内容正文:
语法填空必刷:模拟题 + 名校联考题 易错考点全突破
第一组 语法填空
1. The number of foreigners coming to China visa-free ______ (increase) significantly in the first six months of the year, as the nation continues to open its doors ______ (wide) for international travelers.
2. These visa facilitation measures have encouraged ______ large number of foreign friends to come to China for tourism and business, boosted inbound consumption, and further enhanced understanding and friendship between people in China and other countries.
3. Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, ______ (enter) the country visa-free for the first time and said she was very excited for the time she would spend in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong.
4. Poland was among countries ______ citizens were granted visa-free entry to China in 2024.
5. Julia said the visa-free policy spared ______ (she) the potentially troublesome documentation process ______ (need) for getting a visa.
6. Yang Jinsong, a researcher at the China Tourism Academy, said the figures released on Wednesday reflect the positive effect of the country’s measures for ______ (stimulate) cross-border travel.
7. These measures have increased China’s popularity among international travelers, he said, ______ (note) that the country’s inbound tourism market has shown strong recovery momentum in recent years.
8. Shen Sihao, who grew up in Luoyang, Henan Province, often ______ (use) his compass to carve chalk into small versions of cultural relics and ancient buildings from books or local sights when he was in high school.
9. One impressive creation was a replica of a tower in Luoyang ______ looks like it has five floors from the outside but actually has nine floors inside.
10. After getting a job at an Internet company in Beijing, Shen found ______ (he) with more free time and so decided to pursue his childhood dream of chalk carving.
11. Since 2024, he ______ (share) videos on various platforms showcasing his chalk carvings, including tomb figures, arrows, and more.
12. ______ (ensure) accuracy, Shen visits museums, studies detailed drawings of relics and practices ancient Chinese calligraphy.
13. Shen often ______ (accidental) breaks his work when it’s almost done, but he has learned that patience and ______ (persevere) are the key to success.
14. Egypt’s largest wind power project is to be designed and built by a Chinese company PowerChina, ______ is viewed by insiders as a milestone in the country’s renewable energy sector.
15. This initiative is primarily for Egypt’s goal ______ (source) 42 percent of its energy from renewables by 2030, with an expected annual output of over 4.3 billion kilowatt-hours.
16. The project, ______ (involve) Saudi Arabia’s ACWA Power and support from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, is an example of international collaboration in large-scale renewable projects.
第一组 答案及详细核心知识点
1. 答案:has increased; wider 核心知识点:① 时态:the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数;in the first six months of the year(今年前六个月)是现在完成时的标志,故填has increased。② 副词比较级:open its doors wide(拓宽大门),此处暗含“比以前更宽”,用wide的比较级wider,wide既可以作形容词,也可以作副词,比较级直接加r。
2. 答案:a 核心知识点:固定搭配:a large number of(许多,大量),后接可数名词复数,表泛指;注意区分the number of(……的数量,作主语时谓语用单数)和a number of(许多,作定语,修饰复数名词,谓语用复数)。
3. 答案:entered 核心知识点:时态一致:and连接两个并列谓语,said是一般过去时,故enter也用一般过去时entered;句中who引导非限制性定语从句,修饰Julia,不影响主句谓语时态。
4. 答案:whose 核心知识点:定语从句:先行词是countries,定语从句中citizens和countries是“所属关系”(国家的公民),故用关系代词whose,whose在定语从句中作定语,可修饰人或物。
5. 答案:her; needed 核心知识点:① 代词宾格:spare是及物动词,后接宾语,she的宾格是her。② 非谓语动词:过去分词作后置定语,process和need之间是被动关系(被需要的流程),故用needed;过去分词作后置定语,表被动、完成。
6. 答案:stimulating 核心知识点:非谓语动词:for是介词,介词后接动名词作宾语,故填stimulating;常见介词后接动名词的情况:for, in, on, at, by, with, without, about等。
7. 答案:noting 核心知识点:非谓语动词:现在分词作伴随状语,he和note之间是主动关系(他指出),故用noting;现在分词作伴随状语,表主动、进行,常放在句末,补充说明主句动作。
8. 答案:used 核心知识点:时态:when he was in high school(当他上高中时)是一般过去时的标志,故填used;注意use的过去式是规则变化,直接加d。
9. 答案:which/that 核心知识点:定语从句:先行词是a replica(复制品),指物,定语从句中缺少主语,故用关系代词which或that;which/that在定语从句中作主语、宾语,指物,先行词是物且从句缺主/宾时可用。
10. 答案:himself 核心知识点:反身代词:find oneself with sth(发现自己有某物),此处主语是Shen,故用反身代词himself;反身代词的用法:作宾语、表语,强调主语自身,常见搭配:find oneself, help oneself, enjoy oneself等。
11. 答案:has been sharing 核心知识点:时态:since 2024(自从2024年以来)是现在完成进行时的标志,表动作从过去开始,持续到现在,可能还会继续,故填has been sharing;现在完成进行时结构:have/has been + doing。
12. 答案:To ensure 核心知识点:非谓语动词:不定式作目的状语,“为了保证准确性”,不定式to do表目的,常放在句首,逻辑主语是Shen,表主动;注意:不定式作目的状语,可置于句首或句末,句首常用逗号隔开。
13. 答案:accidentally; perseverance 核心知识点:① 词性转换:修饰动词breaks,用副词accidentally(偶然地),accidental是形容词,副词形式直接加ly。② 词性转换:and连接两个并列名词,patience是名词,故persevere(动词,坚持)要改为名词perseverance(不可数名词)。
14. 答案:which 核心知识点:非限制性定语从句:先行词是PowerChina(公司),指物,非限制性定语从句中缺少主语,故用which;注意:非限制性定语从句不能用that,只能用which、who、whom等,且从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。
15. 答案:to source 核心知识点:非谓语动词:不定式作后置定语,修饰goal(目标),“……的目标”,常用不定式to do作后置定语,如the goal to do sth,类似搭配:the plan to do, the chance to do等。
16. 答案:involving 核心知识点:非谓语动词:现在分词作后置定语,project和involve之间是主动关系(项目涉及……),故用involving;现在分词作后置定语,表主动、进行,相当于which involves。
第一组 举一反三题目
1. The number of students joining the English club ______ (rise) sharply since last term, as the school has been holding more English activities to arouse their interest.
2. The new policy has helped ______ large number of young people find jobs easily, improved their living standards, and brought more vitality to the local economy.
3. Tom, a 17-year-old student from America, who is studying in China, ______ (visit) the Great Wall last month and said it was the most amazing scenery he had ever seen.
4. Beijing is among the cities ______ citizens can enjoy free access to public libraries and museums.
5. The teacher said the after-school tutoring spared ______ (we) the trouble of doing extra homework ______ (assign) by other teachers.
6. The expert suggested that we should take effective measures for ______ (protect) the environment and reducing pollution.
7. The manager announced the good news at the meeting, ______ (add) that all employees would get a bonus this month.
8. Li Ming, who grew up in a small village, often ______ (help) his parents do farm work when he was a child.
9. The book ______ I borrowed from the library yesterday tells a touching story about friendship and courage.
10. After moving to a new city, she found ______ (she) with no friends and decided to join a community group to make new acquaintances.
11. Since 2023, my sister ______ (learn) to play the piano and she can now play several famous pieces.
12. ______ (improve) his spoken English, he practices speaking with foreign teachers every weekend.
13. He ______ (careless) made a mistake in the exam, but he realized that carefulness and ______ (honest) are important for study.
14. The new library, ______ was built last year, has become a popular place for students to study and read.
15. Our team has set a goal ______ (win) the first prize in the coming sports meeting, with everyone working hard for it.
16. The film, ______ (star) a famous actor and actress, tells a true story about a doctor who devoted his life to saving patients.
第一组 举一反三题目答案
1. has risen 2. a 3. visited 4. whose 5. us; assigned 6. protecting 7. adding 8. helped 9. which/that 10. herself 11. has been learning 12. To improve 13. carelessly; honesty 14. which 15. to win 16. starring
第二组 语法填空
说明:以下题目均改编自原文长难句,以复合句、并列复合句为主,涉及高频词性转换、连词、介词、非谓语动词等考点,每题1分,共16分。
1. Edison was one of the greatest ______ (scientist) that greatly shaped modern society and made great contributions to human progress.
2. Because of hearing problems, Edison had difficulty ______ (follow) the lessons at school and often ran away from class.
3. He used the time ______ (read) books and set up a lab in his home, but the smell from his lab made his mother stop him from doing experiments.
4. At the age of twelve, Edison got a job on the Grand Trunk Railway, where he made use ______ an abandoned car as his lab.
5. During that time, he ______ (success) developed a device that could send messages quickly and accurately.
6. By 1869, Edison's inventions in telegraphy were widely accepted, ______ made him decide to leave his job and become a full-time inventor.
7. When ______ (ask) to explain how he could come up with so many great inventions, Edison said genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
8. Edison ______ (die) at the age of 84 on October 18, 1931, and at the time of his death, he was still doing experiments in his lab.
9. He clearly enjoyed his work and lived life to ______ fullest, devoting all his life to scientific inventions.
10. Increase your productivity. This is ______ AI tools attract their users and become more and more popular.
11. Despite hopes that the technology will improve the ______ (efficient) of work, not everyone is willing to use AI tools.
12. According to BBC, 59 percent of men aged 18 to 65 around the world use generative AI at least once a week, compared ______ 51 percent of women.
13. The gender gap is even ______ (wide) among younger people; 71 percent of men and 59 percent of women aged 18 to 24 use generative AI weekly.
14. For ages, STEM fields ______ (lead) by males, which reflects the underrepresentation of women in these fields.
15. In a survey of 486 students, ______ (divide) by academic performance, researchers found that high-performing female students were more likely to use ChatGPT properly.
16. It’s the idea that I have to do it on my own without ______ (take) shortcuts, which is common among many female students.
第二组 答案及详细核心知识点
1. 答案:scientists 核心知识点:名词复数:one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数(……中最……之一),故scientist要改为复数scientists;注意scientist的复数是规则变化,直接加s。
2. 答案:following 核心知识点:固定搭配:have difficulty (in) doing sth(做某事有困难),in可省略,故填following;类似搭配:have trouble (in) doing sth, have problems (in) doing sth。
3. 答案:to read 核心知识点:非谓语动词:use sth to do sth(用某物做某事),不定式to do作目的状语,表“用时间来读书”;注意use的常见搭配:use sth for doing sth(与use sth to do sth同义)。
4. 答案:of 核心知识点:固定搭配:make use of(利用),是固定短语,不能省略of;常见变形:make good use of(充分利用),make full use of(充分利用)。
5. 答案:successfully 核心知识点:词性转换:修饰动词developed,用副词successfully(成功地),success是名词,形容词形式是successful,副词形式是successfully(多音节词,加ly)。
6. 答案:which 核心知识点:非限制性定语从句:先行词是前面整个句子(Edison's inventions...were widely accepted),指代一件事,非限制性定语从句中缺少主语,故用which;which引导非限制性定语从句,可指代前面整个句子,意为“这一点,这件事”。
7. 答案:asked 核心知识点:非谓语动词:过去分词作时间状语,when引导的时间状语从句中,主语Edison和ask之间是被动关系(被询问),故用asked;当状语从句的主语和主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,直接用过去分词(被动)或现在分词(主动)。
8. 答案:died 核心知识点:时态:on October 18, 1931(1931年10月18日)是具体的过去时间,故用一般过去时died;die是瞬间动词,不能用于进行时,过去式是died,名词形式是death。
9. 答案:the 核心知识点:固定搭配:to the fullest(充分地,最大限度地),live life to the fullest(充分享受生活);定冠词the用于形容词最高级前,此处fullest是full的最高级,故前面加the。
10. 答案:why 核心知识点:表语从句:此处是表语从句,从句中缺少原因状语(AI工具吸引用户的原因),故用why引导表语从句;why引导表语从句,意为“……的原因”,常放在is后。
11. 答案:efficiency 核心知识点:词性转换:the + 名词 + of,故efficient(形容词,高效的)要改为名词efficiency(不可数名词,效率);注意efficient的名词形式是efficiency,拼写时注意双写f。
12. 答案:with 核心知识点:固定搭配:compared with/to(与……相比),是固定短语,用于引出比较对象;注意compared with和compared to可通用,无明显区别。
13. 答案:wider 核心知识点:形容词比较级:even修饰比较级,表“更……”,wide的比较级是wider;常见修饰比较级的词:even, much, far, a little, a lot等。
14. 答案:have been led 核心知识点:时态和语态:for ages(多年来)是现在完成时的标志,STEM fields(STEM领域)和lead之间是被动关系(被男性主导),故用现在完成时的被动语态have been led;现在完成时被动语态结构:have/has been + 过去分词。
15. 答案:divided 核心知识点:非谓语动词:过去分词作后置定语,students和divide之间是被动关系(被按成绩划分),故用divided;过去分词作后置定语,相当于who were divided。
16. 答案:taking 核心知识点:非谓语动词:without是介词,介词后接动名词作宾语,故填taking;注意:without后接动名词,不能接不定式。
第二组 举一反三题目
1. Lu Xun was one of the greatest ______ (writer) in Chinese history, who wrote many works to awaken people’s consciousness.
2. Because of his poor memory, he had difficulty ______ (remember) new words and often forgot what he had learned.
3. My father uses his spare time ______ (learn) computer skills and help my mother with her work.
4. In the countryside, many farmers make use ______ the land to grow vegetables and fruits, improving their living conditions.
5. With the help of his teacher, he ______ (gradual) improved his math grades and became more confident.
6. He won the first prize in the competition, ______ made his parents very proud and encouraged him to keep working hard.
7. When ______ (invite) to attend the meeting, she was very happy and prepared a speech carefully.
8. His grandfather ______ (pass) away last year, but he still misses him and often talks about his stories.
9. We should live our life to ______ fullest and cherish every moment we have with our family and friends.
10. This is ______ we should protect the environment—for our own future and the future of our children.
11. The new technology has greatly improved the ______ (produce) of the factory and reduced the cost of production.
12. The number of people who like reading paper books is decreasing, compared ______ that of people who like reading e-books.
13. The gap between the rich and the poor is even ______ (big) in some developing countries.
14. For years, this company ______ (run) by a young man, who has made great efforts to develop the business.
15. In a survey of 500 workers, ______ (group) by age, researchers found that young workers are more willing to accept new things.
16. She finished the work on her own without ______ (ask) for help from others, showing her strong will.
第二组 举一反三题目答案
1. writers 2. remembering 3. to learn 4. of 5. gradually 6. which 7. invited 8. passed 9. the 10. why 11. production 12. with 13. bigger 14. has been run 15. grouped 16. asking
语法知识点系统总结(详细版)
一、时态(高频考点,贯穿所有题目,易错点重点标注)
1. 一般过去时(基础时态,易与现在完成时混淆)
· 核心定义:表示过去某个具体时间发生的动作、存在的状态,或过去习惯性、经常性的动作,动作已结束,与现在没有直接联系。
· 标志词(精准区分,避免混淆): ① 具体过去时间点:yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1990, on October 18, 1931, just now, a moment ago; ② 过去时间状语从句:when he was a child, when he was in high school, after he graduated; ③ 过去习惯性动作:used to do sth(过去常常做某事,现在不做了),would do sth(过去习惯性做某事,无“现在不做”的含义)。
· 谓语动词变化规则: ① 规则变化:直接加ed(如use→used, help→helped, visit→visited);以e结尾加d(如live→lived);重读闭音节双写尾字母加ed(如stop→stopped, plan→planned);以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加ed(如study→studied); ② 不规则变化(必背高频):go→went, do→did, die→died, see→saw, take→took, have→had, is→was, are→were。
· 易错点提醒:不能与“since+过去时间”“for+时间段”连用(这类标志词属于现在完成时);注意区分“used to do”和“be used to doing”(后者是“习惯于做某事”,to是介词,后接动名词)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境,强化记忆): ① She visited the Great Wall last month.(具体过去时间,动作已结束) ② He used to live in a small village when he was young.(过去习惯性动作,现在不居住在那里了) ③ When he was in high school, he often used his compass to carve chalk.(过去经常性动作,结合题目场景)
2. 现在完成时(高频难点,核心是“过去对现在的影响”)
· 核心定义:表示过去发生的动作,对现在造成了明确的影响或结果;或动作从过去开始,持续到现在,可能还会继续(此时常与for/since连用)。
· 标志词(精准记忆,避免与一般过去时混淆): ① 强调“影响/结果”:so far, up to now, recently, yet(用于否定句/疑问句), already(用于肯定句), just, ever, never; ② 强调“持续”:since + 过去时间点(如since 2024, since last term)、since + 一般过去时从句(如since he came to Beijing)、for + 时间段(如for 5 years, for a long time); ③ 其他:in the past/last + 时间段(如in the past six months, in the last year)。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has + 过去分词(过去分词变化同一般过去时,不规则变化需单独记忆)。
· 主谓一致注意: ① the number of + 复数名词(……的数量)作主语,谓语动词用单数,故用has + 过去分词(如The number of foreigners has increased); ② a number of + 复数名词(许多……)作主语,谓语动词用复数,故用have + 过去分词(如A number of foreign friends have come to China)。
· 易错点提醒: ① 不能与具体过去时间点连用(如不能说He has visited the Great Wall last month); ② 瞬间动词(die, come, go, leave, join等)不能与for/since连用,需转换为延续性动词(如die→be dead, leave→be away); ③ 区分“现在完成时”和“一般过去时”:前者强调“过去对现在的影响”,后者只强调“过去发生的动作”(如He has lost his key. 他丢了钥匙,现在还没找到;He lost his key yesterday. 他昨天丢了钥匙,不知道现在找到没)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① The number of students has increased since last term.(动作从过去开始,持续到现在,主语是the number of,用has) ② These visa facilitation measures have encouraged a large number of foreign friends to come to China.(过去的政策,对现在造成的影响——很多外国人来中国) ③ He has lived in Beijing for 5 years.(动作持续到现在,瞬间动词live是延续性动词,可直接用)
3. 现在完成进行时(高频考点,强调“持续进行”)
· 核心定义:表示动作从过去开始,持续到现在,一直在进行,没有中断,且可能还会继续进行;重点强调“动作的持续性”,而非“结果”。
· 标志词:与现在完成时一致(since + 过去时间/从句,for + 时间段,recently),但语境中会明确体现“持续进行”的含义。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has been + 现在分词(doing),现在分词变化规则:直接加ing(如share→sharing);以e结尾去e加ing(如live→living);重读闭音节双写尾字母加ing(如run→running)。
· 与现在完成时的辨析(重点,易错点): ① 现在完成时:强调“结果”或“动作持续到现在,可能已结束”; ② 现在完成进行时:强调“动作持续进行,未中断”,常翻译为“一直做某事”。 例句对比: - He has written three letters.(现在完成时,强调结果:写了三封信,动作可能已结束) - He has been writing letters since this morning.(现在完成进行时,强调持续:从早上一直写信,现在还在写)
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① Since 2024, he has been sharing videos on various platforms.(从2024年开始,一直分享视频,现在还在分享) ② She has been practicing calligraphy for two years.(一直练习书法,持续到现在)
4. 现在完成时被动语态(被动语态+时态结合,难点)
· 核心定义:表示过去发生的被动动作,对现在造成了影响;或被动动作从过去开始,持续到现在,被持续进行。
· 标志词:同现在完成时(for ages, since, in the past + 时间段等),且主语是动作的承受者。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has been + 过去分词(被动语态的核心是“be + 过去分词”,结合现在完成时的“have/has + 过去分词”,即have/has been + 过去分词)。
· 主谓一致:主语是单数(如STEM fields视为单数集合名词),用has been + 过去分词;主语是复数,用have been + 过去分词。
· 易错点提醒:注意过去分词的正确形式,避免与主动语态混淆(如主动:has led;被动:has been led)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① For ages, STEM fields have been led by males.(STEM领域多年来一直被男性主导,被动动作持续到现在) ② The project has been designed by PowerChina since last year.(这个项目从去年开始就被中国电建设计,持续到现在)
二、非谓语动词(重中之重,贯穿两组题目,占比最高,详细拆解)
核心前提:非谓语动词不能作谓语,不受主语人称和数的限制,需根据逻辑关系(主动/被动、目的/伴随/结果)选择形式,常见形式:不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、过去分词(done)、现在分词(doing)。
1. 不定式(to do)(表“目的、将来、未发生”)
· 核心含义:通常表示“要做的事、目的、将来的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,逐个突破): ① 作目的状语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 位置:可置于句首(用逗号隔开)或句末,表“为了……”; - 例句(题目原句):To ensure accuracy, Shen visits museums.(为了保证准确性,沈去博物馆);He used the time to read books.(他用时间来读书,目的是读书); - 易错点:不能与so that(引导目的状语从句)混淆,to do是短语,so that后接句子(如To improve his English, he practices every day. = He practices every day so that he can improve his English.)。 ② 作后置定语(修饰名词,常考名词:goal, plan, chance, time, ability, way等): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,表“要做的……、能做的……”,相当于“定语从句that/which + 情态动词 + do”; - 例句(题目原句):This initiative is primarily for Egypt’s goal to source 42 percent of its energy.(埃及的目标是获取能源,to source修饰goal);类似搭配:the plan to travel(旅行计划),the chance to study(学习机会); - 易错点:当名词是time, place, way时,不定式可省略to(如I have no time to do it. = I have no time do it. 但题目中通常不省略,需规范书写)。 ③ 作宾语(跟在特定动词后): - 常见动词(必背):want, hope, decide, plan, try, manage, agree, refuse, promise, afford等; - 例句:He decided to pursue his childhood dream.(他决定追求童年梦想);She hopes to visit China again.(她希望再次访问中国); ④ 作主语(较少考,了解即可): - 结构:To do sth + is/was + 表语;常用it作形式主语,即It is + 形容词 + to do sth; - 例句:To learn English well is important. = It is important to learn English well.(学好英语很重要)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 不定式的否定形式:not to do(如He decided not to go. 他决定不去); ② 省略to的情况:情态动词后(can, may, must等)、使役动词后(make, let, have sb do sth)、感官动词后(see, hear, watch sb do sth),但被动语态中to要还原(如He was made to do it. 他被要求做这件事); ③ 区分“to do”和“doing”作宾语:有些动词后只能接to do(如hope, decide),有些只能接doing(如enjoy, practice),有些两者都可(如try to do sth努力做某事,try doing sth尝试做某事)。
2. 动名词(doing)(表“主动、进行、习惯性动作”)
· 核心含义:相当于名词,可表示“动作本身、习惯性动作、进行中的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作介词宾语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 常见介词(必背):for, in, on, at, by, with, without, about, of, after, before等,介词后必须接动名词,不能接不定式; - 例句(题目原句):measures for stimulating cross-border travel(促进跨境旅行的措施,for是介词,接stimulating);without taking shortcuts(不走捷径,without是介词,接taking);make use of protecting the environment(利用保护环境,of是介词,接protecting); - 易错点:介词短语中的to是介词时,也接动名词(如devote to doing sth致力于做某事,look forward to doing sth期待做某事),注意区分“介词to”和“不定式to”。 ② 作动词宾语(跟在特定动词后): - 常见动词(必背,高频):enjoy, practice, finish, avoid, mind, suggest, keep, miss, consider, admit等; - 例句:He enjoys carving chalk.(他喜欢雕刻粉笔);She finished doing her homework.(她做完了作业); ③ 作主语(可与不定式互换,略正式): - 例句:Carving chalk is his hobby.(雕刻粉笔是他的爱好);Studying hard is important.(努力学习很重要); ④ 作定语(修饰名词,表“用途、性质”): - 例句:a carving tool(雕刻工具,表用途);a running man(跑步的人,表进行)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 动名词的否定形式:not doing(如He avoided not making mistakes. 他避免不犯错误); ② 区分“动名词”和“现在分词”:两者形式相同,但动名词作主语、宾语、定语(表用途),现在分词作状语、定语(表进行)、宾语补足语; ③ 固定搭配:have difficulty (in) doing sth(in可省略),have trouble (in) doing sth,have problems (in) doing sth(题目中第2组第2题考查)。
3. 过去分词(done)(表“被动、完成、状态”)
· 核心含义:表示“被动的动作、已完成的动作、所处的状态”,逻辑主语与主句主语不一致(作状语时)或被修饰词与done是被动关系(作定语时)。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作后置定语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,与被修饰词之间是被动关系、完成关系,相当于“定语从句that/which + be + done”; - 例句(题目原句):the potentially troublesome documentation process needed for getting a visa(申请签证所需的繁琐流程,process和need是被动关系,相当于which is needed);students divided by academic performance(按成绩划分的学生,students和divide是被动关系,相当于who were divided); - 易错点:区分“过去分词”和“现在分词”作后置定语:done表被动、完成,doing表主动、进行(如the project involving ACWA Power是主动,the project designed by PowerChina是被动)。 ② 作状语(时间、原因、条件、伴随等,常考时间状语): - 用法:当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,用过去分词表被动;若主语不一致,需用独立主格结构(题目中不涉及,简单了解); - 例句(题目原句):When asked to explain how he could come up with so many great inventions, Edison said...(当被询问时,Edison说……,Edison和ask是被动关系,省略了he was); - 常见省略结构:when done, if done, though done(如If given more time, I can do it better. 如果被给予更多时间,我能做得更好)。 ③ 作宾语补足语(跟在使役动词、感官动词后): - 常见动词:make, keep, find, see, hear等,表“使……被做、看到……被做”; - 例句:He found the door locked.(他发现门被锁了,locked是宾语补足语,door和lock是被动关系);We keep the room cleaned.(我们保持房间被打扫干净)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 过去分词的形式:规则变化同一般过去时,不规则变化需单独记忆(如done→done, written→written, seen→seen); ② 作状语时,若逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,不能直接用过去分词,需用独立主格(如The work done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们回家了,work是done的逻辑主语,与主句主语we不一致); ③ 区分“过去分词”和“不定式被动式(to be done)”:done表“已完成的被动”,to be done表“将要被做的被动”(如the work to be done 要做的工作,the work done 已完成的工作)。
4. 现在分词(doing)(表“主动、进行、伴随”)
· 核心含义:表示“主动的动作、正在进行的动作、伴随的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作后置定语(常考,与过去分词作定语对比): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,与被修饰词之间是主动关系、进行关系,相当于“定语从句that/which + be + doing”; - 例句(题目原句):the project involving Saudi Arabia’s ACWA Power(涉及沙特ACWA电力公司的项目,project和involve是主动关系,相当于which involves);the film starring a famous actor and actress(由著名演员主演的电影,film和star是主动关系,相当于which stars); - 易错点:当被修饰词是“人”时,doing表“人主动做某事”,done表“人被……”(如a smiling girl 微笑的女孩,a surprised girl 被吓到的女孩)。 ② 作伴随状语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 位置:多置于句末,用逗号与主句隔开,补充说明主句动作发生时的伴随状态或动作,与主句动作同时发生; - 例句(题目原句):he said, noting that the country’s inbound tourism market has shown strong recovery momentum.(他说,指出中国入境旅游市场呈现强劲复苏势头,noting是伴随状语,he和note是主动关系);She sat there, reading a book.(她坐在那里,读着书,reading是伴随状语); ③ 作时间、原因、条件状语(类似过去分词,表主动): - 用法:当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,用现在分词表主动; - 例句:While studying in China, he made many friends.(在中国学习期间,他交了很多朋友,he和study是主动关系,省略了he was);Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(因为生病,他没去上学)。 ④ 作宾语补足语(跟在使役动词、感官动词后): - 常见动词:keep, find, see, hear, watch等,表“使……一直做某事、看到……正在做某事”; - 例句:I saw him carving chalk.(我看到他正在雕刻粉笔,carving是宾语补足语,him和carve是主动关系,表进行)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 现在分词的否定形式:not doing(如Not knowing what to do, he asked for help. 不知道该做什么,他寻求帮助); ② 区分“现在分词”和“动名词”:两者形式相同,但现在分词作状语、定语(表进行)、宾语补足语,动名词作主语、宾语、定语(表用途); ③ 作伴随状语时,不能用不定式(不定式表目的,不表伴随)。
三、定语从句(高频复合句考点,分为限制性和非限制性,重点区分)
核心定义:修饰名词或代词(即先行词)的从句,由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语,连接主句和定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句(不可省略,无逗号,修饰限定先行词)
· 核心特点:从句是先行词的必要修饰,去掉从句后,主句意思不完整、不明确;无逗号隔开;可用that引导。
· 常考关系词(结合题目,逐个突破): ① 关系代词which/that(指物,最常考): - 用法:在从句中作主语、宾语;作宾语时可省略; - 例句(题目原句):One impressive creation was a replica of a tower in Luoyang which/that looks like it has five floors.(先行词是a replica,指物,从句中缺少主语,用which/that);The book (which/that) I borrowed from the library yesterday tells a touching story.(先行词是the book,指物,从句中缺少宾语,which/that可省略); - 易错点:当先行词是物,且从句中缺少主语或宾语时,可用which或that,无区别;但当先行词被最高级、序数词、only、very等修饰时,只能用that(如This is the best book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书)。 ② 关系代词whose(指人或物,表“所属关系”,最常考): - 用法:在从句中作定语,修饰后面的名词,表“先行词的……”;可指人(whose = of whom),可指物(whose = of which); - 例句(题目原句):Poland was among countries whose citizens were granted visa-free entry to China.(先行词是countries,指物,whose修饰citizens,表“国家的公民”);Beijing is among the cities whose citizens can enjoy free access to public libraries.(先行词是cities,whose修饰citizens); - 同义转换:countries whose citizens = countries of which the citizens = the citizens of which。 ③ 关系代词who/whom(指人): - who:在从句中作主语,不可省略; - whom:在从句中作宾语,可省略; - 例句:The girl who is sitting by the window is my sister.(先行词是the girl,who作主语);The man (whom) I met yesterday is a teacher.(先行词是the man,whom作宾语,可省略)。 ④ 关系副词when/where/why(作状语,较少考): - when:先行词是时间(如time, day, year),在从句中作时间状语; - where:先行词是地点(如place, city, country),在从句中作地点状语; - why:先行词是reason,在从句中作原因状语; - 例句:I still remember the day when I first came to China.(先行词是the day,when作时间状语);This is the place where I grew up.(先行词是the place,where作地点状语)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 关系词不能重复:从句中不能再出现指代先行词的代词(如错误:The book which I borrowed it yesterday is interesting. 正确:The book which I borrowed yesterday is interesting.); ② 先行词是人时,不能用which;先行词是物时,不能用who/whom; ③ 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略,但作主语时不能省略。
2. 非限制性定语从句(可省略,有逗号,补充说明先行词)
· 核心特点:从句是对先行词的补充说明,去掉从句后,主句意思依然完整、明确;与主句之间用逗号隔开;不能用that引导。
· 常考关系词(结合题目,重点突破): ① 关系代词which(最常考,可指物、指代前面整个句子): - 指物:先行词是物,在从句中作主语、宾语,不可省略; - 指代前面整个句子:在从句中作主语,意为“这一点、这件事”,这是高频考点(题目中第2组第6题考查); - 例句(题目原句):Egypt’s largest wind power project is to be designed and built by a Chinese company PowerChina, which is viewed as a milestone.(先行词是PowerChina,指物,which作主语);Edison's inventions in telegraphy were widely accepted, which made him decide to leave his job.(which指代前面整个句子“爱迪生的发明被广泛接受”,作主语); ② 关系代词who/whom(指人): - 用法同限制性定语从句,但不可省略,且有逗号隔开; - 例句(题目原句):Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, entered the country visa-free.(先行词是Julia,who引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明Julia的情况,不可省略); ③ 关系代词whose(指人或物,表所属关系,同限制性定语从句): - 例句:My friend, whose father is a doctor, will go to America.(我的朋友,他的父亲是医生,将要去美国); ④ 关系副词when/where(作状语,较少考): - 例句:Beijing, where I was born, is a beautiful city.(北京,我出生的地方,是一座美丽的城市)。
· 易错点汇总(重点,易混淆): ① 不能用that引导非限制性定语从句(错误:He has a new car, that is very expensive. 正确:He has a new car, which is very expensive.); ② 关系词不能省略(即使作宾语,也不能省略,如错误:The man, whom I met yesterday, is a teacher. 此处whom可省略,但非限制性定语从句中建议不省略,规范书写); ③ which指代前面整个句子时,从句谓语动词用单数(如The weather is fine, which makes us happy. which指代“天气好”这件事,谓语用makes)。
四、表语从句(复合句考点,难度较低,重点掌握引导词)
· 核心定义:在句中作表语,位于系动词(is, am, are, was, were, become, seem, look等)之后,补充说明主语的内容、性质、状态、原因等。
· 核心结构:主语 + 系动词 + that/why/what/how等 + 从句。
· 常考引导词(结合题目,重点突破): ① why(最常考,表原因,题目中第2组第10题考查): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作原因状语,意为“……的原因”; - 例句(题目原句):This is why AI tools attract their users and become more and more popular.(这就是AI工具吸引用户并越来越受欢迎的原因); - 同义转换:This is the reason why...(如This is the reason why AI tools attract their users.)。 ② that(无意义,可省略): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用; - 例句:My hope is (that) I can become a teacher.(我的希望是我能成为一名老师);The fact is (that) he didn’t come.(事实是他没来)。 ③ what(表内容,较常考): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,意为“……的东西、……的事情”; - 例句:What he said is true.(他说的话是真的,what在从句中作宾语);This is what I want.(这就是我想要的,what在从句中作宾语)。 ④ how(表方式,较少考): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作方式状语,意为“如何、怎样”; - 例句:This is how we solve the problem.(这就是我们解决问题的方法)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 表语从句不能用if引导(只能用whether,如The question is whether he will come. 问题是他是否会来); ② that引导表语从句时,虽然可省略,但当从句较长或有强调意味时,建议不省略; ③ 引导词在从句中必须充当相应成分(除that外),不能多余或缺失。
五、词性转换(基础且高频,贯穿所有题目,重点掌握词形变化规则)
核心原则:根据句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语)判断词性,再根据词根变化词形,重点掌握“名词→形容词→副词”“动词→名词”“形容词→副词”的转换,以及代词的转换。
1. 名词→形容词→副词(最常考,题目中多次出现)
· 名词→形容词(修饰名词、代词,作定语、表语): ① 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - -ful:success(n. 成功)→successful(adj. 成功的);care(n. 小心)→careful(adj. 小心的); - -less:care(n. 小心)→careless(adj. 粗心的);hope(n. 希望)→hopeless(adj. 无望的); - -y:sun(n. 太阳)→sunny(adj. 晴朗的);health(n. 健康)→healthy(adj. 健康的); - -al:nation(n. 国家)→national(adj. 国家的);education(n. 教育)→educational(adj. 教育的); - -ous:danger(n. 危险)→dangerous(adj. 危险的);fame(n. 名声)→famous(adj. 著名的); ② 特殊变化(必背):persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持);efficient(adj. 高效的)→efficiency(n. 效率);difficult(adj. 困难的)→difficulty(n. 困难); ③ 例句(题目原句):patience(n. 耐心)→patient(adj. 有耐心的);persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持)。
· 形容词→副词(修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、整个句子,作状语): ① 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - 一般情况加ly:accidental(adj. 偶然的)→accidentally(adv. 偶然地);gradual(adj. 逐渐的)→gradually(adv. 逐渐地);careful(adj. 小心的)→carefully(adv. 小心地); - 以y结尾,变y为i加ly:easy(adj. 容易的)→easily(adv. 容易地);happy(adj. 开心的)→happily(adv. 开心地); - 以le结尾,去e加y:simple(adj. 简单的)→simply(adv. 简单地);terrible(adj. 可怕的)→terribly(adv. 可怕地); - 以ll结尾,直接加y:full(adj. 满的)→fully(adv. 充分地); ② 特殊变化(必背,高频):wide(adj./adv. 宽的/宽地)→wider(比较级,adv.);late(adj./adv. 晚的/晚地)→later(比较级,adv.);fast(adj./adv. 快的/快地)→faster(比较级,adv.); ③ 易错点:有些词既是形容词也是副词,无需加ly(如wide, fast, hard, late),注意区分“hard(努力地)”和“hardly(几乎不)”、“late(晚地)”和“lately(最近)”; ④ 例句(题目原句):accidental(adj.)→accidentally(adv.,修饰动词breaks);success(n.)→successful(adj.)→successfully(adv.,修饰动词developed)。
2. 动词→名词(作主语、宾语)
· 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - -tion:stimulate(v. 刺激)→stimulation(n. 刺激);invent(v. 发明)→invention(n. 发明); - -ment:develop(v. 发展)→development(n. 发展);improve(v. 提高)→improvement(n. 提高); - -ing:carve(v. 雕刻)→carving(n. 雕刻);share(v. 分享)→sharing(n. 分享); - -ence:persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持);differ(v. 不同)→difference(n. 不同); · 例句(题目原句):stimulate(v.)→stimulating(动名词作宾语,相当于名词);persevere(v.)→perseverance(n.,作主语)。
3. 代词转换(基础,必掌握)
· 人称代词→宾格(作宾语,动词、介词后): 主格:I, you, he, she, we, they;宾格:me, you, him, her, us, them; 例句(题目原句):she→her(spare her,spare是动词,后接宾格);we→us(spare us,spare是动词,后接宾格)。
· 人称代词→反身代词(作宾语、表语,强调主语自身): 主格→反身代词:I→myself, you→yourself/yourselves, he→himself, she→herself, we→ourselves, they→themselves; 常见搭配(必背):find oneself(发现自己……),help oneself(随便吃/用),enjoy oneself(玩得开心),hurt oneself(伤到自己); 例句(题目原句):he→himself(find himself with more free time,发现自己有更多空闲时间);she→herself(find herself with no friends,发现自己没有朋友)。
· 易错点:反身代词不能作主语,只能作宾语、表语或同位语(如错误:Himself did it. 正确:He did it himself.)。
六、固定搭配(必背考点,直接影响解题,分类整理,便于背诵)
核心:固定搭配是语法填空的“送分题”,需熟练背诵,避免拼写错误和搭配错误,结合题目中的搭配重点记忆。
1. 数量搭配(高频,题目中第1组第1、2题,第2组第12题考查)
· a large number of + 可数名词复数(许多,大量):表泛指,作定语,修饰复数名词,谓语动词用复数; 例句:a large number of foreign friends(许多外国朋友),a large number of young people(许多年轻人); · the number of + 可数名词复数(……的数量):作主语,谓语动词用单数; 例句:The number of foreigners has increased.(外国人的数量增加了); · 易错点:区分两者的用法,避免混淆(如错误:The number of students are 50. 正确:The number of students is 50.)。
2. 动词搭配(高频,贯穿两组题目)
· have difficulty (in) doing sth = have trouble (in) doing sth = have problems (in) doing sth(做某事有困难),in可省略; 例句(题目原句):had difficulty following the lessons(听课有困难); · make use of = make good use of = make full use of(利用,充分利用),of是介词,后接名词或动名词; 例句(题目原句):made use of an abandoned car(利用一辆废弃的汽车);take measures for protecting the environment(采取措施保护环境); · spare sb sth(省去某人某事,使某人不必做某事); 例句(题目原句):spared her the potentially troublesome documentation process(省去她繁琐的文件流程); · stop sb from doing sth(阻止某人做某事),from可省略; 例句:His mother stopped him from doing experiments.(他的母亲阻止他做实验); · devote...to doing sth(致力于做某事),to是介词,后接动名词; 例句:devoting all his life to scientific inventions(毕生致力于科学发明); · use sth to do sth = use sth for doing sth(用某物做某事); 例句(题目原句):used his compass to carve chalk(用圆规雕刻粉笔);used the time to read books(用时间读书); · be viewed as(被视为……); 例句(题目原句):which is viewed as a milestone(被视为一个里程碑); · be granted to(被授予……); 例句(题目原句):citizens were granted visa-free entry(公民被授予免签入境权)。
3. 介词搭配(高频,题目中多次出现)
· compared with/to(与……相比),可通用,无明显区别,用于引出比较对象; 例句(题目原句):compared with 51 percent of women(与51%的女性相比); · open doors for sb/sth(为……敞开大门); 例句(题目原句):open its doors wider for international travelers(为国际游客拓宽大门); · for + 动名词(介词for后接动名词,表目的、原因); 例句(题目原句):measures for stimulating cross-border travel(促进跨境旅行的措施); · without + 动名词(介词without后接动名词,表“没有做某事”); 例句(题目原句):without taking shortcuts(不走捷径); · of + 名词/动名词(表所属关系、用途); 例句(题目原句):the efficiency of work(工作效率),make use of protecting the environment(利用保护环境)。
4. 其他固定搭配(必背)
· to the fullest(充分地,最大限度地),常与live life搭配,即live life to the fullest(充分享受生活); 例句(题目原句):lived life to the fullest(充分享受生活); · one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数(……中最……之一); 例句(题目原句):one of the greatest scientists(最伟大的科学家之一),one of the greatest writers(最伟大的作家之一); · in the first six months of the year(今年前六个月),类似表达:in the first half of the year(上半年); · at the age of + 数字(在……岁时); 例句(题目原句):at the age of twelve(在12岁时),at the age of 84(在84岁时)。
七、形容词/副词比较级(基础考点,题目中多次出现,重点掌握变化规则和修饰词)
· 核心定义:用于两者之间的比较,表示“更……”,形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词、形容词等。
1. 比较级变化规则(必背,高频)
· 单音节词和部分双音节词: ① 一般情况:直接加er(如wide→wider, fast→faster, big→bigger); ② 以e结尾:加r(如nice→nicer, late→later); ③ 重读闭音节(辅音+元音+辅音):双写尾字母加er(如big→bigger, hot→hotter, thin→thinner); ④ 以辅音字母+y结尾:变y为i加er(如easy→easier, happy→happier); · 多音节词和部分双音节词: ① 前面加more(如difficult→more difficult, carefully→more carefully, successfully→more successfully); · 特殊变化(必背,高频): good/well→better, bad/badly→worse, many/much→more, little→less, far→farther/further。
2. 比较级的修饰词(高频,题目中第1组第1题、第2组第13题考查)
· 常见修饰词(必背):even(更……),much(……得多),far(……得多),a little(稍微),a lot(……得多),a bit(稍微); · 用法:修饰词放在比较级前面,不能放在后面; · 例句(题目原句):even wider(更宽),even bigger(更大);much better(好得多),a little easier(稍微容易一点)。
3. 易错点汇总
· 形容词和副词的比较级区分:形容词比较级修饰名词,副词比较级修饰动词、形容词; 例句:The gap is wider.(wider是形容词比较级,修饰名词gap);He runs faster.(faster是副词比较级,修饰动词runs); · 避免重复比较:不能说more wider(错误),正确是wider或more wide(但wide是单音节词,常用wider); · 比较对象要一致:如错误:The weather in Beijing is better than Shanghai. 正确:The weather in Beijing is better than that in Shanghai.(that指代weather,保证比较对象一致)。
八、主谓一致(基础考点,易错点较多,结合题目重点突破)
· 核心定义:句子的谓语动词要与主语在人称和数上保持一致,即主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。
1. 高频主谓一致考点(结合题目)
· 考点1:the number of + 复数名词 vs a number of + 复数名词(最常考): ① the number of + 复数名词:主语是the number(数量),单数,谓语动词用单数; ② a number of + 复数名词:主语是复数名词,谓语动词用复数; 例句(题目原句):The number of foreigners has increased.(单数谓语);A number of foreign friends have come to China.(复数谓语)。 · 考点2:定语从句中的主谓一致: 谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定,而非关系词; 例句(题目原句):countries whose citizens were granted visa-free entry(先行词countries是复数,谓语用were);a replica which/that looks like...(先行词a replica是单数,谓语用looks)。 · 考点3:并列主语由and连接: ① 表示两个独立的人或物,谓语动词用复数; ② 表示一个整体(如bread and butter面包和黄油,knife and fork刀叉),谓语动词用单数; 例句:Edison and his friend were working in the lab.(两个独立的人,复数谓语);Bread and butter is my breakfast.(一个整体,单数谓语)。 · 考点4:单数集合名词作主语(如family, team, group, STEM fields等): ① 表示整体,谓语动词用单数; ② 表示集合中的成员,谓语动词用复数; 例句(题目原句):STEM fields have been led by males.(STEM领域作为整体,单数谓语,但题目中用复数,结合语境,此处fields是复数形式,故用have);Our team is winning.(团队整体,单数谓语);Our team are arguing.(团队成员,复数谓语)。 · 考点5:动名词、不定式作主语: 谓语动词用单数; 例句:Carving chalk is his hobby.(动名词作主语,单数谓语);To learn English well is important.(不定式作主语,单数谓语)。
2. 易错点汇总
· 不要被主语后的修饰成分迷惑(如定语从句、介词短语),谓语动词仍由主语本身决定; 例句(题目原句):Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, entered the country.(主语是Julia,单数,谓语用entered,不受后面定语从句的影响); · 分数、百分数作主语时,谓语动词由后面的名词决定(名词是单数,谓语用单数;名词是复数,谓语用复数); 例句:59 percent of men use generative AI.(men是复数,谓语用use);30 percent of the water is polluted.(water是不可数名词,谓语用is); · 不定代词(everyone, everything, someone, something等)作主语,谓语动词用单数; 例句:Everyone likes this book.(单数谓语);Something is wrong.(单数谓语)。
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语法填空必刷:模拟题 + 名校联考题 易错考点全突破
第一组 语法填空
1. The number of foreigners coming to China visa-free ______ (increase) significantly in the first six months of the year, as the nation continues to open its doors ______ (wide) for international travelers.
2. These visa facilitation measures have encouraged ______ large number of foreign friends to come to China for tourism and business, boosted inbound consumption, and further enhanced understanding and friendship between people in China and other countries.
3. Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, ______ (enter) the country visa-free for the first time and said she was very excited for the time she would spend in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong.
4. Poland was among countries ______ citizens were granted visa-free entry to China in 2024.
5. Julia said the visa-free policy spared ______ (she) the potentially troublesome documentation process ______ (need) for getting a visa.
6. Yang Jinsong, a researcher at the China Tourism Academy, said the figures released on Wednesday reflect the positive effect of the country’s measures for ______ (stimulate) cross-border travel.
7. These measures have increased China’s popularity among international travelers, he said, ______ (note) that the country’s inbound tourism market has shown strong recovery momentum in recent years.
8. Shen Sihao, who grew up in Luoyang, Henan Province, often ______ (use) his compass to carve chalk into small versions of cultural relics and ancient buildings from books or local sights when he was in high school.
9. One impressive creation was a replica of a tower in Luoyang ______ looks like it has five floors from the outside but actually has nine floors inside.
10. After getting a job at an Internet company in Beijing, Shen found ______ (he) with more free time and so decided to pursue his childhood dream of chalk carving.
11. Since 2024, he ______ (share) videos on various platforms showcasing his chalk carvings, including tomb figures, arrows, and more.
12. ______ (ensure) accuracy, Shen visits museums, studies detailed drawings of relics and practices ancient Chinese calligraphy.
13. Shen often ______ (accidental) breaks his work when it’s almost done, but he has learned that patience and ______ (persevere) are the key to success.
14. Egypt’s largest wind power project is to be designed and built by a Chinese company PowerChina, ______ is viewed by insiders as a milestone in the country’s renewable energy sector.
15. This initiative is primarily for Egypt’s goal ______ (source) 42 percent of its energy from renewables by 2030, with an expected annual output of over 4.3 billion kilowatt-hours.
16. The project, ______ (involve) Saudi Arabia’s ACWA Power and support from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, is an example of international collaboration in large-scale renewable projects.
第一组 举一反三题目
1. The number of students joining the English club ______ (rise) sharply since last term, as the school has been holding more English activities to arouse their interest.
2. The new policy has helped ______ large number of young people find jobs easily, improved their living standards, and brought more vitality to the local economy.
3. Tom, a 17-year-old student from America, who is studying in China, ______ (visit) the Great Wall last month and said it was the most amazing scenery he had ever seen.
4. Beijing is among the cities ______ citizens can enjoy free access to public libraries and museums.
5. The teacher said the after-school tutoring spared ______ (we) the trouble of doing extra homework ______ (assign) by other teachers.
6. The expert suggested that we should take effective measures for ______ (protect) the environment and reducing pollution.
7. The manager announced the good news at the meeting, ______ (add) that all employees would get a bonus this month.
8. Li Ming, who grew up in a small village, often ______ (help) his parents do farm work when he was a child.
9. The book ______ I borrowed from the library yesterday tells a touching story about friendship and courage.
10. After moving to a new city, she found ______ (she) with no friends and decided to join a community group to make new acquaintances.
11. Since 2023, my sister ______ (learn) to play the piano and she can now play several famous pieces.
12. ______ (improve) his spoken English, he practices speaking with foreign teachers every weekend.
13. He ______ (careless) made a mistake in the exam, but he realized that carefulness and ______ (honest) are important for study.
14. The new library, ______ was built last year, has become a popular place for students to study and read.
15. Our team has set a goal ______ (win) the first prize in the coming sports meeting, with everyone working hard for it.
16. The film, ______ (star) a famous actor and actress, tells a true story about a doctor who devoted his life to saving patients.
第二组 语法填空
说明:以下题目均改编自原文长难句,以复合句、并列复合句为主,涉及高频词性转换、连词、介词、非谓语动词等考点,每题1分,共16分。
1. Edison was one of the greatest ______ (scientist) that greatly shaped modern society and made great contributions to human progress.
2. Because of hearing problems, Edison had difficulty ______ (follow) the lessons at school and often ran away from class.
3. He used the time ______ (read) books and set up a lab in his home, but the smell from his lab made his mother stop him from doing experiments.
4. At the age of twelve, Edison got a job on the Grand Trunk Railway, where he made use ______ an abandoned car as his lab.
5. During that time, he ______ (success) developed a device that could send messages quickly and accurately.
6. By 1869, Edison's inventions in telegraphy were widely accepted, ______ made him decide to leave his job and become a full-time inventor.
7. When ______ (ask) to explain how he could come up with so many great inventions, Edison said genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
8. Edison ______ (die) at the age of 84 on October 18, 1931, and at the time of his death, he was still doing experiments in his lab.
9. He clearly enjoyed his work and lived life to ______ fullest, devoting all his life to scientific inventions.
10. Increase your productivity. This is ______ AI tools attract their users and become more and more popular.
11. Despite hopes that the technology will improve the ______ (efficient) of work, not everyone is willing to use AI tools.
12. According to BBC, 59 percent of men aged 18 to 65 around the world use generative AI at least once a week, compared ______ 51 percent of women.
13. The gender gap is even ______ (wide) among younger people; 71 percent of men and 59 percent of women aged 18 to 24 use generative AI weekly.
14. For ages, STEM fields ______ (lead) by males, which reflects the underrepresentation of women in these fields.
15. In a survey of 486 students, ______ (divide) by academic performance, researchers found that high-performing female students were more likely to use ChatGPT properly.
16. It’s the idea that I have to do it on my own without ______ (take) shortcuts, which is common among many female students.
第二组 举一反三题目
1. Lu Xun was one of the greatest ______ (writer) in Chinese history, who wrote many works to awaken people’s consciousness.
2. Because of his poor memory, he had difficulty ______ (remember) new words and often forgot what he had learned.
3. My father uses his spare time ______ (learn) computer skills and help my mother with her work.
4. In the countryside, many farmers make use ______ the land to grow vegetables and fruits, improving their living conditions.
5. With the help of his teacher, he ______ (gradual) improved his math grades and became more confident.
6. He won the first prize in the competition, ______ made his parents very proud and encouraged him to keep working hard.
7. When ______ (invite) to attend the meeting, she was very happy and prepared a speech carefully.
8. His grandfather ______ (pass) away last year, but he still misses him and often talks about his stories.
9. We should live our life to ______ fullest and cherish every moment we have with our family and friends.
10. This is ______ we should protect the environment—for our own future and the future of our children.
11. The new technology has greatly improved the ______ (produce) of the factory and reduced the cost of production.
12. The number of people who like reading paper books is decreasing, compared ______ that of people who like reading e-books.
13. The gap between the rich and the poor is even ______ (big) in some developing countries.
14. For years, this company ______ (run) by a young man, who has made great efforts to develop the business.
15. In a survey of 500 workers, ______ (group) by age, researchers found that young workers are more willing to accept new things.
16. She finished the work on her own without ______ (ask) for help from others, showing her strong will.
语法知识点系统总结(详细版)
一、时态(高频考点,贯穿所有题目,易错点重点标注)
1. 一般过去时(基础时态,易与现在完成时混淆)
· 核心定义:表示过去某个具体时间发生的动作、存在的状态,或过去习惯性、经常性的动作,动作已结束,与现在没有直接联系。
· 标志词(精准区分,避免混淆): ① 具体过去时间点:yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1990, on October 18, 1931, just now, a moment ago; ② 过去时间状语从句:when he was a child, when he was in high school, after he graduated; ③ 过去习惯性动作:used to do sth(过去常常做某事,现在不做了),would do sth(过去习惯性做某事,无“现在不做”的含义)。
· 谓语动词变化规则: ① 规则变化:直接加ed(如use→used, help→helped, visit→visited);以e结尾加d(如live→lived);重读闭音节双写尾字母加ed(如stop→stopped, plan→planned);以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加ed(如study→studied); ② 不规则变化(必背高频):go→went, do→did, die→died, see→saw, take→took, have→had, is→was, are→were。
· 易错点提醒:不能与“since+过去时间”“for+时间段”连用(这类标志词属于现在完成时);注意区分“used to do”和“be used to doing”(后者是“习惯于做某事”,to是介词,后接动名词)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境,强化记忆): ① She visited the Great Wall last month.(具体过去时间,动作已结束) ② He used to live in a small village when he was young.(过去习惯性动作,现在不居住在那里了) ③ When he was in high school, he often used his compass to carve chalk.(过去经常性动作,结合题目场景)
2. 现在完成时(高频难点,核心是“过去对现在的影响”)
· 核心定义:表示过去发生的动作,对现在造成了明确的影响或结果;或动作从过去开始,持续到现在,可能还会继续(此时常与for/since连用)。
· 标志词(精准记忆,避免与一般过去时混淆): ① 强调“影响/结果”:so far, up to now, recently, yet(用于否定句/疑问句), already(用于肯定句), just, ever, never; ② 强调“持续”:since + 过去时间点(如since 2024, since last term)、since + 一般过去时从句(如since he came to Beijing)、for + 时间段(如for 5 years, for a long time); ③ 其他:in the past/last + 时间段(如in the past six months, in the last year)。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has + 过去分词(过去分词变化同一般过去时,不规则变化需单独记忆)。
· 主谓一致注意: ① the number of + 复数名词(……的数量)作主语,谓语动词用单数,故用has + 过去分词(如The number of foreigners has increased); ② a number of + 复数名词(许多……)作主语,谓语动词用复数,故用have + 过去分词(如A number of foreign friends have come to China)。
· 易错点提醒: ① 不能与具体过去时间点连用(如不能说He has visited the Great Wall last month); ② 瞬间动词(die, come, go, leave, join等)不能与for/since连用,需转换为延续性动词(如die→be dead, leave→be away); ③ 区分“现在完成时”和“一般过去时”:前者强调“过去对现在的影响”,后者只强调“过去发生的动作”(如He has lost his key. 他丢了钥匙,现在还没找到;He lost his key yesterday. 他昨天丢了钥匙,不知道现在找到没)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① The number of students has increased since last term.(动作从过去开始,持续到现在,主语是the number of,用has) ② These visa facilitation measures have encouraged a large number of foreign friends to come to China.(过去的政策,对现在造成的影响——很多外国人来中国) ③ He has lived in Beijing for 5 years.(动作持续到现在,瞬间动词live是延续性动词,可直接用)
3. 现在完成进行时(高频考点,强调“持续进行”)
· 核心定义:表示动作从过去开始,持续到现在,一直在进行,没有中断,且可能还会继续进行;重点强调“动作的持续性”,而非“结果”。
· 标志词:与现在完成时一致(since + 过去时间/从句,for + 时间段,recently),但语境中会明确体现“持续进行”的含义。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has been + 现在分词(doing),现在分词变化规则:直接加ing(如share→sharing);以e结尾去e加ing(如live→living);重读闭音节双写尾字母加ing(如run→running)。
· 与现在完成时的辨析(重点,易错点): ① 现在完成时:强调“结果”或“动作持续到现在,可能已结束”; ② 现在完成进行时:强调“动作持续进行,未中断”,常翻译为“一直做某事”。 例句对比: - He has written three letters.(现在完成时,强调结果:写了三封信,动作可能已结束) - He has been writing letters since this morning.(现在完成进行时,强调持续:从早上一直写信,现在还在写)
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① Since 2024, he has been sharing videos on various platforms.(从2024年开始,一直分享视频,现在还在分享) ② She has been practicing calligraphy for two years.(一直练习书法,持续到现在)
4. 现在完成时被动语态(被动语态+时态结合,难点)
· 核心定义:表示过去发生的被动动作,对现在造成了影响;或被动动作从过去开始,持续到现在,被持续进行。
· 标志词:同现在完成时(for ages, since, in the past + 时间段等),且主语是动作的承受者。
· 谓语动词结构:have/has been + 过去分词(被动语态的核心是“be + 过去分词”,结合现在完成时的“have/has + 过去分词”,即have/has been + 过去分词)。
· 主谓一致:主语是单数(如STEM fields视为单数集合名词),用has been + 过去分词;主语是复数,用have been + 过去分词。
· 易错点提醒:注意过去分词的正确形式,避免与主动语态混淆(如主动:has led;被动:has been led)。
· 例句(贴合题目语境): ① For ages, STEM fields have been led by males.(STEM领域多年来一直被男性主导,被动动作持续到现在) ② The project has been designed by PowerChina since last year.(这个项目从去年开始就被中国电建设计,持续到现在)
二、非谓语动词(重中之重,贯穿两组题目,占比最高,详细拆解)
核心前提:非谓语动词不能作谓语,不受主语人称和数的限制,需根据逻辑关系(主动/被动、目的/伴随/结果)选择形式,常见形式:不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、过去分词(done)、现在分词(doing)。
1. 不定式(to do)(表“目的、将来、未发生”)
· 核心含义:通常表示“要做的事、目的、将来的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,逐个突破): ① 作目的状语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 位置:可置于句首(用逗号隔开)或句末,表“为了……”; - 例句(题目原句):To ensure accuracy, Shen visits museums.(为了保证准确性,沈去博物馆);He used the time to read books.(他用时间来读书,目的是读书); - 易错点:不能与so that(引导目的状语从句)混淆,to do是短语,so that后接句子(如To improve his English, he practices every day. = He practices every day so that he can improve his English.)。 ② 作后置定语(修饰名词,常考名词:goal, plan, chance, time, ability, way等): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,表“要做的……、能做的……”,相当于“定语从句that/which + 情态动词 + do”; - 例句(题目原句):This initiative is primarily for Egypt’s goal to source 42 percent of its energy.(埃及的目标是获取能源,to source修饰goal);类似搭配:the plan to travel(旅行计划),the chance to study(学习机会); - 易错点:当名词是time, place, way时,不定式可省略to(如I have no time to do it. = I have no time do it. 但题目中通常不省略,需规范书写)。 ③ 作宾语(跟在特定动词后): - 常见动词(必背):want, hope, decide, plan, try, manage, agree, refuse, promise, afford等; - 例句:He decided to pursue his childhood dream.(他决定追求童年梦想);She hopes to visit China again.(她希望再次访问中国); ④ 作主语(较少考,了解即可): - 结构:To do sth + is/was + 表语;常用it作形式主语,即It is + 形容词 + to do sth; - 例句:To learn English well is important. = It is important to learn English well.(学好英语很重要)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 不定式的否定形式:not to do(如He decided not to go. 他决定不去); ② 省略to的情况:情态动词后(can, may, must等)、使役动词后(make, let, have sb do sth)、感官动词后(see, hear, watch sb do sth),但被动语态中to要还原(如He was made to do it. 他被要求做这件事); ③ 区分“to do”和“doing”作宾语:有些动词后只能接to do(如hope, decide),有些只能接doing(如enjoy, practice),有些两者都可(如try to do sth努力做某事,try doing sth尝试做某事)。
2. 动名词(doing)(表“主动、进行、习惯性动作”)
· 核心含义:相当于名词,可表示“动作本身、习惯性动作、进行中的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作介词宾语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 常见介词(必背):for, in, on, at, by, with, without, about, of, after, before等,介词后必须接动名词,不能接不定式; - 例句(题目原句):measures for stimulating cross-border travel(促进跨境旅行的措施,for是介词,接stimulating);without taking shortcuts(不走捷径,without是介词,接taking);make use of protecting the environment(利用保护环境,of是介词,接protecting); - 易错点:介词短语中的to是介词时,也接动名词(如devote to doing sth致力于做某事,look forward to doing sth期待做某事),注意区分“介词to”和“不定式to”。 ② 作动词宾语(跟在特定动词后): - 常见动词(必背,高频):enjoy, practice, finish, avoid, mind, suggest, keep, miss, consider, admit等; - 例句:He enjoys carving chalk.(他喜欢雕刻粉笔);She finished doing her homework.(她做完了作业); ③ 作主语(可与不定式互换,略正式): - 例句:Carving chalk is his hobby.(雕刻粉笔是他的爱好);Studying hard is important.(努力学习很重要); ④ 作定语(修饰名词,表“用途、性质”): - 例句:a carving tool(雕刻工具,表用途);a running man(跑步的人,表进行)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 动名词的否定形式:not doing(如He avoided not making mistakes. 他避免不犯错误); ② 区分“动名词”和“现在分词”:两者形式相同,但动名词作主语、宾语、定语(表用途),现在分词作状语、定语(表进行)、宾语补足语; ③ 固定搭配:have difficulty (in) doing sth(in可省略),have trouble (in) doing sth,have problems (in) doing sth(题目中第2组第2题考查)。
3. 过去分词(done)(表“被动、完成、状态”)
· 核心含义:表示“被动的动作、已完成的动作、所处的状态”,逻辑主语与主句主语不一致(作状语时)或被修饰词与done是被动关系(作定语时)。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作后置定语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,与被修饰词之间是被动关系、完成关系,相当于“定语从句that/which + be + done”; - 例句(题目原句):the potentially troublesome documentation process needed for getting a visa(申请签证所需的繁琐流程,process和need是被动关系,相当于which is needed);students divided by academic performance(按成绩划分的学生,students和divide是被动关系,相当于who were divided); - 易错点:区分“过去分词”和“现在分词”作后置定语:done表被动、完成,doing表主动、进行(如the project involving ACWA Power是主动,the project designed by PowerChina是被动)。 ② 作状语(时间、原因、条件、伴随等,常考时间状语): - 用法:当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,用过去分词表被动;若主语不一致,需用独立主格结构(题目中不涉及,简单了解); - 例句(题目原句):When asked to explain how he could come up with so many great inventions, Edison said...(当被询问时,Edison说……,Edison和ask是被动关系,省略了he was); - 常见省略结构:when done, if done, though done(如If given more time, I can do it better. 如果被给予更多时间,我能做得更好)。 ③ 作宾语补足语(跟在使役动词、感官动词后): - 常见动词:make, keep, find, see, hear等,表“使……被做、看到……被做”; - 例句:He found the door locked.(他发现门被锁了,locked是宾语补足语,door和lock是被动关系);We keep the room cleaned.(我们保持房间被打扫干净)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 过去分词的形式:规则变化同一般过去时,不规则变化需单独记忆(如done→done, written→written, seen→seen); ② 作状语时,若逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,不能直接用过去分词,需用独立主格(如The work done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们回家了,work是done的逻辑主语,与主句主语we不一致); ③ 区分“过去分词”和“不定式被动式(to be done)”:done表“已完成的被动”,to be done表“将要被做的被动”(如the work to be done 要做的工作,the work done 已完成的工作)。
4. 现在分词(doing)(表“主动、进行、伴随”)
· 核心含义:表示“主动的动作、正在进行的动作、伴随的动作”,逻辑主语与主句主语一致,多表主动。
· 常考功能及用法(结合题目,重点突破): ① 作后置定语(常考,与过去分词作定语对比): - 含义:修饰前面的名词,与被修饰词之间是主动关系、进行关系,相当于“定语从句that/which + be + doing”; - 例句(题目原句):the project involving Saudi Arabia’s ACWA Power(涉及沙特ACWA电力公司的项目,project和involve是主动关系,相当于which involves);the film starring a famous actor and actress(由著名演员主演的电影,film和star是主动关系,相当于which stars); - 易错点:当被修饰词是“人”时,doing表“人主动做某事”,done表“人被……”(如a smiling girl 微笑的女孩,a surprised girl 被吓到的女孩)。 ② 作伴随状语(最常考,题目中多次出现): - 位置:多置于句末,用逗号与主句隔开,补充说明主句动作发生时的伴随状态或动作,与主句动作同时发生; - 例句(题目原句):he said, noting that the country’s inbound tourism market has shown strong recovery momentum.(他说,指出中国入境旅游市场呈现强劲复苏势头,noting是伴随状语,he和note是主动关系);She sat there, reading a book.(她坐在那里,读着书,reading是伴随状语); ③ 作时间、原因、条件状语(类似过去分词,表主动): - 用法:当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致,且从句中有be动词时,可省略主语和be动词,用现在分词表主动; - 例句:While studying in China, he made many friends.(在中国学习期间,他交了很多朋友,he和study是主动关系,省略了he was);Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(因为生病,他没去上学)。 ④ 作宾语补足语(跟在使役动词、感官动词后): - 常见动词:keep, find, see, hear, watch等,表“使……一直做某事、看到……正在做某事”; - 例句:I saw him carving chalk.(我看到他正在雕刻粉笔,carving是宾语补足语,him和carve是主动关系,表进行)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 现在分词的否定形式:not doing(如Not knowing what to do, he asked for help. 不知道该做什么,他寻求帮助); ② 区分“现在分词”和“动名词”:两者形式相同,但现在分词作状语、定语(表进行)、宾语补足语,动名词作主语、宾语、定语(表用途); ③ 作伴随状语时,不能用不定式(不定式表目的,不表伴随)。
三、定语从句(高频复合句考点,分为限制性和非限制性,重点区分)
核心定义:修饰名词或代词(即先行词)的从句,由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语,连接主句和定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句(不可省略,无逗号,修饰限定先行词)
· 核心特点:从句是先行词的必要修饰,去掉从句后,主句意思不完整、不明确;无逗号隔开;可用that引导。
· 常考关系词(结合题目,逐个突破): ① 关系代词which/that(指物,最常考): - 用法:在从句中作主语、宾语;作宾语时可省略; - 例句(题目原句):One impressive creation was a replica of a tower in Luoyang which/that looks like it has five floors.(先行词是a replica,指物,从句中缺少主语,用which/that);The book (which/that) I borrowed from the library yesterday tells a touching story.(先行词是the book,指物,从句中缺少宾语,which/that可省略); - 易错点:当先行词是物,且从句中缺少主语或宾语时,可用which或that,无区别;但当先行词被最高级、序数词、only、very等修饰时,只能用that(如This is the best book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书)。 ② 关系代词whose(指人或物,表“所属关系”,最常考): - 用法:在从句中作定语,修饰后面的名词,表“先行词的……”;可指人(whose = of whom),可指物(whose = of which); - 例句(题目原句):Poland was among countries whose citizens were granted visa-free entry to China.(先行词是countries,指物,whose修饰citizens,表“国家的公民”);Beijing is among the cities whose citizens can enjoy free access to public libraries.(先行词是cities,whose修饰citizens); - 同义转换:countries whose citizens = countries of which the citizens = the citizens of which。 ③ 关系代词who/whom(指人): - who:在从句中作主语,不可省略; - whom:在从句中作宾语,可省略; - 例句:The girl who is sitting by the window is my sister.(先行词是the girl,who作主语);The man (whom) I met yesterday is a teacher.(先行词是the man,whom作宾语,可省略)。 ④ 关系副词when/where/why(作状语,较少考): - when:先行词是时间(如time, day, year),在从句中作时间状语; - where:先行词是地点(如place, city, country),在从句中作地点状语; - why:先行词是reason,在从句中作原因状语; - 例句:I still remember the day when I first came to China.(先行词是the day,when作时间状语);This is the place where I grew up.(先行词是the place,where作地点状语)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 关系词不能重复:从句中不能再出现指代先行词的代词(如错误:The book which I borrowed it yesterday is interesting. 正确:The book which I borrowed yesterday is interesting.); ② 先行词是人时,不能用which;先行词是物时,不能用who/whom; ③ 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略,但作主语时不能省略。
2. 非限制性定语从句(可省略,有逗号,补充说明先行词)
· 核心特点:从句是对先行词的补充说明,去掉从句后,主句意思依然完整、明确;与主句之间用逗号隔开;不能用that引导。
· 常考关系词(结合题目,重点突破): ① 关系代词which(最常考,可指物、指代前面整个句子): - 指物:先行词是物,在从句中作主语、宾语,不可省略; - 指代前面整个句子:在从句中作主语,意为“这一点、这件事”,这是高频考点(题目中第2组第6题考查); - 例句(题目原句):Egypt’s largest wind power project is to be designed and built by a Chinese company PowerChina, which is viewed as a milestone.(先行词是PowerChina,指物,which作主语);Edison's inventions in telegraphy were widely accepted, which made him decide to leave his job.(which指代前面整个句子“爱迪生的发明被广泛接受”,作主语); ② 关系代词who/whom(指人): - 用法同限制性定语从句,但不可省略,且有逗号隔开; - 例句(题目原句):Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, entered the country visa-free.(先行词是Julia,who引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明Julia的情况,不可省略); ③ 关系代词whose(指人或物,表所属关系,同限制性定语从句): - 例句:My friend, whose father is a doctor, will go to America.(我的朋友,他的父亲是医生,将要去美国); ④ 关系副词when/where(作状语,较少考): - 例句:Beijing, where I was born, is a beautiful city.(北京,我出生的地方,是一座美丽的城市)。
· 易错点汇总(重点,易混淆): ① 不能用that引导非限制性定语从句(错误:He has a new car, that is very expensive. 正确:He has a new car, which is very expensive.); ② 关系词不能省略(即使作宾语,也不能省略,如错误:The man, whom I met yesterday, is a teacher. 此处whom可省略,但非限制性定语从句中建议不省略,规范书写); ③ which指代前面整个句子时,从句谓语动词用单数(如The weather is fine, which makes us happy. which指代“天气好”这件事,谓语用makes)。
四、表语从句(复合句考点,难度较低,重点掌握引导词)
· 核心定义:在句中作表语,位于系动词(is, am, are, was, were, become, seem, look等)之后,补充说明主语的内容、性质、状态、原因等。
· 核心结构:主语 + 系动词 + that/why/what/how等 + 从句。
· 常考引导词(结合题目,重点突破): ① why(最常考,表原因,题目中第2组第10题考查): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作原因状语,意为“……的原因”; - 例句(题目原句):This is why AI tools attract their users and become more and more popular.(这就是AI工具吸引用户并越来越受欢迎的原因); - 同义转换:This is the reason why...(如This is the reason why AI tools attract their users.)。 ② that(无意义,可省略): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用; - 例句:My hope is (that) I can become a teacher.(我的希望是我能成为一名老师);The fact is (that) he didn’t come.(事实是他没来)。 ③ what(表内容,较常考): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,意为“……的东西、……的事情”; - 例句:What he said is true.(他说的话是真的,what在从句中作宾语);This is what I want.(这就是我想要的,what在从句中作宾语)。 ④ how(表方式,较少考): - 用法:引导表语从句,在从句中作方式状语,意为“如何、怎样”; - 例句:This is how we solve the problem.(这就是我们解决问题的方法)。
· 易错点汇总: ① 表语从句不能用if引导(只能用whether,如The question is whether he will come. 问题是他是否会来); ② that引导表语从句时,虽然可省略,但当从句较长或有强调意味时,建议不省略; ③ 引导词在从句中必须充当相应成分(除that外),不能多余或缺失。
五、词性转换(基础且高频,贯穿所有题目,重点掌握词形变化规则)
核心原则:根据句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语)判断词性,再根据词根变化词形,重点掌握“名词→形容词→副词”“动词→名词”“形容词→副词”的转换,以及代词的转换。
1. 名词→形容词→副词(最常考,题目中多次出现)
· 名词→形容词(修饰名词、代词,作定语、表语): ① 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - -ful:success(n. 成功)→successful(adj. 成功的);care(n. 小心)→careful(adj. 小心的); - -less:care(n. 小心)→careless(adj. 粗心的);hope(n. 希望)→hopeless(adj. 无望的); - -y:sun(n. 太阳)→sunny(adj. 晴朗的);health(n. 健康)→healthy(adj. 健康的); - -al:nation(n. 国家)→national(adj. 国家的);education(n. 教育)→educational(adj. 教育的); - -ous:danger(n. 危险)→dangerous(adj. 危险的);fame(n. 名声)→famous(adj. 著名的); ② 特殊变化(必背):persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持);efficient(adj. 高效的)→efficiency(n. 效率);difficult(adj. 困难的)→difficulty(n. 困难); ③ 例句(题目原句):patience(n. 耐心)→patient(adj. 有耐心的);persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持)。
· 形容词→副词(修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、整个句子,作状语): ① 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - 一般情况加ly:accidental(adj. 偶然的)→accidentally(adv. 偶然地);gradual(adj. 逐渐的)→gradually(adv. 逐渐地);careful(adj. 小心的)→carefully(adv. 小心地); - 以y结尾,变y为i加ly:easy(adj. 容易的)→easily(adv. 容易地);happy(adj. 开心的)→happily(adv. 开心地); - 以le结尾,去e加y:simple(adj. 简单的)→simply(adv. 简单地);terrible(adj. 可怕的)→terribly(adv. 可怕地); - 以ll结尾,直接加y:full(adj. 满的)→fully(adv. 充分地); ② 特殊变化(必背,高频):wide(adj./adv. 宽的/宽地)→wider(比较级,adv.);late(adj./adv. 晚的/晚地)→later(比较级,adv.);fast(adj./adv. 快的/快地)→faster(比较级,adv.); ③ 易错点:有些词既是形容词也是副词,无需加ly(如wide, fast, hard, late),注意区分“hard(努力地)”和“hardly(几乎不)”、“late(晚地)”和“lately(最近)”; ④ 例句(题目原句):accidental(adj.)→accidentally(adv.,修饰动词breaks);success(n.)→successful(adj.)→successfully(adv.,修饰动词developed)。
2. 动词→名词(作主语、宾语)
· 后缀法(必背高频后缀): - -tion:stimulate(v. 刺激)→stimulation(n. 刺激);invent(v. 发明)→invention(n. 发明); - -ment:develop(v. 发展)→development(n. 发展);improve(v. 提高)→improvement(n. 提高); - -ing:carve(v. 雕刻)→carving(n. 雕刻);share(v. 分享)→sharing(n. 分享); - -ence:persevere(v. 坚持)→perseverance(n. 坚持);differ(v. 不同)→difference(n. 不同); · 例句(题目原句):stimulate(v.)→stimulating(动名词作宾语,相当于名词);persevere(v.)→perseverance(n.,作主语)。
3. 代词转换(基础,必掌握)
· 人称代词→宾格(作宾语,动词、介词后): 主格:I, you, he, she, we, they;宾格:me, you, him, her, us, them; 例句(题目原句):she→her(spare her,spare是动词,后接宾格);we→us(spare us,spare是动词,后接宾格)。
· 人称代词→反身代词(作宾语、表语,强调主语自身): 主格→反身代词:I→myself, you→yourself/yourselves, he→himself, she→herself, we→ourselves, they→themselves; 常见搭配(必背):find oneself(发现自己……),help oneself(随便吃/用),enjoy oneself(玩得开心),hurt oneself(伤到自己); 例句(题目原句):he→himself(find himself with more free time,发现自己有更多空闲时间);she→herself(find herself with no friends,发现自己没有朋友)。
· 易错点:反身代词不能作主语,只能作宾语、表语或同位语(如错误:Himself did it. 正确:He did it himself.)。
六、固定搭配(必背考点,直接影响解题,分类整理,便于背诵)
核心:固定搭配是语法填空的“送分题”,需熟练背诵,避免拼写错误和搭配错误,结合题目中的搭配重点记忆。
1. 数量搭配(高频,题目中第1组第1、2题,第2组第12题考查)
· a large number of + 可数名词复数(许多,大量):表泛指,作定语,修饰复数名词,谓语动词用复数; 例句:a large number of foreign friends(许多外国朋友),a large number of young people(许多年轻人); · the number of + 可数名词复数(……的数量):作主语,谓语动词用单数; 例句:The number of foreigners has increased.(外国人的数量增加了); · 易错点:区分两者的用法,避免混淆(如错误:The number of students are 50. 正确:The number of students is 50.)。
2. 动词搭配(高频,贯穿两组题目)
· have difficulty (in) doing sth = have trouble (in) doing sth = have problems (in) doing sth(做某事有困难),in可省略; 例句(题目原句):had difficulty following the lessons(听课有困难); · make use of = make good use of = make full use of(利用,充分利用),of是介词,后接名词或动名词; 例句(题目原句):made use of an abandoned car(利用一辆废弃的汽车);take measures for protecting the environment(采取措施保护环境); · spare sb sth(省去某人某事,使某人不必做某事); 例句(题目原句):spared her the potentially troublesome documentation process(省去她繁琐的文件流程); · stop sb from doing sth(阻止某人做某事),from可省略; 例句:His mother stopped him from doing experiments.(他的母亲阻止他做实验); · devote...to doing sth(致力于做某事),to是介词,后接动名词; 例句:devoting all his life to scientific inventions(毕生致力于科学发明); · use sth to do sth = use sth for doing sth(用某物做某事); 例句(题目原句):used his compass to carve chalk(用圆规雕刻粉笔);used the time to read books(用时间读书); · be viewed as(被视为……); 例句(题目原句):which is viewed as a milestone(被视为一个里程碑); · be granted to(被授予……); 例句(题目原句):citizens were granted visa-free entry(公民被授予免签入境权)。
3. 介词搭配(高频,题目中多次出现)
· compared with/to(与……相比),可通用,无明显区别,用于引出比较对象; 例句(题目原句):compared with 51 percent of women(与51%的女性相比); · open doors for sb/sth(为……敞开大门); 例句(题目原句):open its doors wider for international travelers(为国际游客拓宽大门); · for + 动名词(介词for后接动名词,表目的、原因); 例句(题目原句):measures for stimulating cross-border travel(促进跨境旅行的措施); · without + 动名词(介词without后接动名词,表“没有做某事”); 例句(题目原句):without taking shortcuts(不走捷径); · of + 名词/动名词(表所属关系、用途); 例句(题目原句):the efficiency of work(工作效率),make use of protecting the environment(利用保护环境)。
4. 其他固定搭配(必背)
· to the fullest(充分地,最大限度地),常与live life搭配,即live life to the fullest(充分享受生活); 例句(题目原句):lived life to the fullest(充分享受生活); · one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数(……中最……之一); 例句(题目原句):one of the greatest scientists(最伟大的科学家之一),one of the greatest writers(最伟大的作家之一); · in the first six months of the year(今年前六个月),类似表达:in the first half of the year(上半年); · at the age of + 数字(在……岁时); 例句(题目原句):at the age of twelve(在12岁时),at the age of 84(在84岁时)。
七、形容词/副词比较级(基础考点,题目中多次出现,重点掌握变化规则和修饰词)
· 核心定义:用于两者之间的比较,表示“更……”,形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词、形容词等。
1. 比较级变化规则(必背,高频)
· 单音节词和部分双音节词: ① 一般情况:直接加er(如wide→wider, fast→faster, big→bigger); ② 以e结尾:加r(如nice→nicer, late→later); ③ 重读闭音节(辅音+元音+辅音):双写尾字母加er(如big→bigger, hot→hotter, thin→thinner); ④ 以辅音字母+y结尾:变y为i加er(如easy→easier, happy→happier); · 多音节词和部分双音节词: ① 前面加more(如difficult→more difficult, carefully→more carefully, successfully→more successfully); · 特殊变化(必背,高频): good/well→better, bad/badly→worse, many/much→more, little→less, far→farther/further。
2. 比较级的修饰词(高频,题目中第1组第1题、第2组第13题考查)
· 常见修饰词(必背):even(更……),much(……得多),far(……得多),a little(稍微),a lot(……得多),a bit(稍微); · 用法:修饰词放在比较级前面,不能放在后面; · 例句(题目原句):even wider(更宽),even bigger(更大);much better(好得多),a little easier(稍微容易一点)。
3. 易错点汇总
· 形容词和副词的比较级区分:形容词比较级修饰名词,副词比较级修饰动词、形容词; 例句:The gap is wider.(wider是形容词比较级,修饰名词gap);He runs faster.(faster是副词比较级,修饰动词runs); · 避免重复比较:不能说more wider(错误),正确是wider或more wide(但wide是单音节词,常用wider); · 比较对象要一致:如错误:The weather in Beijing is better than Shanghai. 正确:The weather in Beijing is better than that in Shanghai.(that指代weather,保证比较对象一致)。
八、主谓一致(基础考点,易错点较多,结合题目重点突破)
· 核心定义:句子的谓语动词要与主语在人称和数上保持一致,即主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。
1. 高频主谓一致考点(结合题目)
· 考点1:the number of + 复数名词 vs a number of + 复数名词(最常考): ① the number of + 复数名词:主语是the number(数量),单数,谓语动词用单数; ② a number of + 复数名词:主语是复数名词,谓语动词用复数; 例句(题目原句):The number of foreigners has increased.(单数谓语);A number of foreign friends have come to China.(复数谓语)。 · 考点2:定语从句中的主谓一致: 谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定,而非关系词; 例句(题目原句):countries whose citizens were granted visa-free entry(先行词countries是复数,谓语用were);a replica which/that looks like...(先行词a replica是单数,谓语用looks)。 · 考点3:并列主语由and连接: ① 表示两个独立的人或物,谓语动词用复数; ② 表示一个整体(如bread and butter面包和黄油,knife and fork刀叉),谓语动词用单数; 例句:Edison and his friend were working in the lab.(两个独立的人,复数谓语);Bread and butter is my breakfast.(一个整体,单数谓语)。 · 考点4:单数集合名词作主语(如family, team, group, STEM fields等): ① 表示整体,谓语动词用单数; ② 表示集合中的成员,谓语动词用复数; 例句(题目原句):STEM fields have been led by males.(STEM领域作为整体,单数谓语,但题目中用复数,结合语境,此处fields是复数形式,故用have);Our team is winning.(团队整体,单数谓语);Our team are arguing.(团队成员,复数谓语)。 · 考点5:动名词、不定式作主语: 谓语动词用单数; 例句:Carving chalk is his hobby.(动名词作主语,单数谓语);To learn English well is important.(不定式作主语,单数谓语)。
2. 易错点汇总
· 不要被主语后的修饰成分迷惑(如定语从句、介词短语),谓语动词仍由主语本身决定; 例句(题目原句):Julia, a 22-year-old woman from Poland, who is on her second trip to China, entered the country.(主语是Julia,单数,谓语用entered,不受后面定语从句的影响); · 分数、百分数作主语时,谓语动词由后面的名词决定(名词是单数,谓语用单数;名词是复数,谓语用复数); 例句:59 percent of men use generative AI.(men是复数,谓语用use);30 percent of the water is polluted.(water是不可数名词,谓语用is); · 不定代词(everyone, everything, someone, something等)作主语,谓语动词用单数; 例句:Everyone likes this book.(单数谓语);Something is wrong.(单数谓语)。
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