2026届高三英语一轮复习英语句子成分和基本句型精讲课件

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦句子结构核心考点，系统梳理主语、谓语等七种成分及五种基本句型，对接高考评价体系中语法填空、短文改错、书面表达的考查要求，通过分析近五年真题明确“句型识别”“成分划分”等高频考点权重，归纳出“句型判断-成分定位-错误修正”的常考题型，体现备考的针对性和实用性。 课件亮点在于“基础夯实+真题实战+素养融合”的复习模式，如通过句型转换、句子翻译等练习（如将双宾语句型转换为“动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语”），培养学生的语言能力和思维品质。特设“句型结构分析法”指导学生快速识别语法填空中的成分缺失，书面表达中运用复合句提升逻辑层次，助力学生高效突破考点，教师可据此开展精准复习教学。

英语句子结构精讲 解锁句子密码 学好基础句型 Learning Objectives Understand and Define (理解与定义): Clearly define the core components of an English sentence, including the subject, predicate, object, complement, and modifiers. Identify and explain the five basic sentence patterns in English. Analyze and Identify (分析与识别): Accurately identify the function of each word or phrase within a given sentence. Analyze simple, compound, and complex sentences to determine their underlying sentence pattern. Apply and Construct (应用与构建): Construct grammatically correct sentences using each of the five basic sentence patterns. Translate Chinese sentences into English with correct sentence structure. 2 01 02 04 05 03 06 Post-learning Pre-learning While-learning Summary Homework Lead-in 目 录 C ONTENTS 3 Lead-in 句子解析 Part 01 4 英语句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？ ！ 什么又是 语法结构？ 什么是 英语句子？  英语的基本成分有七种： 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 句子包括哪些成分？ Pre-learning Part 02 句子基本成分 7 句子成分 定 义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分：主语(subject)和谓语(predicate) 次要成分：表语(predicative)/宾语(object)/定语(attribute)/状语 (adverbial)/补足语 (complement)/同位语(appositive) I saw my former teacher Tom at the station yesterday. ↓ 主语 ↓ 谓 语 ↓ 定语 ↓ 宾 语 ↓ 同位语 ↓ 状 语 8 名词 代词 数词 动词不定式 1.1 主语（subject） 动名词 Smoking is bad for health. 主语从句 It is difficult to fulfill this task. What I want is to have a rest. Apples are my favorite. I love you. Two is better than one. 主语：是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分，一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首。 9 Tom studies very hard. He made fun of his classmates. It gets colder. They can make a difference. 1.2 谓语：Predicate 谓语: 说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由实义动词或者动词短语；系动词（单独作谓语，后接表语）；情态动词/助动词 + 动词构成。 名词 代词 数词 动词不定式 动名词 We all like reading 宾语从句 I’d like to help you. I think that he is funny. He is playing football now. I love you. Two plus two equals four. 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，由名词、代词或相当于名词的成分来充当。 1.3 宾语（object） 11 名词 形容词 数词 动词不定式 1.4 表语（predicative) 动名词 表语从句 My job is to teach English. The truth is that he has never been abroad. Two plus two is four. 表语常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、从句等充当。 副词 I feel good today. He is a Canadian. Is anybody in? Tom's hobby is reading 12 名词 形容词 副词 介词短语 动名词 We saw her entering the room. 不定式 We elected him our monitor. 补语: 宾语补足语，紧跟在宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明。宾补由形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。 1.5 补语 (complement) You must make things right. Let him in. You can’t allow him to go out. You must make things in order. 13 He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. He sat there , reading a book. He was reading a book when I called him. Excited and surprised, he stepped on the stage. 动词，形容词，副词或句子 1.6 状语 （adverbial） 状语用来修饰_______________________________．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，一般由 副词、介词、名词、分词、不定式、形容词、从句 充当。 The black bike is mine. What’s your name? I have five books. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool. 1.7定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词．定语可以由 形容词，数词、名词、介词短语、to do不定式、动名词、现在分词或从句充当。 While-learning Part 03 五种基本句子结构 16 基 本 句 型 主语+ 谓语 主语＋谓语＋宾语 主语＋系动词＋表语 主语＋谓语＋双宾语 主语＋谓语＋宾语+宾补 ㈠ 主＋谓（S + Vi） 特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The wind blows strongly What happened outside our school? He refused my help yesterday. I enjoy reading in the morning. He admitted that he had obtained the money. ㈡ 主＋谓＋宾（S + Vt+O） 核心特点是谓语必须是及物动词，后面必须接宾语，句子意思才完整。如果代词做宾语，要用宾格。如：me，him，them等 ㈢ 主＋系＋表（S+Lv+P） 不表示 “动作”，而是说明主语的身份、状态、特征、变化。 The food tastes good. This is my book. They are in the classroom. My dream is to be a doctor. The problem is that we don’t have enough time. 系动词的分类 常见的系动词大致可分为4类: 类别 代表词类 例句 be 动词 am/is/are/was/were I am a student. 感官动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel The food tastes good. 变化类 become, turn, get, grow The leaves turn yellow. 保持 / 状态类 stay, keep, remain, seem She remains calm. ㈣ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+Vt+IO+DO） 特点：谓语动词后需要接两个宾语句子意思才完整，缺一不可。 结构 1：主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 结构 2：主语 + 动词 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语 He sent her a letter. = He sent a letter to her. I bought my mom a cake. = I bought a cake for my mom. 搭配to 表传递方向的动词：give/end/show/pass/lend/hand/tell/write/offer 搭配for表为某人做的动词：buy/make/cook/get/order/sing/build/find The sun keeps us warm. I saw him crying just now. You must get your hair cut. ㈤ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(S+V+O+C) 句子有宾语，意思仍不完整，必须加宾补才通顺,宾补修饰宾语，不是修饰主语。 1.后面必加宾补动词有： 1. 使役动词：make /let/have 使、让 2. 感官动词：see /watch/hear /feel/notice 看、听、感觉 3. 劝说命令类：tell / ask / want / wish / allow / encourage 主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语(to do /that 从句)。 2.英语常用的句型结构方式： 常考动词：think / find / feel / make / consider / believe I think it a pity that you missed the game. She thinks it important to keep healthy. 口诀： 长宾语往后移，it 来把位置替， 中间放上宾补语，句子整齐又好记 “there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系“……有……”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型除了be动词外，还可以用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。 ㈥ There be 句型 There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. there be +主语, 有时态和情态变化。 现在有 there is/are … 过去有 there was/were… 将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be... 现在已经有there has/have been… 可能有 there might be... 肯定有 there must be …/there must have been... 过去曾经有there used to be … 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be … 句子种类 28 简单句 当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时，我们称之为简单句 并列句 两个或两个以上的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起，我们称之为并列句 复合句 一个句子，如果有一个或多个成分由句子充当，我们 称之为复合句 A A B A B 句子种类 29 选择关系 并列关系 转折关系 因果关系 and both... and... not only... but also neither...nor or either...or otherwise but yet however while so for therefore 并列连词 30 He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it They walked and talked along the river. I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me. Either come in or go out. 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、 表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性从句 定语从句 副词性从句 时间状语、地点状语、条件状语、目的状语、原因状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语、结果状语从句 复合句种类 32 一、定语： ‘……的’,通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 1.形容词作定语： The little girl needs a red pen. Tom is a brave boy. 2.数词作定语相当于形容词： Two boys need two pens. 3.代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Tom's pen. His name is Tom. 4.介词短语作定语： The boy in blue is Tom. There are two boys of 9,and three of 10. 5.名词作定语： There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 6.副词作定语： The boy there needs a pen. 7.不定式作定语： There is nothing to do today. 8.分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 9.定语从句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 二、状语： 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为： 1)通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前； 4)一些表示不确定时间（如:often）或程度（如:almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. （宾语较长则状语前置） The boy really needs a pen. （程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen. （时间状语） 介词短语作状语： In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.（地点状语） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy. (条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语： He sits there,asking for a pen. （表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen. （原因状语） Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. （原因状语） 不定式作目的状语： To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business. 名词作状语： Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句： 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 三、同位语： 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。 如： 1).We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） 2).We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’） 四、独立成分： 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分 感叹词：oh,hello等。 肯定词:yes/否定词:no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end. 情态词: 表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。 五、分词独立结构： 分词独立结构（独立主格） = 自带逻辑主语的分词短语，与主句主语不一致，用逗号隔开，作状语（时间 / 原因 / 条件 / 伴随）。 1）名词 / 代词 + 现在分词（主动 / 进行） Weather permitting, we’ll go camping.（= If weather permits） 天气允许的话，我们去露营。 Spring coming, the trees turn green. 春天来了，树变绿了。（时间） 2）名词 / 代词 + 过去分词（被动 / 完成） His homework done, he went out.（= After his homework was done） The window broken, we can’t close it.（原因） 3）名词 / 代词 + being + 形容词 / 介词短语（being 常省） He entered the room, (being) his face pale.（伴随） There being no bus, we walked home.（原因，being 不可省） 4）with 复合结构（变体，常考） With his hands tied, he couldn’t move. Post-learning Part 04 学以致用 44 Practice 练习 1：判断句型。 1.The baby is crying. 2.They felt tired after the trip. 3.I bought my sister a doll. 4.The news made her happy. 5.Birds fly in the sky. 6.There are 30 students in our class. 1. 主谓 2.主系表 3.主谓+双宾 4.主谓宾+宾补 5.主谓 6.there be句型 练习 2：翻译句子。 1.他每天跑步。 2.她喜欢英语。 3.这个故事很有趣。 4.老师给了我们一些建议。 5.我们发现这个问题很简单。 He runs every day. She likes English. The story is very interesting. The teacher gave us some advice. We found the problem very easy. 习题3：句型转换 1.My father bought me a new bike. 2.She gave a beautiful gift to her teacher. 3.He told us an interesting story. 4.I made my sister a paper plane. 5.The waiter brought a cup of coffee to me. My father bought a new bike for me. She gave her teacher a beautiful gift. He told an interesting story to us. I made a paper plane for my sister. The waiter brought me a cup of coffee. My favorite hobby is reading. ( ) I find it incredibly relaxing and rewarding. ( ) Whenever I have free time, I dive into a good book and lose myself in different worlds. ( ) Reading not only broadens my knowledge but also teaches me valuable lessons about life. ( ) Last week, I finished a novel about adventure, and it gave me a new perspective on courage. ( ) This simple pleasure makes my life more colorful and meaningful. ( ) 习题4：句子结构分析 My favorite hobby is reading. (S+V+P) I find it incredibly relaxing and rewarding. (S+V+O+C) Whenever I have free time, I dive into a good book and lose myself in different worlds. (S+V) Reading not only broadens my knowledge but also teaches me valuable lessons about life. (S+V+O) Last week, I finished a novel about adventure, and it gave me a new perspective on courage. (S+V+IO+DO) This simple pleasure makes my life more colorful and meaningful. (S+V+O+C) Summary Part 05 反思巩固 50 1.基本句型 主语+ 谓语 主语＋谓语＋宾语 主语＋系动词＋表语 主语＋谓语＋双宾语 主语＋谓语＋宾语+宾补 2.句子种类： 简单句、并列举，复合句 Summary Homework Part 06 课后强化 52 短文写作 (Essay Writing) 任务目标: 在一篇结构完整的短文中，综合运用五种基本句型，构建内容充实、逻辑清晰的篇章。 话题: An Unforgettable Volunteer Experience (一次难忘的志愿者经历) 要求: 介绍活动背景，描述具体事情或感受，并总结收获。必须使用全部五种基本句型。 Homework Thanks For Your Listening 54 $