专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，江苏专用）高二英语下学期

**基本信息** 聚焦“人与社会”主题，精选江苏多地高二下期末真题，涵盖科技前沿（如AI模型Gemini、太空太阳能）与社会热点（如慢生活、从众行为），通过说明文阅读考查语言理解与批判性思维。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（选择题）|60题|细节理解（如实验方法）、推理判断（如研究局限性）、词义猜测（如“barren”）、主旨归纳|以真实研究（如 kindness 与 attractiveness 关联研究）和社会现象（如 Gen Z 慢生活）为情境，问题设计从基础信息提取到深层逻辑分析，适配高二学生语言能力与思维发展需求。|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） A recent study published in the British Journal of Social Psychology suggests that people seen as kind and helpful are also perceived (感知) as more physically attractive. This effect highlights how kind actions may shape perceptions of physical beauty. In her new research, Natalia Kononov, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, concentrated on prosocial behavior — acts of kindness, cooperation, and helpfulness — and sought to understand whether this quality has a unique effect on perceptions of physical beauty. The research involved ten studies with over 4,000 participants. The team designed various contexts, where participants were asked to observe real-life prosocial acts, read descriptions of kind actions, or imagine helpful behavior. Participants were shown images of people alongside descriptions of either prosocial or neutral behaviors, and then rated their physical attractiveness on a standardized scale. Some studies removed images to test if the effects behavior extend beyond appearance. The researchers discovered a consistent link between prosocial actions and higher ratings of physical attractiveness. Participants described as performing prosocial acts were rated more attractive than those without. “An interesting aspect of our findings is that kindness and generosity made both men and women appear more attractive. This gender-universal appeal highlights just how broadly kindness can shape perceptions of beauty,” Kononov said. The effect appeared strongest when kindness was part of the person’s usual behavior, rather than a one-off act. Plus, prosocial influence on attractiveness ratings was stronger than that of other positive traits (品质), like humor or intelligence. This suggests that kindness and helpfulness play a unique role in shaping physical perceptions beyond a general “halo effect”, where positive qualities broadly enhance other evaluations. Despite these findings, some limitations exist. “One limitation is that our study centered largely on participants’ initial perceptions rather than on how these impressions may evolve over time.” Kononov said, “Additionally, the sample was primarily from United States-based participants, which may limit how the findings apply to other cultural contexts. So further research would be valuable to understand how these dynamics might shift in diverse settings.” 1．What does Natalia Kononov’s study focus on? A．How kindness influences beauty evaluation. B．How physical beauty determines perceptions. C．Whether prosocial behavior shapes attractiveness. D．Whether helpfulness improves social behavior. 2．How was the study carried out? A．By analyzing prosocial behavior. B．By comparing attractiveness ratings. C．By evaluating imagination abilities. D．By reading the image descriptions. 3．What can we learn from the findings of the research? A．Constant kindness boosts physical appeal. B．Physical appearance dominates behavior. C．Gender affects attractiveness evaluations. D．All positive qualities enhance attractiveness. 4．What can be inferred from Kononov? A．Changeable contexts are necessary. B．Long-term dynamics remain unclear. C．Cultural diversity was prioritized in sampling. D．Initial impressions are irrelevant to relationship. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了宾夕法尼亚大学博士后研究员Natalia Kononov的研究，该研究发现被视为善良和乐于助人的人也被认为更具身体吸引力，并探讨了亲社会行为对身体吸引力感知的影响。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In her new research, Natalia Kononov, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, concentrated on prosocial behavior — acts of kindness, cooperation, and helpfulness — and sought to understand whether this quality has a unique effect on perceptions of physical beauty.(宾夕法尼亚大学博士后研究员Natalia Kononov的新研究关注的是亲社会行为——善良、合作和乐于助人的行为——并试图了解这种品质是否对身体美感的感知有独特的影响)”可知，Natalia Kononov的研究重点是亲社会行为是否塑造吸引力。故选C。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Participants were shown images of people alongside descriptions of either prosocial or neutral behaviors, and then rated their physical attractiveness on a standardized scale.(参与者被展示了人们的图像，旁边是亲社会行为或中性行为的描述，然后他们按照标准化量表对他们的身体吸引力进行评分)”可知，这项研究是通过比较吸引力评分来进行的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“The effect appeared strongest when kindness was part of the person’s usual behavior, rather than a one-off act.(当善良成为一个人通常行为的一部分，而不是一次性的行为时，这种影响最为强烈)”可知，持续的善良会提升身体吸引力。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“One limitation is that our study centered largely on participants’ initial perceptions rather than on how these impressions may evolve over time.(我们的研究主要关注的是参与者的初步印象，而不是这些印象如何随时间演变，这是一个局限性)”可推知，Kononov认为研究主要集中在参与者的初始感知上，对于这些印象随时间如何演变还不清楚。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect on the quality of food and service.But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snow- balling effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant in question, creating a false impression of approval. Therefore, following the example of others could have led to a suboptimal (次优的) dinner choice in an overcrowded restaurant. Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of irrational or simply stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1．How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed? A．By giving example. B．By presenting fact. C．By analyzing the cause and effect. D．By making comparison. 2．What is one reason why people tend to follow the crowd? A．It leads to average judgments. B．It brings a sense of security. C．It challenges a favorable reputation. D．It allows for better decision- making. 3．What does the underlined “information cascades” mean in Para 5? A．Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. B．Critical evaluation of underlying reasons for choices. C．Average judgments formed by large groups of people. D．Independent collection of individual opinions and judgements. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Following the herd can greatly benefit us in various aspects. B．It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior. C．It is unnecessary to think critically rather than follow the herd blindly. D．The busiest restaurant is not necessarily the best one in tourist areas. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是从众行为的危险性和难以抗拒性，以及提出了一些可能的解决方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example.(在旅游区，早到的食客对于选择哪家餐馆没有任何有意义的线索，所以他们可能是一时兴起才选择晚上的餐馆。跟随的路人可能误解了他们选择餐馆的决定，并盲目地进行效仿。)”可知，第二段是通过举例展开的，故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame.(此外，随大流似乎提供了保护和舒适——毕竟，“人多安全”——同时有助于保持良好的声誉。)”可知，人们容易随大流的原因之一是它带来了安全感。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons(人们在没有批判性地评估潜在原因的情况下接受他人的信仰或复制他人的选择)”可知，information cascades的意思是“人们不经过批判性思考就接受他人的观点或选择”，即Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals.(盲目地模仿别人的想法或选择，或者只是随大流，通常被称为“从众行为”。这在人类和许多其他动物中是经常发生的。)”，倒数第二段“Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers.(从众行为虽然很常见，也很容易解释，但却有很大的危险。)”和最后一段“It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior.(似乎没有快速和简单的方法来抵制从众行为的诱惑。)”可知，本文主要讲的是从众行为的危险性和难以抗拒性，以及提出了一些可能的解决方法，因此本文的主旨是B选项“It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior.(对人们来说，抵制从众行为的诱惑并非易事。)”。故选B。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·江苏南京·期末） The conventional language of career success moves in only one direction: up. If you really succeed, you reach the top. But there is another type of career path. Sideways moves without a promotion or a pay rise, can be a benefit to employees and organizations alike. A study carried out by Donald Sull of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his co-authors in 2021 found that the availability of lateral (横向的) career opportunities has a marked impact on keeping employees. When they decided whether to stay in the company or not, chances to move sideways were two and a half times more important than pay. Another paper, by Xin Jin of the University of South Florida and Michael Waldman of Cormell University, concluded that lateral moves did not just benefit organizations: employees who experienced them were more likely to be promoted and to enjoy higher wage growth later in their careers than employees who did not. You can move up by first moving sideways. The crab-like (螃蟹般的) career has other things going for it. One is that it is a good way to learn new things. As hiring processes increasingly emphasize skills, employers are likely to put comparatively less emphasis on CVs and comparatively more weight on what you know. Messrs Jin and Waldman reason that the upper ranks of companies tend to be people whose capabilities are broad, not deep; that may explain why lateral moves are good for promotion prospects. Along with skills come contacts. Transferring between teams usually means building a bigger internal network. Opening the door to more lateral moves is partly a practical matter. Some bigger employers have “internal talent marketplaces” in which employees can find and apply for jobs elsewhere in the company; smaller firms have fewer such opportunities to offer. Embracing sideways movement also requires the right attitude. Lots of managers like to keep talent to themselves, at the expense of workers and firms. And moving sideways still has less cachet (声望) than moving upwards. Most people find it not so easy to accept. 1．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By telling personal stories. B．By providing research findings. C．By comparing different career paths. D．By making remarks on scientific reports. 2．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean? A．Lateral moves involve gaining new skills. B．Lateral moves are mainly for networking purposes. C．Transferring between teams leads to a larger network. D．Contacts are more important than skills in lateral moves. 3．What do many managers think of lateral career moves? A．They are a way to keep talent within the company. B．They are seen as a threat to the manager’s own positions. C．They could potentially lead to talent loss within the team. D．They could contribute to the company's growth in the long run. 4．Who may embrace lateral moves? A．Bosses who value short-term profits. B．Employees who are eager for more skills. C．Managers who appreciate long-term stability. D．Job hunters who are interested in smaller firms. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了职场中横向调动问题，说明了这一做法的影响和好处。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“A study carried out by Donald Sull of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his co-authors in 2021 found that the availability of lateral (横向的) career opportunities has a marked impact on keeping employees. When they decided whether to stay in the company or not, chances to move sideways were two and a half times more important than pay. Another paper, by Xin Jin of the University of South Florida and Michael Waldman of Cormell University, concluded that lateral moves did not just benefit organizations: employees who experienced them were more likely to be promoted and to enjoy higher wage growth later in their careers than employees who did not. You can move up by first moving sideways. (麻省理工学院的唐纳德·苏尔及其合著者在2021年进行的一项研究发现，横向职业机会的可用性对留住员工有显著影响。当他们决定是否留在公司时，跳槽的机会比薪水重要2.5倍。南佛罗里达大学的金欣和康奈尔大学的迈克尔•沃尔德曼的另一篇论文得出结论，横向调动不仅对组织有利：经历过横向调动的员工比没有经历过横向调动的员工更有可能获得晋升，并且在以后的职业生涯中享有更高的工资增长。你可以先横向移动来向上移动)”可推知，作者通过提供研究结果展开第二段。故选B。 2．句意猜测题。根据划线句后文“Transferring between teams usually means building a bigger internal network.(团队之间的调动通常意味着建立一个更大的内部网络)”可知，团队之间的转移导致更大的网络。故划线句意思是“团队之间的转移导致更大的网络”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Lots of managers like to keep talent to themselves, at the expense of workers and firms.(许多管理者喜欢把人才留给自己，而牺牲员工和公司的利益)”可知，许多经理是认为横向职业调动可能会导致团队内部的人才流失。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“One is that it is a good way to learn new things. As hiring processes increasingly emphasize skills, employers are likely to put comparatively less emphasis on CVs and comparatively more weight on what you know. Messrs Jin and Waldman reason that the upper ranks of companies tend to be people whose capabilities are broad, not deep; that may explain why lateral moves are good for promotion prospects. Along with skills come contacts.(一是它是学习新事物的好方法。随着招聘过程越来越强调技能，雇主可能会相对不那么重视简历，而更看重你的知识。金和沃尔德曼的理由是，公司的高层往往是那些能力广而不深的人；这或许可以解释为什么横向调动有利于晋升。除了技能之外，还有人际关系)”可知，渴望获得更多技能的员工会接受横向调动。故选B。 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） In the U. S., people eat more protein than they need to, which might not be bad for human health, but does pose a problem for the country’s waterways. The nation’s wastewater is loaded with the leftovers (残留物) from protein digestion: nitrogen (氮) compounds that can feed harmful algal blooms (藻华) and pollute the air and drinking water. Maya Almaraz, a biogeochemist at the University of California, Davis, and her team wanted to see how much of this nitrogen entered into the U. S. wastewater system because of a protein-heavy diet. The researchers found that the majority of nitrogen pollution present in wastewater — some 67 to 100 precent — is a by-product of water people consume. Once it enters the environment, the nitrogen can have a series of ecological impacts. It helps algae grow much faster than they would normally, which is harmful to humans, other animals and plants. And when the algae eventually die, the problem is not over. Microorganisms (微生物) that feed on dead algae use up the oxygen in the water, leading to “dead zones”, where many species simply cannot survive, in rivers, lakes and oceans. Although it is possible to treat algal blooms, many of the current methods are not always effective at getting rid of all of the harmful growth. Some of these methods can even lead to additional pollution. So the best strategy for dealing with the effects of nitrogen pollution is prevention, says Patricia Glibert, an ocean scientist at the University of Maryland. Almaraz and her team suggest that controlling nitrogen pollution could be approached more quickly with a change in eating habits that could save billions of dollars in the long term. 1．Which aspect of Americans’ diet does Almaraz’s research focus on ? A．Its amount. B．Its variety. C．Its make-up. D．Its effect. 2．What causes “dead zones” in the water? A．Death of lots of healthy algae. B．No oxygen for many species. C．Microorganisms’ over-consumption of nutrients. D．Poisonous chemicals released by harmful algae. 3．What is the problem with current algal bloom treatment methods? A．They are too costly. B．They are time-consuming. C．They may cause more pollution. D．They may kill all algae. 4．What does the text mainly tell us? A．Prevention is better than cure in treating air pollution. B．Researchers find solutions to the wastewater problem. C．It is high time to treat wild algae growth. D．Eating too much protein harms the planet. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国人吃过多蛋白质会导致氮污染，并且这种污染会促进有害藻类的生长，最终对环境造成负面影响。作者呼吁改变生活习惯来控制氮污染，从而在长期上节省资金。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The nation’s wastewater is loaded with the leftovers (残留物) from protein digestion: nitrogen (氮) compounds that can feed harmful algal blooms (藻华) and pollute the air and drinking water.(这个国家的废水中充满了蛋白质消化的残余物：氮化合物，这些化合物会滋生有害的藻华，污染空气和饮用水)”以及第二段中“Maya Almaraz, a biogeochemist at the University of California, Davis, and her team wanted to see how much of this nitrogen entered into the U. S. wastewater system because of a protein-heavy diet.(加州大学戴维斯分校的生物地球化学家玛雅·阿尔玛拉兹和她的团队想知道，由于蛋白质含量高的饮食，有多少氮进入了美国的废水系统)”可知，加州大学戴维斯分校的生物地球化学家玛雅·阿尔玛拉兹和她的团队研究关注的是美国人饮食由于蛋白质含量高，美国的水道中含有蛋白质消化的残余物：氯化合物，该物质对生物、空气和饮用水等造成了影响。由此可知，阿尔玛拉兹研究关注的是美国人饮食造成的影响。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Microorganisms (微生物) that feed on dead algae use up the oxygen in the water, leading to “dead zones”, where many species simply cannot survive, in rivers, lakes and oceans.(以死藻为食的微生物耗尽了水中的氧气，导致河流、湖泊和海洋中的“死区”，许多物种根本无法在那里生存)”可知，以死藻为食的微生物耗尽了水中的氧气，导致河流、湖泊和海洋中的“死区”。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Some of these methods can even lead to additional pollution.(其中一些方法甚至会导致额外的污染)”可知，当前的一些处理方法容易造成额外污染，即二次污染。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The nation’s wastewater is loaded with the leftovers (残留物) from protein digestion: nitrogen (氮) compounds that can feed harmful algal blooms (藻华) and pollute the air and drinking water.(这个国家的废水中充满了蛋白质消化的残余物：氮化合物，这些化合物会滋生有害的藻华，污染空气和饮用水)”以及通读全文，文章介绍了美国人吃过多蛋白质会导致氮污染，并且这种污染会促进有害藻类的生长，最终对环境造成负面影响。作者呼吁改变生活习惯来控制氮污染，从而在长期上节省资金。由此可知，D选项“Eating too much protein harms the planet.(摄入过多的蛋白质对地球有害)”概括文章主要内容，符合题意。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏苏州·期末） It’s the start of a new era of AI at Google, says CEO Sundar Pichai: the Gemini era. Gemini is Google’s latest large language model, which Pichai first mentioned at the I/O developer conference in June and is now releasing to the public. This significant advance in AI will ultimately impact almost all of Google’s products. Gemini is more than a single AI model. There’s a lighter version called Gemini Nano meant for offline Android devices, a more powerful version called Gemini Pro that will power many Google AI services, and an even more capable model called Gemini Ultra — the most powerful LLM (大语言模型) Google has yet created. It seems to be mostly designed for data centers and enterprise applications. OpenAI launched ChatGPT in 2022. Now Google is ready to fight back. “We’ve done a very thorough analysis of the systems side by side,” says CEO Sundar Pichai. Google ran 32 well- established criteria comparing the two models, from overall tests to the Python code generation. “I think we’re substantially (大量地) ahead on 30 out of 32 of those criteria.” he adds. Gemini’s clearest advantage comes from its ability to understand and interact with video and audio. This was by design: multi- modality has been part of the plan from the beginning. Google built one multi- sensory model from the beginning, unlike OpenAI’s separate models for images and voice. Right now, Gemini’s most basic models are text- based , but more advanced models like Gemini Ultra can work with images, video, and audio. “Over time,” Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis says, “Gemini will gain more senses, become more aware, accurate, and grounded. These models just sort of understand better about the world around them.” These models still have other problems, but Hassabis says they will improve as they learn more. 1．What is Gemini according to the text? A．A new language model in development. B．A light AI model designed for offline use. C．A new language model developed by Google. D．A light AI model created for specific enterprise applications. 2．What does Gemini Nano specialize in? A．Generating Python code. B．Running on offline Android devices. C．Powering Google AI services. D．Training separate models for images and voice. 3．What is a key advantage of Gemini over OpenAI’s ChatGPT? A．The ability to write Pyth on code. B．The ability to work with video and audio. C．The understanding and interaction with textual data. D．The ability to create separate models for images and voice. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Google will bring the most advanced models. B．Gemini models outperform OpenAI’s ChatGPT. C．Google will still work on the perfection of Gemini models. D．Gemini models are launched without even a slight imperfection. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了谷歌最新的大型语言模型Gemini，这是谷歌人工智能新时代的开始。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Gemini is Google’s latest large language model”（Gemini是谷歌最新的大型语言模型）可知，Gemini 是由 Google 开发的新语言模型，故答案是 C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“There’s a lighter version called Gemini Nano meant for offline Android devices,”（有一款名为Gemini Nano的轻量级版本，适用于离线安卓设备）可知，Gemini Nano 专门用于离线安卓设备，故答案是 B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Gemini’s clearest advantage comes from its ability to understand and interact with video and audio”（Gemini最明显的优势来自于他们理解视频和音频的能力。） 表明，Gemini 相比于 ChatGPT 的明显优势在于能够理解和交互视频及音频，故答案是 B。 4．推理判断题。最后一段提到“but Hassabis says they will improve as they learn more”（但哈萨比斯表示，随着他们学到更多，他们会进步的）可知，Google 还将继续完善 Gemini 模型，故答案是 C。 主题03 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏宿迁·期末） The pollutants in our skies aren't just a health risk; they also cause ugly stains on buildings and other structures. To solve this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that can not only clean pollutants on its surface but may also get rid of those from the air. When an artificial UV (紫外线) source shines on the paint, the nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) in the paint react with pollutants to make them break down, theoretically removing them from the nearby air and preventing a discoloring formation, which will definitely make its colour less attractive. In a recent study, researchers developed a new paint that they claim works using UV rays from ordinary sunlight, making its self-cleaning properties easier to activate. The unstable chemicals, produced in chemical reactions, attack pollutants that come in contact with the paint,  changing them into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and water. The research team added other elements to the nanoparticles’  structure, which reduced the amount of energy needed to spark the reaction and let it work via ordinary sunlight. In lab tests, these modified nanoparticles removed up to 96 percent of tested pollutants added to the paint's surface. “It is better to be able to use solar light to activate, as the paint can work by itself,”  says Antonio, a chemist at the Technical University of Madrid. But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds. “Under  laboratory conditions, it is a very small scale,  and everything is very well controlled such as temperature, humidity, or the concentration of pollutants, but you will never get those results at a real scale.” The study authors stress that this work is just an initial step in their research. “ I think it's a very fundamental study,”says Rupprechter. Future research will confirm how effectively pollutants are neutralized (中和) from the air itself.  “We don't claim that we can remove all pollutants from air,” he says,  “but overall, it looks promising.” 1．What is an advantage of the special type of paint? A．Absorbing sunlight. B．Removing pollutants. C．Enhancing ecosystem. D．Decorating buildings. 2．Which word can best explain the underlined word “discoloring”  in paragraph 2? A．Changing. B．Producing. C．Fading. D．Destroying. 3．Which statement will Antonio probably agree with? A．All pollutants on the surface can be removed. B．More energy was used to activate chemical reactions. C．Artificial UV is superior to sunlight in the experiment. D．The new paint's effectiveness may fall short in real world. 4．What is Rupprechter's attitude towards the research? A．Approving. B．Unfavourable. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种特殊的油漆，科学家们正在研究利用太阳光激活这种油漆，以期望在现实世界的环境中实现其净化空气的功能。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中To solve this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that can not only clean pollutants on its surface but may also get rid of those from the air.（为了解决这个问题，化学家们多年来一直在研究一种特殊的油漆，这种油漆不仅可以清洁其表面的污染物，还可以去除空气中的污染物。）可知在这两个功能中，只有去除空气中的污染物是特殊类型的油漆的独特优势，故选B。 2．词义推测题。根据文章第二段中theoretically removing them from the nearby air and preventing a discoloring formation, which will definitely make its colour less attractive.（理论上将它们从附近的空气中移除，并防止形成褪色的现象，这肯定会使其颜色不那么吸引人。）discoloring formation是指导致颜色变得不那么吸引人的现象，这种现象通常与颜色的褪色或变淡有关。在给出的选项中，Changing表示改变，但不一定是指颜色变淡；Producing表示产生，与原文意思不符；Destroying表示破坏，同样与原文意思不符；Fading表示褪色，与原文描述的discoloring formation相符。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段"It is better to be able to use solar light to activate, as the paint can work by itself," says Antonio, a chemist at the Technical University of Madrid. But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds.（马德里技术大学的化学家安东尼奥说：“最好是能够使用太阳光来激活，因为油漆可以自己工作。”但他补充说，现实世界的环境可能会降低其效果。）可知，他认为在现实世界中的实际应用中，新油漆的效果可能会不如预期。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Rupprechter说的话I think it's a very fundamental study. Future research will confirm how effectively pollutants are neutralized from the air itself. We don't claim that we can remove all pollutants from air, but overall, it looks promising.（我认为这是一项非常基础的研究。未来的研究将证实污染物从空气中被中和的有效性。我们并不声称我们能从空气中移除所有污染物，但总的来说，这看起来很有希望。）可以看出，尽管他并没有声称能够完全去除空气中的所有污染物，但他对这项研究的总体看法是“很有希望的”。这些表述显示出他对这项研究持支持的态度。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Areas around the latitude (纬度) of 42 degrees north on earth are mostly known for their cool and pleasant climate. But there is one exception, which is famous for its incredible heat. This is the “Flaming Mountain” in China’s northwestern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Of course, it is not really “burning”. The mountain is barren and red, with a blackish tint (色调). In summer, ground temperatures can be as high as 70-degrees Celsius. People are tricked by their senses into seeing “flames”. The terrain(地形) is the main reason for the heat of the Flaming Mountain. It is located at the low point of the Turpan Basin which is also the lowest point of the Chinese mainland. The height difference between it and the surrounding mountains is more than 5000 meters, so the hot air in the basin cannot easily go away in different directions. As a result, the Flaming Mountain becomes the hottest place on its latitude. If one goes north from the county seat of Turpan, following what is known as the Road of Grapes for some 20 km, one reaches a deep valley at the foot of the Flaming Mountain. There is no grass on the Flaming Mountain, but this canyon nearby is shaded by grapes. The deep valley is only 8 kilometers long from north to south, but its annual output of grapes can reach more than 10 million kg. Almost every family here grows grapes. After harvest, they are sent to shade houses for drying. The shade houses are built on the slopes of barren mountains, high up and with no shelter, so as to make full use of the hot dry winds in the Turpan Basin. There are many holes in the walls of the shade houses which not only help with ventilation (通风), but also help avoid direct sunlight on grapes. It takes just 40 days for the fresh grapes to be dried by the hot air. 1．The underlined word “barren” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _______. A．high and steep B．bare and poor C．grassy and flourishing D．burning and flaming 2．Why is Flaming Mountain the hottest place on its latitude? A．Because it is in flames. B．Because there is no grass on it. C．Because of its special latitude. D．Because of its special terrain. 3．What do we know about the shade houses? A．Almost every family has a shade house. B．They can house more than 10 million kg grapes. C．They are specially built to dry the fresh grapes. D．The holes in their walls allow wind and sunlight in. 4．The passage is most likely taken from _______. A．a science report B．a tourist brochure C．a public advertisement D．a geographical documentary 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国新疆的火焰山的特殊地理环境和气候条件，以及当地的葡萄种植和晒干过程。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词后的“red, with a blackish tint(色调).”（红色的，带有黑色的色调。）可知，这座山是荒芜和贫瘠的，barren在这里应该是指“荒芜的，贫瘠的”，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“The terrain(地形) is the main reason for the heat of the Flaming Mountain. It is located at the low point of the Turpan Basin which is also the lowest point of the Chinese mainland. The height difference between it and the surrounding mountains is more than 5000 meters, so the hot air in the basin cannot easily go away in different directions.”（地形是火焰山炎热的主要原因。它位于吐鲁番盆地的最低点，也是中国大陆的最低点。它与周围山脉的高度差超过5000米，所以盆地中的热空气不能轻易地向不同的方向散去。）可推知，火焰山之所以是其纬度上最热的地方，是因为其特殊的地形，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“It takes just 40 days for the fresh grapes to be dried by the hot air.”（新鲜的葡萄只需要40天就可以被热风晒干。）可知，阴凉房是专门用来晒干新鲜葡萄的。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容以及第一段的“Areas around the latitude（纬度）of 42 degrees north on earth are mostly known for their cool and pleasant climate. But there is one exception, which is famous for its incredible heat. This is the “Flaming Mountain” in China’s northwestern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.”（地球上北纬42度附近的地区以气候凉爽宜人而闻名。但有一个例外，它以其惊人的热量而闻名。这是中国西北部新疆维吾尔自治区的“火焰山”。）可知，文章主要介绍了火焰山的地理环境和气候条件，以及当地的葡萄种植和晒干过程。所以短文来自一部地理纪录片，故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） After nearly a decade of trying, Apple finally gave up its effort to produce an electric car last year, canceling a project that soaked up $10 billion. But last year in China, the electronics maker Xiaomi launched its first electric car after just three years of development and delivered 135,000 vehicles. It has vowed to double that number in 2025. Xiaomi’s ability to succeed where Apple could not shows how thoroughly China has come to dominate the supply chain for electric vehicles. Chinese companies have mastered electric vehicle manufacturing. By tapping that infrastructure, Xiaomi was able to get components quickly and cheaply. And Xiaomi is not the only Chinese consumer electronics company that has branched out to electric vehicles. The telecommunications giant Huawei, which the U. S. government has targeted with sanctions and legal action for years, is making autonomous driving software. Huawei has teamed up with multiple Chinese automakers, including Seres Group and the state-owned firms SAIC Motor, BAIC and Chery. Xiaomi’s first electric car was brought out last March: the SU7,a four-door sedan with artificial intelligence features that can help with parking, play movies for passengers and program Xiaomi home appliances from the road. Mr. Lei said it looks like a Porsche. But at $ 30,000, it’s a quarter of the price. While the SU7 earned Xiaomi just a small fraction of the sales of China’s top electric vehicle makers, it puts Xiaomi among the Chinese companies that are dealing a major blow to foreign automakers’ long command over China’s market for premium cars. In the year since the SU7 went on sale, Porsche deliveries in China were down nearly 30 percent. Chinese electric vehicle companies have benefited from billions of dollars in government support, which has helped them gain control of the supply chain down to the very minerals inside the car batteries. This early edge helped two Chinese companies, BYD and Contemporary Amperex Technology Company. Xiaomi used this supply chain to its advantage. Its cars contain batteries from BYD and CATL. It was able to quickly start production by taking over a factory from Beijing Auto Group. Construction workers in Beijing are working around the clock on a second factory. All this manufacturing capacity helps Chinese electric vehicle firms move from development to production in far less time than traditional automakers in China, enabling them to bring new models to market quickly and focus on making software that they can continually update, said Stephen W. Dyer, head of Asia Automotive at AlixPartners. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By listing examples. B．By stating opinions. C．By making a contrast. D．By giving definitions. 2．Why does the author mention Apple’s failure? A．To show Apple’s poor management. B．To prove electric car production is difficult. C．To highlight China’s EV development. D．To compare it with Huawei’s situation. 3．What does Paragraph 3 focus on? A．SU7’s price advantage. B．SU7’s features and influence. C．Porsche’s decline in China. D．Xiaomi’s EV production plan. 4．How did Xiaomi start its electric car production quickly? A．By developing new technology. B．By building its own factory. C．By getting government support. D．By getting hold of a factory. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对比苹果十年造车失败与小米三年推出电动汽车并实现交付的案例，引出中国在电动汽车供应链的主导地位。文章介绍了小米SU7的功能、价格优势及其对高端汽车市场的冲击，分析了中国电动汽车企业（如比亚迪、宁德时代）凭借政府支持和供应链掌控实现快速发展的原因，并以小米为例说明其如何利用现有供应链（如采用比亚迪和宁德时代电池、接管北京汽车集团工厂）快速启动生产。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“After nearly a decade of trying, Apple finally gave up its effort to produce an electric car last year, canceling a project that soaked up $10 billion. But last year in China, the electronics maker Xiaomi launched its first electric car after just three years of development and delivered 135,000 vehicles. (经过近十年的努力，苹果终于在去年放弃了生产电动汽车的努力，取消了一个耗资100亿美元的项目。但去年在中国，电子产品制造商小米推出了其首款电动汽车，经过短短三年的研发，交付了13.5万辆。)”可知，首段将苹果“十年造车失败”与小米“三年成功推出电动汽车”进行对比，通过对比引出“中国电动汽车供应链主导地位”的主题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Xiaomi’s ability to succeed where Apple could not shows how thoroughly China has come to dominate the supply chain for electric vehicles.(小米能够在苹果无法做到的地方取得成功，表明中国已经彻底主导了电动汽车供应链。)”可知，苹果的失败与小米的成功形成对比，目的是突出“中国在电动汽车供应链的主导地位”，即中国电动汽车产业的发展成就。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Xiaomi’s first electric car was brought out last March: the SU7,a four-door sedan with artificial intelligence features that can help with parking, play movies for passengers and program Xiaomi home appliances from the road. Mr. Lei said it looks like a Porsche. But at $ 30,000, it’s a quarter of the price. While the SU7 earned Xiaomi just a small fraction of the sales of China’s top electric vehicle makers, it puts Xiaomi among the Chinese companies that are dealing a major blow to foreign automakers’ long command over China’s market for premium cars.(小米的第一辆电动汽车于去年3月推出：SU7，这是一款四门轿车，具有人工智能功能，可以帮助停车，为乘客播放电影，并在路上为小米的家用电器编程。雷军说，它看起来像一辆保时捷。但3万美元的价格是价格的四分之一。虽然SU7的销售额仅占中国顶级电动汽车制造商销售额的一小部分，但它使SU7成为对外国汽车制造商在中国高端汽车市场的长期统治地位造成重大打击的中国公司之一。)”可知，第三段先介绍SU7的功能（人工智能辅助泊车、娱乐等），再说明其价格优势，最后指出其对外国高端汽车品牌（如保时捷）的冲击，核心是SU7的“特点与影响”。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“It was able to quickly start production by taking over a factory from Beijing Auto Group.(通过收购北汽集团的一家工厂，该公司得以迅速投产。)”可知，小米通过“接管北京汽车集团的一家工厂”快速启动生产。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·江苏淮安·期末） In a paper in the journal BioScience, researchers put forward an innovative plan: sending a box filled with cryo-preserved (低温保存的) cells from diverse animal species to a shadowed region on the moon. The natural cold there can keep the samples frozen, aiming to create a bio-repository (生物库) for long-term species conservation. The idea of a biodiversity repository has been incubated for decades. Lead author Mary Hagedorn, a senior research scientist, has spent 20 years on coral cryo-preservation. A lunar bio-repository would extend this idea to a wider range of animals, possibly including endangered species and culturally important animals. Cryo-preserved cells must be at minus 196°C． On Earth, maintaining this temperature requires liquid nitrogen, electricity, and human supervision (监督). Any disruption (中断) can endanger the samples. In contrast, the permanently shadowed regions on the moon may offer a stable, cold environment without the need for artificial cooling. The scientists draw inspiration from the Global Seed Vault in Norway. There, more than one million seed samples are preserved underneath the permafrost, which naturally cools them. However, in 2017, it was flooded due to climate-change-related permafrost melting (融化), showing that Earth’s storage sites are weak. Storing cells on the moon, however, also poses challenges. With only a thin atmosphere, the moon is exposed to solar and cosmic radiation that can degrade DNA．Additionally, lunar dust, which sticks to everything, is another potential concern. So far, the researchers have successfully cryo-preserved skin samples of the starry goby, a fish for coral reef health. They hope to attract new partners by publicizing their idea. They’ve applied for a spot on a 2025 NASA flight to test the radiation exposure of cryo-preserved cells. Some experts question the move of the lunar bio-repository, arguing that it’s costly and may shift resources from ongoing conservation efforts. But Hagedorn believes that the current situation on Earth urgently calls for such a biodiversity repository, which is another way to protect Earth’s precious biodiversity. 1．Why do researchers want to create a lunar bio-repository? A．To test cryo-preservation tech. B．To collect diverse animal cells. C．To study the lunar environment. D．To protect Earth’s biodiversity. 2．What does the underlined word “incubated” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Hidden. B．Developed. C．Repeated. D．Challenged. 3．What can we infer from the example of the Global Seed Vault? A．Permafrost is a safe cooling material. B．Norway has advanced storage technology. C．Earth’s storage sites are not always reliable. D．Climate change is the main threat to seed storage. 4．What’s Hagedorn’s attitude towards the lunar bio-repository? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Indifferent. D．Opposed. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员提出在月球建立生物库的创新计划，分析其优势与挑战，并提及一些专家的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The natural cold there can keep the samples frozen, aiming to create a bio-repository (生物库) for long term-species conservation.(那里的自然寒冷可以使样本保持冷冻状态，旨在建立一个用于长期物种保护的生物库)”和最后一段中“But Hagedorn believes that the current situation on Earth urgently calls for such a biodiversity repository, which is another way to protect Earth’s precious biodiversity.(但哈格多恩认为，地球上目前的情况迫切需要这样一个生物多样性库，这是保护地球珍贵生物多样性的另一种方式)”可知，研究人员想创建月球生物库是为了保护地球的生物多样性。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Lead author Mary Hagedorn, a senior research scientist, has spent 20 years on coral cryo-preservation. A lunar bio-repository would extend this idea to a wider range of animals, possibly including endangered species and culturally important animals.(该研究的主要作者、高级研究科学家玛丽·哈格多恩花了20年时间进行珊瑚低温保存研究。月球生物库将把这个想法扩展到更广泛的动物种类，可能包括濒危物种和具有文化重要性的动物)”可知，关于生物多样性资源库的想法已经经过了几十年的发展。所以“The idea of a biodiversity repository has been incubated for decades.(建立生物多样性资源库的想法已经……几十年)”中划线词“incubated”的意思是“逐渐发展”，与B项“Developed”同义。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The scientists draw inspiration from the Global Seed Vault in Norway. There, more than one million seed samples are preserved underneath the permafrost, which naturally cools them. However, in 2017, it was flooded due to climate-change-related permafrost melting (融化), showing that Earth’s storage sites are weak.(科学家们从挪威的全球种子库中获得启示。在那里，超过一百万的种子样本被保存在永久冻土下，自然冷却它们。然而，2017年，由于与气候变化相关的永久冻土融化，它被洪水淹没，这表明地球上的储存地点并不可靠)”可知，从全球种子库的例子可以推断出地球上的储存地点并不总是可靠的。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But Hagedorn believes that the current situation on Earth urgently calls for such a biodiversity repository, which is another way to protect Earth’s precious biodiversity.(但哈格多恩认为，地球上目前的情况迫切需要这样一个生物多样性库，这是保护地球珍贵生物多样性的另一种方式)”可知，Hagedorn认为我们迫切需要一个生物多样性资源库，所以他对月球生物库持支持态度。故选A项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） The idea of space-based solar power (SBSP) — using satellites to collect energy from the sun and “beam” it to collection points on Earth — has been around since at least the late 1960s. Despite its huge potential, the concept has not gained sufficient attention due to cost and technological hurdles. We already harvest energy from the sun. It’s collected directly through what we generally call solar power. This includes different technologies such as photovoltaics (PV, 光伏发电) and solar-thermal energy. The sun’s energy is also gathered indirectly: wind energy is an example of this, because breezes are generated by uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. But these green forms of power generation have limitations. They take up lots of space on land and are limited by the availability of light and wind. For example, solar farms don’t collect energy at night and gather less of it in winter and on cloudy days. PV in orbit won’t be limited by the onset of night. A satellite in geostationary orbit (GEO) — a circular orbit around 36,000 km above the Earth — is exposed to the Sun for more than 99% of the time during a whole year. This allows it to produce green energy 24/7. Transferring energy collected in space to the ground requires wireless power transmission. Using microwaves for this minimizes the energy lost in the atmosphere, even through cloudy skies. The microwave beam sent by the satellite will be focused towards the ground station, where antennas (天线) change the electromagnetic waves (电磁波) back into electricity. The ground station will need to have a diameter (直径) of 5 km, or more at high latitudes. However, this is still smaller than the areas of land needed to produce the same amount of power using solar or wind. An SBSP mission will be challenging — and risks still need to be fully assessed. While the electricity produced is fully green, the impact of the pollution from hundreds of heavy-lift launches is difficult to predict. Additionally, controlling such a large structure in space will require substantial amounts of fuel, which involves engineers working with sometimes very poisonous chemicals. The challenge of building platforms like this in space may seem frightening, but space-based solar power is technologically practicable. To be economically workable, it requires large-scale engineering, and therefore long-term and decisive commitment from governments and space agencies. But with all that in place, SBSP could make a fundamental contribution to delivering net zero by 2050 with sustainable, clean energy from space. 1．What is a common limitation of traditional solar and wind energy? A．They rely on the use of poisonous chemicals. B．They are difficult to transfer over long distances. C．They are affected by the availability of light and wind. D．They require large-scale engineering for construction. 2．Why does the author mention the diameter of the ground station in paragraph 4? A．To emphasize the high cost of building space-based solar power facilities. B．To prove the complexity of changing electromagnetic waves into electricity. C．To illustrate the immaturity of the technology for wireless power transmission. D．To show higher efficiency of space-based solar power than using solar or wind. 3．Which of the following is ONE risk of space-based solar power (SBSP)? A．The large structure in space. B．Challenging mission of SBSP. C．Excessive land use for ground stations. D．Unpredictable pollution from launches. 4．According to the passage, the future development of SBSP mainly depends on ________. A．the governments’ and space agencies’ long-term and firm support B．the reduction of the poisonous chemicals used in space engineering C．the steady improvement of wireless power transmission technology D．the assessment of the impact of heavy-lift launches on the environment 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了基于太空的太阳能发电（SBSP）的原理、优势、挑战及发展前景。 1．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“But these green forms of power generation have limitations. They take up lots of space on land and are limited by the availability of light and wind. (但这些绿色发电形式有其局限性。它们占用大量陆地空间，并受到光照和风力的限制。)”可知，传统太阳能和风能的共同局限性是它们受到光照和风力可用性的影响。故选C。 2．推理判断题。 根据第四段中“However, this is still smaller than the areas of land needed to produce the same amount of power using solar or wind. (然而，这仍然比使用太阳能或风能产生相同电量所需的土地面积要小。)”可知，作者提到地面站的直径是为了表明基于太空的太阳能比使用太阳能或风能效率更高。故选D。 3．细节理解题。 根据第五段中“While the electricity produced is fully green, the impact of the pollution from hundreds of heavy-lift launches is difficult to predict. (虽然产生的电力是完全绿色的，但数百次重型发射造成的污染影响难以预测。)”可知，基于太空的太阳能（SBSP）的一个风险是发射带来的不可预测的污染。故选D。 4．细节理解题。 根据最后一段中“To be economically workable, it requires large-scale engineering, and therefore long-term and decisive commitment from governments and space agencies. (为了在经济上可行，它需要大规模的工程，因此需要政府和航天机构的长期和坚定承诺。)”可知，根据文章，SBSP的未来发展主要取决于政府和航天机构的长期和坚定支持。故选A。 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏南通·期末） Positive emotions such as joy and happiness are important for mental health and well-being, and many people think that they want to avoid experiencing negative emotions such as anger as much as possible. However, functionalism suggests that all emotions, good or bad, are reactions to events within a person’s environment and serve the purpose of alerting (使警觉) that person to important situations that require actions. Each emotion may call for a different response. To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, researchers conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants. The experiments were designed to make people feel a certain emotion by looking at pictures, then giving them a task or challenge to do. Across all the experiments, researchers found anger improved the participants’ ability to reach challenging goals compared to a neutral emotional condition. In certain experiments, amusement or desire were also associated with increased goal attainment, but anger was associated with increased success across the board. The research team believe that when people were angry they spent more time working on challenging goals than those who did not and they were more likely to succeed. But in all the other emotional states, when they persisted (坚持), they were more likely to fail. So it seems to suggest that people were persistent more effectively when they were angry. NYU psychologist Dr. Diaz, however, challenged the study finding. “Anger can be a motivator. But if a person stays angry for extended periods of time, that is not helpful or healthy at all,” Diaz says. “We often say anger turned inward is depression, and we definitely see this when people struggle to manage their anger over long periods of time. So, anger can be positive for short waves of motivation, but long periods of it can really turn a person unhealthy.” 1．What does functionalism suggest about human emotions? A．They are interchangeable. B．They reflect people’s situations. C．They facilitate adaptive responses. D．They contribute to people’s well-being. 2．What did the researchers want to look at? A．Anger’s motivational effects. B．Anger’s perceptual impact. C．Anger expression mechanism. D．Emotion regulation strategies. 3．What is presented in paragraph 5? A．The power of being persistent. B．The key to achieving challenging goals. C．An interpretation of the research results. D．Supporting evidence for the research results. 4．What does Dr. Diaz think of the research results? A．They are highly convincing. B．They are hard to understand. C．They lack an underlying logic. D．They have limited implications. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是愤怒这一负面情绪在实现目标过程中的作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, functionalism suggests that all emotions, good or bad, are reactions to events within a person’s environment and serve the purpose of alerting (使警觉) that person to important situations that require actions. Each emotion may call for a different response.(然而，功能主义认为，所有的情绪，无论是好是坏，都是对一个人所处环境中的事件的反应，其目的是提醒这个人注意需要采取行动的重要情况。每种情绪可能需要不同的反应)”可知，功能主义暗示了人类情感促进适应性反应。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, researchers conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants.(为了更好地理解愤怒在实现目标中的作用，研究人员进行了一系列涉及1000多名参与者的实验)”可知，研究人员想研究愤怒的激励作用。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The research team believe that when people were angry they spent more time working on challenging goals than those who did not and they were more likely to succeed. But in all the other emotional states, when they persisted (坚持), they were more likely to fail. So it seems to suggest that people were persistent more effectively when they were angry.(研究团队认为，当人们处于愤怒状态时，相比那些没有愤怒情绪的人，他们会花更多时间致力于挑战性目标，而且更有可能取得成功。然而，在所有其他情绪状态下，当人们坚持下去时，却更有可能失败。因此，这似乎表明人们在愤怒时能更有效地保持坚持)”可知，第5段提出了对研究结果的解释。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But if a person stays angry for extended periods of time, that is not helpful or healthy at all(但是，如果一个人长时间保持愤怒，那是没有帮助的，也根本不健康)”和“So, anger can be positive for short waves of motivation, but long periods of it can really turn a person unhealthy.(所以，愤怒对短期的激励可能是积极的，但长时间的愤怒真的会让一个人变得不健康)”可推知，Dr. Diaz认为研究结果的影响有限。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Owning a lovable, cuddly pet can unquestionably make one’s home life better and apparently, it can affect pet owners’ professional lives as well. In fact, according to a new survey, people who have owned pets may be more professionally successful, and this is definitely good news for ambitious pet parents. The survey was conducted by Kelton Global Research for Banfield Pet Hospital, according to Fast Company. The researchers surveyed 857 adults in the United States with a variety of careers, as explained in the survey summary on Banfield’s website. Among the C-suite executives (CEOs, etc.) surveyed, 93 percent grew with a pet in their home, with 78 percent claiming that growing up with a pet helped cause their career success as an adult. Interestingly, 83 percent of C-suite executives who participated said they grew up with a dog, 59 percent of them said they grew up with a cat, and 37 percent of them said they grew up with another kind of pet. So, how exactly does pet ownership cause career success? Well, according to Banfield’s research, executives reported that their pet helped teach them lessons like responsibility, creativity, empathy, discipline, and organization, which have all been invaluable in the business world. At Banfield Pet Hospital, we’ve long recognized the special bond between people and their pets, as well as the positive impact pets have on our society, Brian Garish, president of Banfield Pet Hospital, said in a statement on Banfield’s website. From the pet ownership lessons we learned as children, to the ways our four-legged friends currently help us evolve, connect with others, and stay grounded, our latest research supports the notion we’ve had all along that there may be a link between pets and their ability to help shape us as people. But what about people who grew up pet-less, but have adopted pets as adults? Luckily for those, the survey showed that current pet ownership can also help with professional success. According to the research, 86 percent of current pet parents surveyed said owning pets helps them stick to a routine, better manage their time, and more efficiently multitask. But even if you don’t think your pet has directly helped you, your coworkers’ knowledge that you have a pet may actually be beneficial for your career. In fact, 80 percent of people surveyed said they feel more connected to colleagues who are pet owners, and 79 percent of those surveyed believe that fellow co-workers who have pets are hard workers. 1．How is the passage mainly developed? A．By making comparison. B．By explaining statistical data. C．By stating arguments. D．By giving explanations. 2．The figures in Paragraph 3 show that ________. A．pets become commercialized among C-suite executives B．more and more CEOs become aware of pets’ effects C．owning pets can make for professional success D．there is a rising demand for pets 3．What can we know about the people who are surveyed? A．They can be healthier by keeping a pet. B．Keeping pets provides the most valuable lessons for them. C．They can hardly get fun from keeping pets. D．Those who own a pet tend to get along well with colleagues. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward keeping a pet? A．Concerned. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Uncaring. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过一项由Kelton Global Research为Banfield宠物医院开展的调查，探讨养宠物与职业成功之间的关联。调查显示，93%的高管在成长过程中养过宠物，78%认为养宠物助力职业成功，其原因包括宠物培养责任感、创造力等能力，且养宠物的人更易与同事建立联系。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Among the C-suite executives (CEOs, etc.) surveyed, 93 percent grew with a pet in their home, with 78 percent claiming that growing up with a pet helped cause their career success as an adult.(在接受调查的高管（CEO等）中，93%的人在成长过程中家里有宠物，78%的人声称与宠物一起长大有助于他们成年后的事业成功)”、第四段“Interestingly, 83 percent of C-suite executives who participated said they grew up with a dog, 59 percent of them said they grew up with a cat, and 37 percent of them said they grew up with another kind of pet.(有趣的是，参与调查的高管中，83%的人说他们和狗一起长大，59%的人说他们和猫一起长大，37%的人说他们和另一种宠物一起长大)”、第九段“According to the research, 86 percent of current pet parents surveyed said owning pets helps them stick to a routine, better manage their time, and more efficiently multitask. (根据这项研究，86%的受访宠物的主人表示，养宠物有助于他们坚持日常生活，更好地管理时间，更有效地处理多项任务)”和第十段“In fact, 80 percent of people surveyed said they feel more connected to colleagues who are pet owners, and 79 percent of those surveyed believe that fellow co-workers who have pets are hard workers.(事实上，80%的受访者表示，他们觉得与养宠物的同事更亲近，79%的受访者认为养宠物的同事工作更努力)”可知，文章通过列举具体统计数据（百分比、调查结果）支撑养宠物助力职业成功的观点，属于解释统计数据的展开方式。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Among the C-suite executives (CEOs, etc.) surveyed, 93 percent grew with a pet in their home, with 78 percent claiming that growing up with a pet helped cause their career success as an adult.(在接受调查的高管（CEO等）中，93%的人在成长过程中家里有宠物，78%的人声称与宠物一起长大有助于他们成年后的事业成功)”可知，数据明确指出93%的高管养宠物长大，78%认为宠物助力职业成功，由此可知，数据为了证明养宠物有助于职业成功。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第十段“In fact, 80 percent of people surveyed said they feel more connected to colleagues who are pet owners, and 79 percent of those surveyed believe that fellow co-workers who have pets are hard workers.(事实上，80%的受访者表示，他们觉得与养宠物的同事更亲近，79%的受访者认为养宠物的同事工作更努力)”可知，80%的受访者认为与养宠物的同事关系更密切，即养宠物的人往往与同事相处融洽。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“Well, according to Banfields research, executives reported that their pet helped teach them lessons like responsibility, creativity, empathy, discipline, and organization, which have all been invaluable in the business world. (根据班菲尔德的研究，高管们报告说，他们的宠物教会了他们责任感、创造力、同理心、纪律性和组织能力，这些在商业世界中都是无价的)”、第八段“Luckily for those, the survey showed that current pet ownership can also help with professional success.(幸运的是，调查显示，目前养宠物也有助于职业成功)”及全文可知，文章客观引用调查数据，未表达个人观点（如支持或反对），态度为客观的。故选B。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·江苏南通·期末） The fact that humans who are not related by blood help each other repeatedly over time is demonstrably true — think of the ongoing mutual (相互的) support that sustains your longest-running friendships. But the idea that such interactions occur in the animal kingdom has been difficult to prove. A new study of African starlings (欧掠鸟) led by biologist Rubenstein and his colleagues draws on data gathered over 20 years and proves exactly that: The starlings demonstrate “reciprocity”, helping each other with the expectation that the favor will eventually be returned. Rubenstein said such behaviour was probably necessary for starlings as they live in a harsh environment where drought is common and food is limited. “Two birds probably can’t feed their young on their own, so they need these helpers to help them,” he said, adding that as each breeding (繁殖) pair produces their young, birds must be employed from outside the family group to help the young survive. Writing in the journal Nature, Rubenstein and colleagues report how they studied superb starlings at 410 nests in Kenya covering nine social groups, recording data over a 20-year period from 2002 that covered more than 40 breeding seasons. The team also collected DNA from 1,175 birds to explore their relationships to each other. The results reveal that rather than helping birds at random, starlings preferentially helped breeding birds that were related to them, particularly if they were born in the same nest. However, they also helped unrelated breeding birds, even when there were opportunities to help relatives. The team found helpers tended to aid specific breeding birds. Crucially, these pairs of breeders and helpers often switched roles from one breeding season to the next-particularly if they were immigrants (移民) to the group. “You can think of them as friendships, in the sense that they’re not relatives.” said Rubenstein. However, Rubenstein said questions remained. “Why don’t they just get the help and then not reciprocate the help in the future?” he said, adding the team was collecting further data to explore the mystery. 1．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A favor will eventually be wasted. B．Non-relative animals help each other. C．Mutual support contributes to friendship. D．Blood relation lasts longer than friendship 2．What did Rubenstein explain in paragraph 3? A．Tips on increasing nest survival rates B．The impact of climate change on birds. C．Leading causes of bird population decline. D．Reasons for non-relative helping among birds. 3．What can be learnt from the research findings about reciprocal helping? A．It was recorded at random. B．It was chosen on purpose. C．It was done with reservation. D．It was limited to family groups. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Expectations for future studies. B．Applications of the research findings. C．A summary of the evidence on problems. D．A reasonable doubt about the research findings 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家通过研究非洲欧掠鸟证明非血缘关系的动物之间也存在互助行为。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“But the idea that such interactions occur in the animal kingdom has been difficult to prove. (但这种互动在动物界中发生的观点一直难以证实。)”以及第二段“A new study of African starlings (欧掠鸟) led by biologist Rubenstein and his colleagues draws on data gathered over 20 years and proves exactly that: The starlings demonstrate “reciprocity”, helping each other with the expectation that the favor will eventually be returned. (生物学家Rubenstein及其同事开展了一项针对非洲欧掠鸟的新研究，该研究基于20多年来收集的数据，恰恰证明了这一点：欧掠鸟展现出“互惠性”，它们会互相帮助，并期望对方最终会回馈这份恩情。)”可知，that指代的是“非血缘关系的动物之间存在互助行为”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Rubenstein said such behaviour was probably necessary for starlings as they live in a harsh environment where drought is common and food is limited. “Two birds probably can’t feed their young on their own, so they need these helpers to help them,” he said, adding that as each breeding (繁殖) pair produces their young, birds must be employed from outside the family group to help the young survive. (Rubenstein说，这种行为对欧掠鸟来说可能是必要的，因为它们生活在干旱常见、食物有限的恶劣环境中。他说：“两只鸟可能无法独自养活幼鸟，所以它们需要这些帮手来帮忙。”他还补充说，每对繁殖期的欧掠鸟产下幼鸟后，都必须从家族群体之外招募鸟儿来帮助幼鸟存活。)”可知，Rubenstein在第三段解释了鸟类之间非血缘关系互助的原因。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The results reveal that rather than helping birds at random, starlings preferentially helped breeding birds that were related to them, particularly if they were born in the same nest. (结果表明，欧掠鸟并不是随机帮助其他鸟类，而是优先帮助与它们有亲缘关系的繁殖鸟类，特别是如果它们出生在同一个巢穴里的话。)”可知，互助行为是有选择性的，并非随机。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“However, Rubenstein said questions remained. “Why don’t they just get the help and then not reciprocate the help in the future?” he said, adding the team was collecting further data to explore the mystery. (然而，Rubenstein表示，仍有一些问题有待解答。他说：“为什么它们在得到帮助后，未来却不回馈这份帮助呢？”他还补充说，研究团队正在收集更多数据，以解开这一谜团。)”可知，最后一段主要关注对未来研究的期望。故选 A。 主题02 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·江苏徐州·期末） How should water flow through fields? What directions and widths are appropriate for ridge (田埂) planting? Where should more fertilizer be applied, and where should less be applied? These once-general farming questions have now become precise, science-guided considerations in China's efforts to protect its valuable farmland. The black soil in the northeastern provinces is often called the “giant panda of cultivated land” due to its scarcity (稀缺) and fertility. Over the years, it has suffered varying degrees of degradation, mainly due to over-exploitation (过度开发) and climate change. Scientists are now developing tailored cultivation techniques and conservation measures to safeguard food security and ecological balance there. To address this, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in collaboration with other relevant authorities, launched the “Black Soil Granary” program in 2021. The initiative aims to provide scientific and technological support to control soil degradation and promote modern agricultural practices. So far, scientists have created a comprehensive solution that enables a systematic understanding of the black soil. This includes detailed diagnostics, customized recommendations, and technical treatments. Integrating remote sensing, satellite positioning, and artificial intelligence, researchers have even developed an advanced mobile app that connects with smart agricultural machinery. This app provides farmers with real-time information on soil composition, weather conditions, crop growth, natural disasters, and yield forecasts. It also offers precise farming guidance, including how to fertilize, irrigate, sow seeds, and spray pesticides. The app can generate detailed fertilization maps and transmit them directly to intelligent machines, which then adjust fertilizer quantities on the go, enhancing efficiency while reducing environmental impact. The results have been significant. Fertilizer use has dropped by 5 to 15 percent, while yields have risen by 5.48 to 14.2 percent. On nine pilot farms, grain production has increased by 5 to 22 percent, and soil erosion has been reduced by 70 percent. 1．Why is the black soil called the “giant panda of cultivated land”? A．Because it is vital and dear. B．Because it is rare and fertile. C．Because it is rich and abundant. D．Because it is fragile and endangered. 2．What does the underlined word “degradation” probably mean? A．Lessening. B．Worsening. C．Desertification. D．Pollution. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by listing the figures in the last paragraph? A．Effective guidance. B．Successful preservation. C．Impressive improvements. D．Remarkable policies. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Sci-tech methods tailored for black soil B．Natural forces causing black soil decline C．Smart farming apps designed for black soil D．Protection measures boosting black soil yield 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述科学家及有关部门启动“黑土粮仓”计划，用科技保护东北的黑土地。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The black soil in the northeastern provinces is often called the ‘giant panda of cultivated land’ due to its scarcity (稀缺) and fertility.(东北省份的黑土因其稀缺性和肥力，常被称为‘耕地中的大熊猫’)”可知，东北省份的黑土因其稀缺性和肥力而被称为“耕地中的大熊猫”，故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后“mainly due to over-exploitation (过度开发) and climate change(主要是由于过度开发和气候变化)”可知，土地因过度开发和气候变化应是会遭到破坏，degradation意为“毁坏，恶化”，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The results have been significant. Fertilizer use has dropped by 5 to 15 percent, while yields have risen by 5.48 to 14.2 percent. On nine pilot farms, grain production has increased by 5 to 22 percent, and soil erosion has been reduced by 70 percent.(结果是显著的。化肥使用量下降了5%至15%，而产量却上升了5.48%至14.2%。在9个试点农场，粮食产量增加了5%至22%，土壤侵蚀减少了70%)”可知，第一句提到结果是显著的，接着下文通过列举数据说明显著的效果，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“Scientists are now developing tailored cultivation techniques and conservation measures to safeguard food security and ecological balance there.(科学家们现在正在开发量身定制的种植技术和保护措施，以保障那里的粮食安全和生态平衡)”可知，文章主要讲述科学家及有关部门启动“黑土粮仓”计划，用科技保护东北的黑土地，A项“为黑土量身定制的科技方法”最适合作为标题，故选A。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末） There’s a continuing controversy (争议) over whether electric vehicles should produce sounds to let the blind and other pedestrians know they’re on the scene. Some think those sounds should be standardized — like the “beep, beep, beep” of heavy machinery backing up, so you’ll think “something heavy is coming this way” when you hear it — and some think any sound will do. This is a serious subject. Plug-in hybrid cars (电混动力车) and battery electric vehicles are super-quiet, and a study at the University of California, Riverside concludes that people listening to recordings on headphones can hear a regular gas car coming from 28 feet away, but a hybrid in battery mode only when it’s 7 feet away. In response, the European Union has put new rules into play: all new electric vehicle models must have a sound-producing device, which sounds like a traditional engine. Starting in 2021, all new electric vehicles of any model will need the Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System or AVAS. That sound will come into play when the car is traveling backwards or when it’s traveling at less than 12 miles an hour — speeds at which cars are more likely to be mixing with pedestrians (行人). That’s a nice start, say representatives for the blind, but more is needed. “We’re calling on the government to take this announcement further by requiring AVAS on all existing electric and hybrid vehicles and ensuring drivers have them switched on,” John Welsman, guide dog owner and Guide Dogs staff member, said in a statement. Drivers in most cases have the ability to shut off the device when needed. My guess is that they will eventually be standardized so your mind will automatically register “electric car” when you hear it. And that’s probably a good thing to reduce the mayhem (混乱) on the roads. 1．How does the author show “electric cars are quiet” in Paragraph 2? A．By presenting a concept. B．By making a comparison. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By making general rules. 2．What can be learned about the AVAS? A．It was developed by the European Union. B．It was designed for inexperienced drivers. C．It consists of a sound-producing device and an engine. D．It warns pedestrians of the coming of an electric car. 3．What does John Welsman think of the new rules? A．They are too strict for drivers. B．They are too complex to follow. C．They need further improvement. D．They hardly allow for any flexibility. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Benefits of Electric cars. B．Types of electric cars. C．Problems with the electric cars. D．Applications of electric cars. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了安静的电混动力车和纯电动汽车对行人可能会造成的危险问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Plug-in hybrid cars (电混动力车) and battery electric vehicles are super-quiet, and a study at the University of California, Riverside concludes that people listening to recordings on headphones can hear a regular gas car coming from 28 feet away, but a hybrid in battery mode only when it’s 7 feet away. (电混动力车和纯电动汽车都非常安静，加州大学河滨分校的一项研究得出结论，人们戴着耳机听录音时可以听到28英尺开外的普通汽油汽车，但电混动力车只有在7英尺开外时才能听到)”可知，通过对比人们戴着耳机听录音时可以听到的汽油车和电混动力车的距离来表明电车是更安静的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“That sound will come into play when the car is traveling backwards or when it’s traveling at less than 12 miles an hour — speeds at which cars are more likely to be mixing with pedestrians. (当汽车倒车或以低于每小时12英里的速度行驶时，这种声音就会响起——在这种速度下，汽车更有可能与行人相撞)”可知，当汽车倒车或以低于每小时12英里的速度行驶时，这种声音就会响起以警告行人电车的到来。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句““We’re calling on the government to take this announcement further by requiring AVAS on all existing electric and hybrid vehicles and ensuring drivers have them switched on,” John Welsman, guide dog owner and Guide Dogs staff member, said in a statement. (导盲犬主人、导盲犬工作人员John Welsman在一份声明中说：“我们呼吁政府进一步执行这一声明，要求所有现有的电动和混合动力汽车都配备AVAS，并确保司机打开AVAS。” )”可知，John Welsman呼吁政府进一步执行这一声明，不仅要求电动汽车都配备AVAS，还确保司机打开AVAS。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段首句“There’s a continuing controversy over whether electric vehicles should produce sounds to let the blind and other pedestrians know they’re on the scene. (关于电动汽车是否应该发出声音让盲人和其他行人知道他们在现场，一直存在争议)”可知，本文主要介绍了电车的问题。C选项“电动汽车存在的问题”最符合文章标题。故选C。 主题03 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏扬州·期末） Many have thought about how AI could change the world, not least schools. Plenty fear the worst. The collegIn an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. This philosophy, which emphasizes purpose over speed and quality over quantity, is gaining popularity as young people rebel (反叛) against the burnout culture that affected millennials (born between 1981-1996). Recent data from the Pew Research Center reveals that 58% of Gen Z surveyed actively limit their social media usage, while 43% have deleted at least one app to reduce digital stress. The shift goes beyond digital habits. A 2024 report by McKinsey Company highlights that 72% of Gen Z consumers prefer sustainable brands, even at higher price points, reflecting a rejection of fast fashion and unplanned consumption. Secondhand store shopping has increased by 35% among them since 2022, according to research firm GlobalData. Psychologists owe this to “climate anxiety” and a desire for being real. “Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism (行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA．“They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” However, critics argue that the movement’s ideals are easier to adopt for those in good financial situation. A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40%less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. “Simplifying your life is a privilege when you’re working three odd jobs (零工),” comments sociologist Dr. Carlos Mendez. This difference has caused debates about whether slow living unintentionally excludes (排除在外) disadvantaged groups. The trend is reshaping industries. Tech companies now market “focus mode” apps that block distractions, while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. Even workplaces are adapting, with 20%of U.S. firms trialing four-day workweeks in 2024, according to Harvard Business Review. Yet questions remain: Is this a lasting cultural shift or a temporary rebellion? As Dr. Lee observes, “Gen Z isn’t rejecting progress; they’re redefining what ‘better’ means.” 1．How does Dr. Hannah Lee see Gen Z’s choice of slow living? A．They blindly follow influential trends. B．They say no to modern digital technology. C．They care more about cost than the environment. D．They view it as a way to express personal values. 2．What can be inferred about the movement from paragraph 3? A．It contributes to a waste of resources. B．Not all income groups can be involved. C．Gen Z’s environmental concerns are ignored. D．It appeals for universal adoption of the trend. 3．The underlined phrase “quiet luxury” in paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．advanced digital devices B．simple, well-made products C．affordable fast-fashion items D．expensive, eye-catching designs 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Gen Z Show Preference for an Easier Life. B．The Upcoming End of Digital Technology. C．How Secondhand Shopping Became Popular. D．The Rise of Slow Living among Young People. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍Z世代在快节奏数字世界中掀起慢生活运动的现象、表现及影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的““Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism (行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA. “They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” (加州大学洛杉矶分校的行为科学家汉娜·李博士解释说：“Z世代将慢生活视为自我关怀和行动主义。他们正在塑造与自己价值观一致的生活方式，而不仅仅是追随潮流。”)”可知，汉娜·李博士认为Z世代将慢生活视为表达个人价值观的方式。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40% less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. (《社会经济学杂志》的一项研究指出，低收入的Z世代个体参与慢生活实践（如吃有机食品或只保留真正需要的东西）的可能性要低40%，主要是因为他们可支配的钱更少。)”可知，并非所有收入群体都能参与慢生活运动。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. (而时尚品牌则推广“quiet luxury”——外观朴素但设计优质的产品。)”可知，时尚品牌推广外观朴素但设计优质的产品，由此可知，“quiet luxury”指的是简单、制作精良的产品。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“In an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. (在智能手机不断更新、社交媒体引发无尽比较的时代，Z世代（1997-2012年出生）正在引领一场与快节奏数字世界潮流相反的文化运动：慢生活。)”可知，本文主要讲的是年轻人中慢生活的兴起，所以标题“年轻人中慢生活的兴起”适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏连云港·期末） In today’s world, bad news seems endless — wars, economic crises, and climate disasters fill headlines. Yet, many of us can’t stop checking our phones for updates, even late into the night. This habit, known as “doom-scrolling”, traps people in a cycle of consuming negative content. Humans naturally focus on threats — a survival need from ancient times. Early humans who noticed dangers like predators (掠食者) had better chances to survive. Modern media uses this natural ability, prioritizing shocking headlines with the rule “if it bleeds, it leads.” Social media now acts like a digital “lion in the grass”, feeding our brains endless alerts about global crises. Christopher Ferguson, a psychology professor at Stetson University, explains, “People who struggle with uncertainty are especially open to doom-scrolling.” This habit resembles contemplation (沉思) — repeating dark thoughts without solving problems. Research suggests heavy social media use may worsen mental health, linking it to depression and anxiety. Even if the cause-effect relationship is unclear, losing sleep over endless scrolling certainly harms mood. Physical effects are also emerging. Dan Nicolau, an immunobiologist at King’s College London, found that frequent social media users may have higher levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation (炎症). This could result from the body preparing for imagined threats, leading to long-term inflammation linked to diseases. To escape this cycle, start by distancing yourself from your phone. Delete app shortcuts or use tools to limit screen time. Ferguson advises, “Social media should mostly be fun. Ask yourself: Are you enjoying this?” If not, create a plan. For example, use a catchphrase like “Stop scrolling” to interrupt the habit. Finally, avoid panicking about your tech use — small, mindful steps can rebuild a healthier relationship with your devices. By understanding why doom-scrolling happens and taking practical actions, we can reclaim our time and mental well-being. His final tips? Don’t doom-scroll about doom-scrolling. “It’s healthy to reflect on our relationship with technology. Just try not to panic while doing it,” Perguson said. 1．Why do people tend to focus on threats naturally? A．People enjoy consuming negative content. B．It is a survival need inherited from ancestors. C．Modern media prioritizes shocking headlines. D．Social media keeps informing us of global crises. 2．How does the author organize the information in Paragraph 3? A．By proving clear causes of health problems. B．By listing experts’ opinions from both sides. C．By showing study findings with explanations. D．By warning about risks and advising solutions. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Various doom-scrolling habits. B．Media’s role in doom-scrolling. C．The lasting effects of doom-scrolling. D．Strategies to overcome doom-scrolling. 4．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? A．Stop researching doom-scrolling. B．Avoid discussing doom-scrolling. C．Don’t over-worry about doom-scrolling. D．Don’t learn about doom-scrolling online. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“末日刷屏”这一现象，包括其产生的原因、对人们身心健康的影响以及克服这一习惯的策略。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Humans naturally focus on threats — a survival need from ancient times. Early humans who noticed dangers like predators (掠食者) had better chances to survive. (人类天生就关注威胁 —— 这是从古代遗传下来的生存需求。早期注意到掠食者等危险的人类有更好的生存机会。)”可知，人们倾向于关注威胁是因为这是从祖先那里遗传下来的生存需求。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Research suggests heavy social media use may worsen mental health, linking it to depression and anxiety. (研究表明，过度使用社交媒体可能会恶化心理健康，将其与抑郁和焦虑联系起来。)”以及“Dan Nicolau, an immunobiologist at King’s College London, found that frequent social media users may have higher levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation (炎症). This could result from the body preparing for imagined threats, leading to long-term inflammation linked to diseases. (伦敦国王学院的免疫生物学家丹·尼科劳发现，频繁使用社交媒体的人体内C反应蛋白水平可能更高，这是一种炎症标志物。这可能是由于身体为想象中的威胁做准备，导致与疾病相关的长期炎症。)”可知，作者在第三段中通过展示研究结果并给出解释来组织信息。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“To escape this cycle, start by distancing yourself from your phone. (为了摆脱这个循环，首先要远离你的手机。)”以及“Finally, avoid panicking about your tech use — small, mindful steps can rebuild a healthier relationship with your devices. (最后，不要对你的科技使用感到恐慌 —— 小而谨慎的步骤可以重建你与设备之间更健康的关系。)”可知，第四段主要讨论了克服“末日刷屏”的策略。故选D项。 4．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中划线句后Perguson所说的“It’s healthy to reflect on our relationship with technology. Just try not to panic while doing it (反思我们与技术的关系是健康的。只是尽量不要在这样做的时候感到恐慌)”可知，Perguson建议不要过度恐慌于“末日刷屏”这一行为，即不要过度担心“末日刷屏”。所以划线句子的意思是“不要过度担心‘末日刷屏’”。故选C项。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare. But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel. But 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation. Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skill. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes. Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability. Neuroscience reveals that neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to form new connections — is enhanced through challenging experiences. This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience (抗逆力), a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn’t mean we should reject comfort entirely; it’s to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn’t easy, but sometimes, it’s worth it. 1．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 2．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The fast but worthless relief. B．The loss of thinking capacity. C．The meaningful engagement. D．The lack of necessary comfort. 3．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Exploring a new city by using GPS. D．Writing an email using voice-to-text. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Smartphones: barriers to human B．GPS: the invisible cost of convenience C．Stress: the main cause of brain damage D．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了数字便利带来的舒适可能削弱我们的能力，而适度的挑战和不适能增强我们的抗逆力。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare. But it should not be exactly far-fetched. (想象一下，某天早晨醒来，你发现智能手机不见了。你再也无法靠它导航去上班、点咖啡，也无法与朋友们联系。对我们大多数人来说，这简直是一场噩梦。但这并非far-fetched。)”和第三段中“However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. (然而，减少对这些便利的依赖可能会带来不适。在追求当下的舒适时，我们可能正在放弃一些不适。)”可知，手机丢失导致无法进行日常活动，对大多数人来说是个噩梦，但是这种不适并不是不可接受的。从而推知，划线词表示“这并不应该是无法被接受的”。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. (虽然这些便利提供了短期的缓解，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力。)”以及“Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skill. (随着时间的推移，那些更依赖GPS的人在空间记忆和解决问题的能力上出现了急剧下降。)”可知，数字便利可能会导致思维能力的丧失。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. (把它想象成“微量服用困难”——一系列小的、可管理的困难，让我们的精神和情感肌肉保持强壮，比如用钢笔写字，或者用手洗碗。)”可知，“微量服用困难”指的是一系列小的、可管理的困难，这些困难能让我们的精神和情感肌肉保持强壮。A选项“Taking the stairs instead of the lift. (走楼梯而不是乘电梯。)”符合“微量服用困难”的定义，因为它是一个小的、可管理的困难，能够锻炼我们的身体和精神。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段中“That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. (这就是问题所在：我们避免的不适往往正是让我们变得更强大的东西。)”、“This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience (抗逆力), a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. (这种适应性对于培养抗逆力至关重要，这一过程由心理挑战和积极努力共同推动。)”和最后一段中“These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease. (这些小小的行为足以唤醒我们埋在层层安逸下的抗逆力。)”可知，文章主要讨论了数字便利带来的舒适可能削弱我们的能力，而适度的挑战和不适能增强我们的抗逆力。因此，D选项“Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience (不适：抗逆力的隐藏来源)”最符合文章主旨。故选D。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 答案版 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1：1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B Passage 2：1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B Passage 3：1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D Passage 2：1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 主题03 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A Passage 2：1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D Passage 3：1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D Passage 4：1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 5：1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1：1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D Passage 2：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B Passage 3：1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 主题02 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1：1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A Passage 2：1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 主题03 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D Passage 2：1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C Passage 3：1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） A recent study published in the British Journal of Social Psychology suggests that people seen as kind and helpful are also perceived (感知) as more physically attractive. This effect highlights how kind actions may shape perceptions of physical beauty. In her new research, Natalia Kononov, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, concentrated on prosocial behavior — acts of kindness, cooperation, and helpfulness — and sought to understand whether this quality has a unique effect on perceptions of physical beauty. The research involved ten studies with over 4,000 participants. The team designed various contexts, where participants were asked to observe real-life prosocial acts, read descriptions of kind actions, or imagine helpful behavior. Participants were shown images of people alongside descriptions of either prosocial or neutral behaviors, and then rated their physical attractiveness on a standardized scale. Some studies removed images to test if the effects behavior extend beyond appearance. The researchers discovered a consistent link between prosocial actions and higher ratings of physical attractiveness. Participants described as performing prosocial acts were rated more attractive than those without. “An interesting aspect of our findings is that kindness and generosity made both men and women appear more attractive. This gender-universal appeal highlights just how broadly kindness can shape perceptions of beauty,” Kononov said. The effect appeared strongest when kindness was part of the person’s usual behavior, rather than a one-off act. Plus, prosocial influence on attractiveness ratings was stronger than that of other positive traits (品质), like humor or intelligence. This suggests that kindness and helpfulness play a unique role in shaping physical perceptions beyond a general “halo effect”, where positive qualities broadly enhance other evaluations. Despite these findings, some limitations exist. “One limitation is that our study centered largely on participants’ initial perceptions rather than on how these impressions may evolve over time.” Kononov said, “Additionally, the sample was primarily from United States-based participants, which may limit how the findings apply to other cultural contexts. So further research would be valuable to understand how these dynamics might shift in diverse settings.” 1．What does Natalia Kononov’s study focus on? A．How kindness influences beauty evaluation. B．How physical beauty determines perceptions. C．Whether prosocial behavior shapes attractiveness. D．Whether helpfulness improves social behavior. 2．How was the study carried out? A．By analyzing prosocial behavior. B．By comparing attractiveness ratings. C．By evaluating imagination abilities. D．By reading the image descriptions. 3．What can we learn from the findings of the research? A．Constant kindness boosts physical appeal. B．Physical appearance dominates behavior. C．Gender affects attractiveness evaluations. D．All positive qualities enhance attractiveness. 4．What can be inferred from Kononov? A．Changeable contexts are necessary. B．Long-term dynamics remain unclear. C．Cultural diversity was prioritized in sampling. D．Initial impressions are irrelevant to relationship. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect on the quality of food and service.But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snow- balling effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant in question, creating a false impression of approval. Therefore, following the example of others could have led to a suboptimal (次优的) dinner choice in an overcrowded restaurant. Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of irrational or simply stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1．How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed? A．By giving example. B．By presenting fact. C．By analyzing the cause and effect. D．By making comparison. 2．What is one reason why people tend to follow the crowd? A．It leads to average judgments. B．It brings a sense of security. C．It challenges a favorable reputation. D．It allows for better decision- making. 3．What does the underlined “information cascades” mean in Para 5? A．Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. B．Critical evaluation of underlying reasons for choices. C．Average judgments formed by large groups of people. D．Independent collection of individual opinions and judgements. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Following the herd can greatly benefit us in various aspects. B．It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior. C．It is unnecessary to think critically rather than follow the herd blindly. D．The busiest restaurant is not necessarily the best one in tourist areas. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·江苏南京·期末） The conventional language of career success moves in only one direction: up. If you really succeed, you reach the top. But there is another type of career path. Sideways moves without a promotion or a pay rise, can be a benefit to employees and organizations alike. A study carried out by Donald Sull of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his co-authors in 2021 found that the availability of lateral (横向的) career opportunities has a marked impact on keeping employees. When they decided whether to stay in the company or not, chances to move sideways were two and a half times more important than pay. Another paper, by Xin Jin of the University of South Florida and Michael Waldman of Cormell University, concluded that lateral moves did not just benefit organizations: employees who experienced them were more likely to be promoted and to enjoy higher wage growth later in their careers than employees who did not. You can move up by first moving sideways. The crab-like (螃蟹般的) career has other things going for it. One is that it is a good way to learn new things. As hiring processes increasingly emphasize skills, employers are likely to put comparatively less emphasis on CVs and comparatively more weight on what you know. Messrs Jin and Waldman reason that the upper ranks of companies tend to be people whose capabilities are broad, not deep; that may explain why lateral moves are good for promotion prospects. Along with skills come contacts. Transferring between teams usually means building a bigger internal network. Opening the door to more lateral moves is partly a practical matter. Some bigger employers have “internal talent marketplaces” in which employees can find and apply for jobs elsewhere in the company; smaller firms have fewer such opportunities to offer. Embracing sideways movement also requires the right attitude. Lots of managers like to keep talent to themselves, at the expense of workers and firms. And moving sideways still has less cachet (声望) than moving upwards. Most people find it not so easy to accept. 1．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By telling personal stories. B．By providing research findings. C．By comparing different career paths. D．By making remarks on scientific reports. 2．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean? A．Lateral moves involve gaining new skills. B．Lateral moves are mainly for networking purposes. C．Transferring between teams leads to a larger network. D．Contacts are more important than skills in lateral moves. 3．What do many managers think of lateral career moves? A．They are a way to keep talent within the company. B．They are seen as a threat to the manager’s own positions. C．They could potentially lead to talent loss within the team. D．They could contribute to the company's growth in the long run. 4．Who may embrace lateral moves? A．Bosses who value short-term profits. B．Employees who are eager for more skills. C．Managers who appreciate long-term stability. D．Job hunters who are interested in smaller firms. 主题02 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） In the U. S., people eat more protein than they need to, which might not be bad for human health, but does pose a problem for the country’s waterways. The nation’s wastewater is loaded with the leftovers (残留物) from protein digestion: nitrogen (氮) compounds that can feed harmful algal blooms (藻华) and pollute the air and drinking water. Maya Almaraz, a biogeochemist at the University of California, Davis, and her team wanted to see how much of this nitrogen entered into the U. S. wastewater system because of a protein-heavy diet. The researchers found that the majority of nitrogen pollution present in wastewater — some 67 to 100 precent — is a by-product of water people consume. Once it enters the environment, the nitrogen can have a series of ecological impacts. It helps algae grow much faster than they would normally, which is harmful to humans, other animals and plants. And when the algae eventually die, the problem is not over. Microorganisms (微生物) that feed on dead algae use up the oxygen in the water, leading to “dead zones”, where many species simply cannot survive, in rivers, lakes and oceans. Although it is possible to treat algal blooms, many of the current methods are not always effective at getting rid of all of the harmful growth. Some of these methods can even lead to additional pollution. So the best strategy for dealing with the effects of nitrogen pollution is prevention, says Patricia Glibert, an ocean scientist at the University of Maryland. Almaraz and her team suggest that controlling nitrogen pollution could be approached more quickly with a change in eating habits that could save billions of dollars in the long term. 1．Which aspect of Americans’ diet does Almaraz’s research focus on ? A．Its amount. B．Its variety. C．Its make-up. D．Its effect. 2．What causes “dead zones” in the water? A．Death of lots of healthy algae. B．No oxygen for many species. C．Microorganisms’ over-consumption of nutrients. D．Poisonous chemicals released by harmful algae. 3．What is the problem with current algal bloom treatment methods? A．They are too costly. B．They are time-consuming. C．They may cause more pollution. D．They may kill all algae. 4．What does the text mainly tell us? A．Prevention is better than cure in treating air pollution. B．Researchers find solutions to the wastewater problem. C．It is high time to treat wild algae growth. D．Eating too much protein harms the planet. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏苏州·期末） It’s the start of a new era of AI at Google, says CEO Sundar Pichai: the Gemini era. Gemini is Google’s latest large language model, which Pichai first mentioned at the I/O developer conference in June and is now releasing to the public. This significant advance in AI will ultimately impact almost all of Google’s products. Gemini is more than a single AI model. There’s a lighter version called Gemini Nano meant for offline Android devices, a more powerful version called Gemini Pro that will power many Google AI services, and an even more capable model called Gemini Ultra — the most powerful LLM (大语言模型) Google has yet created. It seems to be mostly designed for data centers and enterprise applications. OpenAI launched ChatGPT in 2022. Now Google is ready to fight back. “We’ve done a very thorough analysis of the systems side by side,” says CEO Sundar Pichai. Google ran 32 well- established criteria comparing the two models, from overall tests to the Python code generation. “I think we’re substantially (大量地) ahead on 30 out of 32 of those criteria.” he adds. Gemini’s clearest advantage comes from its ability to understand and interact with video and audio. This was by design: multi- modality has been part of the plan from the beginning. Google built one multi- sensory model from the beginning, unlike OpenAI’s separate models for images and voice. Right now, Gemini’s most basic models are text- based , but more advanced models like Gemini Ultra can work with images, video, and audio. “Over time,” Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis says, “Gemini will gain more senses, become more aware, accurate, and grounded. These models just sort of understand better about the world around them.” These models still have other problems, but Hassabis says they will improve as they learn more. 1．What is Gemini according to the text? A．A new language model in development. B．A light AI model designed for offline use. C．A new language model developed by Google. D．A light AI model created for specific enterprise applications. 2．What does Gemini Nano specialize in? A．Generating Python code. B．Running on offline Android devices. C．Powering Google AI services. D．Training separate models for images and voice. 3．What is a key advantage of Gemini over OpenAI’s ChatGPT? A．The ability to write Pyth on code. B．The ability to work with video and audio. C．The understanding and interaction with textual data. D．The ability to create separate models for images and voice. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Google will bring the most advanced models. B．Gemini models outperform OpenAI’s ChatGPT. C．Google will still work on the perfection of Gemini models. D．Gemini models are launched without even a slight imperfection. 主题03 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏宿迁·期末） The pollutants in our skies aren't just a health risk; they also cause ugly stains on buildings and other structures. To solve this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that can not only clean pollutants on its surface but may also get rid of those from the air. When an artificial UV (紫外线) source shines on the paint, the nanoparticles (纳米颗粒) in the paint react with pollutants to make them break down, theoretically removing them from the nearby air and preventing a discoloring formation, which will definitely make its colour less attractive. In a recent study, researchers developed a new paint that they claim works using UV rays from ordinary sunlight, making its self-cleaning properties easier to activate. The unstable chemicals, produced in chemical reactions, attack pollutants that come in contact with the paint,  changing them into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and water. The research team added other elements to the nanoparticles’  structure, which reduced the amount of energy needed to spark the reaction and let it work via ordinary sunlight. In lab tests, these modified nanoparticles removed up to 96 percent of tested pollutants added to the paint's surface. “It is better to be able to use solar light to activate, as the paint can work by itself,”  says Antonio, a chemist at the Technical University of Madrid. But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds. “Under  laboratory conditions, it is a very small scale,  and everything is very well controlled such as temperature, humidity, or the concentration of pollutants, but you will never get those results at a real scale.” The study authors stress that this work is just an initial step in their research. “ I think it's a very fundamental study,”says Rupprechter. Future research will confirm how effectively pollutants are neutralized (中和) from the air itself.  “We don't claim that we can remove all pollutants from air,” he says,  “but overall, it looks promising.” 1．What is an advantage of the special type of paint? A．Absorbing sunlight. B．Removing pollutants. C．Enhancing ecosystem. D．Decorating buildings. 2．Which word can best explain the underlined word “discoloring”  in paragraph 2? A．Changing. B．Producing. C．Fading. D．Destroying. 3．Which statement will Antonio probably agree with? A．All pollutants on the surface can be removed. B．More energy was used to activate chemical reactions. C．Artificial UV is superior to sunlight in the experiment. D．The new paint's effectiveness may fall short in real world. 4．What is Rupprechter's attitude towards the research? A．Approving. B．Unfavourable. C．Doubtful. D．Objective. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Areas around the latitude (纬度) of 42 degrees north on earth are mostly known for their cool and pleasant climate. But there is one exception, which is famous for its incredible heat. This is the “Flaming Mountain” in China’s northwestern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Of course, it is not really “burning”. The mountain is barren and red, with a blackish tint (色调). In summer, ground temperatures can be as high as 70-degrees Celsius. People are tricked by their senses into seeing “flames”. The terrain(地形) is the main reason for the heat of the Flaming Mountain. It is located at the low point of the Turpan Basin which is also the lowest point of the Chinese mainland. The height difference between it and the surrounding mountains is more than 5000 meters, so the hot air in the basin cannot easily go away in different directions. As a result, the Flaming Mountain becomes the hottest place on its latitude. If one goes north from the county seat of Turpan, following what is known as the Road of Grapes for some 20 km, one reaches a deep valley at the foot of the Flaming Mountain. There is no grass on the Flaming Mountain, but this canyon nearby is shaded by grapes. The deep valley is only 8 kilometers long from north to south, but its annual output of grapes can reach more than 10 million kg. Almost every family here grows grapes. After harvest, they are sent to shade houses for drying. The shade houses are built on the slopes of barren mountains, high up and with no shelter, so as to make full use of the hot dry winds in the Turpan Basin. There are many holes in the walls of the shade houses which not only help with ventilation (通风), but also help avoid direct sunlight on grapes. It takes just 40 days for the fresh grapes to be dried by the hot air. 1．The underlined word “barren” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _______. A．high and steep B．bare and poor C．grassy and flourishing D．burning and flaming 2．Why is Flaming Mountain the hottest place on its latitude? A．Because it is in flames. B．Because there is no grass on it. C．Because of its special latitude. D．Because of its special terrain. 3．What do we know about the shade houses? A．Almost every family has a shade house. B．They can house more than 10 million kg grapes. C．They are specially built to dry the fresh grapes. D．The holes in their walls allow wind and sunlight in. 4．The passage is most likely taken from _______. A．a science report B．a tourist brochure C．a public advertisement D．a geographical documentary Passage 3 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） After nearly a decade of trying, Apple finally gave up its effort to produce an electric car last year, canceling a project that soaked up $10 billion. But last year in China, the electronics maker Xiaomi launched its first electric car after just three years of development and delivered 135,000 vehicles. It has vowed to double that number in 2025. Xiaomi’s ability to succeed where Apple could not shows how thoroughly China has come to dominate the supply chain for electric vehicles. Chinese companies have mastered electric vehicle manufacturing. By tapping that infrastructure, Xiaomi was able to get components quickly and cheaply. And Xiaomi is not the only Chinese consumer electronics company that has branched out to electric vehicles. The telecommunications giant Huawei, which the U. S. government has targeted with sanctions and legal action for years, is making autonomous driving software. Huawei has teamed up with multiple Chinese automakers, including Seres Group and the state-owned firms SAIC Motor, BAIC and Chery. Xiaomi’s first electric car was brought out last March: the SU7,a four-door sedan with artificial intelligence features that can help with parking, play movies for passengers and program Xiaomi home appliances from the road. Mr. Lei said it looks like a Porsche. But at $ 30,000, it’s a quarter of the price. While the SU7 earned Xiaomi just a small fraction of the sales of China’s top electric vehicle makers, it puts Xiaomi among the Chinese companies that are dealing a major blow to foreign automakers’ long command over China’s market for premium cars. In the year since the SU7 went on sale, Porsche deliveries in China were down nearly 30 percent. Chinese electric vehicle companies have benefited from billions of dollars in government support, which has helped them gain control of the supply chain down to the very minerals inside the car batteries. This early edge helped two Chinese companies, BYD and Contemporary Amperex Technology Company. Xiaomi used this supply chain to its advantage. Its cars contain batteries from BYD and CATL. It was able to quickly start production by taking over a factory from Beijing Auto Group. Construction workers in Beijing are working around the clock on a second factory. All this manufacturing capacity helps Chinese electric vehicle firms move from development to production in far less time than traditional automakers in China, enabling them to bring new models to market quickly and focus on making software that they can continually update, said Stephen W. Dyer, head of Asia Automotive at AlixPartners. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By listing examples. B．By stating opinions. C．By making a contrast. D．By giving definitions. 2．Why does the author mention Apple’s failure? A．To show Apple’s poor management. B．To prove electric car production is difficult. C．To highlight China’s EV development. D．To compare it with Huawei’s situation. 3．What does Paragraph 3 focus on? A．SU7’s price advantage. B．SU7’s features and influence. C．Porsche’s decline in China. D．Xiaomi’s EV production plan. 4．How did Xiaomi start its electric car production quickly? A．By developing new technology. B．By building its own factory. C．By getting government support. D．By getting hold of a factory. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·江苏淮安·期末） In a paper in the journal BioScience, researchers put forward an innovative plan: sending a box filled with cryo-preserved (低温保存的) cells from diverse animal species to a shadowed region on the moon. The natural cold there can keep the samples frozen, aiming to create a bio-repository (生物库) for long-term species conservation. The idea of a biodiversity repository has been incubated for decades. Lead author Mary Hagedorn, a senior research scientist, has spent 20 years on coral cryo-preservation. A lunar bio-repository would extend this idea to a wider range of animals, possibly including endangered species and culturally important animals. Cryo-preserved cells must be at minus 196°C． On Earth, maintaining this temperature requires liquid nitrogen, electricity, and human supervision (监督). Any disruption (中断) can endanger the samples. In contrast, the permanently shadowed regions on the moon may offer a stable, cold environment without the need for artificial cooling. The scientists draw inspiration from the Global Seed Vault in Norway. There, more than one million seed samples are preserved underneath the permafrost, which naturally cools them. However, in 2017, it was flooded due to climate-change-related permafrost melting (融化), showing that Earth’s storage sites are weak. Storing cells on the moon, however, also poses challenges. With only a thin atmosphere, the moon is exposed to solar and cosmic radiation that can degrade DNA．Additionally, lunar dust, which sticks to everything, is another potential concern. So far, the researchers have successfully cryo-preserved skin samples of the starry goby, a fish for coral reef health. They hope to attract new partners by publicizing their idea. They’ve applied for a spot on a 2025 NASA flight to test the radiation exposure of cryo-preserved cells. Some experts question the move of the lunar bio-repository, arguing that it’s costly and may shift resources from ongoing conservation efforts. But Hagedorn believes that the current situation on Earth urgently calls for such a biodiversity repository, which is another way to protect Earth’s precious biodiversity. 1．Why do researchers want to create a lunar bio-repository? A．To test cryo-preservation tech. B．To collect diverse animal cells. C．To study the lunar environment. D．To protect Earth’s biodiversity. 2．What does the underlined word “incubated” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Hidden. B．Developed. C．Repeated. D．Challenged. 3．What can we infer from the example of the Global Seed Vault? A．Permafrost is a safe cooling material. B．Norway has advanced storage technology. C．Earth’s storage sites are not always reliable. D．Climate change is the main threat to seed storage. 4．What’s Hagedorn’s attitude towards the lunar bio-repository? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Indifferent. D．Opposed. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·江苏镇江·期末） The idea of space-based solar power (SBSP) — using satellites to collect energy from the sun and “beam” it to collection points on Earth — has been around since at least the late 1960s. Despite its huge potential, the concept has not gained sufficient attention due to cost and technological hurdles. We already harvest energy from the sun. It’s collected directly through what we generally call solar power. This includes different technologies such as photovoltaics (PV, 光伏发电) and solar-thermal energy. The sun’s energy is also gathered indirectly: wind energy is an example of this, because breezes are generated by uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. But these green forms of power generation have limitations. They take up lots of space on land and are limited by the availability of light and wind. For example, solar farms don’t collect energy at night and gather less of it in winter and on cloudy days. PV in orbit won’t be limited by the onset of night. A satellite in geostationary orbit (GEO) — a circular orbit around 36,000 km above the Earth — is exposed to the Sun for more than 99% of the time during a whole year. This allows it to produce green energy 24/7. Transferring energy collected in space to the ground requires wireless power transmission. Using microwaves for this minimizes the energy lost in the atmosphere, even through cloudy skies. The microwave beam sent by the satellite will be focused towards the ground station, where antennas (天线) change the electromagnetic waves (电磁波) back into electricity. The ground station will need to have a diameter (直径) of 5 km, or more at high latitudes. However, this is still smaller than the areas of land needed to produce the same amount of power using solar or wind. An SBSP mission will be challenging — and risks still need to be fully assessed. While the electricity produced is fully green, the impact of the pollution from hundreds of heavy-lift launches is difficult to predict. Additionally, controlling such a large structure in space will require substantial amounts of fuel, which involves engineers working with sometimes very poisonous chemicals. The challenge of building platforms like this in space may seem frightening, but space-based solar power is technologically practicable. To be economically workable, it requires large-scale engineering, and therefore long-term and decisive commitment from governments and space agencies. But with all that in place, SBSP could make a fundamental contribution to delivering net zero by 2050 with sustainable, clean energy from space. 1．What is a common limitation of traditional solar and wind energy? A．They rely on the use of poisonous chemicals. B．They are difficult to transfer over long distances. C．They are affected by the availability of light and wind. D．They require large-scale engineering for construction. 2．Why does the author mention the diameter of the ground station in paragraph 4? A．To emphasize the high cost of building space-based solar power facilities. B．To prove the complexity of changing electromagnetic waves into electricity. C．To illustrate the immaturity of the technology for wireless power transmission. D．To show higher efficiency of space-based solar power than using solar or wind. 3．Which of the following is ONE risk of space-based solar power (SBSP)? A．The large structure in space. B．Challenging mission of SBSP. C．Excessive land use for ground stations. D．Unpredictable pollution from launches. 4．According to the passage, the future development of SBSP mainly depends on ________. A．the governments’ and space agencies’ long-term and firm support B．the reduction of the poisonous chemicals used in space engineering C．the steady improvement of wireless power transmission technology D．the assessment of the impact of heavy-lift launches on the environment 主题01 人与社会——科普知识 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏南通·期末） Positive emotions such as joy and happiness are important for mental health and well-being, and many people think that they want to avoid experiencing negative emotions such as anger as much as possible. However, functionalism suggests that all emotions, good or bad, are reactions to events within a person’s environment and serve the purpose of alerting (使警觉) that person to important situations that require actions. Each emotion may call for a different response. To better understand the role of anger in achieving goals, researchers conducted a series of experiments involving more than 1,000 participants. The experiments were designed to make people feel a certain emotion by looking at pictures, then giving them a task or challenge to do. Across all the experiments, researchers found anger improved the participants’ ability to reach challenging goals compared to a neutral emotional condition. In certain experiments, amusement or desire were also associated with increased goal attainment, but anger was associated with increased success across the board. The research team believe that when people were angry they spent more time working on challenging goals than those who did not and they were more likely to succeed. But in all the other emotional states, when they persisted (坚持), they were more likely to fail. So it seems to suggest that people were persistent more effectively when they were angry. NYU psychologist Dr. Diaz, however, challenged the study finding. “Anger can be a motivator. But if a person stays angry for extended periods of time, that is not helpful or healthy at all,” Diaz says. “We often say anger turned inward is depression, and we definitely see this when people struggle to manage their anger over long periods of time. So, anger can be positive for short waves of motivation, but long periods of it can really turn a person unhealthy.” 1．What does functionalism suggest about human emotions? A．They are interchangeable. B．They reflect people’s situations. C．They facilitate adaptive responses. D．They contribute to people’s well-being. 2．What did the researchers want to look at? A．Anger’s motivational effects. B．Anger’s perceptual impact. C．Anger expression mechanism. D．Emotion regulation strategies. 3．What is presented in paragraph 5? A．The power of being persistent. B．The key to achieving challenging goals. C．An interpretation of the research results. D．Supporting evidence for the research results. 4．What does Dr. Diaz think of the research results? A．They are highly convincing. B．They are hard to understand. C．They lack an underlying logic. D．They have limited implications. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Owning a lovable, cuddly pet can unquestionably make one’s home life better and apparently, it can affect pet owners’ professional lives as well. In fact, according to a new survey, people who have owned pets may be more professionally successful, and this is definitely good news for ambitious pet parents. The survey was conducted by Kelton Global Research for Banfield Pet Hospital, according to Fast Company. The researchers surveyed 857 adults in the United States with a variety of careers, as explained in the survey summary on Banfield’s website. Among the C-suite executives (CEOs, etc.) surveyed, 93 percent grew with a pet in their home, with 78 percent claiming that growing up with a pet helped cause their career success as an adult. Interestingly, 83 percent of C-suite executives who participated said they grew up with a dog, 59 percent of them said they grew up with a cat, and 37 percent of them said they grew up with another kind of pet. So, how exactly does pet ownership cause career success? Well, according to Banfield’s research, executives reported that their pet helped teach them lessons like responsibility, creativity, empathy, discipline, and organization, which have all been invaluable in the business world. At Banfield Pet Hospital, we’ve long recognized the special bond between people and their pets, as well as the positive impact pets have on our society, Brian Garish, president of Banfield Pet Hospital, said in a statement on Banfield’s website. From the pet ownership lessons we learned as children, to the ways our four-legged friends currently help us evolve, connect with others, and stay grounded, our latest research supports the notion we’ve had all along that there may be a link between pets and their ability to help shape us as people. But what about people who grew up pet-less, but have adopted pets as adults? Luckily for those, the survey showed that current pet ownership can also help with professional success. According to the research, 86 percent of current pet parents surveyed said owning pets helps them stick to a routine, better manage their time, and more efficiently multitask. But even if you don’t think your pet has directly helped you, your coworkers’ knowledge that you have a pet may actually be beneficial for your career. In fact, 80 percent of people surveyed said they feel more connected to colleagues who are pet owners, and 79 percent of those surveyed believe that fellow co-workers who have pets are hard workers. 1．How is the passage mainly developed? A．By making comparison. B．By explaining statistical data. C．By stating arguments. D．By giving explanations. 2．The figures in Paragraph 3 show that ________. A．pets become commercialized among C-suite executives B．more and more CEOs become aware of pets’ effects C．owning pets can make for professional success D．there is a rising demand for pets 3．What can we know about the people who are surveyed? A．They can be healthier by keeping a pet. B．Keeping pets provides the most valuable lessons for them. C．They can hardly get fun from keeping pets. D．Those who own a pet tend to get along well with colleagues. 4．What is the author’s attitude toward keeping a pet? A．Concerned. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Uncaring. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·江苏南通·期末） The fact that humans who are not related by blood help each other repeatedly over time is demonstrably true — think of the ongoing mutual (相互的) support that sustains your longest-running friendships. But the idea that such interactions occur in the animal kingdom has been difficult to prove. A new study of African starlings (欧掠鸟) led by biologist Rubenstein and his colleagues draws on data gathered over 20 years and proves exactly that: The starlings demonstrate “reciprocity”, helping each other with the expectation that the favor will eventually be returned. Rubenstein said such behaviour was probably necessary for starlings as they live in a harsh environment where drought is common and food is limited. “Two birds probably can’t feed their young on their own, so they need these helpers to help them,” he said, adding that as each breeding (繁殖) pair produces their young, birds must be employed from outside the family group to help the young survive. Writing in the journal Nature, Rubenstein and colleagues report how they studied superb starlings at 410 nests in Kenya covering nine social groups, recording data over a 20-year period from 2002 that covered more than 40 breeding seasons. The team also collected DNA from 1,175 birds to explore their relationships to each other. The results reveal that rather than helping birds at random, starlings preferentially helped breeding birds that were related to them, particularly if they were born in the same nest. However, they also helped unrelated breeding birds, even when there were opportunities to help relatives. The team found helpers tended to aid specific breeding birds. Crucially, these pairs of breeders and helpers often switched roles from one breeding season to the next-particularly if they were immigrants (移民) to the group. “You can think of them as friendships, in the sense that they’re not relatives.” said Rubenstein. However, Rubenstein said questions remained. “Why don’t they just get the help and then not reciprocate the help in the future?” he said, adding the team was collecting further data to explore the mystery. 1．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A favor will eventually be wasted. B．Non-relative animals help each other. C．Mutual support contributes to friendship. D．Blood relation lasts longer than friendship 2．What did Rubenstein explain in paragraph 3? A．Tips on increasing nest survival rates B．The impact of climate change on birds. C．Leading causes of bird population decline. D．Reasons for non-relative helping among birds. 3．What can be learnt from the research findings about reciprocal helping? A．It was recorded at random. B．It was chosen on purpose. C．It was done with reservation. D．It was limited to family groups. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Expectations for future studies. B．Applications of the research findings. C．A summary of the evidence on problems. D．A reasonable doubt about the research findings 主题02 人与社会——科学技术 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·江苏徐州·期末） How should water flow through fields? What directions and widths are appropriate for ridge (田埂) planting? Where should more fertilizer be applied, and where should less be applied? These once-general farming questions have now become precise, science-guided considerations in China's efforts to protect its valuable farmland. The black soil in the northeastern provinces is often called the “giant panda of cultivated land” due to its scarcity (稀缺) and fertility. Over the years, it has suffered varying degrees of degradation, mainly due to over-exploitation (过度开发) and climate change. Scientists are now developing tailored cultivation techniques and conservation measures to safeguard food security and ecological balance there. To address this, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in collaboration with other relevant authorities, launched the “Black Soil Granary” program in 2021. The initiative aims to provide scientific and technological support to control soil degradation and promote modern agricultural practices. So far, scientists have created a comprehensive solution that enables a systematic understanding of the black soil. This includes detailed diagnostics, customized recommendations, and technical treatments. Integrating remote sensing, satellite positioning, and artificial intelligence, researchers have even developed an advanced mobile app that connects with smart agricultural machinery. This app provides farmers with real-time information on soil composition, weather conditions, crop growth, natural disasters, and yield forecasts. It also offers precise farming guidance, including how to fertilize, irrigate, sow seeds, and spray pesticides. The app can generate detailed fertilization maps and transmit them directly to intelligent machines, which then adjust fertilizer quantities on the go, enhancing efficiency while reducing environmental impact. The results have been significant. Fertilizer use has dropped by 5 to 15 percent, while yields have risen by 5.48 to 14.2 percent. On nine pilot farms, grain production has increased by 5 to 22 percent, and soil erosion has been reduced by 70 percent. 1．Why is the black soil called the “giant panda of cultivated land”? A．Because it is vital and dear. B．Because it is rare and fertile. C．Because it is rich and abundant. D．Because it is fragile and endangered. 2．What does the underlined word “degradation” probably mean? A．Lessening. B．Worsening. C．Desertification. D．Pollution. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by listing the figures in the last paragraph? A．Effective guidance. B．Successful preservation. C．Impressive improvements. D．Remarkable policies. 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Sci-tech methods tailored for black soil B．Natural forces causing black soil decline C．Smart farming apps designed for black soil D．Protection measures boosting black soil yield Passage 2 （23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末） There’s a continuing controversy (争议) over whether electric vehicles should produce sounds to let the blind and other pedestrians know they’re on the scene. Some think those sounds should be standardized — like the “beep, beep, beep” of heavy machinery backing up, so you’ll think “something heavy is coming this way” when you hear it — and some think any sound will do. This is a serious subject. Plug-in hybrid cars (电混动力车) and battery electric vehicles are super-quiet, and a study at the University of California, Riverside concludes that people listening to recordings on headphones can hear a regular gas car coming from 28 feet away, but a hybrid in battery mode only when it’s 7 feet away. In response, the European Union has put new rules into play: all new electric vehicle models must have a sound-producing device, which sounds like a traditional engine. Starting in 2021, all new electric vehicles of any model will need the Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System or AVAS. That sound will come into play when the car is traveling backwards or when it’s traveling at less than 12 miles an hour — speeds at which cars are more likely to be mixing with pedestrians (行人). That’s a nice start, say representatives for the blind, but more is needed. “We’re calling on the government to take this announcement further by requiring AVAS on all existing electric and hybrid vehicles and ensuring drivers have them switched on,” John Welsman, guide dog owner and Guide Dogs staff member, said in a statement. Drivers in most cases have the ability to shut off the device when needed. My guess is that they will eventually be standardized so your mind will automatically register “electric car” when you hear it. And that’s probably a good thing to reduce the mayhem (混乱) on the roads. 1．How does the author show “electric cars are quiet” in Paragraph 2? A．By presenting a concept. B．By making a comparison. C．By analyzing cause and effect. D．By making general rules. 2．What can be learned about the AVAS? A．It was developed by the European Union. B．It was designed for inexperienced drivers. C．It consists of a sound-producing device and an engine. D．It warns pedestrians of the coming of an electric car. 3．What does John Welsman think of the new rules? A．They are too strict for drivers. B．They are too complex to follow. C．They need further improvement. D．They hardly allow for any flexibility. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Benefits of Electric cars. B．Types of electric cars. C．Problems with the electric cars. D．Applications of electric cars. 主题03 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·江苏扬州·期末） Many have thought about how AI could change the world, not least schools. Plenty fear the worst. The collegIn an age when smartphones deliver constant updates and social media fuels endless comparison, Generation Z (born between 1997-2012) is leading a cultural movement which is opposite the current trend in the fast-paced digital world: slow living. This philosophy, which emphasizes purpose over speed and quality over quantity, is gaining popularity as young people rebel (反叛) against the burnout culture that affected millennials (born between 1981-1996). Recent data from the Pew Research Center reveals that 58% of Gen Z surveyed actively limit their social media usage, while 43% have deleted at least one app to reduce digital stress. The shift goes beyond digital habits. A 2024 report by McKinsey Company highlights that 72% of Gen Z consumers prefer sustainable brands, even at higher price points, reflecting a rejection of fast fashion and unplanned consumption. Secondhand store shopping has increased by 35% among them since 2022, according to research firm GlobalData. Psychologists owe this to “climate anxiety” and a desire for being real. “Gen Z sees slow living as both self-care and activism (行动主义),” explains Dr. Hannah Lee, a behavioral scientist at UCLA．“They’re shaping lifestyles in line with their values-not just following trends.” However, critics argue that the movement’s ideals are easier to adopt for those in good financial situation. A study in The Journal of Social Economics notes that low-income Gen Z individuals are 40%less likely to participate in slow living practices like eating organic food or keeping only what they truly need, mainly because they have less money to spend. “Simplifying your life is a privilege when you’re working three odd jobs (零工),” comments sociologist Dr. Carlos Mendez. This difference has caused debates about whether slow living unintentionally excludes (排除在外) disadvantaged groups. The trend is reshaping industries. Tech companies now market “focus mode” apps that block distractions, while fashion brands promote “quiet luxury” — plain-looking but high-quality designs. Even workplaces are adapting, with 20%of U.S. firms trialing four-day workweeks in 2024, according to Harvard Business Review. Yet questions remain: Is this a lasting cultural shift or a temporary rebellion? As Dr. Lee observes, “Gen Z isn’t rejecting progress; they’re redefining what ‘better’ means.” 1．How does Dr. Hannah Lee see Gen Z’s choice of slow living? A．They blindly follow influential trends. B．They say no to modern digital technology. C．They care more about cost than the environment. D．They view it as a way to express personal values. 2．What can be inferred about the movement from paragraph 3? A．It contributes to a waste of resources. B．Not all income groups can be involved. C．Gen Z’s environmental concerns are ignored. D．It appeals for universal adoption of the trend. 3．The underlined phrase “quiet luxury” in paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．advanced digital devices B．simple, well-made products C．affordable fast-fashion items D．expensive, eye-catching designs 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Gen Z Show Preference for an Easier Life. B．The Upcoming End of Digital Technology. C．How Secondhand Shopping Became Popular. D．The Rise of Slow Living among Young People. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江苏连云港·期末） In today’s world, bad news seems endless — wars, economic crises, and climate disasters fill headlines. Yet, many of us can’t stop checking our phones for updates, even late into the night. This habit, known as “doom-scrolling”, traps people in a cycle of consuming negative content. Humans naturally focus on threats — a survival need from ancient times. Early humans who noticed dangers like predators (掠食者) had better chances to survive. Modern media uses this natural ability, prioritizing shocking headlines with the rule “if it bleeds, it leads.” Social media now acts like a digital “lion in the grass”, feeding our brains endless alerts about global crises. Christopher Ferguson, a psychology professor at Stetson University, explains, “People who struggle with uncertainty are especially open to doom-scrolling.” This habit resembles contemplation (沉思) — repeating dark thoughts without solving problems. Research suggests heavy social media use may worsen mental health, linking it to depression and anxiety. Even if the cause-effect relationship is unclear, losing sleep over endless scrolling certainly harms mood. Physical effects are also emerging. Dan Nicolau, an immunobiologist at King’s College London, found that frequent social media users may have higher levels of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation (炎症). This could result from the body preparing for imagined threats, leading to long-term inflammation linked to diseases. To escape this cycle, start by distancing yourself from your phone. Delete app shortcuts or use tools to limit screen time. Ferguson advises, “Social media should mostly be fun. Ask yourself: Are you enjoying this?” If not, create a plan. For example, use a catchphrase like “Stop scrolling” to interrupt the habit. Finally, avoid panicking about your tech use — small, mindful steps can rebuild a healthier relationship with your devices. By understanding why doom-scrolling happens and taking practical actions, we can reclaim our time and mental well-being. His final tips? Don’t doom-scroll about doom-scrolling. “It’s healthy to reflect on our relationship with technology. Just try not to panic while doing it,” Perguson said. 1．Why do people tend to focus on threats naturally? A．People enjoy consuming negative content. B．It is a survival need inherited from ancestors. C．Modern media prioritizes shocking headlines. D．Social media keeps informing us of global crises. 2．How does the author organize the information in Paragraph 3? A．By proving clear causes of health problems. B．By listing experts’ opinions from both sides. C．By showing study findings with explanations. D．By warning about risks and advising solutions. 3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Various doom-scrolling habits. B．Media’s role in doom-scrolling. C．The lasting effects of doom-scrolling. D．Strategies to overcome doom-scrolling. 4．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? A．Stop researching doom-scrolling. B．Avoid discussing doom-scrolling. C．Don’t over-worry about doom-scrolling. D．Don’t learn about doom-scrolling online. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·江苏南京·期末） Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare. But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel. But 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation. Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skill. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes. Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability. Neuroscience reveals that neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to form new connections — is enhanced through challenging experiences. This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience (抗逆力), a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn’t mean we should reject comfort entirely; it’s to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn’t easy, but sometimes, it’s worth it. 1．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 2．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The fast but worthless relief. B．The loss of thinking capacity. C．The meaningful engagement. D．The lack of necessary comfort. 3．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Exploring a new city by using GPS. D．Writing an email using voice-to-text. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Smartphones: barriers to human B．GPS: the invisible cost of convenience C．Stress: the main cause of brain damage D．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $