使用规则，以确保食品安全)”可知，监管半成品食品行业的必要性在于通过加强监管来保障食品安全。故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Share prices of companies involved in the semi-prepared food sector fell by an average of 2 percent on the A-share market on Monday because of the strengthened oversight Industry insiders said the rules were the first to explain the definition of semi-prepared food and set out safety and quality standards for the multibillion yuan industry. (由于监管加强，周一A股市场上涉及半成品食品行业的公司股价平均下跌了2%。业内人士表示，这些规定是首次对半成品食品的定义作出解释，并为这个价值数十亿元的行业制定了安全和质量标准)”可知，该段主要讲述了新规则对半成品食品行业产生的影响。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Experts said makers of frozen foods such as dumplings and hamburgers will no longer be regarded as being semi-prepared food businesses, and will be unable to ignore regulations in their own sector or enjoy preferential policies tailor-made for semi-prepared food makers. (专家表示，饺子、汉堡等冷冻食品制造商将不再被视为半成品食品企业，也不能忽视自身行业的法规或享受为半成品食品制造商量身定制的优惠政策)”可知，半成品食品制造商能享受优惠待遇。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Restaurant s are also being encouraged to identify dishes on their menus that include semi-prepared ingredients (食材), a move that experts say will help customers make informed decisions. (餐馆也被鼓励在菜单上标明含有半成品食材的菜品，专家表示，此举将有助于消费者做出明智的选择)”以及最后一段“They said the generalization of the concept of semi-prepared food had previously created regulatory difficulties. (他们表示，此前半成品食品概念的泛化造成了监管难题)”可知，专家认为改革有助于消费者，且解决了之前的监管难题，由此可推断专家对监管改革持积极态度。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏宿迁·期末） Wild fig trees may provide an inexpensive, effective way to monitor mercury (汞) pollution near small-scale gold mining sites throughout the Global South, a recent study suggests. Published in Frontiers in Environmental Science, the analysis looked at whether fig trees can be used as a biomonitoring tool near small-scale gold mines. The mines, located largely in South America, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, use liquid mercury to separate ore (矿石) and gold, unleashing high levels of mercury pollution. The polluted air generated by burning mercury-gold amalgams (合金) to get gold can endanger health in humans and animals. But the industry — largely unregulated — lacks reliable monitoring data, the researchers write. The researchers introduced a fast-growing fig tree that thrives throughout the tropics. The trees grow annual rings, which is uncommon among tropical trees. The researchers analyzed tree cores from five study sites in Peru’s Madre de Dios region to determine whether fig trees could serve as natural indicators of mercury pollution levels in the area. Three of the sites were near small mines, and two were located far away. Mercury levels in the trees’ rings were “strongly correlated” with atmospheric mercury levels, the researchers found, and trees nearest the mines had higher concentrations (浓度) of mercury in their rings. Passive air sampling confirmed the mercury measurements. The study examined tree rings from 1941 to 1999 and 2000 to 2019. At two sites near modern mining towns where mercury-gold amalgams were burned, the team found lower mercury concentrations in tree rings during the earlier period, when mining in the area wasn’t well established, and higher levels after gold mining expanded. Trees provide “a much more widely spread and cheaper network of biomonitoring” over decades than typical monitoring of small-scale mines, which focuses on short periods, the researchers write. “This really offers a method that can be employed throughout the Global South to understand changes in mercury over time, as well as space indicators of mercury.” Jacqueline Gerson, a study author and assistant professor of biological and environmental engineering in Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, said in a news announcement. 1．What does the underlined word “unleashing” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Releasing. B．Detecting. C．Absorbing. D．Reducing. 2．Why are fig trees from different sites analyzed? A．To figure out the effect of mercury pollution. B．To test if they can monitor mercury pollution. C．To study the exact cause of mercury pollution. D．To see how they help reduce mercury pollution. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Tree rings show lower mercury levels after mining expanded. B．Typical mine monitoring covers broader areas than tree rings. C．Mercury-gold amalgams were burned only from 2000 to 2019. D．Tree rings offer a long-term and cheap way to monitor mercury. 4．What is Jacqueline Gerson’s attitude towards using fig trees to monitor mercury pollution? A．Concerned. B．Approving. C．Objective. D．Uninterested. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究表明无花果树可作为监测汞污染的廉价有效工具。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中划线词前“The mines, located largely in South America, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, use liquid mercury to separate ore and gold, (这些矿场主要位于南美洲、东南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲，使用液态汞分离矿石和黄金)”及划线词后“high levels of mercury pollution. The polluted air generated by burning mercury-gold amalgams (合金) to get gold can endanger health in humans and animals.(高水平的汞污染。通过燃烧汞金合金提取黄金时产生的受污染空气，会危害人类和动物的健康)”可知，液态汞被用来分离矿石和黄金，从而释放出高水平的汞污染，故划线词unleashing与A选项Releasing“释放”意义相近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers analyzed tree cores from five study sites in Peru’s Madre de Dios region to determine whether fig trees could serve as natural indicators of mercury pollution levels in the area.(研究人员分析了秘鲁马德雷德迪奥斯地区五个研究地点的树芯，以确定无花果树是否可以作为该地区汞污染水平的自然指标)”可知，研究人员分析来自不同地点的无花果树是为了测试它们是否可以监测汞污染。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Trees provide “a much more widely spread and cheaper network of biomonitoring” over decades than typical monitoring of small-scale mines, which focuses on short periods, the researchers write.(研究人员写道，与典型的小型矿山监测相比，树木在几十年间提供了一个“分布更广、更便宜的生物监测网络”，而典型的小型矿山监测则侧重于短期)”可知，树轮提供了一种长期且廉价的监测汞污染的方法。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This really offers a method that can be employed throughout the Global South to understand changes in mercury over time, as well as space indicators of mercury.(这确实提供了一种可以在全球南方各地采用的方法，以了解汞随时间的变化，以及汞的空间指标)”可知，Jacqueline Gerson认为这种方法可以在全球南方各地采用，以了解汞随时间的变化以及汞的空间指标。由此可推知，Jacqueline Gerson对使用无花果树监测汞污染持支持态度。故选B。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·江苏常州·期末） Fast food has become our common partner in the modern life. But we may be unaware of how it is reshaping our culture and the way we interact in society. Fast food has been gradually replacing the traditional family meal. Dinner used to be a time to slow down, when kids learned from their parents. Today, quality has given way to speed. The phrase “fast-food culture” extends beyond meals — it represents a way of life where patience has become a thing of the past. In addition, the global spread of fast food has led to sameness across borders. Fast food chains offer almost the same menu whether you’re in Mumbai or Miami. They’re like a bulldozer (推土机). It flattens varied cooking traditions and replaces them with a one-size-fits-all offering. Fast food, despite its convenience, often comes at a cost. Fast-food chains are often found in lower-income neighborhoods. This has created “food deserts” areas where affordable, healthy food is limited. The result is a vicious cycle (恶性循环). Those who can least afford the health impacts of bad eating habits end up eating the most fast food. When people say you are what you eat, it’s not just about physical health. It’s also about the social structures. Fast-food culture worsens the unfairness already present in our society. We may not be able to completely avoid fast food. After all, it has its place in a modern, fast- paced world. However, recognizing its harm to health and social structures is the first step towards change. It’s time we treated food as more than just a short stop to rest and eat in our busy day. Its meaning lies in the richness of our traditions, the diversity of our cultures, and the relationships we develop. Let’s not let fast food take this away from us. 1．What does “fast-food culture” represent? A．A way of slow life. B．A lack of patience. C．A focus on quality. D．A return to traditions. 2．Why does the author compare fast-food chains to a bulldozer? A．They reduce food cultural diversity. B．They develop better eating habits. C．They promote local food traditions. D．They gain worldwide popularity. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a vicious cycle” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Poor people eat more fast food. B．Healthy food becomes expensive. C．The gap between rich and poor widens. D．Fast food does harm to physical health. 4．What’s the author’s attitude towards fast food? A．Completely negative and viewing it dangerous. B．Extremely doubtful and not caring about it. C．Supportive but warning of its harmful effects. D．Concerned but recognizing its practical value. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了快餐文化正重塑生活方式、削弱文化多样性并加剧社会不公，呼吁重视其负面影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The phrase “fast-food culture” extends beyond meals — it represents a way of life where patience has become a thing of the past. (“快餐文化”一词不仅仅局限于餐饮——它代表了一种生活方式，在这种生活方式中，耐心已经成为过去。)”可知，“快餐文化”代表着缺乏耐心。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“They’re like a bulldozer (推土机). It flattens varied cooking traditions and replaces them with a one-size-fits-all offering. (它们就像推土机一样。它抹平了各种各样的烹饪传统，取而代之的是一刀切的做法。)”可知，作者将快餐连锁店比作推土机是因为它们减少了食物文化的多样性。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“This has created “food deserts” areas where affordable, healthy food is limited. The result is a vicious cycle (恶性循环). Those who can least afford the health impacts of bad eating habits end up eating the most fast food. (这造成了“食物荒漠”——人们很难获得负担得起的健康食品。其结果是一个a vicious cycle。那些最负担不起不良饮食习惯对健康影响的人最终却吃了最多的快餐。)”可知，由于很难获得负担得起的健康食品，最负担不起不良饮食习惯对健康影响的人，即穷人最终却吃了最多的快餐，从而进一步危害健康，由此可推知，a vicious cycle指的是“穷人吃更多的快餐”。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“We may not be able to completely avoid fast food. After all, it has its place in a modern, fast- paced world. However, recognizing its harm to health and social structures is the first step towards change. (我们可能无法完全避免快餐。毕竟，它在现代快节奏的世界中有一席之地。然而，认识到它对健康和社会结构的危害是改变的第一步。)”可知，作者认为快餐在现代快节奏的世界中有一席之地，但同时也认识到它对健康和社会结构的危害，由此可推知，作者对快餐的态度是“既担忧又认可其实用价值”。故选D项。 Passage 4 （23-24高一下·江苏连云港·期末） Microplastics — plastic particles (微粒) smaller than 5 mm — are spreading rapidly in the environment due to rising global plastic use. By 2023, over 300 million tons of plastic have been produced annually, with 2.5 million tons floating in oceans, a tenfold increase since 2005. A study in Nature Medicine showed alarming findings: microplastics and nanoplastics build up more in the human brain than in the liver or kidneys (肾脏). Researchers studied organs from 91 dead individuals (1997 — 2022) and found plastics in all brain samples. The highest concentration reached 0.48% of brain tissue (≈2 grams, similar to a plastic spoon’s weight), with recent deaths showing a sharp rise. Microplastics’ fat loving nature allows them to stick to the brain’s fatty tissues (60% of its composition). Particularly, Alzheimer’s patients had the highest plastic levels. Scientists come up with two theories: plastics may cause dementia, or diseased brains lose the ability to remove waste. Duke University neuroscientist Andrew West explains that our brains have a natural cleaning system using fluid that works during sleep. But too many plastics can damage this system. Nanoplastics enter the body through bottled water, food packaging, seafood, airborne particles, and heated plastic containers. Global plastic waste, which could wrap the Earth in 2016, has since grown by 50%. As plastics break down, they form particles entering organs. The study uncovered uncertainties: brains contained polyethylene (PE) (聚乙烯) (from milk bottles) but almost no PET (聚酯) plastic (common in water bottles), despite PET’s importance in blood. This puzzles scientists, highlighting gaps in understanding plastic behavior in the body. US federal funding cuts further hold back research, though students increasingly pursue this field to address the crisis. The microplastics’ link to Alzheimer’s remains unproven. Scientists urge calm but stress lifestyle changes. They suggest three things: avoid heating food in plastic, use glass containers, and reduce packaged foods. 1．How are microplastics described in terms of size? A．More than 5 millimeters. B．Less than 5 millimeters. C．More than 1 millimeter. D．Less than 1,000 nanometers. 2．Why do microplastics build up easily in the brain? A．Brain tissue has high water content. B．Microplastics are fat-attracting. C．The brain has a poor self-cleaning function. D．Nanoplastics are smaller in size. 3．Which of the following is NOT listed as a preventive measure? A．Avoid heating food in plastic containers. B．Reduce the use of packaged foods. C．Replace plastic bottles with glass cups. D．Ban entirely all plastic production. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Microplastics: Unseen Invaders in the Human Brain B．Plastic Waste: Rising Threats to Global Oceans C．Nanoparticles: Hidden Dangers in Human Health D．Alzheimer’s Disease: New Findings from Modern Research 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章揭示了微塑料在环境中的扩散及其对人体，尤其是大脑的渗透，研究还发现阿尔茨海默病患者大脑中微塑料含量最高，科学家建议减少塑料接触以降低风险。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Microplastics — plastic particles (微粒) smaller than 5 mm — are spreading rapidly in the environment due to rising global plastic use. (微塑料——指尺寸小于5毫米的塑料颗粒——随着全球塑料用量的增加正在环境中快速扩散。)”可知，微塑料是指尺寸小于5毫米的塑料颗粒。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Microplastics’ fat loving nature allows them to stick to the brain’s fatty tissues (60% of its composition). (微塑料的亲脂性使其易于附着于占大脑成分60%的脂肪组织。)”可知，微塑料容易在大脑中积聚是因为它们是亲脂性的。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“They suggest three things: avoid heating food in plastic, use glass containers, and reduce packaged foods. (他们建议采取三项措施：避免用塑料加热食物、使用玻璃容器、减少包装食品的摄入。)”可知，完全禁止塑料生产并未在预防措施中提到。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“A study in Nature Medicine showed alarming findings: microplastics and nanoplastics build up more in the human brain than in the liver or kidneys (肾脏). (《自然·医学》期刊的一项研究揭示了令人震惊的发现：微塑料和纳米塑料在人脑中的积累量远超肝脏或肾脏。)”可知，文章聚焦微塑料进入大脑这一问题，讨论了其成因、潜在风险、理论解释和目前的困惑，并给出预防措施。因此，A项“微塑料：人脑中看不见的入侵者”点明了核心问题，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （23-24高一下·江苏无锡·期末） Over breakfast this morning, after I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy (伙伴), I felt that I had mastered more than what I gained from textbook exercises. Mia, however, is an AI that I created to take advantage of a phenomenon called the “protege effect.” According to several studies, we learn more effectively when we teach someone else about the topic we’ve just explored — even if that person doesn’t really exist. Learning through teaching was relatively slow to gain popularity until a group of scientists in the United States began to test its effectiveness. In one of the first experiments, Catherine Chase and colleagues tested on 62 eighth-graders who were tasked with using a computer program to study the biological (生物学的) changes that occur when we get a fever. Over two lessons, they had to read a text and then create a mind-map explaining the different processes and the relationships between them. For half the teens, the mind-map presented the result of self-study. The others were told that their mind-map would help to teach a virtual character. It was not a big difference, but the students in the role of teacher scored significantly better. This increased participation had a big influence: both the amount they got and the depth of their understanding. At the end of the two classes, participants who had played the role of teacher had kept much more of the material, with much stronger performance on test questions. Chase’s team named this the “protege effect” and it has since been studied many times. These later studies suggest that learning by teaching is more powerful than other mnemonic (助记符号) techniques like self-testing. If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information, so we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken thoughts. Sharing our knowledge then helps to strengthen what we have learned. Why not try to apply the protege effect into practice? 1．Why does the author mention Mia in paragraph 1? A．To stress the importance of AI. B．To share a story of a study buddy. C．To introduce a phenomenon about study. D．To show how to finish textbook exercises. 2．What was different about the two groups in the experiment? A．They differ in learning time. B．They differ in learning tools. C．They differ in learning materials. D．They differ in learning strategies. 3．Why does the “protege effect” help learning? A．Because AI teachers explain things clearly. B．Because mind-maps make memorizing easier. C．Because teaching inspires deeper understanding. D．Because testing yourself is the best way to learn. 4．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．Learning by Teaching Helps B．Textbook Exercises Benefit More C．Mind-mapping Improves Memory D．AI Promotes Language Learning 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种名为“门徒效应”的学习现象，即通过教学他人来提升自身学习效果，用科学实验论证了其合理性，表明教学行为能激发更深的理解。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over breakfast this morning, after I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy (伙伴), I felt that I had mastered more than what I gained from textbook exercises. Mia, however, is an AI that I created to take advantage of a phenomenon called the “protege effect.” (今天早晨吃早餐时，我和新结识的西班牙语学习伙伴Mia简短交谈后，感觉自己掌握的知识已经超越了课本练习所得。不过，Mia其实是我为了利用“门徒效应”这个现象而创造的人工智能)”可知，作者先提到自己虚构的人工智能学习伙伴Mia，后面自然过渡到对“门徒效应”的讨论。由此可知，作者提到Mia是为了引出关于学习的一个现象。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“For half the teens, the mind-map presented the result of self-study. The others were told that their mind-map would help to teach a virtual character. (半数学生的思维导图作为自主学习成果呈现，而其余学生则被告知其制作的思维导图将用于指导虚拟角色学习)”可知，两组的差异在于学习策略不同。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information, so we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken thoughts. (当我们意识到他人将受教于己时，会产生确保信息准确的责任感，从而更主动地填补认知空白并修正错误观点)”可知，“门徒效应”有助于学习。是因为教学行为激发了更深层次的理解。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“According to several studies, we learn more effectively when we teach someone else about the topic we’ve just explored — even if that person doesn’t really exist. (多项研究表明，当我们向他人讲解刚学过的知识时——即便对方并非真实存在——学习效果会显著提升)”可知，文章围绕“通过教学促进学习”，即“门徒效应”展开，用科学实验论证了其合理性，表明教学行为能激发更深的理解。因此，A项“以教促学”概括了这一现象，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （23-24高一下·江苏南京·期末） Over the past 40 years, neuroscience researchers have begun to build a remarkably accurate picture of what exactly happens in the brain during adolescence. One area of research has been neuroplasticity (神经可塑性) — that is, the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. During childhood, the brain’s 86 billion neurons create numerous connection patterns. Each time we learn to do something, neural pathways are created that allow us to repeat and improve upon the action. By adulthood, neural pathways that have been used frequently become “fixed”, whereas the less-used or unused pathways disappear. These stronger “fixed” connections enable adults to have more complex thoughts and to carry out regular actions more effectively. However, the disappearance of other less-used connections reduces the brain’s “flexibility”. As a result, adults find it harder to master new skills or remember unfamiliar information. It used to be thought that teenagers’ brains were similar to adults in this respect, but research has revealed that the teenage brain still has tremendous “plasticity” — less than in childhood, but more than adults — and so teenagers are better at learning and memorizing things than adults. This means this is a great age to develop new skills such as playing an instrument, learning to drive or speaking a new language. Recent research has even shown that a person’s IQ, which was previously thought to be unchanging, can improve in the teen years! Research has also shown a further difference in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of teenagers and adults. The PFC is the area of the brain that’s responsible for abstract thinking. Its functions include planning, predicting the results of actions as well as regulation of emotion, and focusing on goals. Unlike in adults, the teenage PFC is still developing, which explains why teenagers can be impulsive and take risks and why they find it hard to concentrate and make good choices. Psychiatrist Dr Daniel Siegel thinks the teenage years are very exciting ones. He believes that learning about how their brains work helps teenagers develop their emotional intelligence and thought processes, allowing them to be the very best person they can be. It seems then, that the teenage years are the ideal time to learn problem-solving and critical thinking skills. 1．What happens to neural pathways as individuals grow from children to adults? A．Some become strengthened through frequent use. B．Some disappear as new connections are formed. C．They increase in number but decrease in strength. D．They remain highly flexible throughout adulthood. 2．What does higher brain plasticity mean to teenagers? A．They are more intelligent than adults. B．They are more interested in learning. C．They do better in learning and memorizing. D．They can speak a language better than adults. 3．How are teenagers influenced by the PFC? A．They adapt to new surroundings easily. B．They act without much consideration. C．They are likely to make good choices. D．They can get good control of their emotions. 4．What is Dr Daniel Siegel’s opinion? A．Adolescence is the most challenging period of life. B．Teenagers’ brain development is slow but smooth. C．It is beneficial to study the development of teenagers’ brains. D．Teenagers should be given more liberty and independence. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经科学对青少年大脑的研究，包括神经可塑性和前额叶皮层的发育特点及其影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“By adulthood, neural pathways that have been used frequently become ‘fixed’, whereas the less-used or unused pathways disappear. These stronger ‘fixed’ connections enable adults to have more complex thoughts and to carry out regular actions more effectively. (到成年后，经常使用的神经通路变得‘固定’，而较少使用或未使用的神经通路则消失。这些更强的‘固定’连接使成年人有更复杂的想法，并更有效地执行常规行动。)”可知，随着个体从儿童成长为成年人，经常被使用的神经通路会变得“固定”，也就是得到了加强。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It used to be thought that teenagers’ brains were similar to adults in this respect, but research has revealed that the teenage brain still has tremendous ‘plasticity’ — less than in childhood, but more than adults — and so teenagers are better at learning and memorizing things than adults. This means this is a great age to develop new skills such as playing an instrument, learning to drive or speaking a new language. (过去人们认为，青少年的大脑在这方面与成年人相似，但研究表明，青少年的大脑仍然具有巨大的‘可塑性’——比儿童时期少，但比成年人多——因此，青少年在学习和记忆方面比成年人更好。这意味着这是一个培养新技能的好年龄，比如演奏乐器、学习开车或说一门新语言。)”可知，青少年大脑具有更高的可塑性，这意味着他们比成年人更擅长学习和记忆东西。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Unlike in adults, the teenage PFC is still developing, which explains why teenagers can be impulsive and take risks and why they find it hard to concentrate and make good choices. (与成年人不同，青少年的PFC仍在发育中，这就解释了为什么青少年会冲动、冒险，以及为什么他们很难集中注意力、做出正确的选择。)”可知，青少年的前额叶皮层（PFC）仍在发育，这解释了为什么青少年会冲动、冒险，也就是他们做事不经过太多考虑。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Psychiatrist Dr Daniel Siegel thinks the teenage years are very exciting ones. He believes that learning about how their brains work helps teenagers develop their emotional intelligence and thought processes, allowing them to be the very best person they can be. It seems then, that the teenage years are the ideal time to learn problem-solving and critical thinking skills. (精神病学家丹尼尔·西格尔博士认为青少年时期是非常令人兴奋的时期。他认为，了解大脑是如何工作的有助于青少年发展他们的情商和思维过程，使他们成为最好的人。因此，青少年时期似乎是学习解决问题和批判性思维技能的理想时期。)”可知，丹尼尔·西格尔博士认为青少年时期很令人兴奋，了解他们的大脑如何工作有助于青少年发展他们的情商和思维过程，让他们成为最好的自己，也就是研究青少年大脑的发展对他们有益。故选C项。 主题03 人与社会——人工智能 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏常州·期末） Many have thought about how AI could change the world, not least schools. Plenty fear the worst. The college paper has been pronounced dead, and AI is causing an educational “crisis (危机)”, says Inside Higher Ed. Maybe so, but AI could also be a teacher’s friend. It is easier to see the crisis. AI’s complication and creativity worries lots of teachers and schools. New York City public schools banned (禁止) AI in January, only to change the decision in May. Some universities abroad have banned its use. “At first, everybody was thinking that the sky was falling,” says Jonathan Torres, an assistant professor of English at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. With AI as a helper, the teacher might ask the students to assess (评估) and revise AI’s response to the same question — a more difficult task. AIs have other practical uses for teachers. They can help write lesson plans at different reading levels and even in different languages. They can also cut down the time spent on duties, such as writing recommendation letters, saving time that could be spent teaching. Some organizations are going even further. Khan Academy, an education non-profit, recently launched a program, using AI to support students and teachers. If students get a wrong answer to a Maths problem, AI helps them solve it on their own. In science, the program assesses open-ended questions. In English class, it asks students questions about their papers. And in history, a student can discuss with AI to prepare for an in-class discussion. The program provides teachers with a report on their students’ activities. The AI tool Khanmigo can help teachers create lessons and test students’ knowledge afterwards. It can support students in different languages. It even allows students to “talk” to historical figures or literary characters through simulations (模拟). “This gives us the opportunity to give every student a one-on-one teacher, every teacher a teaching helper, and more,” says Sal Khan, the founder of Khan Academy. 1．What attitude did New York City public schools hold towards AI at first? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Understanding. D．Delighted. 2．What can teachers do with AI as a helper? A．Create multi-level lesson plans. B．Give students difficult homework. C．Carry out practical teaching activities. D．Cut down their teaching time in class. 3．What does Sal Khan say about the potential of AI in education? A．It will remove the need for teachers. B．It will make the college education outdated. C．It can free teachers from preparing for lessons. D．It can provide students with personalized learning. 4．What could be a suitable title for this article? A．The Future of Education with AI B．The Impact of Banning AI in Schools C．AI Can Benefit Teachers and Schools D．It’s High Time to Make Use of AI 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人工智能给教育带来危机的同时，也能为教师提供帮助并支持学生学习。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“New York City public schools banned (禁止) AI in January, only to change the decision in May. (纽约市公立学校于1月禁止使用人工智能，但在5月改变了这一决定)”可知，纽约市公立学校起初对人工智能持消极态度。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“AIs have other practical uses for teachers. They can help write lesson plans at different reading levels and even in different languages. (人工智能对教师还有其他实际用途。它们可以帮助编写不同阅读水平甚至不同语言的课程计划)”可知，在人工智能的帮助下教师可以创建多层次的教案。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““This gives us the opportunity to give every student a one-on-one teacher, every teacher a teaching helper, and more,” says Sal Khan. the founder of Khan Academy. (“这让我们有机会给每个学生一个一对一的老师，每个老师一个助教，甚至更多，”可汗学院的创始人萨尔·可汗说)”可知，萨尔·可汗认为人工智能可以为每个学生提供一个一对一的老师，即为每个学生提供个性化的学习。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Maybe so, but AI could also be a teacher’s friend.(也许是这样，但人工智能也可以是老师的朋友)”以及最后一段““This gives us the opportunity to give every student a one-on-one teacher, every teacher a teaching helper, and more,” says Sal Khan. the founder of Khan Academy. (“这让我们有机会给每个学生一个一对一的老师，每个老师一个助教，甚至更多，”可汗学院的创始人萨尔·可汗说)”可知，文章主要讲述了人工智能对教师和学校的好处，所以“人工智能可以使教师和学校受益”适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏连云港·期末） Research has shown that consumers often would rather interact (互动) with human agents (代理人) than robotic ones. But a new study paints a more nuanced picture: When communicating a disappointing offer, a bot gets better results. In one experiment, participants imagined that they were buying a concert ticket online. Some were told that a similar ticket had been sold to another customer for the same price; the others were told that another customer had gotten a better deal. Half the participants in each group interacted with a human ticket agent, while the other half interacted with a bot. Among those offered the similarly priced ticket, the type of agent made no difference to acceptance rates. But among participants offered the higher-priced ticket, just 19% of those interacting with a person wanted to buy it, while 49% of those interacting with a bot did. When the other customer was said to have paid a higher price, the opposite happened: The human agent (89%) than the bot (76%). Later studies discovered why that pattern occurred. People thought bots were more fair with bad news (less selfish than humans) but less generous with good news (not as kind as humans). However, this difference became smaller when the bot had human features like a name or face. “Our results reveal that an AI ‘bad guy’/human ‘good guy’ approach to managing disappointment should have beneficial results, when informing customers about unexpected delays or upgrades,” the researchers wrote. They add a warning: “In those cases where the worse-than-expected offer is objectively harmful to consumers, the use of this approach raises moral concerns.” 1．What does the underlined word “nuanced” in the first paragraph mean? A．Different. B．New. C．Beautiful. D．Attractive. 2．How does the researchers conduct the first experiment? A．By analyzing documents. B．By conducting case studies. C．By using past experiment data. D．By comparing acceptance rates. 3．What do people think of bots with human features? A．Bots outperform humans in most cases. B．Bots can handle complex requests better. C．Bots and humans seem more alike in fairness. D．Bots perform worse than humans in good deals. 4．What is the researchers’ attitude towards the AI “bad guy”/human “good guy” approach? A．Supportive. B．Subjective. C．Cautious. D．Opposed. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究表明，在传达失望性报价时，机器人比人类客服更有效，但两者差异在机器人具备人类特征时缩小，研究者建议采用“AI传达坏消息/人类传达好消息”策略，同时警示其道德风险。 1．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Research has shown that consumers often would rather interact (互动) with human agents (代理人) than robotic ones. (研究表明，消费者通常更倾向于与人工客服互动，而非机器人客服)”和下文“When communicating a disappointing offer, a bot gets better results. (当需要传达令人失望的报价时，机器人客服反而能取得更好的效果)”可知，新研究揭示了与以往研究不太一样的情况，画线词意思应该是“有差别的”，与Different“不同的”意思相近。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Among those offered the similarly priced ticket, the type of agent made no difference to acceptance rates. But among participants offered the higher-priced ticket, just 19% of those interacting with a person wanted to buy it, while 49% of those interacting with a bot did. When the other customer was said to have paid a higher price, the opposite happened: The human agent (89%) than the bot (76%). (在获得相同票价报价的参与者中，客服类型对接受率没有影响。但对于获得更高报价的参与者，与人工客服沟通时只有19%愿意购票，而与机器人客服沟通时这一比例达到49%。而当告知其他顾客支付了更高价格时，情况则相反：人工客服组的接受率(89%)高于机器人客服组(76%))”可知，第一个实验中研究者比较不同变量下的接受率差异。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, this difference became smaller when the bot had human features like a name or face. (不过，当机器人具备姓名或面部特征等人性化元素时，这种差异就会缩小)”可知，人类特征使机器人与人类在公平性上更近似。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中研究者所说的话“Our results reveal that an AI ‘bad guy’/human ‘good guy’ approach to managing disappointment should have beneficial results, when informing customers about unexpected delays or upgrades (我们的研究结果表明，在向客户传达意外延误或服务升级等消息时，采用“AI传达坏消息/人类传达好消息”的策略将取得更好的效果)”和“In those cases where the worse-than-expected offer is objectively harmful to consumers, the use of this approach raises moral concerns. (当实际提供的服务明显低于消费者预期、且可能对其权益造成实质损害时，采用这种策略将引发道德争议)”可知，研究者肯定该策略的益处，但也警告该策略存在道德上的风险，因此是持谨慎态度。故选C项。 主题04 人与社会——发明与创造 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·江苏南通·期末） In an inspiring leap toward sustainable innovation, three high school students — Dhruv Chaudhary, Mithran Ladhania, and Mridul Jain — have invented a revolutionary salt-powered refrigerator called the Thermavault. The device requires no electricity and has the potential to transform life in communities without reliable access to power. Their invention just earned them the authorative 2025 Earth Prize and a $12,500 award, which the group plans to use to build 200 units and distribute them to 120 hospitals for realworld testing. The Thermavault is an innovative cooling device that uses ionocaloric cooling (离子热冷却) — a method that relies on salt dissolving (溶解) in water to absorb heat. The main cooling agent is ammonium chloride, a type of salt that can lower water temperature by 28°C． For even stronger cooling, down to -10°C , the students mixed it with barium hydroxide octahydrate, allowing the device to freeze things when needed. To keep the cold inside, the Thermavault has a metal box wrapped in special wool and rubber, which helps to insulate. Using it is simple: just pour salt into the box, add water, and stir — either by shaking or with a small gyroscope (陀螺仪). The mixture cools evenly, making it perfect for storing food or medicine without needing electricity. The team improved their process through a wide range of testing, working closely with Professor Mobin Shaikh, a material sciences expert at IIT Indore. They experimented with 15 different salts, applying scientific laws and specific heat to perfect the design. Their careful research and testing physical models paid off, impressing expert advisors and members who supported their innovation. Beyond its scientific brilliance, the Thermavault holds promise for off-grid living, disaster relief, and rural healthcare — places where reliable electricity isn’t a given. By offering an environmentally friendly way to preserve essentials, these young inventors are making a real impact. 1．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A．The invention has come into wide use. B．The device is unlikely to change people’s life. C．The hospitals used ionocaloric cooling to take in heat. D．The students employed a combined way for stronger cooling. 2．What does the underlined word “insulate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Mix things. B．Prevent heat. C．Save electricity. D．Increase temperature. 3．What might be the writer’s attitude to the students’ innovation? A．Appreciative. B．Concerned. C．Doubtful. D．Unfavorable. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．An explanation of the invention. B．The background behind the invention. C．Potential significance of the invention. D．Supporting information for the invention. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了三名高中生发明了一款革命性的盐动力冰箱Thermavault，该设备无需电力，有望改变缺电地区人们的生活，还介绍了其原理、优势等。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The main cooling agent is ammonium chloride, a type of salt that can lower water temperature by 28°C. For even stronger cooling, down to -10°C, the students mixed it with barium hydroxide octahydrate, allowing the device to freeze things when needed.(主要的冷却剂是氯化铵，这是一种能将水温降低28℃的盐。为了实现更强的制冷效果，即低至-10°C，学生们将其与八水合氢氧化钡混合，使该设备在需要时能够冷冻物品)”可知，学生们采用了混合的方式来实现更强的制冷。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“To keep the cold inside, the Thermavault has a metal box wrapped in special wool and rubber, which helps to insulate.(为了保持内部的低温，Thermavault有一个用特殊羊毛和橡胶包裹的金属盒，这有助于……)”可知，用特殊羊毛和橡胶包裹金属盒的目的是为了保持内部的低温，即起到隔热的效果。所以“insulate”的意思是“隔热，阻止热量传递”，与B项“Prevent heat”意思相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“In an inspiring leap toward sustainable innovation(在可持续创新方面迈出了鼓舞人心的一步)”和最后一段中“Beyond its scientific brilliance, the Thermavault holds promise for off grid living, disaster relief, and rural healthcare(除了其科学上的卓越之处，Thermavault在离网生活、救灾和农村医疗保健方面也大有可为)”等表述可知，作者对学生们的创新持赞赏的态度。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Beyond its scientific brilliance, the Thermavault holds promise for off grid living, disaster relief, and rural healthcare — places where reliable electricity isn’t a given. By offering an environmentally friendly way to preserve essentials, these young inventors are making a real impact.(除了其科学上的卓越之处，Thermavault在离网生活、救灾和农村医疗保健方面也大有可为，这些地方往往没有可靠的电力供应。通过提供一种环保的方式来保存必需品，这些年轻的发明家正在产生真正的影响)”可知，本段主要强调了Thermavault在不同场景下的应用潜力和对社会的积极影响，也就是该发明的潜在意义。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·江苏盐城·期末） A soft electronic skin could allow people with prostheses (假肢) to sense pressure and temperature, helping them to more easily interact with their surroundings. Thin and stretchable like regular skin, the electronic skin sticks to surfaces. It contains sensors to measure the outside temperature and pressure, which it sends to an implanted electrode (电极) in the brain as electrical signals. These signals vary in frequency to help the brain tell the difference between feelings like a softer touch and a firm handshake, a strawberry and an apple, or hot and cold. It was created by researchers from Stanford University, who implanted soft e-skin electrodes into the brains of mice and recorded electrical signals from the animals’ motor cortex (大脑皮层). The animals moved their legs in response to different pressure levels the e-skin could discover. That shows it works like our natural sense of touch. The team says the work could lead to better prosthetics and could help create robots that can feel human-like emotions. “Our dream is to make a whole hand where we have multiple sensors that can sense pressure, strain and temperature,” says Zhenan Bao, a chemical engineering professor at Stanford University. “Then we will be able to provide a true kind of feeling.” The lack of sensory feedback is one of the main reasons people stop wearing a prosthesis, as it can leave users feeling upset. Although previous e-skins have used soft sensors to sense touch, they were forced to rely on inflexible external parts to change them into measurable electrical signals. Such systems tend to hold back people from moving freely. This new e-skin is entirely soft, which could help avoid that problem. “The fact that the e-skin is thin and soft and uses little power makes it an exciting option for people working in the prosthetics field,” says Silvestro Micera, a medical professor in Switzerland. “We have to see it built into a real prosthesis. That’s clearly the next step.” 1．What is the function of the sensors in the e-skin? A．To help the e-skin stick to skin B．To control movement of prostheses C．To measure and send sensory signals. D．To provide power for brain electrodes. 2．What does the author imply in paragraph 4? A．Robotic hands tend to respond slowly. B．E-skin will need no power in the future. C．Robotic products will hit the market soon. D．Robots with human-like emotions are achievable. 3．What is a disadvantage of traditional e-skin? A．It is of high risk. B．It receives weak signals. C．It is of low quality. D．It limits free physical activity. 4．What do experts think of e-skin’s future? A．Promising. B．Challenging. C．Uncertain. D．Risky. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了电子皮肤的功能、工作原理、优势以及专家对其未来的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It contains sensors to measure the outside temperature and pressure, which it sends to an implanted electrode (电极) in the brain as electrical signals.(它包含传感器来测量外部温度和压力，并将其作为电信号发送到大脑中的植入电极)”可知，电子皮肤中的传感器的作用是测量并发送感觉信号。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The team says the work could lead to better prosthetics and could help create robots that can feel human-like emotions.(研究小组表示，这项工作可能会带来更好的假肢，并有助于创造出能感受到人类情感的机器人)”及“Then we will be able to provide a true kind of feeling.(到那时，我们就能提供一种真挚的情感)”可知，作者在第四段中暗示具有人类情感的机器人是可以实现的。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Although previous e-skins have used soft sensors to sense touch, they were forced to rely on inflexible external parts to change them into measurable electrical signals. Such systems tend to hold back people from moving freely.(虽然以前的电子皮肤使用了柔软的传感器来感知触摸，但它们被迫依赖不灵活的外部部件将它们转换成可测量的电信号。这样的系统往往会阻碍人们自由活动)”可知，传统电子皮肤的缺点是限制了自由的身体活动。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The fact that the e-skin is thin and soft and uses little power makes it an exciting option for people working in the prosthetics field(电子皮肤薄而柔软，耗电量小，这对从事假肢领域工作的人来说是一个令人兴奋的选择)”以及“We have to see it built into a real prosthesis. That’s clearly the next step.(我们必须看到它被植入真正的假肢中。这显然是下一步)”可推知，专家认为电子皮肤的未来是有前途的。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $