专题06 阅读理解（说明文）（期末真题汇编，北京专用）高一英语下学期

**基本信息** 精选北京各区高一下期末说明文阅读真题，涵盖AI情感支持、完美主义、植物工程等时代热点，问题设计梯度分明，考查细节理解、推理判断等核心阅读能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|约60题|细节理解（如35题）、推理判断（如28题）、词义猜测（如29题）、主旨大意（如30题）|情境时代性（AI、环保等热点素材）；问题层次性（基础到创新，如22题细节到25题意图推断）|

专题06 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京东城·期末） Before he goes to bed each night, Matthew Wang logs on to DeepSeek for‌ “therapy (治疗) sessions”. Ever since January 2025, when the breakout Chinese AI app launched, the 28-year-old has brought his dilemmas and sorrows, including the recent death of his grandfather, to the chatbot. Its responses have resonated (共鸣) so deeply that they have at times brought him to tears. ‌“DeepSeek has been such an amazing counsellor (咨询师). It has helped me look at things from different perspectives and does a better job than the paid counselling services I have tried,” says Matthew. DeepSeek is a generative AI tool trained on massive amounts of information to recognise patterns. This allows it to predict things like people’s shopping habits, create new content in text and images, and also carry on conversations like a person. The chatbot has struck a chord in China partly because it offers something unique: its AI model, R1, lets users see its‌ “thought process” before delivering a response. While the success of DeepSeek has inspired national pride, it also appears to have become a source of comfort for young Chinese like Matthew. Nan Jia, a business and management professor at the University of Southern California, who coauthored a paper on AI’s potential in offering emotional support, suggests that these chatbots can‌ “help people feel heard” in ways fellow humans may not.‌ “Friends and family may be quick to offer practical solutions or advice when people just want to feel heard and understood,” Nan says. A young woman, Holly, who lives in Hubei province, had asked DeepSeek if she was oversharing her experiences and emotions with family and friends. In reasoning through her question, DeepSeek suggested that her worry of being an over-sharer might come from a deep desire for love. The chatbot gives itself a mental note: ‌“Response should offer practical advice while being empathetic (同理心的).” This could include‌ “affirming the user’s sense of self-awareness”.‌ “When I read DeepSeek’s thought process, I felt so moved,” Holly wrote on RedNote. The demand for mental health services has grown across the world but they remain _______ in parts of Asia, experts say. Fang Kecheng, a communications professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a ‌“significant shortage” of professional psychological counselling services in China, and those available are often‌ “prohibitively expensive” for most individuals. Prof Nan stressed, however, that people with serious mental health conditions should not rely on these apps. ‌“Those who have medical needs, in particular, should be seeking help from trained professionals… Their use of AI will have to be checked very closely,” she says. 35. The author mentions Matthew Wang’s experience to _______. A. question an opinion B. challenge a career C. illustrate a phenomenon D. make a comparison 36. What do you think is probably DeepSeek’s answer to Holly’s question? A. ‌“Before sharing, ask yourself: ‘Am I too emotional?’” B. ‌“Feeling sad when disrespected is completely understandable.” C. ‌“Your habit of sharing might be due to a sense of overconfidence.” D. ‌“It’s thoughtful of you to reflect on how your sharing impacts others.” 37. Which word is the best choice to fill in the blank in Paragraph 7? A. inaccessible B. illegal C. criticized D. ignored 38. What is Prof Nan’s attitude towards AI’s emotional support? A. Supportive. B. Objective. C. Indifferent. D. Doubtful. 【答案】35. C 36. D 37. A 38. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国AI应用DeepSeek能为用户提供情感支持，分析其受欢迎原因，也指出亚洲部分地区心理健康服务不足及使用AI的注意事项。 35. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Before he goes to bed each night, Matthew Wang logs on to DeepSeek for‌ “therapy (治疗) sessions”. (每晚睡觉前，王马修都会登录DeepSeek进行“治疗”)”、第二段中“Ever since January 2025, when the breakout Chinese AI app launched, the 28-year-old has brought his dilemmas and sorrows, including the recent death of his grandfather, to the chatbot. Its responses have resonated (共鸣) so deeply that they have at times brought him to tears.(自2025年1月这款突破性的中国人工智能应用推出以来，这位28岁的年轻人就把自己的困境和悲伤，包括最近祖父的去世，都倾诉给了这个聊天机器人。它的回应引起了他的强烈共鸣，有时甚至让他落泪)”以及后文对DeepSeek受年轻人欢迎的进一步阐述可知，作者提到王马修的经历是为了举例说明DeepSeek受年轻人欢迎这一现象。故选C项。 36. 推理判断题。根据第六段中“A young woman, Holly, who lives in Hubei province, had asked DeepSeek if she was oversharing her experiences and emotions with family and friends. In reasoning through her question, DeepSeek suggested that her worry of being an over-sharer might come from a deep desire for love. The chatbot gives itself a mental note: ‌“Response should offer practical advice while being empathetic (同理心的).” This could include‌ “affirming the user’s sense of self-awareness”.‌(一位居住在湖北省的年轻女子霍莉Holly曾向DeepSeek咨询，她是否过度向亲友分享自己的经历和情绪。在分析这一问题时，深度求索提出，她对“过度分享”的担忧可能源于内心深处对爱的渴望。该聊天机器人给自己写了一条心理备忘：“回应时应既提供实用建议，又保持同理心”，包括“肯定用户的自我觉察意识”)”可知，DeepSeek的回答会肯定用户的自我意识。D选项“你能反思自己的分享方式对他人的影响，真的很体贴”符合肯定用户的自我意识这一特点，可能是DeepSeek提供的回答。故选D项。 37. 推理判断题。根据第七段中“Fang Kecheng, a communications professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a ‌“significant shortage” of professional psychological counselling services in China, and those available are often‌ “prohibitively expensive” for most individuals.(香港中文大学传播学教授方克成表示，中国专业心理咨询服务“严重短缺”，而且现有的服务对大多数人来说往往“贵得让人望而却步”)”可知，亚洲部分地区心理健康服务严重短缺，而且现有的服务太贵，所以难以获得。句子“The demand for mental health services has grown across the world but they remain _______ in parts of Asia”中使用形容词inaccessible(难以获得的)能描述这一现状。故选A项。 38. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Nan Jia, a business and management professor at the University of Southern California, who coauthored a paper on AI’s potential in offering emotional support, suggests that these chatbots can‌ “help people feel heard” in ways fellow humans may not.‌ “Friends and family may be quick to offer practical solutions or advice when people just want to feel heard and understood,” Nan says.(南加州大学商业与管理学教授南嘉曾参与撰写一篇关于人工智能在情感支持方面潜力的论文。她指出，这类聊天机器人能以人类无法实现的方式“帮助人们感受到被倾听”)”和最后一段“Prof Nan stressed, however, that people with serious mental health conditions should not rely on these apps. ‌“Those who have medical needs, in particular, should be seeking help from trained professionals… Their use of AI will have to be checked very closely,” she says.(然而，南教授强调，患有严重心理健康问题的人不应依赖这些应用程序。她说：“特别是那些有医疗需求的人，应该向训练有素的专业人员寻求帮助……他们使用人工智能必须受到密切监督。”)”可知，南教授既肯定了AI在情感支持方面的作用，又指出了使用AI的限制，态度是客观的。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） Do cats remember who their mother is? The answer to this question is a bit complex. Cats are unsocial animals. Their relationships don’t function the same as those of people. Therefore, cats don’t remember their mothers in the same way that humans do. Cats use smell to identify one another. Mothers and kittens may continue to recognize each other if they are never separated. If they are separated, they will likely not recognize each other when they are reunited. After all. their smell will have changed, which will cause their “identity” to change. Even if a mother and her kittens aren’t separated, a kitten’s smell will begin to change when it is around 12 weeks old. Before then, the kittens spend their time in a nesting box, which causes them to develop a unique smell. After they stop spending so much time in their box, the smell slowly goes away, and the cats will adopt the smell of their environment. Eventually, it will change enough to prevent the cats from identifying each other as littermates (同窝出生的仔畜). Do mother cats know who their kittens are? Various studies have been performed on whether cats have an inborn sense of who their kittens are. Most cats accept any kitten that suckles (吮吸) on them. You can take kittens from different mothers and give them to the same mother cat, and she will typically accept them. Therefore, cats likely don’t have a strong sense of which kittens are “theirs”. They take care of whichever kittens are in their nesting box. However cats typically use smell to recognize other cats that they know. Kittens that spend time in a mother’s nesting box will usually be cared for by that mother, as they “smell” like her kittens. This is true even if the kittens aren’t biologically hers. Therefore, the mother cat doesn’t know which kittens she gave birth to. However, there is a sense of which kittens are “hers” based on which ones are in her nesting box and smell like it. If any kittens disappear, she will likely notice and look for them. But that isn’t always true. Sometimes, cats don’t realize that they have fewer kittens. When the kittens grow, the mother may recognize that they are her kittens if they are kept around and not separated. However, she won’t develop the same mother-child relationship that humans do. Cats typically don’t form “family” ties. 23. What does the author intend to do by mentioning human relationships in Paragraph 1? A. Highlight a difference. B. Give a suggestion. C. Make an assumption. D. Express a doubt. 24. Cats are able to know who their mothers are because of their ________. A. strong attachments B. inborn skills C. biological relationship D. shared smell 25. Regarding a mother’s relationship with her kittens, we can learn that ________. A. mothers’ love for their kittens lasts a lifetime B. mothers will miss their kittens if they are separated C. mothers don’t always remember which kittens they gave birth to D. mothers drive away their kittens when they are about 12 weeks old 26. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To show why cats fail to identify their littermates. B. To point out when kittens tend to leave their mothers. C. To explore what factors affect mother-kitten recognition. D. To explain how to strengthen cats’ mother-child relationship. 【答案】23. A 24. D 25. C 26. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。猫是否记得母亲较复杂，它们靠气味识别，分开后因气味变化可能不认；母猫也难辨亲生幼崽，通常无人类般母子关系和家庭纽带。 23. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Their relationships don’t function the same as those of people. Therefore, cats don’t remember their mothers in the same way that humans do.(它们之间的关系与人类的关系有所不同。因此，猫不会像人类那样记住自己的母亲)”可知，作者在第一段中提及人际关系的目的是强调猫与人类在亲子关系上的差异。故选A。 24. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats use smell to identify one another. Mothers and kittens may continue to recognize each other if they are never separated. If they are separated, they will likely not recognize each other when they are reunited. After all. their smell will have changed, which will cause their “identity” to change.(猫是通过嗅觉来辨认彼此的。母猫和小猫即便从未分开过，也能一直认出对方。但如果它们分开后又重新相遇，它们很可能就无法认出彼此了。毕竟。它们的气味会发生变化，这会导致它们的‘身份’也随之改变)”可知，猫能够认出自己的母亲，这是因为它们之间有着相似的气味。故选D。 25. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Therefore, the mother cat doesn’t know which kittens she gave birth to.(因此，母猫并不知道自己生下了哪些幼崽)”可知，母猫并不总是能记得自己生下了哪些幼崽。故选C。 26. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Do cats remember who their mother is? The answer to this question is a bit complex. Cats are unsocial animals. Their relationships don’t function the same as those of people. Therefore, cats don’t remember their mothers in the same way that humans do.(猫能记住自己的母亲是谁吗？这个问题的答案有点复杂。猫是不太善于社交的动物。它们之间的关系与人类的关系有所不同。因此，猫不会像人类那样记住自己的母亲)”结合文章主要说明了猫是否记得母亲较复杂，它们靠气味识别，分开后因气味变化可能不认；母猫也难辨亲生幼崽，通常无人类般母子关系和家庭纽带。可知，这篇文章的目的是探究影响母猫与幼猫识别能力的因素。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） A 2023 study from the University of Bath found that younger generations have higher levels of perfectionism, or having exceptionally high standards and being overly self-critical, compared with previous generations at the same period in their lives. Using data taken from 40,000 North American and British university students, researchers found evidence that the extent to which young people place an unreasonable importance on “being perfect” had increased. Growing competition for university places and jobs, and increasingly strict parents were listed among contributing factors. The World Economic Forum describes it as a “hidden wave of perfectionism” and connects perfectionism with serious mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Clinical psychologist Ellen Hendriksen says that perfectionism isn’t necessarily about being perfect; instead, it’s about never being good enough. “It’s an inner push to do more, and always be better but, eventually, it costs us more than it buys us,” she says. Of course there is nothing wrong with simply wanting to do well and having high standards for yourself. So, when does this become a problem? Ellen says it has to do with the reason why you’re pursuing (追求) something. “There’s a difference between doing something as well as you can and making something perfect. If you enjoy the journey of doing something, that’s great. But if you’re doing it because you want to prove you’re good enough—that’s what perfectionism is.” What are the tell-tale signs that you’re a perfectionist? One common characteristic of perfectionism is procrastination (拖延), but not for the reasons you might normally attach to it, such as laziness. “Often perfectionists fear that they’re not going to be able to perform to the level that others might expect, or that the end result won’t be good enough,” Ellen explains, “so it’s not actually the avoidance of a task; it’s avoidance of negative emotions connected with a task.” Other elements of perfectionism can be seen in the way these people make decisions. There are two extremes: those who make quick decisions and believe that they are absolutely making the “correct” or “right” decision, and others who are so worried about making the wrong decision, and regret that they spend too much time agonizing over it, researching, weighing advantages and disadvantages and talking to people for encouragement. So how do we break free from perfectionism? It starts with challenging the original beliefs that drive it. Perfectionism is often rooted in fear—fear of failure, criticism, or not being good enough. Asking ourselves questions like, “What’s the worst that could happen if this isn’t perfect?” can help us put things into perspective (正确认识). By letting go of the fear of imperfection, we free ourselves to take risks, become more creative, and reach our true potential 27. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. How perfectionism harms young people B. Why there exists a hidden wave of perfectionism. C. When perfectionism may lead to mental illnesses. D. What drives younger generations to pursue perfection. 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Doing one’s best typically marks perfectionism. B. The pursuit of perfection is the main cause of mental issues. C. Rushing into decisions causes more problems than weighing options. D. Fear of failure plays a key role in connecting perfectionism and procrastination. 29. What does the phrase “agonizing over” underlined in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Insisting on. B. Struggling with. C. Crying over. D. Dreaming about. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The Price of Perfection: Perfectionism Holds You Back B. The Lie of Perfection: Unrealistic Goals Worsen Anxiety C. The Root of Perfectionism: Fear of Not Being Good Enough D. The Trap of Perfectionism: Wanting to Be Perfect Causes Self-Doubt 【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。2023 年巴斯大学研究发现年轻一代完美主义程度更高，其成因包括竞争加剧等，与多种心理疾病相关，文章还说明了其特征及应对方法。 27. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The World Economic Forum describes it as a “hidden wave of perfectionism” and connects perfectionism with serious mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Clinical psychologist Ellen Hendriksen says that perfectionism isn’t necessarily about being perfect; instead, it’s about never being good enough. “It’s an inner push to do more, and always be better but, eventually, it costs us more than it buys us,” she says.(世界经济论坛将其描述为“一种隐性的完美主义浪潮”，并将其与诸如抑郁症、焦虑症和饮食失调等严重精神疾病联系起来。临床心理学家艾伦·亨德里克森表示，完美主义并非意味着一定要做到完美；相反，它意味着永远都不够好。“这是一种内在的动力，促使我们做得更多，并且永远力求做得更好，但最终，这给我们带来的代价要高于我们所获得的回报，”她说)”可知，第三段主要讲的是完美主义如何对年轻人造成伤害。故选A。 28. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“ One common characteristic of perfectionism is procrastination (拖延), but not for the reasons you might normally attach to it, such as laziness. “Often perfectionists fear that they’re not going to be able to perform to the level that others might expect, or that the end result won’t be good enough,” Ellen explains(完美主义的一个共同特征是拖延症，但并不是你通常认为的原因，比如懒惰。“完美主义者通常担心自己无法达到别人期望的水平，或者最终结果不够好，”艾伦解释说)”最后一段“Perfectionism is often rooted in fear—fear of failure, criticism, or not being good enough. (完美主义通常源于恐惧——害怕失败、批评或不够好)”可知，对失败的恐惧在完美主义与拖延症的关联中起着关键作用。故选D。 29. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“others who are so worried about making the wrong decision, and regret that they spend too much time(另一种则是那些非常担心做出错误决定的人，他们会因为花费过多时间)”以及后文“researching, weighing advantages and disadvantages and talking to people for encouragement (进行研究、权衡利弊以及向他人寻求鼓励而感到懊悔)”可知，另一种人因为花费了过多时间挣扎于错误决定而感到懊悔。故划线词意思是“挣扎于”。故选B。 30. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A 2023 study from the University of Bath found that younger generations have higher levels of perfectionism, or having exceptionally high standards and being overly self-critical, compared with previous generations at the same period in their lives.(巴斯大学2023年的一项研究发现，与同年龄段的前几代人相比，年轻一代更倾向于追求完美，即有着极高的标准并且对自己要求过于严格)”结合文章主要说明了2023年巴斯大学研究显示年轻一代完美主义加剧，与竞争、严教相关，其危害、特征及摆脱方法也被阐述。可知，A选项“完美主义的代价：完美主义会阻碍你的进步”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·北京朝阳·期末） In his book Homo Deus, writer Yuval Noah Harari asks, “Are creatures just programs and is life just data processing?” Could the human mind one day be downloaded onto a computer? This existential, unsettling idea is key to Anti- Body, a new dance work from the Alexander Whitley Dance Company. At a recent practice I saw three dancers standing behind screens. Motion-capture (动作捕捉) sensors attached to their bodies pick up their routines and the movement data is sent to a computer. The technology creates a series of visuals on the screens, ranging from 3D cell-like images to human-like avatars, all shifting in real time in response to the dancers’ movements. The dancers’ control of the visuals is a nod to our increasing reliance on technology and how this bridges the physical and digital worlds. “Our actions take effect far beyond the immediate presence of our bodies,” explains Alexander Whitley, the work’s artistic director. Who or what are we becoming, asks Whitley, in a post-human, real/ virtual world? The way technology reshapes our world may be unsettling, but Anti- Body feels more positive than that, with what motion capture can offer — art, creativity and self-expression. Whitley also wants to explore how the dancers’ movements influence the visuals, encouraging people to think about living beyond the physical limit of the body — welcome to the transhuman. In one scene, a dancer remotely (远程地) controls cell- like images that gradually develop into human- like avatars. Anti-Body is an ambitious project, but the message may get a little lost in translation, with no dialogue or subtitles. Whitley, however, is unconcerned by the possibility that the audience will set about making their own interpretation of his dance piece. “There will always be ambiguity in understanding when working through dance,” he says. While the dancing is obviously impressive, the movements are less showy and technically demanding than in a traditional ballet or modern dance performance. Whitley seems less concerned with showing off his composition talents by putting his dancers through their paces. After all, if the simplicity of the movements lets the screen visuals do the work, Whitley is then free to concentrate on conveying his messages. So, audiences with modern and adventurous tastes should enjoy the composition. But the big draw for many will be the “dancing” visuals more than the talented physical dancers themselves. As a more traditional dance fan, I think I will stick to Swan Lake. Regardless of different preferences, perhaps the most pressing question this experience leaves us with, however, extends beyond the stage and focuses on a new take on transhumanism or how the digital world will influence our life. 38. The author quotes Yuval Noah Harari’s question mainly to ________. A. introduce the topic B. draw a comparison C. support an argument D. make an assumption 39. What does the word “ambiguity” underlined in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Agreement. B. Disbelief. C. Uncertainty. D. Guidance. 40. What can we learn from this passage? A. It’s hard to unite the physical world and the digital world. B. Motion capture translates the dancers’ moves into live visuals. C. Modern and experimental performances attract more audiences. D. Alexander Whitley favors technically demanding dance routines. 41. It is implied in this passage that we should ________. A. create virtual avatars for our material bodies B. use motion capture in all future dance productions C. demand clearer explanations in experimental dance works D. reconsider what it means to be human in a digital age 【答案】38. A 39. C 40. B 41. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了亚历山大·惠特利舞蹈公司的新舞蹈作品《反身体》，它借助动作捕捉技术，探讨科技与人类的关系，引发人们对数字时代人类存在意义的思考。 38. 推理判断题。根据第一段“In his book Homo Deus, writer Yuval Noah Harari asks, ‘Are creatures just programs and is life just data processing?’ Could the human mind one day be downloaded onto a computer? This existential, unsettling idea is key to Anti Body, a new dance work from the Alexander Whitley Dance Company.(作家尤瓦尔·诺亚·哈拉里在他的《未来简史》一书中问道：“生物只是程序，生命只是数据处理吗？”人类的思维有一天能被下载到电脑里吗？这个存在主义的、令人不安的想法是亚历山大·惠特利舞蹈公司新舞蹈作品《反身体》的核心)”可知，作者引用尤瓦尔·诺亚·哈拉里的问题是为了引出关于《反身体》这部舞蹈作品所探讨的科技与人类相关的话题。故选A项。 39. 词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Anti-Body is an ambitious project, but the message may get a little lost in translation, with no dialogue or subtitles. Whitley, however, is unconcerned by the possibility that the audience will set about making their own interpretation of his dance piece.(《反身体》是一个雄心勃勃的项目，但由于没有对话或字幕，其传达的信息可能在理解过程中有点丢失。然而，惠特利并不担心观众会对他的舞蹈作品进行自己的解读)”可知，因为舞蹈没有对话和字幕，观众会有自己的解读，所以在理解上会存在不确定性。所以“There will always be ambiguity in understanding when working through dance(通过舞蹈来表达时，理解上总会存在……)”中划线词ambiguity的意思是“不确定；不明确”，与C项“Uncertainty”意思相近。故选C项。 40. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Motion-capture (动作捕捉) sensors attached to their bodies pick up their routines and the movement data is sent to a computer. The technology creates a series of visuals on the screens, ranging from 3D cell like images to human like avatars, all shifting in real time in response to the dancers’ movements.(附着在他们身体上的动作捕捉传感器捕捉他们的动作，运动数据被发送到计算机。这项技术在屏幕上创建了一系列视觉效果，从类似细胞的3D图像到类人化身，所有这些都根据舞者的动作实时变化)”可知，动作捕捉技术可将舞者的动作转化为实时的视觉效果。故选B项。 41. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Regardless of different preferences, perhaps the most pressing question this experience leaves us with, however, extends beyond the stage and focuses on a new take on transhumanism or how the digital world will influence our life.(然而，不管喜好如何，这次经历留给我们的最紧迫的问题可能超越了舞台，聚焦于对超人类主义的新理解，或者数字世界将如何影响我们的生活)”可知，文章暗示我们应该重新思考在数字时代作为人类意味着什么。故选D项。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） Making predictions blocks the brain’s ability to remember the present moment, new research suggests. The hippocampus, a brain structure usually associated with remembering events, also uses experiences to make forecasts (neuroscientists call this “statistical learning”). But scientists writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA have now demonstrated that the latter (后者) function can interrupt the former. Researchers showed participants a series of photographs on a screen without telling them some image categories always followed others: mountains always came immediately after beaches, for example. The subjects were intended to subconsciously (潜意识地) learn these associations and begin to expect these pairings. Later, the participants were shown the same photos again, mixed in with new examples, and were asked if they had spotted any of them before. They accurately recalled seeing random images at a much better rate than the “predictive” ones (like the beach pictures). The scientists repeated this process while scanning participants’ brains with functional MRI. Each image category caused a specific neural activity pattern, and the patterns for “predicable” categories were seen in the hippocampus when the correlating predictive category was displayed. Moreover, the effect’s strength in fMRI correlated inversely with participants’ memory task scores. “The more evidence for prediction we saw, the worse their memory was for those predictive items,” such as a particular beach scene, says study lead author and Yale University cognitive neuroscientist Brynn Sherman. This suggests that predictive images activated the hippocampus to shift gears toward prediction — and away from encoding a new memory. The study is among the first to demonstrate how making predictions affects human memory. Scientists previously suspected that the hippocampus had a role in statistical learning but had not known how it interacts with memory formation. “This paper is a really nice demonstration of the trade-off where the hippocampus is doing both these things,” says University of Virginia cognitive neuroscientist Nicole Long, who was not involved in the research. The team says this trade-off occurs because remembering and predicting both use some of the same biological pathways. In the paper, the authors compare it with “using one’s right foot to operate both the brake and gas pedals in a car ... but not both at the same time.” This setup could prevent unnecessary memory storage and thus conserve brainpower, Sherman says: a successful prediction would contain the same information as an actual outcome. 19. What does the research focus on? A. The function of the hippocampus in remembering events. B The impact of making predictions on human memory C. The development of statistical learning in the brain. D. The relationship between repetition and memory encoding 20. What does the underlined word “inversely” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Oppositely. B. Indirectly. C. Randomly. D. Occasionally. 21. In Paragraph 5, the comparison is used to ________. A. clarify difficulties in brain memory B. explain the brain’s multiple functions C. highlight the importance of the hippocampus D. show hippocampus’s switching role 22. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Secrets of the Hippocampus B. Prediction: A Memory Problem C. The Science of Statistical Learning D. The Brain’s Memory and Prediction Functions 【答案】19. B 20. A 21. D 22. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新研究表明，大脑预测功能会阻碍记忆当下，海马体在预测和记忆间存在权衡，二者共用部分生物通路，无法同时进行。 19. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Making predictions blocks the brain’s ability to remember the present moment, new research suggests. The hippocampus, a brain structure usually associated with remembering events, also uses experiences to make forecasts (neuroscientists call this “statistical learning”). But scientists writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA have now demonstrated that the latter (后者) function can interrupt the former. (新的研究表明，做出预测会阻碍大脑记住当下时刻的能力。海马体是一种通常与记忆事件相关的大脑结构，它也利用经验进行预测（神经科学家称之为“统计学习”）。但是，在《美国国家科学院院刊》上发表文章的科学家们现在已经证明，后者的功能可以中断前者)”可知，该研究主要关注的是做出预测对人类记忆的影响。故选B。 20. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Moreover, the effect’s strength in fMRI correlated inversely with participants’ memory task scores. (此外，功能磁共振成像中这种效应的强度与参与者的记忆任务得分的关系inversely)”以及后文“The more evidence for prediction we saw, the worse their memory was for those predictive items (我们看到的预测证据越多，他们对这些预测项目的记忆就越差)”可知，功能磁共振成像中，预测效应越强，记忆任务得分越低，这种预测效应的强度与参与者的记忆任务得分呈相反关系，划线单词inversely在此处意为“相反地”，与Oppositely意思相近。故选A。 21. 推理判断题。根据第五段“The team says this trade-off occurs because remembering and predicting both use some of the same biological pathways. In the paper, the authors compare it with “using one’s right foot to operate both the brake and gas pedals in a car ... but not both at the same time.” (该团队表示，之所以会出现这种权衡，是因为记忆和预测都使用了一些相同的生物途径。在这篇论文中，作者将其与“用右脚同时操作汽车的刹车和油门踏板……但不能同时踩两者”进行了比较)”可知，第五段中的这个比较是用来解释海马体在记忆和预测之间的切换作用，就像用右脚不能同时踩刹车和油门一样，海马体也不能同时专注于记忆和预测。故选D。 22. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Making predictions blocks the brain’s ability to remember the present moment, new research suggests. (新的研究表明，做出预测会阻碍大脑记住当下时刻的能力)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了新的研究表明做出预测会阻碍大脑记住当下时刻的能力，特别是海马体在记忆和预测之间的切换作用。因此，“预测：一个记忆问题”最符合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B。 Passage 6 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） Amid rolling farms and green pasture 150 miles northwest of Sao Paulo, Brazil, two tropical forests bloom as one. The first consists of a single species, row after row of non-native eucalyptuses (桉树), planted in perfect lines like carrots. The other is haphazard, a mixture of dozens of varieties of native saplings. There’s no denying it: This forest looks ridiculous. Yet these 2.5-acre stands of native trees, ringed by fast-growing exotics (外来植物), are among many promising efforts to bring back the planet’s forests. The eucalyptuses, says Pedro Brancalion, the University of Sao Paulo agronomist who designed this experiment, get big so quickly they can be cut after five years and used to make paper. That covers nearly half or more of the cost of planting the slow-growing native trees, which then naturally reseed ground that has been laid bare by the harvest. And this process doesn’t hamper natural regeneration. You needn’t look far these days to find organizations trying to save the world by growing trees. Yet too many planting campaigns, forest experts say, still get too much wrong. Too often, they are so focused on getting credit for each seedling plant that they ignore what matters most: What kind of woodland is created? At what cost? And most importantly: How long will it last? Using the number of trees planted as a magic “proxy for everything,” Brancalion says, you “spend more money and get lower levels of success.” Tree planting seems like a simple, natural way to counter the crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. Trees provide wildlife habitats and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. No wonder trees are praised as the ideal weapon. However, simply reforesting the planet isn’t going to do much if we don’t also start cutting down on our emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. Tree planting also can’t replace old-growth forests. So what should we do? To Brancalion, the answer is obvious: Restore native forests, mostly in the tropics, where trees grow fast and land is cheap. That may require planting. But it also may call for clearing exotic grasses, fixing soils, or improving crop yields for farmers so that less land is needed for agriculture and more can be allowed to go back to forests. With resources limited and no time to spare, Brancalion says, jump-starting natural processes can help. In many cases, if we let nature do the heavy lifting, he says, “the forest can regrow quite effectively.” 23. What does the author intend to do by describing the two forests near Sao Paulo? A. Introduce a topic. B. Justify a comparison. C. Give a suggestion. D. Highlight an argument. 24. What does the word “hamper” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Get in the way of. B. Take care of. C. Keep up with. D. Do away with. 25. What can you infer from the passage? A. Restoring native trees can be fast and cheap. B. Fast-growing trees boost species diversity C. We can practically miss the forest for the trees. D. Planting trees works wonders for the climate crisis. 26. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Plant more trees-and solve climate problems B. Plant more trees-but defend the climate C. Plant more trees-and time will heal D. Plant more trees-but let nature take its course 【答案】23. A 24. A 25. C 26. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了巴西圣保罗附近的造林实验，指出植树需注重原生林恢复，结合自然力量，而非仅追求数量，还需减少排放等。 23. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Amid rolling farms and green pasture 150 miles northwest of Sao Paulo, Brazil, two tropical forests bloom as one. The first consists of a single species, row after row of non-native eucalyptuses (桉树), planted in perfect lines like carrots. The other is haphazard, a mixture of dozens of varieties of native saplings.(在巴西圣保罗西北150英里的连绵起伏的农场和绿色牧场中，两片热带森林融为一体。第一种由一种单一的物种组成，一排排非本地桉树，像胡萝卜一样整齐地种植。另一种是偶然的，由几十种本土树苗混合而成)”以及第二段“There’s no denying it: This forest looks ridiculous. Yet these 2.5-acre stands of native trees, ringed by fast-growing exotics (外来植物), are among many promising efforts to bring back the planet’s forests.(不可否认：这片森林看起来很荒谬。然而，这些2.5英亩的本土树木，被快速生长的外来植物环绕，是恢复地球森林的许多有希望的努力之一)”可知，作者通过描述圣保罗附近的两种森林：一种是非本地桉树，一种是本地树苗的混合林，这是为了引出关于森林恢复和植树造林的话题。故选A。 24. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“The eucalyptuses, says Pedro Brancalion, the University of Sao Paulo agronomist who designed this experiment, get big so quickly they can be cut after five years and used to make paper. That covers nearly half or more of the cost of planting the slow-growing native trees, which then naturally reseed ground that has been laid bare by the harvest. And this process doesn’t hamper natural regeneration. (圣保罗大学农学家Pedro Brancalion设计了这项实验，他说桉树长得很快，五年后就可以砍伐并用于造纸。这几乎涵盖了种植生长缓慢的本土树木的一半或更多成本，然后这些树木会自然地重新播种因收获而裸露的土地。这个过程不会hamper自然再生)”可知，桉树生长迅速，五年后可砍伐用于造纸，为种植生长缓慢的原生树木提供资金，且原生树木能在桉树砍伐后的裸露土地上自然重新播种，可推测这个过程不会阻碍自然再生。因此，hamper在此处意为“阻碍”，与Get in the way of意义相近。故选A。 25. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Too often, they are so focused on getting credit for each seedling plant that they ignore what matters most: What kind of woodland is created? At what cost? And most importantly: How long will it last? (很多时候，他们过于关注每棵树苗的功劳，却忽略了最重要的问题：创造了什么样的林地？成本是多少？最重要的是：它能持续多久？)”以及第五段“Tree planting seems like a simple, natural way to counter the crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. However, simply reforesting the planet isn’t going to do much if we don’t also start cutting down on our emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. Tree planting also can’t replace old-growth forests. (植树似乎是应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失危机的简单、自然的方法。然而，如果我们不开始减少煤炭、石油和天然气燃烧产生的排放，仅仅重新造林并不会有多大作用。植树也不能取代原始森林)”可知，植树造林看似简单，但如果不考虑森林的类型、成本和持久性，以及减少碳排放和保护原始森林，就可能只见树木不见森林，即忽略了真正重要的问题。故选C。 26. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“With resources limited and no time to spare, Brancalion says, jump-starting natural processes can help. In many cases, if we let nature do the heavy lifting, he says, “the forest can regrow quite effectively.” (Brancalion说，由于资源有限，时间紧迫，启动自然过程会有所帮助。他说，在许多情况下，如果我们让自然承担重任，“森林可以非常有效地重新生长。”)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了植树造林的问题，指出虽然植树看似是应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失的简单方法，但如果不考虑森林的类型、成本和持久性，以及减少碳排放和保护原始森林，就可能效果不佳。文章强调，在资源有限和时间紧迫的情况下，应该让自然发挥其再生能力，让森林自然恢复。因此，D选项“Plant more trees-but let nature take its course (多植树，但让自然顺其自然)”最符合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·北京石景山·期末） In recent years, interest in space tourism has grown rapidly. Once a concept limited to science fiction, space travel for private individuals is now becoming a reality. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are developing commercial spaceflight programs, promising a future where ordinary people can experience life beyond Earth. Wealthy adventurers, celebrities, and even a few researchers have already taken part in these early missions, drawing global attention. However, space tourism raises important questions. Critic argue that it remains an activity for the wealthy, as ticket prices are extremely high. A single trip can cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars, making space tourism accessible only to a select few. Others worry about the environmental impact. Rocket launches release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Some scientists fear that an increase in spaceflights could worsen these issues if not properly regulated. Supporters, on the other hand, believe that space tourism has benefits. It drives innovation in aerospace technology, leading to advancements that could make space travel more affordable in the future. Additionally, some believe that seeing Earth from space — often called the “overview effect” — gives travelers a deeper appreciation for the planet and inspires greater environmental responsibility. Documentaries and interviews with early space tourists suggest this emotional shift is genuine and long-lasting. Despite the excitement, space tourism remains in its early stages. While a few commercial flights have successfully taken private passengers to the edge of space, long-term sustainability is still uncertain. The cost must decrease significantly for space travel to become widely accessible. Scientists also emphasize the need for better safety measures, as spaceflight remains a high-risk activity. Some experts compare space tourism to the early days of aviation. A century ago, air travel was expensive and rare, but today, millions of people fly every day. Could the same happen with space travel? Many in the industry believe so, but it may take decades before space tourism becomes a regular part of human life. For now, space tourism remains a thrilling yet controversial topic. While the idea of ordinary people traveling to space is inspiring, questions about cost, safety, and environmental impact must be addressed before it can truly take off. 28. What is one major concern about space tourism? A. It harms the environment. B. It is illegal in many countries. C. It has replaced scientific space missions. D. It distract s public attention from climate issues. 29. Why do some supporters have a positive view of space tourism? A. It is a safe and affordable industry. B. It helps reduce global carbon emissions. C. It could encourage better treatment of Earth. D. It provides a solution to overcrowding on Earth. 30. What does the underlined phrase “overview effect” most likely refer to? A. A feeling of being lost in space. B. A dangerous effect of space travel. C. An ability to see beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. D. A change in perspective after viewing Earth from space. 31. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Why Space Tourism Will Fail. B. Is Space Travel worth the Cost? C. How Governments Control Space Travel. D. Space Tourism: The Next Step for Humanity? 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍太空旅游的发展现状、引发的争议及未来可能性。 28. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Others worry about the environmental impact. Rocket launches release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.(另一些人则担心其对环境的影响。火箭发射向大气中释放大量二氧化碳和其他污染物，加剧了气候变化)”可知，太空旅游的一个主要担忧是它会危害环境。故选A项。 29. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Additionally, some believe that seeing Earth from space — often called the “overview effect” — gives travelers a deeper appreciation for the planet and inspires greater environmental responsibility.(此外，一些人认为，从太空看地球——通常被称为“概览效应”——让旅行者对地球有更深的欣赏，并激发更强的环境责任感)”可知，支持者对太空旅游持积极态度是因为它可能促使人们更好地对待地球。故选C项。 30. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Additionally, some believe that seeing Earth from space — often called the “overview effect” — gives travelers a deeper appreciation for the planet and inspires greater environmental responsibility.(此外，一些人认为，从太空看地球——通常被称为“概览效应”——让旅行者对地球有更深的欣赏，并激发更强的环境责任感)”可知，破折号之间的内容与该句的内容一致，该句是对“overview effect”的解释，由此可知，“overview effect”指的是从太空俯瞰地球后，人们在观念上发生的转变。故选D项。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了太空旅游从科幻概念变为现实的发展现状，探讨了其引发的成本、环境、安全等争议，也提及了未来普及的可能性，如同航空旅行的发展历程，因此D项“太空旅游：人类的下一步?”最能概括全文主旨，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 8 （24-25高一下·北京大兴·期末） Active Recall: A Smarter Way to Study Many students spend hours rereading textbooks or highlighting notes, but still find it hard to remember information during tests. Brain science suggests a better approach called active recall. This method is different from passive studying because it makes you pull knowledge directly from your memory without referring to your materials. Think of it as exercise for your brain: just as lifting weights builds muscle, struggling to recall information improves your memory. You can practice active recall in simple ways. One way is to close your book after reading and write down everything you remember. Another helpful method is using flashcards: try to answer the question before checking the answer. Explaining ideas aloud as if teaching someone is also effective. You might even turn chapter headings into questions before reading, like asking “How do plants make food from sunlight?” This approach works better than passive studying because the effort of remembering sends a signal to your brain that the information matters. This helps store knowledge more firmly. It also quickly shows you the knowledge gaps — what you haven’t fully learned yet. For example, you might realize you can’t explain a key step clearly. Studies show learners using active recall retain up to 70% more material long-term than passive reviewers, despite investing less total study time. For the best results, try spacing out your practice. Instead of cramming (塞满) , review material after a day, then a few days later, then a week later. Mixing subjects during study sessions can also help. If you study some math, then switch to history before returning to math, your brain gets better at telling similar ideas apart. Most importantly, start testing yourself early when learning new material instead of waiting until exam week. Though it feels more challenging than just rereading notes, active recall actually saves time and helps you truly understand concepts. It can not only build durable knowledge but also sharpen critical thinking skills that extend far beyond the classroom. 28. How does the author explain active recall in Paragraph 1? A. By telling a story. B. By showing statistics. C. By making a comparison. D. By describing an experiment. 29. Which study method is an example of active recall? A. Highlighting important sentences while reading a passage. B. Listening to a recording while marking the text. C. Sorting study materials carefully by subject. D. Saying what you remember about the text before checking notes. 30. What research finding is mentioned about active recall? A. It makes textbooks easier to read. B. It guarantees perfect test scores. C. It gives better memory with less study time. D. It works especially for science classes. 31. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A. Why active recall works better than passive studying. B. How to practice active recall most effectively. C. Research results about active recall. D. The definition of active recall. 【答案】28. C 29. D 30. C 31. B 【导语】这篇文章是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“主动回忆”（active recall）这一高效学习方法。 28. 推理判断题。根据第一段第三句“This method is different from passive studying because it makes you pull knowledge directly from your memory without referring to your materials. (这种方法与被动学习不同，因为它要求你不借助材料直接从记忆中提取知识。)”可知，作者通过将主动回忆与被动学习对比来解释主动回忆法。故选C项。 29. 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“Another helpful method is using flashcards: try to answer the question before checking the answer. (另一种有效方法是使用闪回卡：在查看答案前尝试回答问题。)”可知，主动回忆的典型特征是不依赖材料主动输出信息，D选项“在查看笔记前复述记住的内容”完全符合这一特征。故选D项。 30. 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Studies show learners using active recall retain up to 70% more material long-term than passive reviewers, despite investing less total study time. (研究表明，使用主动回忆的学习者比被动复习者长期多记住70%的内容，且总学习时间更少。)”可知，研究明确提到主动回忆能实现用时更少，记忆效果更佳。故选C项。 31. 主旨大意题。最后一段有五句话，分三个层次。第一句和二句说明“间隔复习法”，第三句和第四句说明“交叉学习法”，第五句说明“提前自测法”这三项实践主动回忆法的策略，说明本段主要介绍如何最有效实践主动回忆。故选B项。 Passage 9 （24-25高一下·北京延庆·期末） We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate. In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”. An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology. Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”, which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly. There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses. Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help? 18. What directly caused the death of the polar bear in Svalbard according to scientist? A. A sudden disease outbreak in the Arctic. B. Inability to hunt seals due to reduced sea ice. C. Competition from other predators for food. D. Extreme heatwaves melting its habitat. 19. Why is the “natural” greenhouse effect important and necessary? A. Because it traps heat to keep Earth’s climate warm enough for life. B. Because it stops the rise of sea levels and melting ice on Earth. C. Because it creates ideal conditions for polar bear habitats. D. Because it cools down the planet’s surface. 20. What are the consequences of high greenhouse gas emissions? A. Lower carbon footprints in people’s daily lives. B. The decrease in extreme weather events worldwide. C. Rising global temperatures and more natural disasters. D. The improvement of Earth’s ecology and sea ice levels. 21. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The History of Climate Science B. How to Survive Extreme Weather Events C. The Tragic Story of a Starved Polar Bear D. Climate Change Requires the World’s Attention 【答案】18. B 19. A 20. C 21. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了气候变化已持续数十年，全球变暖有诸多证据，以北极熊饿死为例说明其对生态的影响，分析了温室效应的成因，强调需全球应对，个人也应行动。 18. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food.(专家们称，由于气候变化导致的海冰面积减少，使得北极熊无法像以前那样捕食海豹，因此它们不得不跋涉更远的路程去寻找食物)”可知，根据科学家的说法，导致斯瓦尔巴德地区那头北极熊死亡的原因是因海冰减少而无法捕食海豹。故选B。 19. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.(大气中的温室气体，如甲烷和二氧化碳，会捕获部分热量，使地球的气候保持温暖且适宜生命存在。如果没有这个过程，地球将无法维持生命)”可知，“自然”温室效应是重要且必要是因为它能够吸收热量，从而维持地球适宜生命生存的温暖气候。故选A。 20. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses.(有大量且详尽的证据表明，气温的上升导致了全球范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增多，不仅造成了严重的破坏，还夺走了许多人的生命。气候科学家警告称，如果我们不采取适当的措施，这种变暖趋势很可能会持续下去，而且付出的代价将会更高。事实上，有关极端暴雨和热浪导致人员伤亡和经济损失的新闻报道经常被广泛播报)”以及最后一段“Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate.(持续的温室气体排放将会导致气温进一步升高，并对全球气候造成长期的改变)”可知，高排放温室气体会导致全球气温上升以及更多自然灾害。故选C。 21. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate.(我们早就知道气候变化这一现象了。毫无疑问，地球正变得越来越热（请参考图表）。不断变暖的海洋和大气层，以及冰层的融化和海平面的上升，都证明了全球气候发生了巨大的变化)”和最后一段“It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help?(我们有责任抓住每一个机会，向所有人普及全球变暖及其成因和影响，因为这是地球上影响我们所有人的最严峻问题。那么，你会做些什么来提供帮助呢？)”可知，文章主要说明了气候变化已持续数十年，全球变暖有诸多证据，分析了温室效应的成因，强调需全球应对，个人也应行动。由此可知，D选项“气候变化需要全世界的关注”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 10 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） Extreme weather events, such as tornadoes, can cause widespread damage to forests, leading to environmental and financial losses. When trees fall during these storms, ecosystems might be influenced, increasing forest management costs. As climate change worsens, severe storms are expected to become more frequent, making it important to understand how forests respond to wind stress. While previous studies have explored how trees react to wind, it is unclear whether these responses remain the same across different forest configurations. With this aim, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Kana Kamimura, tested how trees move under various forest arrangements and weather conditions, including how trees withstand wind. The research aims to explain how winds directly impact trees and how trees reduce the stress from wind to survive. To achieve this, researchers set up two experimental areas of cedar trees, in November 2017. In the first plot, P-100 was made up of 3,000 trees per hectare, creating a thick forest. In the second plot, P-50, half of the trees were removed for this research, leaving 1,500 trees per hectare. Over two years, the team watched 24 trees in the dense (密集的) area and 12 in the thinned area, using tools to track the range of trees movement during various wind conditions. The tracking period included many typhoons, such as Typhoon Trami, in 2018, which caused significant damage to the thinned plot. The researchers found that cedar trees show two completely different swaying patterns depending on wind speed. In light winds, the trees swayed at around 2 to 2.3 cycles per second, with their branches taking in much of the wind energy, protecting the trunks and roots from wind stress. However, at higher wind speeds, the trees changed to a slower swaying pattern of 0.2 to 0.5 cycles per second. In this case, the whole tree swayed together, changing force across the trunk and roots, increasing the probability of breakage or uprooting. Interestingly, the change between these two swaying patterns occurred at different wind speeds, depending on the forest density. In the dense area, the trees switched patterns at wind speeds between 1.79 and 7.44 meters per second. In contrast, in the thinned plot, the change occurred at slightly lower wind speeds, ranging from 1.57 to 5.63 meters per second. This study offers valuable understanding for balancing thinning with wind resistance in forest management to support long-lasting forestry practices, and help forests go through extreme climate changes. 28. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The results of the previous studies. B. The practical reasons for the research. C. The potential effects of extreme weather. D. The challenges brought by climate changes. 29. What does the underlined word “configurations” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Areas. B. Sizes. C. Types. D. Layouts. 30. What can we infer from the study conducted by the researchers? A. The trees tend to sway more violently as the wind becomes stronger. B. The branches of trees took in most of the wind energy in strong wind. C. Planting trees in a thinned pattern can help protect trees from storms. D. Trees in thinned plots change their swaying pattern in lighter winds. 31. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To call on people to plant more trees in thinned area. B. To raise people’s awareness of environment protection. C. To offer ideas for a more reasonable forest management. D. To compare the different swaying patterns of trees in storms. 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. D 31. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了因极端天气频发，研究人员测试不同森林布局和天气下树木的反应，发现其摇曳模式随风速和密度变化，为森林管理提供参考。 28. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Extreme weather events, such as tornadoes, can cause widespread damage to forests, leading to environmental and financial losses. When trees fall during these storms, ecosystems might be influenced, increasing forest management costs. As climate change worsens, severe storms are expected to become more frequent, making it important to understand how forests respond to wind stress.(极端天气事件，比如龙卷风，可能会对森林造成大面积破坏，从而导致环境和经济方面的损失。在这些风暴中树木倒塌时，生态系统可能会受到影响，进而增加森林管理的成本。随着气候变化的加剧，预计强风暴将会变得更加频繁，因此了解森林如何应对风力压力变得尤为重要)”可知，第一段主要说明了开展相关研究的现实原因，故选B。 29. 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“With this aim, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Kana Kamimura, tested how trees move under various forest arrangements and weather conditions, including how trees withstand wind.(为此，由副教授金木川领导的一组研究人员进行了相关测试，他们考察了树木在各种森林布局和天气条件下（包括树木如何抵御风力）的移动情况)”可知，先前研究探索了树木对风的反应，但不清楚这些反应在不同森林布局中是否相同”。故“configurations”指森林的布局、结构，即“layouts”。故划线词意思是“布局”。故选D。 30. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Interestingly, the change between these two swaying patterns occurred at different wind speeds, depending on the forest density. In the dense area, the trees switched patterns at wind speeds between 1.79 and 7.44 meters per second. In contrast, in the thinned plot, the change occurred at slightly lower wind speeds, ranging from 1.57 to 5.63 meters per second.( 有趣的是，这两种摇摆模式之间的转变发生在不同的风速下，且取决于森林的密度。在茂密的区域，树木在风速介于1.79米/秒至7.44米/秒之间时会改变模式。相比之下，在疏伐过的区域，这种转变发生在稍低的风速下，范围在1.57米/秒至5.63米/秒之间)”可知，在疏伐后的林地中，树木在微风中摆动的模式会发生变化。故选D。 31. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“This study offers valuable understanding for balancing thinning with wind resistance in forest management to support long-lasting forestry practices, and help forests go through extreme climate changes.(这项研究为在森林管理中平衡树木的稀疏生长与抵御风力提供了宝贵的见解，有助于支持长期的林业实践，并帮助森林应对极端气候变化)”可知，文章最后一段明确指出，该研究为平衡森林疏伐与抗风性提供了见解，有助于更合理的森林管理和长期林业实践。因此，主要目的是为森林管理提供思路，故选C。 Passage 11 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） This article was written by a human being, but AI technology that can automatically create text is on the rise in many areas. As people depend on such things, ensuring correct and clear responses and information to their users becomes important. Many familiar tools, including ChatGPT and others, appear very fluent in whatever they deliver, but their responses often include made-up content they produce and cannot be fully trusted. Users unfamiliar with the topic may mistakenly accept incorrect information, especially since AI presents responses with confident tones. “You can’t fail to notice how some AI systems can explain clearly while still producing often significant errors,” Professor Takamitsu Watanabe from the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) told the reporter. “But what struck my team and me was a similarity between this behavior and that of people with Wernicke’s aphasia (失语症), where such people speak fluently but don’t always make much sense. That caused us to wonder if the way these AI systems work could be similar to those of the human brain affected by aphasia, and if so, what the reminders might be.” To explore this idea, the team used a method called energy landscape analysis, a technique originally developed by physicists seeking to visualize (视觉化) energy states, but which was recently adapted for neuroscience. They examined patterns in resting brain activity from people with different types of aphasia and compared them to internal data from several publicly available large language models (LLMs). And in their analysis, the team did discover some striking similarities. The way digital information or signals are moved around and guided within these AI models closely matched the way some brain signals behaved in the brains of people with certain types of aphasia, including Wernicke’s aphasia. “You can imagine the energy landscape as a surface with a ball on it. When there’s a curve (弯曲), the ball may roll down and come to rest, but when the curves are shallow, the ball may roll around everywhere,” Watanabe explained. “In aphasia, the ball represents the person’s brain state. In LLMs, it represents the continuing signal pattern in the model based on its instructions and internal dataset.” The research has several reminders. For neuroscience it offers a possible new way to group and track conditions like aphasia based on internal brain activity rather than just visible signs. For AI, it could lead to better testing tools that help engineers improve the structure of AI systems from the inside out. Though, despite the similarities the researchers discovered, they strongly advised not to make too many assumptions. 32. Professor Watanabe compares AI systems with aphasia patients to show . A. AI systems can explain clearly B. AI and aphasia brains are alike C. it is hard to improve AI system D. aphasia brains are affected by AI 33. What can we learn from professor Watanabe’s research? A. LLMs have copied human thinking process. B Aphasia patients can be cured for its obvious signs. C. Language signals are guided to certain area of brains. D. Problems occur during the process of signal moving. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. AI Overconfidence Mirrors Human Brain Condition B. AI Structure Reflects How Human Brain Develops C. AI Improvement Follows Human Brain Research D. AI System Reshapes Human’s Way of Speaking 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员发现人工智能系统的运作方式与患失语症的人类大脑有相似之处，该研究对神经科学和人工智能都有启示。 32. 推理判断题。根据第二段Takamitsu Watanabe教授的话“But what struck my team and me was a similarity between this behavior and that of people with Wernicke’s aphasia (失语症), where such people speak fluently but don’t always make much sense. That caused us to wonder if the way these AI systems work could be similar to those of the human brain affected by aphasia, and if so, what the reminders might be.(但让我和我的团队震惊的是，这种行为与韦尼克氏失语症患者的行为有相似之处，这些患者说话流利，但并不总是有意义。这让我们想知道，这些人工智能系统的工作方式是否可能与受失语症影响的人类大脑的工作方式相似，如果是这样，会有什么启示)”可知，Watanabe教授将人工智能系统与失语症患者进行比较是为了表明人工智能和患失语症的大脑有相似之处。故选B项。 33. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The way digital information or signals are moved around and guided within these AI models closely matched the way some brain signals behaved in the brains of people with certain types of aphasia, including Wernicke’s aphasia.(在这些人工智能模型中，数字信息或信号的移动和引导方式与包括韦尼克氏失语症在内的某些类型失语症患者大脑中一些大脑信号的表现方式非常相似)”可知，数字信息或信号的移动和引导方式与包括韦尼克氏失语症在内的某些类型失语症患者大脑中一些大脑信号的表现方式非常相似，也就是说，在人工智能信号移动的过程中会出现类似于失语症患者大脑中出现的问题。故选D项。 34. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Many familiar tools, including ChatGPT and others, appear very fluent in whatever they deliver, but their responses often include made-up content they produce and cannot be fully trusted.(许多熟悉的工具，包括ChatGPT等，在提供内容时都显得非常流利，但它们的回答往往包含编造的内容，不能完全信任)”以及第二段中“But what struck my team and me was a similarity between this behavior and that of people with Wernicke’s aphasia (失语症), where such people speak fluently but don’t always make much sense.(但让我和我的团队感到震惊的是，这种行为与韦尼克失语症患者的行为有相似之处，这类患者说话流利，但并不总是有意义)”可知，文章主要讨论了AI系统的过度自信与人类大脑中失语症患者状态的相似性。故A项“AI Overconfidence Mirrors Human Brain Condition(人工智能的过度自信反映了人类大脑的状态)”最符合文章主旨，适合作文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 12 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期末） The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime (犯罪). In another, employees (雇员) were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors (探测器) printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect (探测) harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, ”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on-and-off "switch" where the glow would fade (逐渐消失) when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity used in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source — such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 9. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. A big fall in crime rates. B. Benefits from green plants. C. A new study of different plants. D. Employees from various workplaces. 10. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers? A. To make the life of plants longer. B. To change compositions of plants. C. To test chemicals in plants. D. To detect plants’ lack of water. 11. What might we expect of glowing plants in the future? A. They might help reduce energy use. B. They could take the place of power plants. C. They may transmit electricity to the home. D. They will speed up energy production. 【答案】9. B 10. D 11. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人与植物关系的科学研究成果，以及科学家对植物进行技术改造的探索和应用前景。 9. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime (犯罪). In another, employees (雇员) were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. (人与植物之间的关系一直是科学研究的主题。最近的研究发现了积极的影响。例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化区域的犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当雇员的工作场所装饰有室内植物时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。)”可知，第一段通过两个例子（城市绿化区犯罪率更低、工作场所摆放植物提升员工效率），说明绿色植物带来的积极影响，核心是“植物的益处”。故选B。 10. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“These include plants that have sensors (探测器) printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect (探测) harmful chemicals in groundwater. (其中包括在叶子上印上传感器的植物，当它们缺水时可以显示，还有一种植物可以检测地下水中的有害化学物质。)” 可知，叶子上的传感器用于检测植物是否缺水。故选D。 11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity used in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source — such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. (照明约占美国总用电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源——比如从发电厂到偏远高速公路上的路灯的距离——大量的能量在传输过程中损失掉了。发光植物可以缩短这一距离，从而有助于节约能源。)”可知，照明消耗大量电力，且能源在传输中损耗大，而发光植物可缩短与电源的距离。由此可推断，未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源使用。故选A。 Passage 13 （24-25高一下·北京房山·期末） There’s a reason for the phrase “the eyes are the window to the soul.” You don’t have to be a psychologist to know that the eyes communicate a lot of information. And a recent study reveals how humans use their eyes to communicate without words. In the future, this line of research could lead to a better understanding of how people with conditions that affect social skills. “We try to find the reason for why our brain engages with social information differently,” said Ristic, a professor of psychology at McGill University in Canada and the senior author of the study, which was published online in September. In the research, Ristic and her colleagues were interested in understanding whether people respond to intentional eye movements differently than they do to unintentional eye movements. First, they recorded people sitting in front of a screen and moving their eyes in response to prompts (提示词) on that screen. For instance, the individuals were sometimes prompted to move their eyes left or right—their choice—and other times, they were clearly directed to look one way or the other. Next, the researchers invited about 80 participants to watch these recordings, which were cut just before the people in the video actually moved their eyes. In each video clip, the participants were asked to predict which way each person would glance: left or right. “They were faster to make these decisions when the looks were intentional,” Ristic said. This difference in prediction speed was a matter of a few milliseconds, but it revealed that people process intentional and unintentional stares differently. The researchers analyzed their video recordings to figure out what participants might be seeing that would help them more quickly predict eye motion before a person intentionally shifted their stare. To the naked eye, it didn’t look like the recorded individuals were moving at all. But in a close analysis, the researchers found that there was more motion around the eye area before someone chose to move their stare versus when they were told which way to look. These tiny movements might have been a “tell”. “We guess based on this that these very subtle motion signals are communicated very quickly to indicate intentionally to others and that our system as the observer is very sensitive to that,” Ristic said. The next step in the research will be to use more precise eye-tracking techniques to understand these subtle signals. The team plans to conduct follow-up studies with participants who have a condition that affects social skills, such as autism (自闭症). In these neurodevelopmental disorders, people may struggle to notice and interpret social signals. “This is one of the key questions in the autism world,” Ristic said. “Where is the system working differently, and in which aspects?” 28. Why did Ristic conduct the study? A. To prove that the eyes are the window to the soul. B. To find out why people can know intentions from stares. C. To explore why brains handle social information in different ways. D. To confirm that eyes are more sensitive in the communication system. 29. According to Paragraph 6, what might the tiny movements have told? A. People’s intentional stares. B. People’s video recordings. C. People’s social conditions. D. People’s naked eyes. 30. According to the passage the study may ______. A. help understand social challenges in autism. B. improve communication efficiency. C. find signs of social skill disorders. D. perfect eye-tracking techniques. 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大麦吉尔大学心理学教授Ristic主导的一项研究。该研究旨在探索大脑处理社会信息方式不同的原因，通过对比人们对有意和无意眼球运动的反应发现，人们预测有意注视的速度更快，且有意注视前眼部区域的微小运动可作为信号。后续研究将采用更精确眼动追踪技术，针对自闭症等影响社交技能的病症展开，有望助力理解此类病症中的社交挑战。 28. 细节理解题。根据第二段“We try to find the reason for why our brain engages with social information differently,” said Ristic,(里斯蒂奇说：“我们试图找出我们的大脑以不同方式处理社会信息的原因”)”可知，里斯蒂奇进行这项研究是为了探索为什么大脑以不同方式处理社会信息。故选C项。 29. 细节理解题。根据第六段“The researchers analyzed their video recordings to figure out what participants might be seeing that would help them more quickly predict eye motion before a person intentionally shifted their stare. To the naked eye, it didn’t look like the recorded individuals were moving at all. But in a close analysis, the researchers found that there was more motion around the eye area before someone chose to move their stare versus when they were told which way to look. These tiny movements might have been a “tell”.(研究人员分析了他们的视频记录，试图弄清楚参与者可能看到了什么，使得他们能在他人有意转移视线之前，更快地预测其眼部动作。肉眼看上去，被记录的人似乎根本没有动。但经过仔细分析，研究人员发现，与被指示看向某个方向相比，当人们自主选择转移视线之前，其眼部周围的动作更多。这些微小动作可能就是一种 “信号”。）”以及第七段“ “We guess based on this that these very subtle motion signals are communicated very quickly to indicate intentionally to others and that our system as the observer is very sensitive to that,” Ristic said.”(里斯蒂奇说：“基于此，我们猜测这些非常微妙的运动信号会非常迅速地传达出去，有意地向他人表明，而我们作为观察者的系统对此非常敏感。”)”可知，这些微小的运动可能表明人们的有意注视。故选A项。 30. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The team plans to conduct follow-up studies with participants who have a condition that affects social skills, such as autism (自闭症). In these neurodevelopmental disorders, people may struggle to notice and interpret social signals. “This is one of the key questions in the autism world,” Ristic said. “Where is the system working differently, and in which aspects?”(研究团队计划针对患有影响社交技能病症（比如自闭症）的参与者开展后续研究。在这些神经发育障碍疾病中，患者可能难以察觉和解读社交信号。“这是自闭症领域的关键问题之一，” 里斯蒂奇说道，“该系统在哪些方面运作不同，又是在哪些环节出现差异呢？”)”可知，这项研究可能有助于理解自闭症中的社交挑战。故选A项。 Passage 14 （24-25高一下·北京第二中学·期末） Plants do not listen to the radio. But a team of researchers in Greece recently found a way to turn lemons into very small “radio stations” that can broadcast information about their trees’ moisture content to a smartphone—the first step toward creating what the researchers call an “Internet of plants.” Scientists had previously attached sensors to trees to measure their water use, but “no other team had created a wireless radio network among plants, sending information while consuming only a few microwatts and costing just a few dollars,” says project leader Aggelos Bletsas, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the Technical University of Crete. The network consists of several basic components: an existing FM radio station, an antenna (天线) attached to a lemon growing on a tree, a humidity (湿度) sensor in the lemon, a transistor connected to an antenna and an FM receiver. First, the antenna picks up the signal from the FM station, and then passes the signal to the transistor, which is modulated by the humidity sensor. The sensor switches the transistor on and off at a rate dependent on the plant’s moisture level: if the soil is wet or if the atmosphere is humid, that rate is lower; if it is dry, the rate is higher. Finally, the antenna broadcasts this information to the radio receiver on a mobile phone. In this way, plants can tell farmers if they are thirsty. “We can literally ‘listen’ to the moisture of the plant, using our mobile FM radio with a $3.4 sensor,” Bletsas says. “Two of these sensors for every acre on any given farm might change the way we conduct agriculture and ‘understand’ plants.” He notes that more sensors may be needed for the best possible results. Such real-time information could enable better control of air and soil moisture. Why go through all this trouble and not just use already common wireless technology, such as Bluetooth? “Not only is our technique less complex, as we are just borrowing signals in the environment,” Bletsas says, but “a Bluetooth-based sensor costs about $25. Our final aim is to launch sensors onto the market costing less than $1.” “Bletsas and his team are completely changing the way of environmental sensing using very simple equipment and surprisingly little power,” says Alexandros Dimakis, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, who was not involved in the research. “Their work could be a transformational Internet of Things technology for agriculture and for monitoring the environment.” Bletsas and his colleagues have already applied for a patent for their innovative technology in America. 28. The radio network created by Greek researchers _________. A. consumes much energy B. can be put in a smartphone C. uses simple technology at low cost D. broadcasts radio programs to plants 29. What does the underlined word “modulated” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Monitored. B. Adjusted. C. Measured. D. Connected. 30. What is Alexandros Dimakis’ attitude to the “radio network”? A. Positive. B. Critical. C. Neutral. D. Doubtful. 31. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To discuss methods of studying plants. B. To assess the efficiency of Internet of plants. C. To stress the importance of keeping soil’s moisture. D. To introduce a new way of measuring plants’ water use. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。希腊的一个研究小组最近发明了一种将柠檬变成非常小的"电台"的方法，它可以向智能手机播报有关树木水分含量的信息。现在其构成还比较复杂，没有使用已经常见的无线技术，是因为开发者考虑了市场售价因素。这一发明使用非常简单的设备和小功率来彻底改变环境传感方式，他们是农业和监测环境的物联网技术。 28. 细节理解题。第五段：“Not only is our technique less complex, as we are just borrowing signals in the environment,” Bletsas says, but “a Bluetooth-based sensor costs about $25. Our final aim is to launch sensors onto the market costing less than $1.”，我们的技术不仅不太复杂，因为我们只是在环境中借用信号，而且"基于蓝牙的传感器的成本约为 25 美元。我们的最终目标是将售价低于 1 美元的传感器投放到市场上。所以这项发明是技术简单，成本低，选项C切题，故选C。 29. 词义猜测题。画线词在非限性定语从句中作谓语，它的主语是transistor：晶体管收音机，也就是这个动词是对晶体管收音机操作的意思，整句话是：晶体管收音机由湿度传感器来modulated。选项B：调节，调整，切题，故选B。 30. 推理判断题。倒数第二段：““Bletsas and his team are completely changing the way of environmental sensing using very simple equipment and surprisingly little power,” says Alexandros Dimakis, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, who was not involved in the research. “Their work could be a transformational Internet of Things technology for agriculture and for monitoring the environment.””，Alexandros Dimakis虽然没有参与这一发明，但他的评价是：这一发明使用非常简单的设备和小功率来彻底改变环境传感方式，他们是农业和监测环境的物联网技术。可以看出他对这一发明是持支持和赞扬的态度的，选项A是赞同的; 拥护的，切题，故选A。 31. 主旨大意题。文章一开始：“a team of researchers in Greece recently found a way to turn lemons into very small “radio stations” that can broadcast information about their trees’ moisture content to a smartphone……”，就点明了本篇文章的主旨，介绍一项发明：将柠檬变成非常小的"电台"，它可以向智能手机播报有关树木水分含量的信息，选项D：介绍一种测量植物用水的新方法。切题，故选D。 Passage 15 （24-25高一下·北京师范大学附属中学·期末） Don’t put it off, do it now! Why do we spend so much time not doing the work we should do, or putting off small jobs that have piled up to create a big problem? Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else. “We often put things off although we know it will make life more stressful,” says Dr. Steel, an authority on the science of motivation. “If these tasks were fun, we’d just do them now. We put off what is difficult or unpleasant, such as the paperwork that needs doing before leaving the office or cleaning the bits of your home that people can’t see. But the fact is, the less people procrastinate, the more money they have, the better relationships they have, and the healthier they are.” This is obvious when you look at the couples who don’t argue about whether anyone has cleaned the kitchen, and the people who simply go for a run instead of endlessly rescheduling it in their heads. Of course, there are the rest of us, who feel the small jobs piling up around us daily. “We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. “We are not set up to appreciate long-term rewards, whether it’s the benefit of a four-year degree, doing exercise or dieting. We usually feel the cost now and the reward comes much later.” According to Dr. Steel, we have two decision-making systems. They are the limbic, which is responsible for the short term, and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with the future. We bounce between long-term goals and short-term temptations, so we need goals that will translate our plans for the limbic system. Let’s take the example of students’ writing essays. They should set themselves targets and word counts per day. These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so. Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself. But it is worth making sure you have everything in place. “Successful people don’t pretend they don’t procrastinate,” Dr. Steel says. “People who pretend they have willpower are less successful.” Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward. 22. What does the author say about procrastination in Paragraph 1? A. It is caused by the technology in people’s life. B. It is more common when people have small jobs to do. C. It is something many people can’t avoid. D. It is an excuse people often use in public. 23. In paragraph 3, Dr. Steel believes that people who procrastinate should________. A. be aware that their problem is relatively small B. find out more about the way they make decisions C. attempt to overcome their natural tendencies D. take the advice of others in the same situation 24. Why does Dr. Steel recommend making “pre-commitments” in Paragraph 4? A. They are an effective way of impressing others. B. They allow people to achieve their aims sooner. C. They are an alternative to impossible goals. D. They make challenges feel more manageable. 25. The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph intends to________. A. Warn the reader against spending too long getting organized. B. Remind the reader to take the time to focus properly on a task. C. Encourage the reader to develop plans effectively. D. Advise the reader to deal with complex tasks quickly. 【答案】22. C 23. C 24. D 25. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了拖延时间的人应该努力克服自己这个毛病。 22. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else.(拖延，也就是所谓的将事情往后拖，是我们与生俱来的天性，我们会避免枯燥或者困难的工作，直到做其他事情都为时已晚。)”可知，拖延是我们与生俱来的天性，是很多人无法避免的。故选C。 23. 推理判断题。根据第三段中““We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. (斯蒂尔博士补充说:“我们已经进化到能够对当下做出反应，在一个不确定的世界里，我们不会把目光放得太远。”)”可知，Steel博士认为，我们已经进化到能够对当下做出反应，而不是把目光放得长远，这说明拖延是人们的天性，由此可以推断出，Steel博士认为那些拖延的人应该试图克服他们的天性，故选C。 24. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so.(斯蒂尔博士推荐这样技巧，或者说是“预先承诺”，他补充说，在“最后期限”前留出一个月会让你更有可能完成一项任务。这样做的好处是，你可以避免因为没有跟进别人期望你做的事情而感到尴尬——比如说，告诉别人你要去慢跑，你会更有可能去慢跑。)”可推知，Steel博士在第四段提到“预先承诺”，是因为这让你留出时间来完成任务，即让你的挑战更加易于管理，故选D。 25. 词句猜测题。根据划线句子“Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning, which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself(克服拖延症最终归结为计划，如果你不小心，它本身就变成了拖延症。)”可知，克服拖延症就是要制定计划，下文“But it is worth making sure you have everything in place...Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward.(但是确保一切就绪是值得的......相反，为拖延制定计划: 通过减少那些阻止你集中注意力的因素，让你的工作环境成为生产力的殿堂，这样你才能真正集中精力向前迈进。)”提到制定计划是值得的，但是在制定计划时，要克服一些分散你注意力的事情，由此可推知，划线句子“克服拖延症最终归结为计划，如果你不小心，它本身就变成了拖延症。”指的是虽然制定计划是值得的，但是在制定计划时要小心，克服那些分散你注意力的事，不要花太长时间去做计划，所以划线句子意在警告读者不要花太长时间去做计划，故选A。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京东城·期末） 【答案】35. C 36. D 37. A 38. B Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） 【答案】23. A 24. D 25. C 26. C Passage 3 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） 【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. A Passage 4 （24-25高一下·北京朝阳·期末） 【答案】38. A 39. C 40. B 41. D Passage 5 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） 【答案】19. B 20. A 21. D 22. B Passage 6 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） 【答案】23. A 24. A 25. C 26. D Passage 7 （24-25高一下·北京石景山·期末） 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. D Passage 8 （24-25高一下·北京大兴·期末） 【答案】28. C 29. D 30. C 31. B Passage 9 【答案】18. B 19. A 20. C 21. D Passage 10 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. D 31. C Passage 11 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. A Passage 12 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期末） 【答案】9. B 10. D 11. A Passage 13 （24-25高一下·北京房山·期末） 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. A Passage 14 （24-25高一下·北京第二中学·期末） 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. D Passage 15 （24-25高一下·北京师范大学附属中学·期末） 【答案】22. C 23. C 24. D 25. A 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文） Passage 1 （24-25高一下·北京东城·期末） Before he goes to bed each night, Matthew Wang logs on to DeepSeek for‌ “therapy (治疗) sessions”. Ever since January 2025, when the breakout Chinese AI app launched, the 28-year-old has brought his dilemmas and sorrows, including the recent death of his grandfather, to the chatbot. Its responses have resonated (共鸣) so deeply that they have at times brought him to tears. ‌“DeepSeek has been such an amazing counsellor (咨询师). It has helped me look at things from different perspectives and does a better job than the paid counselling services I have tried,” says Matthew. DeepSeek is a generative AI tool trained on massive amounts of information to recognise patterns. This allows it to predict things like people’s shopping habits, create new content in text and images, and also carry on conversations like a person. The chatbot has struck a chord in China partly because it offers something unique: its AI model, R1, lets users see its‌ “thought process” before delivering a response. While the success of DeepSeek has inspired national pride, it also appears to have become a source of comfort for young Chinese like Matthew. Nan Jia, a business and management professor at the University of Southern California, who coauthored a paper on AI’s potential in offering emotional support, suggests that these chatbots can‌ “help people feel heard” in ways fellow humans may not.‌ “Friends and family may be quick to offer practical solutions or advice when people just want to feel heard and understood,” Nan says. A young woman, Holly, who lives in Hubei province, had asked DeepSeek if she was oversharing her experiences and emotions with family and friends. In reasoning through her question, DeepSeek suggested that her worry of being an over-sharer might come from a deep desire for love. The chatbot gives itself a mental note: ‌“Response should offer practical advice while being empathetic (同理心的).” This could include‌ “affirming the user’s sense of self-awareness”.‌ “When I read DeepSeek’s thought process, I felt so moved,” Holly wrote on RedNote. The demand for mental health services has grown across the world but they remain _______ in parts of Asia, experts say. Fang Kecheng, a communications professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a ‌“significant shortage” of professional psychological counselling services in China, and those available are often‌ “prohibitively expensive” for most individuals. Prof Nan stressed, however, that people with serious mental health conditions should not rely on these apps. ‌“Those who have medical needs, in particular, should be seeking help from trained professionals… Their use of AI will have to be checked very closely,” she says. 35. The author mentions Matthew Wang’s experience to _______. A. question an opinion B. challenge a career C. illustrate a phenomenon D. make a comparison 36. What do you think is probably DeepSeek’s answer to Holly’s question? A. ‌“Before sharing, ask yourself: ‘Am I too emotional?’” B. ‌“Feeling sad when disrespected is completely understandable.” C. ‌“Your habit of sharing might be due to a sense of overconfidence.” D. ‌“It’s thoughtful of you to reflect on how your sharing impacts others.” 37. Which word is the best choice to fill in the blank in Paragraph 7? A. inaccessible B. illegal C. criticized D. ignored 38. What is Prof Nan’s attitude towards AI’s emotional support? A. Supportive. B. Objective. C. Indifferent. D. Doubtful. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） Do cats remember who their mother is? The answer to this question is a bit complex. Cats are unsocial animals. Their relationships don’t function the same as those of people. Therefore, cats don’t remember their mothers in the same way that humans do. Cats use smell to identify one another. Mothers and kittens may continue to recognize each other if they are never separated. If they are separated, they will likely not recognize each other when they are reunited. After all. their smell will have changed, which will cause their “identity” to change. Even if a mother and her kittens aren’t separated, a kitten’s smell will begin to change when it is around 12 weeks old. Before then, the kittens spend their time in a nesting box, which causes them to develop a unique smell. After they stop spending so much time in their box, the smell slowly goes away, and the cats will adopt the smell of their environment. Eventually, it will change enough to prevent the cats from identifying each other as littermates (同窝出生的仔畜). Do mother cats know who their kittens are? Various studies have been performed on whether cats have an inborn sense of who their kittens are. Most cats accept any kitten that suckles (吮吸) on them. You can take kittens from different mothers and give them to the same mother cat, and she will typically accept them. Therefore, cats likely don’t have a strong sense of which kittens are “theirs”. They take care of whichever kittens are in their nesting box. However cats typically use smell to recognize other cats that they know. Kittens that spend time in a mother’s nesting box will usually be cared for by that mother, as they “smell” like her kittens. This is true even if the kittens aren’t biologically hers. Therefore, the mother cat doesn’t know which kittens she gave birth to. However, there is a sense of which kittens are “hers” based on which ones are in her nesting box and smell like it. If any kittens disappear, she will likely notice and look for them. But that isn’t always true. Sometimes, cats don’t realize that they have fewer kittens. When the kittens grow, the mother may recognize that they are her kittens if they are kept around and not separated. However, she won’t develop the same mother-child relationship that humans do. Cats typically don’t form “family” ties. 23. What does the author intend to do by mentioning human relationships in Paragraph 1? A. Highlight a difference. B. Give a suggestion. C. Make an assumption. D. Express a doubt. 24. Cats are able to know who their mothers are because of their ________. A. strong attachments B. inborn skills C. biological relationship D. shared smell 25. Regarding a mother’s relationship with her kittens, we can learn that ________. A. mothers’ love for their kittens lasts a lifetime B. mothers will miss their kittens if they are separated C. mothers don’t always remember which kittens they gave birth to D. mothers drive away their kittens when they are about 12 weeks old 26. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To show why cats fail to identify their littermates. B. To point out when kittens tend to leave their mothers. C. To explore what factors affect mother-kitten recognition. D. To explain how to strengthen cats’ mother-child relationship. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·北京西城·期末） A 2023 study from the University of Bath found that younger generations have higher levels of perfectionism, or having exceptionally high standards and being overly self-critical, compared with previous generations at the same period in their lives. Using data taken from 40,000 North American and British university students, researchers found evidence that the extent to which young people place an unreasonable importance on “being perfect” had increased. Growing competition for university places and jobs, and increasingly strict parents were listed among contributing factors. The World Economic Forum describes it as a “hidden wave of perfectionism” and connects perfectionism with serious mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and eating disorders. Clinical psychologist Ellen Hendriksen says that perfectionism isn’t necessarily about being perfect; instead, it’s about never being good enough. “It’s an inner push to do more, and always be better but, eventually, it costs us more than it buys us,” she says. Of course there is nothing wrong with simply wanting to do well and having high standards for yourself. So, when does this become a problem? Ellen says it has to do with the reason why you’re pursuing (追求) something. “There’s a difference between doing something as well as you can and making something perfect. If you enjoy the journey of doing something, that’s great. But if you’re doing it because you want to prove you’re good enough—that’s what perfectionism is.” What are the tell-tale signs that you’re a perfectionist? One common characteristic of perfectionism is procrastination (拖延), but not for the reasons you might normally attach to it, such as laziness. “Often perfectionists fear that they’re not going to be able to perform to the level that others might expect, or that the end result won’t be good enough,” Ellen explains, “so it’s not actually the avoidance of a task; it’s avoidance of negative emotions connected with a task.” Other elements of perfectionism can be seen in the way these people make decisions. There are two extremes: those who make quick decisions and believe that they are absolutely making the “correct” or “right” decision, and others who are so worried about making the wrong decision, and regret that they spend too much time agonizing over it, researching, weighing advantages and disadvantages and talking to people for encouragement. So how do we break free from perfectionism? It starts with challenging the original beliefs that drive it. Perfectionism is often rooted in fear—fear of failure, criticism, or not being good enough. Asking ourselves questions like, “What’s the worst that could happen if this isn’t perfect?” can help us put things into perspective (正确认识). By letting go of the fear of imperfection, we free ourselves to take risks, become more creative, and reach our true potential 27. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. How perfectionism harms young people B. Why there exists a hidden wave of perfectionism. C. When perfectionism may lead to mental illnesses. D. What drives younger generations to pursue perfection. 28. What can we learn from the passage? A. Doing one’s best typically marks perfectionism. B. The pursuit of perfection is the main cause of mental issues. C. Rushing into decisions causes more problems than weighing options. D. Fear of failure plays a key role in connecting perfectionism and procrastination. 29. What does the phrase “agonizing over” underlined in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Insisting on. B. Struggling with. C. Crying over. D. Dreaming about. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The Price of Perfection: Perfectionism Holds You Back B. The Lie of Perfection: Unrealistic Goals Worsen Anxiety C. The Root of Perfectionism: Fear of Not Being Good Enough D. The Trap of Perfectionism: Wanting to Be Perfect Causes Self-Doubt Passage 4 （24-25高一下·北京朝阳·期末） In his book Homo Deus, writer Yuval Noah Harari asks, “Are creatures just programs and is life just data processing?” Could the human mind one day be downloaded onto a computer? This existential, unsettling idea is key to Anti- Body, a new dance work from the Alexander Whitley Dance Company. At a recent practice I saw three dancers standing behind screens. Motion-capture (动作捕捉) sensors attached to their bodies pick up their routines and the movement data is sent to a computer. The technology creates a series of visuals on the screens, ranging from 3D cell-like images to human-like avatars, all shifting in real time in response to the dancers’ movements. The dancers’ control of the visuals is a nod to our increasing reliance on technology and how this bridges the physical and digital worlds. “Our actions take effect far beyond the immediate presence of our bodies,” explains Alexander Whitley, the work’s artistic director. Who or what are we becoming, asks Whitley, in a post-human, real/ virtual world? The way technology reshapes our world may be unsettling, but Anti- Body feels more positive than that, with what motion capture can offer — art, creativity and self-expression. Whitley also wants to explore how the dancers’ movements influence the visuals, encouraging people to think about living beyond the physical limit of the body — welcome to the transhuman. In one scene, a dancer remotely (远程地) controls cell- like images that gradually develop into human- like avatars. Anti-Body is an ambitious project, but the message may get a little lost in translation, with no dialogue or subtitles. Whitley, however, is unconcerned by the possibility that the audience will set about making their own interpretation of his dance piece. “There will always be ambiguity in understanding when working through dance,” he says. While the dancing is obviously impressive, the movements are less showy and technically demanding than in a traditional ballet or modern dance performance. Whitley seems less concerned with showing off his composition talents by putting his dancers through their paces. After all, if the simplicity of the movements lets the screen visuals do the work, Whitley is then free to concentrate on conveying his messages. So, audiences with modern and adventurous tastes should enjoy the composition. But the big draw for many will be the “dancing” visuals more than the talented physical dancers themselves. As a more traditional dance fan, I think I will stick to Swan Lake. Regardless of different preferences, perhaps the most pressing question this experience leaves us with, however, extends beyond the stage and focuses on a new take on transhumanism or how the digital world will influence our life. 38. The author quotes Yuval Noah Harari’s question mainly to ________. A. introduce the topic B. draw a comparison C. support an argument D. make an assumption 39. What does the word “ambiguity” underlined in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Agreement. B. Disbelief. C. Uncertainty. D. Guidance. 40. What can we learn from this passage? A. It’s hard to unite the physical world and the digital world. B. Motion capture translates the dancers’ moves into live visuals. C. Modern and experimental performances attract more audiences. D. Alexander Whitley favors technically demanding dance routines. 41. It is implied in this passage that we should ________. A. create virtual avatars for our material bodies B. use motion capture in all future dance productions C. demand clearer explanations in experimental dance works D. reconsider what it means to be human in a digital age Passage 5 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） Making predictions blocks the brain’s ability to remember the present moment, new research suggests. The hippocampus, a brain structure usually associated with remembering events, also uses experiences to make forecasts (neuroscientists call this “statistical learning”). But scientists writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA have now demonstrated that the latter (后者) function can interrupt the former. Researchers showed participants a series of photographs on a screen without telling them some image categories always followed others: mountains always came immediately after beaches, for example. The subjects were intended to subconsciously (潜意识地) learn these associations and begin to expect these pairings. Later, the participants were shown the same photos again, mixed in with new examples, and were asked if they had spotted any of them before. They accurately recalled seeing random images at a much better rate than the “predictive” ones (like the beach pictures). The scientists repeated this process while scanning participants’ brains with functional MRI. Each image category caused a specific neural activity pattern, and the patterns for “predicable” categories were seen in the hippocampus when the correlating predictive category was displayed. Moreover, the effect’s strength in fMRI correlated inversely with participants’ memory task scores. “The more evidence for prediction we saw, the worse their memory was for those predictive items,” such as a particular beach scene, says study lead author and Yale University cognitive neuroscientist Brynn Sherman. This suggests that predictive images activated the hippocampus to shift gears toward prediction — and away from encoding a new memory. The study is among the first to demonstrate how making predictions affects human memory. Scientists previously suspected that the hippocampus had a role in statistical learning but had not known how it interacts with memory formation. “This paper is a really nice demonstration of the trade-off where the hippocampus is doing both these things,” says University of Virginia cognitive neuroscientist Nicole Long, who was not involved in the research. The team says this trade-off occurs because remembering and predicting both use some of the same biological pathways. In the paper, the authors compare it with “using one’s right foot to operate both the brake and gas pedals in a car ... but not both at the same time.” This setup could prevent unnecessary memory storage and thus conserve brainpower, Sherman says: a successful prediction would contain the same information as an actual outcome. 19. What does the research focus on? A. The function of the hippocampus in remembering events. B The impact of making predictions on human memory C. The development of statistical learning in the brain. D. The relationship between repetition and memory encoding 20. What does the underlined word “inversely” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Oppositely. B. Indirectly. C. Randomly. D. Occasionally. 21. In Paragraph 5, the comparison is used to ________. A. clarify difficulties in brain memory B. explain the brain’s multiple functions C. highlight the importance of the hippocampus D. show hippocampus’s switching role 22. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Secrets of the Hippocampus B. Prediction: A Memory Problem C. The Science of Statistical Learning D. The Brain’s Memory and Prediction Functions Passage 6 （24-25高一下·北京丰台·期末） Amid rolling farms and green pasture 150 miles northwest of Sao Paulo, Brazil, two tropical forests bloom as one. The first consists of a single species, row after row of non-native eucalyptuses (桉树), planted in perfect lines like carrots. The other is haphazard, a mixture of dozens of varieties of native saplings. There’s no denying it: This forest looks ridiculous. Yet these 2.5-acre stands of native trees, ringed by fast-growing exotics (外来植物), are among many promising efforts to bring back the planet’s forests. The eucalyptuses, says Pedro Brancalion, the University of Sao Paulo agronomist who designed this experiment, get big so quickly they can be cut after five years and used to make paper. That covers nearly half or more of the cost of planting the slow-growing native trees, which then naturally reseed ground that has been laid bare by the harvest. And this process doesn’t hamper natural regeneration. You needn’t look far these days to find organizations trying to save the world by growing trees. Yet too many planting campaigns, forest experts say, still get too much wrong. Too often, they are so focused on getting credit for each seedling plant that they ignore what matters most: What kind of woodland is created? At what cost? And most importantly: How long will it last? Using the number of trees planted as a magic “proxy for everything,” Brancalion says, you “spend more money and get lower levels of success.” Tree planting seems like a simple, natural way to counter the crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. Trees provide wildlife habitats and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. No wonder trees are praised as the ideal weapon. However, simply reforesting the planet isn’t going to do much if we don’t also start cutting down on our emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. Tree planting also can’t replace old-growth forests. So what should we do? To Brancalion, the answer is obvious: Restore native forests, mostly in the tropics, where trees grow fast and land is cheap. That may require planting. But it also may call for clearing exotic grasses, fixing soils, or improving crop yields for farmers so that less land is needed for agriculture and more can be allowed to go back to forests. With resources limited and no time to spare, Brancalion says, jump-starting natural processes can help. In many cases, if we let nature do the heavy lifting, he says, “the forest can regrow quite effectively.” 23. What does the author intend to do by describing the two forests near Sao Paulo? A. Introduce a topic. B. Justify a comparison. C. Give a suggestion. D. Highlight an argument. 24. What does the word “hamper” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Get in the way of. B. Take care of. C. Keep up with. D. Do away with. 25. What can you infer from the passage? A. Restoring native trees can be fast and cheap. B. Fast-growing trees boost species diversity C. We can practically miss the forest for the trees. D. Planting trees works wonders for the climate crisis. 26. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Plant more trees-and solve climate problems B. Plant more trees-but defend the climate C. Plant more trees-and time will heal D. Plant more trees-but let nature take its course Passage 7 （24-25高一下·北京石景山·期末） In recent years, interest in space tourism has grown rapidly. Once a concept limited to science fiction, space travel for private individuals is now becoming a reality. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are developing commercial spaceflight programs, promising a future where ordinary people can experience life beyond Earth. Wealthy adventurers, celebrities, and even a few researchers have already taken part in these early missions, drawing global attention. However, space tourism raises important questions. Critic argue that it remains an activity for the wealthy, as ticket prices are extremely high. A single trip can cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars, making space tourism accessible only to a select few. Others worry about the environmental impact. Rocket launches release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. Some scientists fear that an increase in spaceflights could worsen these issues if not properly regulated. Supporters, on the other hand, believe that space tourism has benefits. It drives innovation in aerospace technology, leading to advancements that could make space travel more affordable in the future. Additionally, some believe that seeing Earth from space — often called the “overview effect” — gives travelers a deeper appreciation for the planet and inspires greater environmental responsibility. Documentaries and interviews with early space tourists suggest this emotional shift is genuine and long-lasting. Despite the excitement, space tourism remains in its early stages. While a few commercial flights have successfully taken private passengers to the edge of space, long-term sustainability is still uncertain. The cost must decrease significantly for space travel to become widely accessible. Scientists also emphasize the need for better safety measures, as spaceflight remains a high-risk activity. Some experts compare space tourism to the early days of aviation. A century ago, air travel was expensive and rare, but today, millions of people fly every day. Could the same happen with space travel? Many in the industry believe so, but it may take decades before space tourism becomes a regular part of human life. For now, space tourism remains a thrilling yet controversial topic. While the idea of ordinary people traveling to space is inspiring, questions about cost, safety, and environmental impact must be addressed before it can truly take off. 28. What is one major concern about space tourism? A. It harms the environment. B. It is illegal in many countries. C. It has replaced scientific space missions. D. It distract s public attention from climate issues. 29. Why do some supporters have a positive view of space tourism? A. It is a safe and affordable industry. B. It helps reduce global carbon emissions. C. It could encourage better treatment of Earth. D. It provides a solution to overcrowding on Earth. 30. What does the underlined phrase “overview effect” most likely refer to? A. A feeling of being lost in space. B. A dangerous effect of space travel. C. An ability to see beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. D. A change in perspective after viewing Earth from space. 31. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Why Space Tourism Will Fail. B. Is Space Travel worth the Cost? C. How Governments Control Space Travel. D. Space Tourism: The Next Step for Humanity? Passage 8 （24-25高一下·北京大兴·期末） Active Recall: A Smarter Way to Study Many students spend hours rereading textbooks or highlighting notes, but still find it hard to remember information during tests. Brain science suggests a better approach called active recall. This method is different from passive studying because it makes you pull knowledge directly from your memory without referring to your materials. Think of it as exercise for your brain: just as lifting weights builds muscle, struggling to recall information improves your memory. You can practice active recall in simple ways. One way is to close your book after reading and write down everything you remember. Another helpful method is using flashcards: try to answer the question before checking the answer. Explaining ideas aloud as if teaching someone is also effective. You might even turn chapter headings into questions before reading, like asking “How do plants make food from sunlight?” This approach works better than passive studying because the effort of remembering sends a signal to your brain that the information matters. This helps store knowledge more firmly. It also quickly shows you the knowledge gaps — what you haven’t fully learned yet. For example, you might realize you can’t explain a key step clearly. Studies show learners using active recall retain up to 70% more material long-term than passive reviewers, despite investing less total study time. For the best results, try spacing out your practice. Instead of cramming (塞满) , review material after a day, then a few days later, then a week later. Mixing subjects during study sessions can also help. If you study some math, then switch to history before returning to math, your brain gets better at telling similar ideas apart. Most importantly, start testing yourself early when learning new material instead of waiting until exam week. Though it feels more challenging than just rereading notes, active recall actually saves time and helps you truly understand concepts. It can not only build durable knowledge but also sharpen critical thinking skills that extend far beyond the classroom. 28. How does the author explain active recall in Paragraph 1? A. By telling a story. B. By showing statistics. C. By making a comparison. D. By describing an experiment. 29. Which study method is an example of active recall? A. Highlighting important sentences while reading a passage. B. Listening to a recording while marking the text. C. Sorting study materials carefully by subject. D. Saying what you remember about the text before checking notes. 30. What research finding is mentioned about active recall? A. It makes textbooks easier to read. B. It guarantees perfect test scores. C. It gives better memory with less study time. D. It works especially for science classes. 31. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about? A. Why active recall works better than passive studying. B. How to practice active recall most effectively. C. Research results about active recall. D. The definition of active recall. Passage 9 （24-25高一下·北京延庆·期末） We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate. In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”. An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology. Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”, which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly. There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses. Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help? 18. What directly caused the death of the polar bear in Svalbard according to scientist? A. A sudden disease outbreak in the Arctic. B. Inability to hunt seals due to reduced sea ice. C. Competition from other predators for food. D. Extreme heatwaves melting its habitat. 19. Why is the “natural” greenhouse effect important and necessary? A. Because it traps heat to keep Earth’s climate warm enough for life. B. Because it stops the rise of sea levels and melting ice on Earth. C. Because it creates ideal conditions for polar bear habitats. D. Because it cools down the planet’s surface. 20. What are the consequences of high greenhouse gas emissions? A. Lower carbon footprints in people’s daily lives. B. The decrease in extreme weather events worldwide. C. Rising global temperatures and more natural disasters. D. The improvement of Earth’s ecology and sea ice levels. 21. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. The History of Climate Science B. How to Survive Extreme Weather Events C. The Tragic Story of a Starved Polar Bear D. Climate Change Requires the World’s Attention Passage 10 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） Extreme weather events, such as tornadoes, can cause widespread damage to forests, leading to environmental and financial losses. When trees fall during these storms, ecosystems might be influenced, increasing forest management costs. As climate change worsens, severe storms are expected to become more frequent, making it important to understand how forests respond to wind stress. While previous studies have explored how trees react to wind, it is unclear whether these responses remain the same across different forest configurations. With this aim, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Kana Kamimura, tested how trees move under various forest arrangements and weather conditions, including how trees withstand wind. The research aims to explain how winds directly impact trees and how trees reduce the stress from wind to survive. To achieve this, researchers set up two experimental areas of cedar trees, in November 2017. In the first plot, P-100 was made up of 3,000 trees per hectare, creating a thick forest. In the second plot, P-50, half of the trees were removed for this research, leaving 1,500 trees per hectare. Over two years, the team watched 24 trees in the dense (密集的) area and 12 in the thinned area, using tools to track the range of trees movement during various wind conditions. The tracking period included many typhoons, such as Typhoon Trami, in 2018, which caused significant damage to the thinned plot. The researchers found that cedar trees show two completely different swaying patterns depending on wind speed. In light winds, the trees swayed at around 2 to 2.3 cycles per second, with their branches taking in much of the wind energy, protecting the trunks and roots from wind stress. However, at higher wind speeds, the trees changed to a slower swaying pattern of 0.2 to 0.5 cycles per second. In this case, the whole tree swayed together, changing force across the trunk and roots, increasing the probability of breakage or uprooting. Interestingly, the change between these two swaying patterns occurred at different wind speeds, depending on the forest density. In the dense area, the trees switched patterns at wind speeds between 1.79 and 7.44 meters per second. In contrast, in the thinned plot, the change occurred at slightly lower wind speeds, ranging from 1.57 to 5.63 meters per second. This study offers valuable understanding for balancing thinning with wind resistance in forest management to support long-lasting forestry practices, and help forests go through extreme climate changes. 28. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The results of the previous studies. B. The practical reasons for the research. C. The potential effects of extreme weather. D. The challenges brought by climate changes. 29. What does the underlined word “configurations” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Areas. B. Sizes. C. Types. D. Layouts. 30. What can we infer from the study conducted by the researchers? A. The trees tend to sway more violently as the wind becomes stronger. B. The branches of trees took in most of the wind energy in strong wind. C. Planting trees in a thinned pattern can help protect trees from storms. D. Trees in thinned plots change their swaying pattern in lighter winds. 31. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To call on people to plant more trees in thinned area. B. To raise people’s awareness of environment protection. C. To offer ideas for a more reasonable forest management. D. To compare the different swaying patterns of trees in storms. Passage 11 （24-25高一下·北京昌平·期末） This article was written by a human being, but AI technology that can automatically create text is on the rise in many areas. As people depend on such things, ensuring correct and clear responses and information to their users becomes important. Many familiar tools, including ChatGPT and others, appear very fluent in whatever they deliver, but their responses often include made-up content they produce and cannot be fully trusted. Users unfamiliar with the topic may mistakenly accept incorrect information, especially since AI presents responses with confident tones. “You can’t fail to notice how some AI systems can explain clearly while still producing often significant errors,” Professor Takamitsu Watanabe from the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) told the reporter. “But what struck my team and me was a similarity between this behavior and that of people with Wernicke’s aphasia (失语症), where such people speak fluently but don’t always make much sense. That caused us to wonder if the way these AI systems work could be similar to those of the human brain affected by aphasia, and if so, what the reminders might be.” To explore this idea, the team used a method called energy landscape analysis, a technique originally developed by physicists seeking to visualize (视觉化) energy states, but which was recently adapted for neuroscience. They examined patterns in resting brain activity from people with different types of aphasia and compared them to internal data from several publicly available large language models (LLMs). And in their analysis, the team did discover some striking similarities. The way digital information or signals are moved around and guided within these AI models closely matched the way some brain signals behaved in the brains of people with certain types of aphasia, including Wernicke’s aphasia. “You can imagine the energy landscape as a surface with a ball on it. When there’s a curve (弯曲), the ball may roll down and come to rest, but when the curves are shallow, the ball may roll around everywhere,” Watanabe explained. “In aphasia, the ball represents the person’s brain state. In LLMs, it represents the continuing signal pattern in the model based on its instructions and internal dataset.” The research has several reminders. For neuroscience it offers a possible new way to group and track conditions like aphasia based on internal brain activity rather than just visible signs. For AI, it could lead to better testing tools that help engineers improve the structure of AI systems from the inside out. Though, despite the similarities the researchers discovered, they strongly advised not to make too many assumptions. 32. Professor Watanabe compares AI systems with aphasia patients to show . A. AI systems can explain clearly B. AI and aphasia brains are alike C. it is hard to improve AI system D. aphasia brains are affected by AI 33. What can we learn from professor Watanabe’s research? A. LLMs have copied human thinking process. B Aphasia patients can be cured for its obvious signs. C. Language signals are guided to certain area of brains. D. Problems occur during the process of signal moving. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. AI Overconfidence Mirrors Human Brain Condition B. AI Structure Reflects How Human Brain Develops C. AI Improvement Follows Human Brain Research D. AI System Reshapes Human’s Way of Speaking Passage 12 （24-25高一下·北京通州·期末） The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime (犯罪). In another, employees (雇员) were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors (探测器) printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect (探测) harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, ”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on-and-off "switch" where the glow would fade (逐渐消失) when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity used in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source — such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 9. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. A big fall in crime rates. B. Benefits from green plants. C. A new study of different plants. D. Employees from various workplaces. 10. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers? A. To make the life of plants longer. B. To change compositions of plants. C. To test chemicals in plants. D. To detect plants’ lack of water. 11. What might we expect of glowing plants in the future? A. They might help reduce energy use. B. They could take the place of power plants. C. They may transmit electricity to the home. D. They will speed up energy production. Passage 13 （24-25高一下·北京房山·期末） There’s a reason for the phrase “the eyes are the window to the soul.” You don’t have to be a psychologist to know that the eyes communicate a lot of information. And a recent study reveals how humans use their eyes to communicate without words. In the future, this line of research could lead to a better understanding of how people with conditions that affect social skills. “We try to find the reason for why our brain engages with social information differently,” said Ristic, a professor of psychology at McGill University in Canada and the senior author of the study, which was published online in September. In the research, Ristic and her colleagues were interested in understanding whether people respond to intentional eye movements differently than they do to unintentional eye movements. First, they recorded people sitting in front of a screen and moving their eyes in response to prompts (提示词) on that screen. For instance, the individuals were sometimes prompted to move their eyes left or right—their choice—and other times, they were clearly directed to look one way or the other. Next, the researchers invited about 80 participants to watch these recordings, which were cut just before the people in the video actually moved their eyes. In each video clip, the participants were asked to predict which way each person would glance: left or right. “They were faster to make these decisions when the looks were intentional,” Ristic said. This difference in prediction speed was a matter of a few milliseconds, but it revealed that people process intentional and unintentional stares differently. The researchers analyzed their video recordings to figure out what participants might be seeing that would help them more quickly predict eye motion before a person intentionally shifted their stare. To the naked eye, it didn’t look like the recorded individuals were moving at all. But in a close analysis, the researchers found that there was more motion around the eye area before someone chose to move their stare versus when they were told which way to look. These tiny movements might have been a “tell”. “We guess based on this that these very subtle motion signals are communicated very quickly to indicate intentionally to others and that our system as the observer is very sensitive to that,” Ristic said. The next step in the research will be to use more precise eye-tracking techniques to understand these subtle signals. The team plans to conduct follow-up studies with participants who have a condition that affects social skills, such as autism (自闭症). In these neurodevelopmental disorders, people may struggle to notice and interpret social signals. “This is one of the key questions in the autism world,” Ristic said. “Where is the system working differently, and in which aspects?” 28. Why did Ristic conduct the study? A. To prove that the eyes are the window to the soul. B. To find out why people can know intentions from stares. C. To explore why brains handle social information in different ways. D. To confirm that eyes are more sensitive in the communication system. 29. According to Paragraph 6, what might the tiny movements have told? A. People’s intentional stares. B. People’s video recordings. C. People’s social conditions. D. People’s naked eyes. 30. According to the passage the study may ______. A. help understand social challenges in autism. B. improve communication efficiency. C. find signs of social skill disorders. D. perfect eye-tracking techniques. Passage 14 （24-25高一下·北京第二中学·期末） Plants do not listen to the radio. But a team of researchers in Greece recently found a way to turn lemons into very small “radio stations” that can broadcast information about their trees’ moisture content to a smartphone—the first step toward creating what the researchers call an “Internet of plants.” Scientists had previously attached sensors to trees to measure their water use, but “no other team had created a wireless radio network among plants, sending information while consuming only a few microwatts and costing just a few dollars,” says project leader Aggelos Bletsas, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the Technical University of Crete. The network consists of several basic components: an existing FM radio station, an antenna (天线) attached to a lemon growing on a tree, a humidity (湿度) sensor in the lemon, a transistor connected to an antenna and an FM receiver. First, the antenna picks up the signal from the FM station, and then passes the signal to the transistor, which is modulated by the humidity sensor. The sensor switches the transistor on and off at a rate dependent on the plant’s moisture level: if the soil is wet or if the atmosphere is humid, that rate is lower; if it is dry, the rate is higher. Finally, the antenna broadcasts this information to the radio receiver on a mobile phone. In this way, plants can tell farmers if they are thirsty. “We can literally ‘listen’ to the moisture of the plant, using our mobile FM radio with a $3.4 sensor,” Bletsas says. “Two of these sensors for every acre on any given farm might change the way we conduct agriculture and ‘understand’ plants.” He notes that more sensors may be needed for the best possible results. Such real-time information could enable better control of air and soil moisture. Why go through all this trouble and not just use already common wireless technology, such as Bluetooth? “Not only is our technique less complex, as we are just borrowing signals in the environment,” Bletsas says, but “a Bluetooth-based sensor costs about $25. Our final aim is to launch sensors onto the market costing less than $1.” “Bletsas and his team are completely changing the way of environmental sensing using very simple equipment and surprisingly little power,” says Alexandros Dimakis, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, who was not involved in the research. “Their work could be a transformational Internet of Things technology for agriculture and for monitoring the environment.” Bletsas and his colleagues have already applied for a patent for their innovative technology in America. 28. The radio network created by Greek researchers _________. A. consumes much energy B. can be put in a smartphone C. uses simple technology at low cost D. broadcasts radio programs to plants 29. What does the underlined word “modulated” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. Monitored. B. Adjusted. C. Measured. D. Connected. 30. What is Alexandros Dimakis’ attitude to the “radio network”? A. Positive. B. Critical. C. Neutral. D. Doubtful. 31. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To discuss methods of studying plants. B. To assess the efficiency of Internet of plants. C. To stress the importance of keeping soil’s moisture. D. To introduce a new way of measuring plants’ water use. Passage 15 （24-25高一下·北京师范大学附属中学·期末） Don’t put it off, do it now! Why do we spend so much time not doing the work we should do, or putting off small jobs that have piled up to create a big problem? Procrastinating, as putting things off like this is called, is in our character we have naturally since birth; we avoid dull or difficult jobs until it’s too late to do anything else. “We often put things off although we know it will make life more stressful,” says Dr. Steel, an authority on the science of motivation. “If these tasks were fun, we’d just do them now. We put off what is difficult or unpleasant, such as the paperwork that needs doing before leaving the office or cleaning the bits of your home that people can’t see. But the fact is, the less people procrastinate, the more money they have, the better relationships they have, and the healthier they are.” This is obvious when you look at the couples who don’t argue about whether anyone has cleaned the kitchen, and the people who simply go for a run instead of endlessly rescheduling it in their heads. Of course, there are the rest of us, who feel the small jobs piling up around us daily. “We’ve evolved to respond to the moment, and not to set our sights too far in an uncertain world,” Dr. Steel adds. “We are not set up to appreciate long-term rewards, whether it’s the benefit of a four-year degree, doing exercise or dieting. We usually feel the cost now and the reward comes much later.” According to Dr. Steel, we have two decision-making systems. They are the limbic, which is responsible for the short term, and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with the future. We bounce between long-term goals and short-term temptations, so we need goals that will translate our plans for the limbic system. Let’s take the example of students’ writing essays. They should set themselves targets and word counts per day. These are thus turned from seemingly endless tasks into something concrete with measured progress. Dr. Steel recommends such techniques, or “pre-commitments”, adding that leaving you a month before the “deadline” makes it more likely a task will be completed. The benefit is that you’ll avoid the embarrassment of not following up on something people are expecting you to do — telling everyone you are going to take up jogging makes you more likely to do so. Overcoming procrastination finally comes down to planning which, if you’re not careful, becomes procrastination in itself. But it is worth making sure you have everything in place. “Successful people don’t pretend they don’t procrastinate,” Dr. Steel says. “People who pretend they have willpower are less successful.” Instead, plan for procrastination: make your work environment a temple of productivity by cutting out what stops you paying your attention, so you can really focus on moving forward. 22. What does the author say about procrastination in Paragraph 1? A. It is caused by the technology in people’s life. B. It is more common when people have small jobs to do. C. It is something many people can’t avoid. D. It is an excuse people often use in public. 23. In paragraph 3, Dr. Steel believes that people who procrastinate should________. A. be aware that their problem is relatively small B. find out more about the way they make decisions C. attempt to overcome their natural tendencies D. take the advice of others in the same situation 24. Why does Dr. Steel recommend making “pre-commitments” in Paragraph 4? A. They are an effective way of impressing others. B. They allow people to achieve their aims sooner. C. They are an alternative to impossible goals. D. They make challenges feel more manageable. 25. The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph intends to________. A. Warn the reader against spending too long getting organized. B. Remind the reader to take the time to focus properly on a task. C. Encourage the reader to develop plans effectively. D. 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