内容正文:
语法填空必刷:模拟题 + 名校联考题 易错考点全突破
第一组 语法填空(单句长难句·16题)
请根据句意及语法知识,在横线上填入适当的词(每空1词,可涉及词性转换、冠词、介词、连词、非谓语动词、时态语态、从句引导词等),完成下列单句长难句填空。
1. Sichuan Cuisine and Hunan Cuisine are both known for their hot flavors, which might appear similar at first sight and ______ is why Americans are pretty confused about their differences.
2. This confusion has its roots in how Hunan food ______ (introduce) to the American public by a group of Chinese chefs in the 1940s.
3. A group of Chinese chefs are said ______ (train) in both Hunan and Sichuan Cuisines in 1945 before they sought opportunities in the United States.
4. When the chefs later sought opportunities in the United States, they brought Hunan and Sichuan Cuisines to New York, ______ these two cooking styles were adjusted to suit local tastes.
5. As Kho puts ______, these two cuisines offer different flavors, with Sichuan Cuisine characterized by the use of Sichuan peppercorns.
6. Sichuan peppercorns provide ______ unique numbing feeling that makes Sichuan Cuisine different from Hunan Cuisine.
7. Hunan Cuisine is famous for its bold and burning flavors, which features the ______ (combine) of fresh chilies and garlic.
8. ______ Sichuan Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine does not typically include the numbing sensation of Sichuan peppercorns.
9. It is amazing ______ distinct Hunan cooking is compared to its confusing Sichuan cousin.
10. It is truly worthwhile to seek out restaurants or cookbooks that ______ (faith) capture Hunan flavors in their menus or recipes.
11. Tea has a long history in China, dating back thousands of years, and it is said that Shennong, one of the legendary ______ (figure) in ancient China, discovered tea accidentally.
12. ______ time goes by, tea has become an important part of Chinese culture, not only as a beverage but also as a symbol of hospitality and friendship.
13. During the Tang Dynasty, tea ______ (drink) became widespread among the upper classes, and the art of tea making began to take shape.
14. The famous tea master Lu Yu wrote “The Classic of Tea,” which ______ (lay) the foundation for the development of Chinese tea culture.
15. In the Song Dynasty, the tea ceremony reached a new ______ (high) of refinement, with elaborate tea competitions and a focus on the aesthetic experience.
16. The tea ceremony provides a way for people ______ (slow) down and connect with nature and tradition in a fast-paced world.
第一组 答案及详细核心知识点(方法指导+思维引领)
1. 答案:that (知识点:名词性从句-表语从句引导词;核心思维:空格前是系动词is,后面是完整的句子“Americans are pretty confused about their differences”,作is的表语,构成表语从句,从句语义完整、不缺成分,故用that引导;方法指导:表语从句中,从句完整、无疑问含义,用that引导,that可省略,但此处与前面的which从句并列,为了句子结构清晰,不省略;拓展:表语从句常见引导词:that(无含义,不充当成分)、what(什么,作主语/宾语)、how(如何,作状语)、whether(是否);易错点:① 误写为which(which引导定语从句,此处是表语从句,不适用);② 漏用引导词(表语从句中,that虽可省略,但并列从句中建议保留,避免歧义);补充:类似结构:This is why...(这就是……的原因),why引导表语从句,此处that承接前面的which从句,构成并列结构。)
2. 答案:was introduced (知识点:时态语态-一般过去时被动语态;核心思维:Hunan food(湖南菜)与introduce(介绍、引入)之间是被动关系,即“湖南菜被介绍给美国公众”,时间状语in the 1940s(20世纪40年代)表过去,故用一般过去时被动语态was introduced;方法指导:判断被动语态的核心是“主语是否是动作的承受者”,结合过去时间状语(in the 1940s、last year等),用一般过去时被动语态;拓展:introduce的常见搭配:introduce sth to sb(把某物介绍给某人)、be introduced to(被介绍给……),其过去分词为introduced;易错点:① 误用主动语态,如introduced(缺少be动词,语法错误)、introduced itself(主动语态,语义不符);② 时态错误,如has been introduced(现在完成时,表从过去持续到现在,此处仅表示过去的动作,不适用);补充:一般过去时被动语态结构:was/were+过去分词,主语是不可数名词(Hunan food),用was。)
3. 答案:to have been trained (知识点:非谓语动词-不定式的完成式;核心思维:sb be said to do sth(据说某人做某事)是固定搭配,且train(训练)这个动作发生在sought(寻找)之前,即“先接受训练,再去美国寻找机会”,故用不定式的完成式to have been trained(被动,因为厨师是被训练);方法指导:看到sb be said/reported/believed to do sth,若不定式动作发生在主句动作之前,用to have done;若主语与不定式动作是被动关系,用to be done/to have been done;拓展:类似固定搭配:sb be reported to have done(据报道某人做了某事)、sb be believed to be done(人们相信某人被……);易错点:① 误写为to train(主动语态,厨师是被训练,需用被动);② 误写为to be trained(不定式一般式,表动作与主句动作同时发生,此处动作有先后,不适用);补充:不定式完成式结构:to have + 过去分词,被动形式:to have been + 过去分词。)
4. 答案:where (知识点:定语从句-关系副词;核心思维:先行词是New York(纽约),指地点,在从句中作地点状语,即“在纽约,这两种烹饪风格被调整以适应当地口味”,故用关系副词where;方法指导:先行词指地点,在从句中作状语,用where引导定语从句,where可替换为in which;拓展:定语从句中关系副词的用法:when(指时间,作状语)、where(指地点,作状语)、why(指原因,作状语);易错点:① 误写为which(which指物,在从句中作主语/宾语,此处从句不缺主语/宾语,缺状语);② 误写为in that(in that表“因为”,引导原因状语从句,此处是定语从句,不适用);补充:where引导的定语从句,可还原为“in + 先行词 + 从句”,如New York where these two cooking styles were adjusted = New York in which these two cooking styles were adjusted。)
5. 答案:it (知识点:代词-固定搭配;核心思维:考查固定搭配as sb puts it(正如某人所说),意为“正如Kho所说,这两种菜系有着不同的口味”;方法指导:看到as sb puts/puts it,固定填it,it此处作形式宾语,指代后面的内容;拓展:类似固定搭配:as sb puts it、as it is(事实上)、as it were(可以说);易错点:① 误写为this/that(不贴合固定搭配,无as sb puts this/that的用法);② 漏填it(固定搭配不能省略it);补充:it在固定搭配中常作形式宾语或形式主语,此处是形式宾语,避免句子结构失衡。)
6. 答案:a (知识点:冠词-不定冠词用法;核心思维:unique numbing feeling(独特的麻木感)是单数可数名词短语,表泛指“一种独特的麻木感”,且unique是以辅音音素开头(虽然u是元音字母,但发音是/juː/,辅音音素),故用a;方法指导:单数可数名词前无限定词(the、物主代词等),表泛指,优先用a/an;判断用a还是an,看单词发音,不看字母;拓展:不定冠词a的常见用法:表泛指“一个”、用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前;常见搭配:a unique experience(一次独特的经历)、a useful book(一本有用的书);易错点:① 误写为an(unique以辅音音素开头,不用an);② 误写为the(定冠词表特指,此处无特指含义,不适用);补充:类似单词:university(大学)、usual(通常的),均以辅音音素开头,用a修饰。)
7. 答案:combination (知识点:词性转换-动词变名词;核心思维:空格前有定冠词the修饰,空格后有介词of,需用名词,故将动词combine(结合)转换为名词combination(结合);方法指导:看到the+______+of,空格处优先用名词,结合词根词缀进行词性转换;拓展:combine的词性转换:combine(动词,结合)→ combination(名词,结合)→ combined(形容词,结合的);常见搭配:the combination of A and B(A和B的结合)、combine A with B(将A和B结合);易错点:① 误写为combine(动词原形,不能作宾语);② 拼写错误,如combination误写为combinition;补充:类似词性转换:connect(动词)→ connection(名词)、collect(动词)→ collection(名词)。)
8. 答案:Unlike (知识点:介词-语境搭配;核心思维:空格后是Sichuan Cuisine(川菜),空格后句子表“湘菜通常不包含花椒的麻木感”,与川菜形成对比,故用介词Unlike(不像……、与……不同);方法指导:看到两个事物进行对比,表“与……不同”,用介词Unlike,后接名词/代词;拓展:Unlike的常见用法:Unlike sb/sth(不像某人/某物),可置于句首或句中;易错点:① 误写为Unlikely(形容词,“不可能的”,不能作介词);② 误写为Except(except表“除……之外”,不表对比);补充:类似介词:like(像……一样)、dislike(动词,“不喜欢”,不能作介词)。)
9. 答案:how (知识点:名词性从句-主语从句引导词;核心思维:It是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句“______ distinct Hunan cooking is compared to its confusing Sichuan cousin”,从句中缺状语,表“多么独特”,故用how引导;方法指导:It is + 形容词 + how/what/that... 结构中,若形容词后接的从句缺状语,用how;缺主语/宾语,用what;拓展:how引导主语从句的常见结构:It is amazing/how interesting/how important + how + 主语 + 谓语;易错点:① 误写为what(what在从句中作主语/宾语,此处从句不缺主语/宾语,缺状语);② 误写为that(that引导主语从句时,从句语义完整,不缺成分,此处缺“多么”的含义,不适用);补充:类似句子:It is surprising how fast he runs.(他跑得那么快,真令人惊讶。)
10. 答案:faithfully (知识点:词性转换-名词变副词;核心思维:空格修饰动词capture(捕捉、体现),副词修饰动词,故将名词faith(忠诚、忠实)转换为副词faithfully(忠实地、准确地);方法指导:看到动词后缺修饰成分,优先考虑名词变副词(加-ly后缀);拓展:faith的词性转换:faith(名词,忠诚)→ faithful(形容词,忠诚的)→ faithfully(副词,忠实地);常见搭配:faithfully capture(准确体现)、faithfully follow(忠实遵循);易错点:① 误写为faith(名词,不能修饰动词);② 误写为faithful(形容词,不能修饰动词);③ 拼写错误,如faithfully误写为faithfuly;补充:名词变副词的常见后缀:-ly(如faith→faithfully、care→carefully),部分名词需先变形容词再加-ly(如faith→faithful→faithfully)。)
11. 答案:figures (知识点:词性转换-名词单复数;核心思维:空格前有one of the legendary(传奇人物之一),one of后接可数名词复数,故将figure(人物)变为复数figures;方法指导:看到one of + 限定词 + 名词,名词必须用复数形式,表示“……之一”;拓展:figure的常见含义:人物、数字、体型,此处意为“人物”,复数形式为figures;常见搭配:one of the famous figures(著名人物之一)、historical figures(历史人物);易错点:① 误写为figure(单数形式,one of后需接复数);② 拼写错误,如figures误写为figurees;补充:类似结构:one of the students(学生之一)、one of the books(书籍之一),均需用复数名词。)
12. 答案:As (知识点:连词-引导时间状语从句;核心思维:______ time goes by(随着时间的流逝),as此处作连词,意为“随着”,引导时间状语从句,表“随着时间推移,茶成为中国文化的重要部分”;方法指导:看到“随着……”,优先用as引导时间状语从句,as可置于句首或句中;拓展:as引导时间状语从句的常见用法:as + 主语 + 谓语(表“随着……”),如As spring comes, the flowers bloom.(随着春天的到来,花儿开了。);易错点:① 误写为With(with是介词,不能引导从句,with time going by才正确);② 误写为When(when表“当……时”,不表“随着”的渐进过程);补充:as与with的区别:as + 从句,with + 名词 + 现在分词/过去分词(如As time goes by = With time going by)。)
13. 答案:drinking (知识点:词性转换-动词变名词;核心思维:空格处作主语,需用名词,drink(喝)作“饮用、饮品”讲时,可转换为动名词drinking(表“饮茶”这一行为),tea drinking(饮茶)作主语;方法指导:句子缺主语,且所给词为动词,优先将动词变为动名词(doing)作主语;拓展:drink的词性转换:drink(动词,喝)→ drink(名词,饮品)→ drinking(动名词,饮用);常见搭配:tea drinking(饮茶)、coffee drinking(喝咖啡);易错点:① 误写为drink(名词,“饮品”,此处表“饮茶”的行为,用drinking更贴合语境);② 误写为to drink(不定式作主语,可用于It is + 形容词 + to drink,但此处直接作主语,用动名词更自然);补充:动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式,此处drinking是单数,谓语动词用became(过去式,单数),符合语法。)
14. 答案:laid (知识点:时态-一般过去时;核心思维:句子主语是Lu Yu(陆羽),动作lay(奠定)发生在过去(唐代),故用一般过去时,lay的过去式是laid;方法指导:判断时态时,结合时间背景(唐代,过去的时间),无持续或完成含义,用一般过去时;拓展:lay的常见用法:lay the foundation for(为……奠定基础),其动词形式变化:原形lay → 过去式laid → 过去分词laid;易错点:① 误写为lay(原形,不能用于过去时);② 混淆lay与lie的变化(lie“躺”:原形lie → 过去式lay → 过去分词lain;lie“说谎”:原形lie → 过去式lied → 过去分词lied);补充:类似不规则动词:put(put→put→put)、cut(cut→cut→cut),需重点记忆。)
15. 答案:height (知识点:词性转换-形容词变名词;核心思维:空格前有不定冠词a和形容词new修饰,需用名词,故将形容词high(高的)转换为名词height(高度);方法指导:看到a + 形容词 + ______,空格处优先用名词,结合词根词缀进行词性转换;拓展:high的词性转换:high(形容词,高的)→ height(名词,高度)→ highly(副词,高度地);常见搭配:reach a new height(达到一个新的高度)、in height(在高度上);易错点:① 误写为high(形容词,不能作宾语);② 拼写错误,如height误写为hight;补充:类似词性转换:long(形容词)→ length(名词)、strong(形容词)→ strength(名词)、wide(形容词)→ width(名词)。)
16. 答案:to slow (知识点:非谓语动词-不定式;核心思维:a way for sb to do sth(某人做某事的方法)是固定搭配,此处不定式to slow down(放慢速度)作后置定语,修饰way,意为“茶道为人们提供了一种在快节奏世界中放慢速度、亲近自然和传统的方法”;方法指导:看到a way/opportunity/chance for sb ______,空格处用不定式to do作后置定语;拓展:类似固定搭配:a chance to do sth(做某事的机会)、an opportunity to do sth(做某事的机会);易错点:① 误写为slow(动词原形,不能作后置定语);② 误写为slowing(现在分词,表主动/进行,此处表“要做的事”,用不定式更贴合);补充:不定式作后置定语,常修饰way、chance、opportunity、time等名词,表“要做的事”或“做某事的方式”。)
第一组 举一反三题目(16题,长难句为主)
请根据第一组考点,完成下列举一反三题目,每空1词,巩固高频知识点(均改编自原文,贴合长难句、复合句考点)。
1. Tea and coffee are both popular beverages around the world, which might appear similar in taste and ______ is why many people can’t tell them apart.
2. The popularity of Chinese tea has its roots in how it ______ (introduce) to the world by ancient traders along the Silk Road.
3. Many ancient Chinese artisans are said ______ (train) in traditional craftsmanship before they started their own workshops.
4. When the ancient traders traveled along the Silk Road, they brought Chinese tea to Western countries, ______ it was well-received by local people.
5. As the old saying puts ______, “Good tea is like good friends, which can warm your heart.”
6. The ancient tea-making process provides ______ unique experience that reflects Chinese people’s wisdom.
7. The beauty of Chinese tea culture features the ______ (combine) of tea making, tea drinking and tea art.
8. ______ tea, coffee is more stimulating and is often drunk in the morning to refresh people.
9. It is amazing ______ profound Chinese tea culture is compared to other beverage cultures in the world.
10. It is truly worthwhile to collect tea sets that ______ (faith) reflect the characteristics of different dynasties.
11. Su Shi was one of the most famous ______ (figure) in the Song Dynasty, who was good at poetry, calligraphy and painting.
12. ______ time goes by, Su Shi’s works have become more and more popular among people at home and abroad.
13. During the Song Dynasty, calligraphy ______ (write) became a popular pastime among scholars and officials.
14. Su Shi wrote many famous poems, which ______ (lay) the foundation for his status in Chinese literary history.
15. Su Shi’s calligraphy reached a new ______ (high) of artistry, which was praised by later generations.
16. Calligraphy provides a way for people ______ (calm) down and express their inner thoughts in a noisy world.
第一组 举一反三题目答案
1. that 2. was introduced 3. to have been trained 4. where 5. it 6. a 7. combination 8. Unlike 9. how 10. faithfully 11. figures 12. As 13. writing 14. laid 15. height 16. to calm
第二组 语法填空(单句长难句·16题)
请根据句意及语法知识,在横线上填入适当的词(每空1词,可涉及词性转换、冠词、介词、连词、非谓语动词、时态语态、从句引导词等),完成下列单句长难句填空。
1. Su Shi was a poet, politician and educator, but he had many other strings to his bow, one of ______ was cooking.
2. One of the many talents of this ______ (amaze) clever and creative man was cooking, and by far his most famous dish is Dongpo Pork.
3. Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, ______ (rank) first of the four great calligraphers of the Song Dynasty.
4. Prior to his adulthood, he had studied the calligraphy of Wang Xizhi and later on in life, he turned to the works of Yan Zhenqing, ______ styles influenced his own calligraphy greatly.
5. Su Shi’s calligraphy reflected his open nature and desire for self-expression, and his “Cold Food Observance” ______ (tell) of his time in exile.
6. The rising and falling strokes are expressions of Su Shi’s emotions, and ______ the story builds, so do the characters in his calligraphy.
7. In addition to being a gifted calligrapher, Su Shi was a ______ (distinguish) painter who created many famous works.
8. The trees, rocks and ______ (bamboo) he produced with a few twists and turns of his paintbrush were free and simple in style.
9. To Su Shi, an old tree was particularly ______ (symbol), as it represented surviving difficult times but still continuing to stand tall.
10. Su Shi's perspectives ______ the art of painting were also innovative, which influenced later painters greatly.
11. Through his painting, he began to explore ______ an artist could express their innermost thoughts and experiences through their works.
12. In his eyes, painting was poetry, and poetry was painting, which showed his ______ (philosophy) view on art.
13. Chinese restaurants began to open in America in the mid-19th century, ______ (cluster) on the west coast where the first immigrants landed.
14. They mostly served ______ unique version of Cantonese cuisine — chop suey, egg fu yung and the like.
15. In that century and much of the 20th century, the immigrants largely ______ (flow) from China’s south-east regions, mainly Guangdong province.
16. Though it ______ (true) bore much resemblance to what was eaten in those regions, it was more diverse and boldly spiced.
第二组 答案及详细核心知识点(方法指导+思维引领)
1. 答案:which (知识点:定语从句-关系代词;核心思维:先行词是many other strings to his bow(他的其他才能),指物,在从句中作of的宾语,引导非限制性定语从句(前面有逗号),故用关系代词which;方法指导:先行词指物,在从句中作介词宾语,引导非限制性定语从句,用which,不能用that;拓展:非限制性定语从句中,关系代词which可作介词的宾语,构成“介词+which”结构,此处one of which = one of many other strings;易错点:① 误写为that(that不能用于非限制性定语从句,也不能作介词宾语);② 误写为them(them不能引导定语从句,会导致句子结构混乱,出现两个独立分句无连词连接);补充:类似结构:He has many hobbies, one of which is reading.(他有很多爱好,其中之一是阅读。)
2. 答案:amazingly (知识点:词性转换-形容词变副词;核心思维:空格修饰形容词clever and creative(聪明且有创造力的),副词修饰形容词,故将形容词amaze(令人惊讶的)转换为副词amazingly(令人惊讶地);方法指导:看到形容词前缺修饰成分,优先考虑形容词变副词(加-ly后缀);拓展:amaze的词性转换:amaze(动词,使惊讶)→ amazing(形容词,令人惊讶的)→ amazingly(副词,令人惊讶地);常见搭配:amazingly clever(令人惊讶地聪明)、amazingly creative(令人惊讶地有创造力);易错点:① 误写为amaze(动词,不能修饰形容词);② 误写为amazing(形容词,不能修饰形容词);③ 拼写错误,如amazingly误写为amazingely;补充:形容词变副词的规则:以-ing结尾的形容词,直接加-ly(如amazing→amazingly、interesting→interestingly)。)
3. 答案:ranking (知识点:非谓语动词-现在分词;核心思维:Su Shi(苏轼)与rank(排名、位列)之间是主动关系,即“苏轼位列宋代四大书法家之首”,现在分词作伴随状语,补充说明苏轼的身份;方法指导:句子主干完整(Su Shi was also a master calligrapher),后面的动词表“伴随动作”或“补充说明”,且主语与动词是主动关系,用现在分词;拓展:rank的常见用法:rank first/second(排名第一/第二)、rank among(位列……之中),其现在分词为ranking;易错点:① 误写为ranked(过去分词,表被动,苏轼是主动排名,不适用);② 误写为to rank(不定式,表目的,此处是补充说明,不表目的);补充:现在分词作伴随状语,通常放在句末,用逗号与主句隔开,表“同时存在的状态或动作”。)
4. 答案:whose (知识点:定语从句-关系代词;核心思维:先行词是Yan Zhenqing(颜真卿),指人,在从句中作定语,表“颜真卿的风格”,故用关系代词whose;方法指导:先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语,表“……的”,用whose引导定语从句;拓展:whose的常见用法:whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of whom/which(如whose styles = the styles of whom);易错点:① 误写为who(who指人,在从句中作主语/宾语,此处作定语,不适用);② 误写为which(which指物,不能指人);补充:类似句子:He is a writer whose works are very popular.(他是一位作品很受欢迎的作家。)
5. 答案:tells (知识点:时态-一般现在时;核心思维:句子主语是his “Cold Food Observance”(《寒食帖》),是不朽的作品,表客观事实,故用一般现在时,主语是单数,谓语动词用tells;方法指导:表客观事实、真理、不朽的作品/理论,用一般现在时,不管动作发生在过去还是现在;拓展:tell的常见用法:tell of sth(讲述某事)、tell a story(讲故事)、tell sb sth(告诉某人某事);易错点:① 误写为told(一般过去时,表过去的动作,此处表作品的客观内容,用一般现在时);② 误写为is telling(现在进行时,表正在进行的动作,不适用);补充:类似用法:The book describes the history of China.(这本书描述了中国的历史。)(用一般现在时表客观内容)。)
6. 答案:as (知识点:连词-引导时间状语从句;核心思维:______ the story builds, so do the characters(随着故事的推进,字体也随之变化),as此处作连词,意为“随着”,引导时间状语从句,表“渐进的过程”;方法指导:看到“随着……,……也……”的结构,用as引导时间状语从句,可引导部分倒装(so do the characters);拓展:as引导时间状语从句的倒装结构:As + 主语 + 谓语,so + 助动词/情态动词 + 主语(表“随着……,……也……”);易错点:① 误写为when(when表“当……时”,不表“渐进过程”,不能引导此类倒装);② 误写为with(with是介词,不能引导从句);补充:类似倒装句:As the weather becomes warmer, so do the flowers bloom.(随着天气变暖,花儿也开了。)
7. 答案:distinguished (知识点:词性转换-动词变形容词;核心思维:空格修饰名词painter(画家),需用形容词,故将动词distinguish(区分、使杰出)转换为形容词distinguished(杰出的、著名的);方法指导:名词前缺定语,优先考虑动词变形容词,结合词根词缀(distinguish→distinguished);拓展:distinguish的词性转换:distinguish(动词,区分)→ distinguished(形容词,杰出的)→ distinction(名词,区别、杰出);常见搭配:a distinguished painter(一位杰出的画家)、a distinguished scholar(一位杰出的学者);易错点:① 误写为distinguish(动词,不能作定语);② 误写为distinguishing(现在分词,表主动,此处表“杰出的”,用distinguished更贴合);补充:类似词性转换:interest(动词)→ interested(感兴趣的)/interesting(令人感兴趣的)、excite(动词)→ excited(兴奋的)/exciting(令人兴奋的)。)
8. 答案:bamboos (知识点:词性转换-名词单复数;核心思维:空格前有并列连词and,连接trees、rocks和空格内容,trees和rocks均为复数,故bamboo(竹子)也需用复数bamboos;方法指导:看到并列连词and,连接两个或多个并列成分,需保持单复数一致;拓展:bamboo的复数变化:表示“多根竹子”或“竹子这种植物(泛指)”时,用复数bamboos;表示“竹子(材质)”时,为不可数名词;常见搭配:trees, rocks and bamboos(树木、岩石和竹子);易错点:① 误写为bamboo(单数形式,与前面的复数名词不并列);② 误认为bamboo是不可数名词(表示“多根竹子”时,是可数名词,有复数);补充:类似名词:fish(鱼)→ fishes(多条鱼,表种类)、sheep(绵羊)→ sheep(单复数同形)。)
9. 答案:symbolic (知识点:词性转换-名词变形容词;核心思维:空格前有系动词was和副词particularly(尤其),需用形容词作表语,故将名词symbol(象征)转换为形容词symbolic(象征性的);方法指导:看到系动词(be、become、look等)后,优先用形容词作表语;拓展:symbol的词性转换:symbol(名词,象征)→ symbolic(形容词,象征性的)→ symbolically(副词,象征性地);常见搭配:be symbolic of(是……的象征)、particularly symbolic(尤其具有象征性);易错点:① 误写为symbol(名词,不能作表语);② 拼写错误,如symbolic误写为symbolic(正确)、symbolicly(错误,副词形式);补充:类似词性转换:hope(名词)→ hopeful(形容词)、faith(名词)→ faithful(形容词)。)
10. 答案:on (知识点:介词-固定搭配;核心思维:考查固定搭配perspectives on sth(关于某事的观点),意为“苏轼关于绘画艺术的观点也很有创新性”;方法指导:看到名词perspectives(观点),优先联想到固定搭配perspectives on sth;拓展:类似固定搭配:views on sth(关于某事的观点)、opinions on sth(关于某事的看法)、comments on sth(关于某事的评论);易错点:① 误写为about(perspectives about sth也可表示“关于某事的观点”,但on更正式、更常用,贴合书面语语境);② 漏用介词(perspectives后接具体内容时,需加介词连接);补充:on用于表示“关于”时,更侧重“学术、正式的观点或论述”,about更侧重“日常、随意的提及”。)
11. 答案:how (知识点:名词性从句-宾语从句引导词;核心思维:空格前是动词explore(探索),后面是完整的句子“an artist could express their innermost thoughts and experiences through their works”,作explore的宾语,构成宾语从句,从句中缺状语,表“如何、怎样”,故用how引导;方法指导:动词后接宾语从句,从句缺状语(如何、何时、何地、为什么),用how/when/where/why引导;拓展:how引导宾语从句的常见用法:explore how...(探索如何……)、learn how...(学习如何……)、know how...(知道如何……);易错点:① 误写为what(what在从句中作主语/宾语,此处从句不缺主语/宾语,缺状语);② 误写为that(that引导宾语从句时,从句语义完整,不缺成分,此处缺“如何”的含义,不适用);补充:类似句子:He is exploring how he can solve the problem.(他正在探索如何解决这个问题。)
12. 答案:philosophical (知识点:词性转换-名词变形容词;核心思维:空格修饰名词view(观点),需用形容词,故将名词philosophy(哲学)转换为形容词philosophical(哲学的);方法指导:名词前缺定语,优先考虑名词变形容词,结合词根词缀(philosophy→philosophical);拓展:philosophy的词性转换:philosophy(名词,哲学)→ philosophical(形容词,哲学的)→ philosophically(副词,哲学地);常见搭配:philosophical view(哲学观点)、philosophical thinking(哲学思维);易错点:① 误写为philosophy(名词,不能作定语);② 拼写错误,如philosophical误写为philosophical(正确)、philosophic(简写形式,不推荐书面语使用);补充:名词变形容词的常见后缀:-ical(如philosophy→philosophical、history→historical、music→musical)。)
13. 答案:clustering (知识点:非谓语动词-现在分词;核心思维:Chinese restaurants(中餐馆)与cluster(集中)之间是主动关系,即“中餐馆集中在西海岸”,现在分词作伴随状语,补充说明中餐馆开业时的状态;方法指导:句子主干完整(Chinese restaurants began to open...),后面的动词表“伴随状态”,且主语与动词是主动关系,用现在分词;拓展:cluster的常见用法:cluster on/around(集中在……),其现在分词为clustering;易错点:① 误写为clustered(过去分词,表被动,中餐馆是主动集中,不适用);② 误写为to cluster(不定式,表目的,此处是伴随状态,不表目的);补充:现在分词作伴随状语,可还原为并列句,如Chinese restaurants began to open..., and they clustered on the west coast.(中餐馆开始开业,并且集中在西海岸。)
14. 答案:a (知识点:冠词-不定冠词用法;核心思维:unique version of Cantonese cuisine(一种独特的粤菜版本)是单数可数名词短语,表泛指“一种”,且unique是以辅音音素开头,故用a;方法指导:单数可数名词前无限定词,表泛指“一种、一个”,优先用a/an,结合发音判断用a还是an;拓展:常见搭配:a unique version(一种独特的版本)、a version of(……的版本);易错点:① 误写为an(unique以辅音音素开头,不用an);② 误写为the(定冠词表特指,此处无特指含义,不适用);补充:version作“版本”讲时,是可数名词,常用搭配:a new version(新版本)、different versions(不同版本)。)
15. 答案:flowed (知识点:时态-一般过去时;核心思维:时间状语in that century and much of the 20th century(在那个世纪和20世纪的大部分时间里)表过去,动作flow(流动、涌入)发生在过去,故用一般过去时,flow的过去式是flowed;方法指导:结合过去时间状语,无持续或完成含义,用一般过去时,重点记忆不规则动词的过去式;拓展:flow的常见用法:flow from(从……涌入)、flow into(涌入……),其动词形式变化:原形flow → 过去式flowed → 过去分词flowed;易错点:① 误写为flow(动词原形,不能用于过去时);② 拼写错误,如flowed误写为flowed(正确)、flowt(错误);补充:类似规则动词:work(worked→worked)、play(played→played),flow是规则动词,直接加-ed变过去式。)
16. 答案:truly (知识点:词性转换-形容词变副词;核心思维:空格修饰动词bore(具有、带有),副词修饰动词,故将形容词true(真实的)转换为副词truly(真正地、确实);方法指导:看到动词后缺修饰成分,优先考虑形容词变副词(加-ly后缀);拓展:true的词性转换:true(形容词,真实的)→ truly(副词,真正地)→ truth(名词,真相);常见搭配:truly bore resemblance to(确实与……相似)、truly believe(真正相信);易错点:① 误写为true(形容词,不能修饰动词);② 拼写错误,如truly误写为truely;补充:以e结尾的形容词变副词,若e前是辅音字母,通常直接加-ly(如nice→nicely、late→lately),但true是例外,需去掉e加-ly(true→truly)。)
第二组 举一反三题目(16题,长难句为主)
请根据第二组考点,完成下列举一反三题目,每空1词,巩固高频知识点(均改编自原文,贴合长难句、复合句考点)。
1. Lu Yu was a tea master, writer and educator, but he had many other achievements, one of ______ was writing “The Classic of Tea”.
2. One of the many strengths of this ______ (amaze) wise man was his deep understanding of tea culture.
3. Lu Yu was also a famous writer, ______ (rank) as one of the most influential writers in the Tang Dynasty.
4. Prior to writing “The Classic of Tea”, he had studied the tea culture of many regions and later on, he turned to the works of ancient scholars, ______ ideas influenced his own works greatly.
5. Lu Yu’s “The Classic of Tea” ______ (tell) of the history and art of Chinese tea, which is still influential today.
6. The detailed descriptions in the book are full of wisdom, and ______ the book unfolds, so do the secrets of tea making.
7. In addition to being a famous tea master, Lu Yu was a ______ (distinguish) writer who made great contributions to Chinese culture.
8. The tea sets, tea leaves and ______ (bamboo) described in “The Classic of Tea” reflect the tea culture of the Tang Dynasty.
9. To Lu Yu, a cup of good tea was particularly ______ (symbol), as it represented harmony between man and nature.
10. Lu Yu's perspectives ______ the art of tea making were also innovative, which shaped the development of Chinese tea culture.
11. Through his book, he began to explore ______ people could understand and inherit the essence of tea culture.
12. In his eyes, tea was not just a beverage, but a culture, which showed his ______ (philosophy) view on life.
13. Traditional Chinese furniture began to take shape in ancient times, ______ (cluster) in the central and southern regions of China.
14. Ancient Chinese carpenters created ______ unique style of furniture using mortise-and-tenon work.
15. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, high-quality hardwood largely ______ (flow) from southern China to the north for making furniture.
16. Though it ______ (true) bore much resemblance to the ancient furniture, the modern reproduction is more suitable for modern life.
第二组 举一反三题目答案
1. which 2. amazingly 3. ranking 4. whose 5. tells 6. as 7. distinguished 8. bamboos 9. symbolic 10. on 11. how 12. philosophical 13. clustering 14. a 15. flowed 16. truly
语法知识点系统总结(详细全面,方便背诵记忆)
本总结整合两组题目所有高频考点,按“考点分类+核心用法+方法指导+易错点+拓展延伸”的结构整理,构建系统知识网络,贴合学生背诵记忆需求,覆盖语法填空常考知识点,降低AI痕迹,注重实用性和针对性,所有知识点均结合本次练习例题,避免空洞理论。
一、冠词(高频基础考点)
1. 定冠词the(表特指)
核心用法:修饰名词(单数、复数、不可数),表“特指”,即双方都知道的事物、有后置定语修饰的事物、独一无二的事物/机构、序数词/形容词最高级前、专有名词(机构、建筑、江河湖海)前。
方法指导:看到以下情况,优先用the:① 名词后有后置定语(of短语、定语从句等,如the combination of fresh chilies and garlic);② 序数词/形容词最高级前(如the first of the four great calligraphers);③ 特指前文提到过的事物(如the famous dish,前文提到苏轼的菜肴)。
易错点:① 泛指时误用the(如a unique version误写为the unique version,无后置定语表泛指,不适用);② 不可数名词前误用the(如tea culture误写为the tea culture,表泛指“茶文化”,不用the);③ 固定搭配中漏用/误用the(如by far the most famous dish,the不能省略)。
拓展延伸:常见固定搭配(含the):the combination of A and B(A和B的结合)、the foundation for...(……的基础)、the most famous...(最著名的……)、by far the most...(迄今为止最……)。
2. 不定冠词a/an(表泛指)
核心用法:修饰单数可数名词,表“泛指一个”或“一类事物”;a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前(注意:是元音音素,不是元音字母)。
方法指导:看到单数可数名词前无限定词(the、this、物主代词等),表泛指,优先用a/an;判断用a还是an,看单词发音,不看字母。
易错点:① 元音字母开头但辅音音素发音,误用an(如a unique experience误写为an unique experience,unique发音/juː/,辅音音素);② 辅音字母开头但元音音素发音,误用a(如an hour误写为a hour,hour发音/ˈaʊə/,元音音素);③ 不可数名词前误用a/an(如a tea误写为tea,tea是不可数名词)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频搭配(含a/an):a unique numbing feeling、a unique version、a new height、a distinguished painter,均为泛指“一个、一种”。
二、词性转换(高频核心考点)
核心原则:根据句子成分判断词性(定语→形容词、状语→副词、主语/宾语→名词),结合词根词缀进行转换,重点掌握名词、形容词、副词、动词之间的转换,优先结合原文语境和高频搭配记忆。
1. 名词↔形容词
(1)名词变形容词:常见后缀:-ful(care→careful)、-less(hope→hopeless)、-ous(danger→dangerous)、-al(philosophy→philosophical)、-ed(distinguish→distinguished)、-ing(amaze→amazing)、-ic/-ical(symbol→symbolic、philosophy→philosophical)。
方法指导:名词前缺定语、系动词后缺表语,优先将名词转换为形容词(如a distinguished painter,distinguished修饰名词painter;an old tree was particularly symbolic,symbolic作表语)。
(2)形容词变名词:常见后缀:-ness(high→height、soft→softness)、-tion/-sion(combine→combination)、-ment(develop→development)、-ity(able→ability)。
方法指导:形容词前有冠词、形容词性物主代词,或与其他名词并列,优先将形容词转换为名词(如the combination of...,combination是名词,作宾语;a new height,height是名词,作宾语)。
易错点:① 词性混淆(如副词修饰名词:amazingly clever不能误写为amazing clever;形容词修饰动词:faithfully capture不能误写为faith capture);② 后缀拼写错误(如combination误写为combinition、philosophical误写为philosophicly、truly误写为truely);③ 可数名词单复数判断错误(如figure→figures、bamboo→bamboos,one of后或并列结构中需用复数)。
拓展延伸:本练习高频词性转换汇总:
- 动词→名词:combine→combination、distinguish→distinction、introduce→introduction;
- 名词→形容词:faith→faithful、symbol→symbolic、philosophy→philosophical、figure→figural(少见,本练习用复数figures);
- 形容词→副词:amazing→amazingly、true→truly、faithful→faithfully、distinguished→distinguishably;
- 形容词→名词:high→height、strong→strength、wide→width、long→length; - 动词→形容词:amaze→amazing/amazed、distinguish→distinguished、excite→exciting/excited; - 名词→副词:faith→faithfully、symbol→symbolically、philosophy→philosophically。
2. 形容词↔副词
(1)形容词变副词:常见后缀:-ly(amazing→amazingly、faithful→faithfully)、-ily(happy→happily),特殊变化:true→truly(去e加-ly)、gentle→gently(去e加-ly)。
方法指导:动词后缺修饰成分、形容词前缺修饰成分,优先将形容词转换为副词(如faithfully capture,faithfully修饰动词capture;amazingly clever,amazingly修饰形容词clever)。
(2)副词变形容词:去掉-ly后缀(amazingly→amazing、faithfully→faithful),特殊变化:truly→true(加e)、gently→gentle(加e)。
方法指导:名词前缺定语、系动词后缺表语,若所给词是副词,需转换为形容词(如a faithful friend,faithful修饰名词friend,由副词faithfully转换而来)。
易错点:① 形容词变副词时,漏写-ly或拼写错误(如faithfully误写为faithfuly、truly误写为truely);② 混淆形容词和副词的用法(如用形容词修饰动词、用副词修饰名词);③ 特殊变化记忆错误(如true的副词形式误写为trueely)。
拓展延伸:常见特殊形容词变副词汇总:true→truly、due→duly、whole→wholly、possible→possibly、simple→simply。
3. 动词↔名词
(1)动词变名词:常见后缀:-tion/-sion(combine→combination、introduce→introduction、distinguish→distinction)、-ing(drink→drinking、write→writing、cluster→clustering)、-ment(develop→development、improve→improvement)、-ance(appear→appearance)。
方法指导:句子缺主语、宾语,或介词后缺宾语,优先将动词转换为名词/动名词(如tea drinking became widespread,drinking作主语;the combination of...,combination作宾语)。
(2)名词变动词:常见前缀:en-(strength→strengthen)、be-(friend→befriend),直接转换(water→water、book→book)。
方法指导:句子缺谓语动词,若所给词是名词,可考虑转换为动词(如He watered the flowers. 此处water由名词“水”转换为动词“浇水”)。
易错点:① 动词变名词时,后缀拼写错误(如combination误写为combinition、introduction误写为introdution);② 动名词与不定式作主语的混淆(如直接作主语时,动名词更自然,不定式常用It is + 形容词 + to do结构);③ 介词后误用动词原形(如instead of drinking,不能写为instead of drink)。
4. 名词单复数
核心用法:可数名词有单复数变化,不可数名词无单复数变化;单数可数名词前需加限定词(a/an、the、物主代词等),复数可数名词可加限定词或不加(表泛指)。
方法指导:① 看到one of + 限定词 + 名词,名词必须用复数(如one of the legendary figures);② 看到并列连词and,连接两个或多个并列名词,需保持单复数一致(如trees, rocks and bamboos);③ 表示“种类、数量多”时,可数名词用复数(如bamboos表多根竹子,figures表多个人物)。
易错点:① one of后误用单数名词(如one of the figure误写为one of the figures);② 并列结构中,单复数不一致(如trees, rocks and bamboo误写为trees, rocks and bamboos);③ 不可数名词误用复数(如tea误写为teas,表“茶”这一饮品时不可数,表“多种茶”时可加复数,但本练习中均为不可数用法);④ 特殊名词单复数记忆错误(如bamboo→bamboos、fish→fishes(表种类)、sheep→sheep(单复数同形))。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频可数名词复数:figures、bamboos、versions,不可数名词:tea、culture、food、wisdom。
三、时态(高频核心考点)
核心原则:结合时间状语、语境判断时态,重点掌握一般过去时、一般现在时,兼顾现在完成时、过去完成时,牢记不规则动词的时态变化,贴合原文语境(古代、过去的事件用过去时,客观事实、不朽作品用现在时)。
1. 一般过去时
核心用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与过去时间状语连用(in the 1940s、in the Tang Dynasty、in that century、yesterday、ago等),无持续或完成含义。
方法指导:看到过去时间状语,或语境暗示动作发生在过去(如古代人物的行为、过去的事件),用一般过去时,动词用过去式(规则动词加-ed,不规则动词记特殊变化)。
易错点:① 混淆一般过去时与现在完成时(如in the 1940s用一般过去时,不用has been done);② 不规则动词过去式记忆错误(如lay→laid、flow→flowed、put→put);③ 误用动词原形(如laid误写为lay)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般过去时动词:was introduced(被动)、sought、laid、flowed、ranked(非谓语,此处特指谓语动词的过去式)。
不规则动词重点记忆(本练习高频):lay(奠定)→ laid(过去式)→ laid(过去分词);lie(躺)→ lay(过去式)→ lain(过去分词);lie(说谎)→ lied(过去式)→ lied(过去分词);put→put→put;cut→cut→cut。
2. 一般现在时
核心用法:表示客观事实、真理、不朽的作品/理论、经常性或习惯性的动作,主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词加-s/-es。
方法指导:看到客观事实(如茶的历史、不朽作品的内容),用一般现在时,不管动作发生在过去还是现在(如Lu Yu’s “The Classic of Tea” tells of...,《茶经》是不朽作品,用一般现在时)。
易错点:① 主语是第三人称单数时,漏加-s/-es(如tells误写为tell);② 客观事实误用一般过去时(如The book describes...误写为The book described...);③ 混淆一般现在时与现在进行时(如表客观内容不用is telling)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般现在时动词:tells、describes、reflects、influences,均用于描述客观事实或不朽作品的内容。
3. 时态补充(贴合练习,简要说明)
(1)过去完成时:表示过去的过去发生的动作,即动作发生在另一个过去动作之前(如A group of Chinese chefs are said to have been trained in 1945 before they sought opportunities...,train发生在sought之前,用不定式的完成式体现,本质是过去完成时的变形)。
(2)现在完成时:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,常与for、since、so far等时间状语连用,本练习中无此类语境,暂不重点考查,但需区分与一般过去时的区别(一般过去时仅表过去,无持续含义)。
四、语态(高频核心考点)
核心原则:判断主语与动作的关系,主语是动作的承受者,用被动语态;主语是动作的发出者,用主动语态;被动语态结构:be + 过去分词,时态由be动词体现。
1. 一般过去时被动语态
核心用法:表示过去某个时间,主语被施加某个动作,常与过去时间状语连用(in the 1940s、in 1945等),结构:was/were + 过去分词(主语单数用was,复数用were)。
方法指导:看到过去时间状语,且主语是动作的承受者(如Hunan food与introduce是被动关系),用一般过去时被动语态。
易错点:① 误用主动语态(如was introduced误写为introduced,缺少be动词);② be动词时态错误(如用is introduced代替was introduced);③ 过去分词拼写错误(如introduced误写为introduce);④ 不可数名词作主语时,be动词误用were(如Hunan food用was,不用were)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般过去时被动语态:was introduced、to have been trained(不定式的完成被动式,本质是过去完成时被动语态的变形)。
2. 被动语态补充
(1)不定式被动式:to be done(表动作与主句动作同时发生,被动)、to have been done(表动作发生在主句动作之前,被动),如sb be said to be done/to have been done(本练习第3题)。
(2)主动表被动:部分动词(如sell、write、read)用主动形式表被动含义(如The book sells well. 这本书卖得好),本练习中无此类语境,需简单了解,避免混淆。
五、非谓语动词(高频难点考点)
核心原则:非谓语动词不能作谓语,需依附于主句谓语,分为不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done),重点结合“主动/被动”“动作先后”“目的/伴随”判断。
1. 不定式(to do)
核心用法:① 作后置定语,修饰way、chance、opportunity、time等名词,表“要做的事”或“做某事的方式”(如a way for people to slow down);② 作主语,常用It is + 形容词 + to do结构(如It is truly worthwhile to seek out...);③ 固定搭配(sb be said to do sth、a way to do sth等);④ 不定式的完成式(to have done/to have been done),表动作发生在主句动作之前。
方法指导:① 看到a way/chance/opportunity for sb ______,用不定式to do作后置定语;② 看到sb be said/reported/believed ______,用不定式,动作有先后用to have done/to have been done;③ 表目的,用不定式to do(本练习中无此类语境,补充说明)。
易错点:① 后置定语误用现在分词(如to slow误写为slowing);② 不定式完成式误用一般式(如to have been trained误写为to be trained);③ 固定搭配中漏用to(如be said to do不能写为be said do);④ 不定式作主语时,漏用形式主语It(如To seek out... is worthwhile,可改为It is worthwhile to seek out...)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频不定式用法:to slow、to calm、to have been trained,均贴合上述核心用法。
2. 现在分词(doing)
核心用法:① 作伴随状语,补充说明主句主语的状态或动作,主语与现在分词是主动关系,放在句末,用逗号与主句隔开(如Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, ranking first...;Chinese restaurants began to open..., clustering on...);② 作主语,表动作或行为(如drinking作主语,tea drinking);③ 作定语,表主动、进行(本练习中无此类语境,补充说明)。
方法指导:句子主干完整,后面的动词表“伴随状态”或“补充说明”,且主语与动词是主动关系,用现在分词。
易错点:① 主动关系误用过去分词(如ranking误写为ranked、clustering误写为clustered);② 伴随状语误用不定式(如ranking误写为to rank);③ 现在分词作主语时,谓语动词误用复数(如drinking作主语,谓语动词用单数became)。
拓展延伸:现在分词作伴随状语,可还原为并列句(如Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, and he ranked first...),便于理解语境。
3. 非谓语动词补充
过去分词(done):作定语、状语,表被动、完成(如distinguished painter,distinguished作定语,表“被认为杰出的”),本练习中主要用于词性转换(动词变形容词),需区分与现在分词的区别(现在分词表主动、进行,过去分词表被动、完成)。
六、从句(高频难点考点)
核心原则:从句需有引导词,且从句结构完整(主谓宾/主系表齐全),结合从句在主句中的作用(定语、主语、宾语、表语)判断从句类型,再选择合适的引导词。
1. 定语从句
核心用法:修饰先行词(名词/代词),分为限制性定语从句(无逗号)和非限制性定语从句(有逗号),引导词分为关系代词(which、who、whose、that)和关系副词(where、when、why)。
(1)关系代词which:先行词指物,在从句中作主语、宾语,可引导非限制性定语从句(如one of which、which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词),不能用that引导非限制性定语从句,也不能用that作介词宾语(如one of which不能写为one of that)。
(2)关系代词whose:先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语,表“……的”(如whose styles、whose ideas),可替换为the + 名词 + of whom/which(如whose styles = the styles of whom)。
(3)关系副词where:先行词指地点,在从句中作地点状语(如New York where...),可替换为in which/on which等(根据先行词搭配的介词判断)。
方法指导:① 先找先行词,判断先行词是人/物/地点/时间/原因;② 再判断从句缺什么成分(主语/宾语→关系代词,状语→关系副词);③ 非限制性定语从句不能用that,介词后不能用that。
易错点:① 关系副词与关系代词混淆(如where误写为which,which不能作状语);② 非限制性定语从句误用that(如which误写为that);③ whose与who/which混淆(如whose误写为who,who不能作定语);④ 介词后误用that(如one of which误写为one of that)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频定语从句引导词:which、whose、where,均贴合上述用法,可结合例题反复理解(如第一组第4题、第二组第1题、第4题)。
2. 名词性从句
核心用法:从句在主句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,统称名词性从句,引导词有that、what、how、whether等,重点掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句(本练习高频)。
(1)主语从句:常以It作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句(如It is amazing how distinct...),引导词how表“多么”,在从句中作状语;that引导主语从句时,从句语义完整,不缺成分,无含义。
(2)宾语从句:作动词或介词的宾语(如explore how...,how引导宾语从句作explore的宾语),引导词how表“如何”,在从句中作状语;that引导宾语从句时,可省略(但正式语境中不省略)。
(3)表语从句:作系动词(is、are等)的表语(如that is why...,that引导表语从句,语义完整),引导词that可省略,但并列从句中建议保留。
方法指导:① 主语从句:It is + 形容词 + 引导词 + 从句,缺状语用how,缺主语/宾语用what,语义完整用that;② 宾语从句:动词/介词 + 引导词 + 从句,缺状语用how/when/where/why,缺主语/宾语用what,语义完整用that;③ 表语从句:系动词 + 引导词 + 从句,语义完整用that,表“……的原因”用why。
易错点:① 主语从句引导词how与what混淆(如how误写为what,what不能作状语);② 宾语从句引导词漏用(如explore how...不能写为explore an artist could...);③ 表语从句误用which(如that误写为which,which引导定语从句,不引导表语从句);④ 形式主语It漏用(如How distinct... is amazing,可改为It is amazing how distinct...)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频名词性从句引导词:that(表语从句、主语从句)、how(主语从句、宾语从句),结合例题(第一组第1题、第9题,第二组第11题)理解,重点区分引导词的用法。
七、介词(基础高频考点)
核心原则:介词后接名词、代词或动名词,结合固定搭配、语境(对比、所属、关于等)判断,重点掌握高频固定搭配和语境类介词。
1. 固定搭配类介词
核心用法:结合名词、动词的固定搭配记忆,无需结合语境过多判断,重点记忆本练习中高频搭配。
本练习高频固定搭配:as sb puts it(it是代词,此处重点记固定结构)、perspectives on sth(关于某事的观点)、the combination of A and B(A和B的结合)、be introduced to(被介绍给……)、lay the foundation for(为……奠定基础)、reach a new height of(达到……的新高度)。
易错点:① 固定搭配中介词误用(如perspectives on sth误写为perspectives about sth,about虽可,但on更正式,贴合书面语);② 固定搭配中漏用介词(如perspectives后漏用on);③ 混淆固定搭配的介词(如lay the foundation for误写为lay the foundation of)。
2. 语境类介词
核心用法:结合语境判断,表对比、伴随、时间、地点等,本练习中高频:Unlike(表对比,“不像……、与……不同”)、with(表伴随,“具有、带有”,如with Sichuan Cuisine characterized by...)。
方法指导:看到两个事物进行对比,表“与……不同”,用介词Unlike,后接名词/代词;表“具有、带有”,用介词with,后接名词+过去分词/现在分词(伴随状语)。
易错点:① Unlike与Unlikely混淆(Unlikely是形容词,“不可能的”,不能作介词);② Unlike与Except混淆(Except表“除……之外”,不表对比);③ with与as混淆(with是介词,后接名词短语;as是连词,后接从句)。
八、连词(基础高频考点)
核心原则:连词连接句子、短语或单词,结合语境(时间、并列、转折、因果等)判断,本练习中高频:as(引导时间状语从句,“随着”)、and(并列连词,连接并列成分)、but(转折连词,表转折)。
1. 连词as(引导时间状语从句)
核心用法:表“随着”,引导时间状语从句,从句动作与主句动作同时发生,可引导部分倒装(如As the story builds, so do the characters),可置于句首或句中。
方法指导:看到“随着……”,且后接从句,用连词as;若后接名词短语,用介词with(如As time goes by = With time going by)。
易错点:① as与with混淆(as后接从句,with后接名词短语);② as与when混淆(when表“当……时”,不表“渐进过程”,不能引导此类倒装);③ 倒装结构误用(如As the story builds, so the characters do,正确应为so do the characters)。
2. 并列连词and/but
核心用法:and表并列、顺承,连接两个并列的句子、短语或单词(如Sichuan Cuisine and Hunan Cuisine、trees, rocks and bamboos);but表转折,连接两个语义相反的句子(如Su Shi was a poet..., but he had many other strings to his bow)。
方法指导:看到语义并列、顺承,用and;看到语义转折,用but;并列结构中,and连接的成分需保持词性、单复数一致。
易错点:① 并列结构中,单复数、词性不一致(如trees, rocks and bamboo误写为trees, rocks and bamboos);② 转折语境误用and(如but误写为and);③ 两个独立分句无连词连接(如误写为He has many hobbies, one of them is reading,应改为one of which is reading)。
九、代词(基础考点)
核心原则:代词指代前文提到的人、物或内容,结合固定搭配、语境判断,本练习中高频:it(固定搭配as sb puts it)、which(定语从句中,指代前文提到的物)。
核心用法:it在固定搭配as sb puts it中作形式宾语,指代后面的内容;which在定语从句中,指代前文提到的名词(物),避免重复(如one of which指代前文的many other strings to his bow)。
易错点:① 固定搭配中it误写为this/that(如as sb puts it误写为as sb puts this);② 漏用it(固定搭配as sb puts it不能省略it);③ 用them代替which(如one of them误写为one of which,them不能引导定语从句)。
十、高频易错点汇总(重点背诵,规避失分)
1. 冠词:① unique、university等以辅音音素开头的单词,误用an;② 泛指时误用the,特指时漏用the;③ 不可数名词前误用a/an。
2. 词性转换:① 后缀拼写错误(combination、philosophical、truly等);② 词性混淆(副词修饰名词、形容词修饰动词);③ 可数名词单复数判断错误(one of后用复数、并列结构单复数一致)。
3. 时态:① 不规则动词过去式记忆错误(lay→laid、flow→flowed);② 客观事实误用一般过去时;③ 过去时间状语误用现在完成时。
4. 语态:① 被动语态漏用be动词;② 主动关系误用被动语态(现在分词与过去分词混淆);③ 不可数名词作主语时,be动词误用were。
5. 非谓语动词:① 不定式完成式误用一般式;② 伴随状语误用不定式;③ 主动关系误用过去分词。
6. 从句:① 定语从句引导词混淆(where与which、whose与who);② 非限制性定语从句误用that;③ 名词性从句引导词how与what混淆;④ 漏用引导词。
7. 介词/连词:① 固定搭配介词误用;② Unlike与Unlikely、with与as混淆;③ 并列结构单复数、词性不一致。
十一、解题方法总结(思维引领,快速解题)
1. 通读句子,判断句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语),结合句子成分确定词性(如主语/宾语→名词/动名词,定语→形容词,状语→副词)。
2. 结合时间状语、语境判断时态语态(过去时间→一般过去时,主语是承受者→被动语态,客观事实→一般现在时)。
3. 看到从句,先判断从句类型(定语/名词性),再找先行词(定语从句)或判断从句缺什么成分(名词性从句),选择合适的引导词。
4. 牢记高频固定搭配(as sb puts it、perspectives on sth等),优先结合固定搭配解题,避免主观臆断。
5. 检查易错点(冠词用法、词性转换拼写、时态语态、从句引导词),确保语法正确、语义连贯。
6. 举一反三:做完题目后,结合知识点解析,总结同类考点的解题方法,如看到one of,直接想到名词复数;看到as sb puts it,直接想到it;看到被动关系,直接想到be + 过去分词,形成解题思维定式,提高解题速度和准确率。
补充说明:本知识点总结完全贴合两组练习题目,所有知识点均有例题对应,重点突出、条理清晰,方便学生背诵记忆、查漏补缺,后续可结合两组题目和举一反三题目,反复巩固,熟练掌握所有高频考点,规避易错点,提升语法填空解题能力。
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语法填空必刷:模拟题 + 名校联考题 易错考点全突破
第一组 语法填空(单句长难句·16题)
请根据句意及语法知识,在横线上填入适当的词(每空1词,可涉及词性转换、冠词、介词、连词、非谓语动词、时态语态、从句引导词等),完成下列单句长难句填空。
1. Sichuan Cuisine and Hunan Cuisine are both known for their hot flavors, which might appear similar at first sight and ______ is why Americans are pretty confused about their differences.
2. This confusion has its roots in how Hunan food ______ (introduce) to the American public by a group of Chinese chefs in the 1940s.
3. A group of Chinese chefs are said ______ (train) in both Hunan and Sichuan Cuisines in 1945 before they sought opportunities in the United States.
4. When the chefs later sought opportunities in the United States, they brought Hunan and Sichuan Cuisines to New York, ______ these two cooking styles were adjusted to suit local tastes.
5. As Kho puts ______, these two cuisines offer different flavors, with Sichuan Cuisine characterized by the use of Sichuan peppercorns.
6. Sichuan peppercorns provide ______ unique numbing feeling that makes Sichuan Cuisine different from Hunan Cuisine.
7. Hunan Cuisine is famous for its bold and burning flavors, which features the ______ (combine) of fresh chilies and garlic.
8. ______ Sichuan Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine does not typically include the numbing sensation of Sichuan peppercorns.
9. It is amazing ______ distinct Hunan cooking is compared to its confusing Sichuan cousin.
10. It is truly worthwhile to seek out restaurants or cookbooks that ______ (faith) capture Hunan flavors in their menus or recipes.
11. Tea has a long history in China, dating back thousands of years, and it is said that Shennong, one of the legendary ______ (figure) in ancient China, discovered tea accidentally.
12. ______ time goes by, tea has become an important part of Chinese culture, not only as a beverage but also as a symbol of hospitality and friendship.
13. During the Tang Dynasty, tea ______ (drink) became widespread among the upper classes, and the art of tea making began to take shape.
14. The famous tea master Lu Yu wrote “The Classic of Tea,” which ______ (lay) the foundation for the development of Chinese tea culture.
15. In the Song Dynasty, the tea ceremony reached a new ______ (high) of refinement, with elaborate tea competitions and a focus on the aesthetic experience.
16. The tea ceremony provides a way for people ______ (slow) down and connect with nature and tradition in a fast-paced world.
第一组 举一反三题目(16题,长难句为主)
请根据第一组考点,完成下列举一反三题目,每空1词,巩固高频知识点(均改编自原文,贴合长难句、复合句考点)。
1. Tea and coffee are both popular beverages around the world, which might appear similar in taste and ______ is why many people can’t tell them apart.
2. The popularity of Chinese tea has its roots in how it ______ (introduce) to the world by ancient traders along the Silk Road.
3. Many ancient Chinese artisans are said ______ (train) in traditional craftsmanship before they started their own workshops.
4. When the ancient traders traveled along the Silk Road, they brought Chinese tea to Western countries, ______ it was well-received by local people.
5. As the old saying puts ______, “Good tea is like good friends, which can warm your heart.”
6. The ancient tea-making process provides ______ unique experience that reflects Chinese people’s wisdom.
7. The beauty of Chinese tea culture features the ______ (combine) of tea making, tea drinking and tea art.
8. ______ tea, coffee is more stimulating and is often drunk in the morning to refresh people.
9. It is amazing ______ profound Chinese tea culture is compared to other beverage cultures in the world.
10. It is truly worthwhile to collect tea sets that ______ (faith) reflect the characteristics of different dynasties.
11. Su Shi was one of the most famous ______ (figure) in the Song Dynasty, who was good at poetry, calligraphy and painting.
12. ______ time goes by, Su Shi’s works have become more and more popular among people at home and abroad.
13. During the Song Dynasty, calligraphy ______ (write) became a popular pastime among scholars and officials.
14. Su Shi wrote many famous poems, which ______ (lay) the foundation for his status in Chinese literary history.
15. Su Shi’s calligraphy reached a new ______ (high) of artistry, which was praised by later generations.
16. Calligraphy provides a way for people ______ (calm) down and express their inner thoughts in a noisy world.
第二组 语法填空(单句长难句·16题)
请根据句意及语法知识,在横线上填入适当的词(每空1词,可涉及词性转换、冠词、介词、连词、非谓语动词、时态语态、从句引导词等),完成下列单句长难句填空。
1. Su Shi was a poet, politician and educator, but he had many other strings to his bow, one of ______ was cooking.
2. One of the many talents of this ______ (amaze) clever and creative man was cooking, and by far his most famous dish is Dongpo Pork.
3. Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, ______ (rank) first of the four great calligraphers of the Song Dynasty.
4. Prior to his adulthood, he had studied the calligraphy of Wang Xizhi and later on in life, he turned to the works of Yan Zhenqing, ______ styles influenced his own calligraphy greatly.
5. Su Shi’s calligraphy reflected his open nature and desire for self-expression, and his “Cold Food Observance” ______ (tell) of his time in exile.
6. The rising and falling strokes are expressions of Su Shi’s emotions, and ______ the story builds, so do the characters in his calligraphy.
7. In addition to being a gifted calligrapher, Su Shi was a ______ (distinguish) painter who created many famous works.
8. The trees, rocks and ______ (bamboo) he produced with a few twists and turns of his paintbrush were free and simple in style.
9. To Su Shi, an old tree was particularly ______ (symbol), as it represented surviving difficult times but still continuing to stand tall.
10. Su Shi's perspectives ______ the art of painting were also innovative, which influenced later painters greatly.
11. Through his painting, he began to explore ______ an artist could express their innermost thoughts and experiences through their works.
12. In his eyes, painting was poetry, and poetry was painting, which showed his ______ (philosophy) view on art.
13. Chinese restaurants began to open in America in the mid-19th century, ______ (cluster) on the west coast where the first immigrants landed.
14. They mostly served ______ unique version of Cantonese cuisine — chop suey, egg fu yung and the like.
15. In that century and much of the 20th century, the immigrants largely ______ (flow) from China’s south-east regions, mainly Guangdong province.
16. Though it ______ (true) bore much resemblance to what was eaten in those regions, it was more diverse and boldly spiced.
第二组 举一反三题目(16题,长难句为主)
请根据第二组考点,完成下列举一反三题目,每空1词,巩固高频知识点(均改编自原文,贴合长难句、复合句考点)。
1. Lu Yu was a tea master, writer and educator, but he had many other achievements, one of ______ was writing “The Classic of Tea”.
2. One of the many strengths of this ______ (amaze) wise man was his deep understanding of tea culture.
3. Lu Yu was also a famous writer, ______ (rank) as one of the most influential writers in the Tang Dynasty.
4. Prior to writing “The Classic of Tea”, he had studied the tea culture of many regions and later on, he turned to the works of ancient scholars, ______ ideas influenced his own works greatly.
5. Lu Yu’s “The Classic of Tea” ______ (tell) of the history and art of Chinese tea, which is still influential today.
6. The detailed descriptions in the book are full of wisdom, and ______ the book unfolds, so do the secrets of tea making.
7. In addition to being a famous tea master, Lu Yu was a ______ (distinguish) writer who made great contributions to Chinese culture.
8. The tea sets, tea leaves and ______ (bamboo) described in “The Classic of Tea” reflect the tea culture of the Tang Dynasty.
9. To Lu Yu, a cup of good tea was particularly ______ (symbol), as it represented harmony between man and nature.
10. Lu Yu's perspectives ______ the art of tea making were also innovative, which shaped the development of Chinese tea culture.
11. Through his book, he began to explore ______ people could understand and inherit the essence of tea culture.
12. In his eyes, tea was not just a beverage, but a culture, which showed his ______ (philosophy) view on life.
13. Traditional Chinese furniture began to take shape in ancient times, ______ (cluster) in the central and southern regions of China.
14. Ancient Chinese carpenters created ______ unique style of furniture using mortise-and-tenon work.
15. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, high-quality hardwood largely ______ (flow) from southern China to the north for making furniture.
16. Though it ______ (true) bore much resemblance to the ancient furniture, the modern reproduction is more suitable for modern life.
语法知识点系统总结(详细全面,方便背诵记忆)
本总结整合两组题目所有高频考点,按“考点分类+核心用法+方法指导+易错点+拓展延伸”的结构整理,构建系统知识网络,贴合学生背诵记忆需求,覆盖语法填空常考知识点,降低AI痕迹,注重实用性和针对性,所有知识点均结合本次练习例题,避免空洞理论。
一、冠词(高频基础考点)
1. 定冠词the(表特指)
核心用法:修饰名词(单数、复数、不可数),表“特指”,即双方都知道的事物、有后置定语修饰的事物、独一无二的事物/机构、序数词/形容词最高级前、专有名词(机构、建筑、江河湖海)前。
方法指导:看到以下情况,优先用the:① 名词后有后置定语(of短语、定语从句等,如the combination of fresh chilies and garlic);② 序数词/形容词最高级前(如the first of the four great calligraphers);③ 特指前文提到过的事物(如the famous dish,前文提到苏轼的菜肴)。
易错点:① 泛指时误用the(如a unique version误写为the unique version,无后置定语表泛指,不适用);② 不可数名词前误用the(如tea culture误写为the tea culture,表泛指“茶文化”,不用the);③ 固定搭配中漏用/误用the(如by far the most famous dish,the不能省略)。
拓展延伸:常见固定搭配(含the):the combination of A and B(A和B的结合)、the foundation for...(……的基础)、the most famous...(最著名的……)、by far the most...(迄今为止最……)。
2. 不定冠词a/an(表泛指)
核心用法:修饰单数可数名词,表“泛指一个”或“一类事物”;a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前(注意:是元音音素,不是元音字母)。
方法指导:看到单数可数名词前无限定词(the、this、物主代词等),表泛指,优先用a/an;判断用a还是an,看单词发音,不看字母。
易错点:① 元音字母开头但辅音音素发音,误用an(如a unique experience误写为an unique experience,unique发音/juː/,辅音音素);② 辅音字母开头但元音音素发音,误用a(如an hour误写为a hour,hour发音/ˈaʊə/,元音音素);③ 不可数名词前误用a/an(如a tea误写为tea,tea是不可数名词)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频搭配(含a/an):a unique numbing feeling、a unique version、a new height、a distinguished painter,均为泛指“一个、一种”。
二、词性转换(高频核心考点)
核心原则:根据句子成分判断词性(定语→形容词、状语→副词、主语/宾语→名词),结合词根词缀进行转换,重点掌握名词、形容词、副词、动词之间的转换,优先结合原文语境和高频搭配记忆。
1. 名词↔形容词
(1)名词变形容词:常见后缀:-ful(care→careful)、-less(hope→hopeless)、-ous(danger→dangerous)、-al(philosophy→philosophical)、-ed(distinguish→distinguished)、-ing(amaze→amazing)、-ic/-ical(symbol→symbolic、philosophy→philosophical)。
方法指导:名词前缺定语、系动词后缺表语,优先将名词转换为形容词(如a distinguished painter,distinguished修饰名词painter;an old tree was particularly symbolic,symbolic作表语)。
(2)形容词变名词:常见后缀:-ness(high→height、soft→softness)、-tion/-sion(combine→combination)、-ment(develop→development)、-ity(able→ability)。
方法指导:形容词前有冠词、形容词性物主代词,或与其他名词并列,优先将形容词转换为名词(如the combination of...,combination是名词,作宾语;a new height,height是名词,作宾语)。
易错点:① 词性混淆(如副词修饰名词:amazingly clever不能误写为amazing clever;形容词修饰动词:faithfully capture不能误写为faith capture);② 后缀拼写错误(如combination误写为combinition、philosophical误写为philosophicly、truly误写为truely);③ 可数名词单复数判断错误(如figure→figures、bamboo→bamboos,one of后或并列结构中需用复数)。
拓展延伸:本练习高频词性转换汇总:
- 动词→名词:combine→combination、distinguish→distinction、introduce→introduction;
- 名词→形容词:faith→faithful、symbol→symbolic、philosophy→philosophical、figure→figural(少见,本练习用复数figures);
- 形容词→副词:amazing→amazingly、true→truly、faithful→faithfully、distinguished→distinguishably;
- 形容词→名词:high→height、strong→strength、wide→width、long→length; - 动词→形容词:amaze→amazing/amazed、distinguish→distinguished、excite→exciting/excited; - 名词→副词:faith→faithfully、symbol→symbolically、philosophy→philosophically。
2. 形容词↔副词
(1)形容词变副词:常见后缀:-ly(amazing→amazingly、faithful→faithfully)、-ily(happy→happily),特殊变化:true→truly(去e加-ly)、gentle→gently(去e加-ly)。
方法指导:动词后缺修饰成分、形容词前缺修饰成分,优先将形容词转换为副词(如faithfully capture,faithfully修饰动词capture;amazingly clever,amazingly修饰形容词clever)。
(2)副词变形容词:去掉-ly后缀(amazingly→amazing、faithfully→faithful),特殊变化:truly→true(加e)、gently→gentle(加e)。
方法指导:名词前缺定语、系动词后缺表语,若所给词是副词,需转换为形容词(如a faithful friend,faithful修饰名词friend,由副词faithfully转换而来)。
易错点:① 形容词变副词时,漏写-ly或拼写错误(如faithfully误写为faithfuly、truly误写为truely);② 混淆形容词和副词的用法(如用形容词修饰动词、用副词修饰名词);③ 特殊变化记忆错误(如true的副词形式误写为trueely)。
拓展延伸:常见特殊形容词变副词汇总:true→truly、due→duly、whole→wholly、possible→possibly、simple→simply。
3. 动词↔名词
(1)动词变名词:常见后缀:-tion/-sion(combine→combination、introduce→introduction、distinguish→distinction)、-ing(drink→drinking、write→writing、cluster→clustering)、-ment(develop→development、improve→improvement)、-ance(appear→appearance)。
方法指导:句子缺主语、宾语,或介词后缺宾语,优先将动词转换为名词/动名词(如tea drinking became widespread,drinking作主语;the combination of...,combination作宾语)。
(2)名词变动词:常见前缀:en-(strength→strengthen)、be-(friend→befriend),直接转换(water→water、book→book)。
方法指导:句子缺谓语动词,若所给词是名词,可考虑转换为动词(如He watered the flowers. 此处water由名词“水”转换为动词“浇水”)。
易错点:① 动词变名词时,后缀拼写错误(如combination误写为combinition、introduction误写为introdution);② 动名词与不定式作主语的混淆(如直接作主语时,动名词更自然,不定式常用It is + 形容词 + to do结构);③ 介词后误用动词原形(如instead of drinking,不能写为instead of drink)。
4. 名词单复数
核心用法:可数名词有单复数变化,不可数名词无单复数变化;单数可数名词前需加限定词(a/an、the、物主代词等),复数可数名词可加限定词或不加(表泛指)。
方法指导:① 看到one of + 限定词 + 名词,名词必须用复数(如one of the legendary figures);② 看到并列连词and,连接两个或多个并列名词,需保持单复数一致(如trees, rocks and bamboos);③ 表示“种类、数量多”时,可数名词用复数(如bamboos表多根竹子,figures表多个人物)。
易错点:① one of后误用单数名词(如one of the figure误写为one of the figures);② 并列结构中,单复数不一致(如trees, rocks and bamboo误写为trees, rocks and bamboos);③ 不可数名词误用复数(如tea误写为teas,表“茶”这一饮品时不可数,表“多种茶”时可加复数,但本练习中均为不可数用法);④ 特殊名词单复数记忆错误(如bamboo→bamboos、fish→fishes(表种类)、sheep→sheep(单复数同形))。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频可数名词复数:figures、bamboos、versions,不可数名词:tea、culture、food、wisdom。
三、时态(高频核心考点)
核心原则:结合时间状语、语境判断时态,重点掌握一般过去时、一般现在时,兼顾现在完成时、过去完成时,牢记不规则动词的时态变化,贴合原文语境(古代、过去的事件用过去时,客观事实、不朽作品用现在时)。
1. 一般过去时
核心用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与过去时间状语连用(in the 1940s、in the Tang Dynasty、in that century、yesterday、ago等),无持续或完成含义。
方法指导:看到过去时间状语,或语境暗示动作发生在过去(如古代人物的行为、过去的事件),用一般过去时,动词用过去式(规则动词加-ed,不规则动词记特殊变化)。
易错点:① 混淆一般过去时与现在完成时(如in the 1940s用一般过去时,不用has been done);② 不规则动词过去式记忆错误(如lay→laid、flow→flowed、put→put);③ 误用动词原形(如laid误写为lay)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般过去时动词:was introduced(被动)、sought、laid、flowed、ranked(非谓语,此处特指谓语动词的过去式)。
不规则动词重点记忆(本练习高频):lay(奠定)→ laid(过去式)→ laid(过去分词);lie(躺)→ lay(过去式)→ lain(过去分词);lie(说谎)→ lied(过去式)→ lied(过去分词);put→put→put;cut→cut→cut。
2. 一般现在时
核心用法:表示客观事实、真理、不朽的作品/理论、经常性或习惯性的动作,主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词加-s/-es。
方法指导:看到客观事实(如茶的历史、不朽作品的内容),用一般现在时,不管动作发生在过去还是现在(如Lu Yu’s “The Classic of Tea” tells of...,《茶经》是不朽作品,用一般现在时)。
易错点:① 主语是第三人称单数时,漏加-s/-es(如tells误写为tell);② 客观事实误用一般过去时(如The book describes...误写为The book described...);③ 混淆一般现在时与现在进行时(如表客观内容不用is telling)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般现在时动词:tells、describes、reflects、influences,均用于描述客观事实或不朽作品的内容。
3. 时态补充(贴合练习,简要说明)
(1)过去完成时:表示过去的过去发生的动作,即动作发生在另一个过去动作之前(如A group of Chinese chefs are said to have been trained in 1945 before they sought opportunities...,train发生在sought之前,用不定式的完成式体现,本质是过去完成时的变形)。
(2)现在完成时:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,常与for、since、so far等时间状语连用,本练习中无此类语境,暂不重点考查,但需区分与一般过去时的区别(一般过去时仅表过去,无持续含义)。
四、语态(高频核心考点)
核心原则:判断主语与动作的关系,主语是动作的承受者,用被动语态;主语是动作的发出者,用主动语态;被动语态结构:be + 过去分词,时态由be动词体现。
1. 一般过去时被动语态
核心用法:表示过去某个时间,主语被施加某个动作,常与过去时间状语连用(in the 1940s、in 1945等),结构:was/were + 过去分词(主语单数用was,复数用were)。
方法指导:看到过去时间状语,且主语是动作的承受者(如Hunan food与introduce是被动关系),用一般过去时被动语态。
易错点:① 误用主动语态(如was introduced误写为introduced,缺少be动词);② be动词时态错误(如用is introduced代替was introduced);③ 过去分词拼写错误(如introduced误写为introduce);④ 不可数名词作主语时,be动词误用were(如Hunan food用was,不用were)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频一般过去时被动语态:was introduced、to have been trained(不定式的完成被动式,本质是过去完成时被动语态的变形)。
2. 被动语态补充
(1)不定式被动式:to be done(表动作与主句动作同时发生,被动)、to have been done(表动作发生在主句动作之前,被动),如sb be said to be done/to have been done(本练习第3题)。
(2)主动表被动:部分动词(如sell、write、read)用主动形式表被动含义(如The book sells well. 这本书卖得好),本练习中无此类语境,需简单了解,避免混淆。
五、非谓语动词(高频难点考点)
核心原则:非谓语动词不能作谓语,需依附于主句谓语,分为不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done),重点结合“主动/被动”“动作先后”“目的/伴随”判断。
1. 不定式(to do)
核心用法:① 作后置定语,修饰way、chance、opportunity、time等名词,表“要做的事”或“做某事的方式”(如a way for people to slow down);② 作主语,常用It is + 形容词 + to do结构(如It is truly worthwhile to seek out...);③ 固定搭配(sb be said to do sth、a way to do sth等);④ 不定式的完成式(to have done/to have been done),表动作发生在主句动作之前。
方法指导:① 看到a way/chance/opportunity for sb ______,用不定式to do作后置定语;② 看到sb be said/reported/believed ______,用不定式,动作有先后用to have done/to have been done;③ 表目的,用不定式to do(本练习中无此类语境,补充说明)。
易错点:① 后置定语误用现在分词(如to slow误写为slowing);② 不定式完成式误用一般式(如to have been trained误写为to be trained);③ 固定搭配中漏用to(如be said to do不能写为be said do);④ 不定式作主语时,漏用形式主语It(如To seek out... is worthwhile,可改为It is worthwhile to seek out...)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频不定式用法:to slow、to calm、to have been trained,均贴合上述核心用法。
2. 现在分词(doing)
核心用法:① 作伴随状语,补充说明主句主语的状态或动作,主语与现在分词是主动关系,放在句末,用逗号与主句隔开(如Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, ranking first...;Chinese restaurants began to open..., clustering on...);② 作主语,表动作或行为(如drinking作主语,tea drinking);③ 作定语,表主动、进行(本练习中无此类语境,补充说明)。
方法指导:句子主干完整,后面的动词表“伴随状态”或“补充说明”,且主语与动词是主动关系,用现在分词。
易错点:① 主动关系误用过去分词(如ranking误写为ranked、clustering误写为clustered);② 伴随状语误用不定式(如ranking误写为to rank);③ 现在分词作主语时,谓语动词误用复数(如drinking作主语,谓语动词用单数became)。
拓展延伸:现在分词作伴随状语,可还原为并列句(如Su Shi was also a master calligrapher, and he ranked first...),便于理解语境。
3. 非谓语动词补充
过去分词(done):作定语、状语,表被动、完成(如distinguished painter,distinguished作定语,表“被认为杰出的”),本练习中主要用于词性转换(动词变形容词),需区分与现在分词的区别(现在分词表主动、进行,过去分词表被动、完成)。
六、从句(高频难点考点)
核心原则:从句需有引导词,且从句结构完整(主谓宾/主系表齐全),结合从句在主句中的作用(定语、主语、宾语、表语)判断从句类型,再选择合适的引导词。
1. 定语从句
核心用法:修饰先行词(名词/代词),分为限制性定语从句(无逗号)和非限制性定语从句(有逗号),引导词分为关系代词(which、who、whose、that)和关系副词(where、when、why)。
(1)关系代词which:先行词指物,在从句中作主语、宾语,可引导非限制性定语从句(如one of which、which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词),不能用that引导非限制性定语从句,也不能用that作介词宾语(如one of which不能写为one of that)。
(2)关系代词whose:先行词指人或物,在从句中作定语,表“……的”(如whose styles、whose ideas),可替换为the + 名词 + of whom/which(如whose styles = the styles of whom)。
(3)关系副词where:先行词指地点,在从句中作地点状语(如New York where...),可替换为in which/on which等(根据先行词搭配的介词判断)。
方法指导:① 先找先行词,判断先行词是人/物/地点/时间/原因;② 再判断从句缺什么成分(主语/宾语→关系代词,状语→关系副词);③ 非限制性定语从句不能用that,介词后不能用that。
易错点:① 关系副词与关系代词混淆(如where误写为which,which不能作状语);② 非限制性定语从句误用that(如which误写为that);③ whose与who/which混淆(如whose误写为who,who不能作定语);④ 介词后误用that(如one of which误写为one of that)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频定语从句引导词:which、whose、where,均贴合上述用法,可结合例题反复理解(如第一组第4题、第二组第1题、第4题)。
2. 名词性从句
核心用法:从句在主句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,统称名词性从句,引导词有that、what、how、whether等,重点掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句(本练习高频)。
(1)主语从句:常以It作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句(如It is amazing how distinct...),引导词how表“多么”,在从句中作状语;that引导主语从句时,从句语义完整,不缺成分,无含义。
(2)宾语从句:作动词或介词的宾语(如explore how...,how引导宾语从句作explore的宾语),引导词how表“如何”,在从句中作状语;that引导宾语从句时,可省略(但正式语境中不省略)。
(3)表语从句:作系动词(is、are等)的表语(如that is why...,that引导表语从句,语义完整),引导词that可省略,但并列从句中建议保留。
方法指导:① 主语从句:It is + 形容词 + 引导词 + 从句,缺状语用how,缺主语/宾语用what,语义完整用that;② 宾语从句:动词/介词 + 引导词 + 从句,缺状语用how/when/where/why,缺主语/宾语用what,语义完整用that;③ 表语从句:系动词 + 引导词 + 从句,语义完整用that,表“……的原因”用why。
易错点:① 主语从句引导词how与what混淆(如how误写为what,what不能作状语);② 宾语从句引导词漏用(如explore how...不能写为explore an artist could...);③ 表语从句误用which(如that误写为which,which引导定语从句,不引导表语从句);④ 形式主语It漏用(如How distinct... is amazing,可改为It is amazing how distinct...)。
拓展延伸:本练习中高频名词性从句引导词:that(表语从句、主语从句)、how(主语从句、宾语从句),结合例题(第一组第1题、第9题,第二组第11题)理解,重点区分引导词的用法。
七、介词(基础高频考点)
核心原则:介词后接名词、代词或动名词,结合固定搭配、语境(对比、所属、关于等)判断,重点掌握高频固定搭配和语境类介词。
1. 固定搭配类介词
核心用法:结合名词、动词的固定搭配记忆,无需结合语境过多判断,重点记忆本练习中高频搭配。
本练习高频固定搭配:as sb puts it(it是代词,此处重点记固定结构)、perspectives on sth(关于某事的观点)、the combination of A and B(A和B的结合)、be introduced to(被介绍给……)、lay the foundation for(为……奠定基础)、reach a new height of(达到……的新高度)。
易错点:① 固定搭配中介词误用(如perspectives on sth误写为perspectives about sth,about虽可,但on更正式,贴合书面语);② 固定搭配中漏用介词(如perspectives后漏用on);③ 混淆固定搭配的介词(如lay the foundation for误写为lay the foundation of)。
2. 语境类介词
核心用法:结合语境判断,表对比、伴随、时间、地点等,本练习中高频:Unlike(表对比,“不像……、与……不同”)、with(表伴随,“具有、带有”,如with Sichuan Cuisine characterized by...)。
方法指导:看到两个事物进行对比,表“与……不同”,用介词Unlike,后接名词/代词;表“具有、带有”,用介词with,后接名词+过去分词/现在分词(伴随状语)。
易错点:① Unlike与Unlikely混淆(Unlikely是形容词,“不可能的”,不能作介词);② Unlike与Except混淆(Except表“除……之外”,不表对比);③ with与as混淆(with是介词,后接名词短语;as是连词,后接从句)。
八、连词(基础高频考点)
核心原则:连词连接句子、短语或单词,结合语境(时间、并列、转折、因果等)判断,本练习中高频:as(引导时间状语从句,“随着”)、and(并列连词,连接并列成分)、but(转折连词,表转折)。
1. 连词as(引导时间状语从句)
核心用法:表“随着”,引导时间状语从句,从句动作与主句动作同时发生,可引导部分倒装(如As the story builds, so do the characters),可置于句首或句中。
方法指导:看到“随着……”,且后接从句,用连词as;若后接名词短语,用介词with(如As time goes by = With time going by)。
易错点:① as与with混淆(as后接从句,with后接名词短语);② as与when混淆(when表“当……时”,不表“渐进过程”,不能引导此类倒装);③ 倒装结构误用(如As the story builds, so the characters do,正确应为so do the characters)。
2. 并列连词and/but
核心用法:and表并列、顺承,连接两个并列的句子、短语或单词(如Sichuan Cuisine and Hunan Cuisine、trees, rocks and bamboos);but表转折,连接两个语义相反的句子(如Su Shi was a poet..., but he had many other strings to his bow)。
方法指导:看到语义并列、顺承,用and;看到语义转折,用but;并列结构中,and连接的成分需保持词性、单复数一致。
易错点:① 并列结构中,单复数、词性不一致(如trees, rocks and bamboo误写为trees, rocks and bamboos);② 转折语境误用and(如but误写为and);③ 两个独立分句无连词连接(如误写为He has many hobbies, one of them is reading,应改为one of which is reading)。
九、代词(基础考点)
核心原则:代词指代前文提到的人、物或内容,结合固定搭配、语境判断,本练习中高频:it(固定搭配as sb puts it)、which(定语从句中,指代前文提到的物)。
核心用法:it在固定搭配as sb puts it中作形式宾语,指代后面的内容;which在定语从句中,指代前文提到的名词(物),避免重复(如one of which指代前文的many other strings to his bow)。
易错点:① 固定搭配中it误写为this/that(如as sb puts it误写为as sb puts this);② 漏用it(固定搭配as sb puts it不能省略it);③ 用them代替which(如one of them误写为one of which,them不能引导定语从句)。
十、高频易错点汇总(重点背诵,规避失分)
1. 冠词:① unique、university等以辅音音素开头的单词,误用an;② 泛指时误用the,特指时漏用the;③ 不可数名词前误用a/an。
2. 词性转换:① 后缀拼写错误(combination、philosophical、truly等);② 词性混淆(副词修饰名词、形容词修饰动词);③ 可数名词单复数判断错误(one of后用复数、并列结构单复数一致)。
3. 时态:① 不规则动词过去式记忆错误(lay→laid、flow→flowed);② 客观事实误用一般过去时;③ 过去时间状语误用现在完成时。
4. 语态:① 被动语态漏用be动词;② 主动关系误用被动语态(现在分词与过去分词混淆);③ 不可数名词作主语时,be动词误用were。
5. 非谓语动词:① 不定式完成式误用一般式;② 伴随状语误用不定式;③ 主动关系误用过去分词。
6. 从句:① 定语从句引导词混淆(where与which、whose与who);② 非限制性定语从句误用that;③ 名词性从句引导词how与what混淆;④ 漏用引导词。
7. 介词/连词:① 固定搭配介词误用;② Unlike与Unlikely、with与as混淆;③ 并列结构单复数、词性不一致。
十一、解题方法总结(思维引领,快速解题)
1. 通读句子,判断句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语),结合句子成分确定词性(如主语/宾语→名词/动名词,定语→形容词,状语→副词)。
2. 结合时间状语、语境判断时态语态(过去时间→一般过去时,主语是承受者→被动语态,客观事实→一般现在时)。
3. 看到从句,先判断从句类型(定语/名词性),再找先行词(定语从句)或判断从句缺什么成分(名词性从句),选择合适的引导词。
4. 牢记高频固定搭配(as sb puts it、perspectives on sth等),优先结合固定搭配解题,避免主观臆断。
5. 检查易错点(冠词用法、词性转换拼写、时态语态、从句引导词),确保语法正确、语义连贯。
6. 举一反三:做完题目后,结合知识点解析,总结同类考点的解题方法,如看到one of,直接想到名词复数;看到as sb puts it,直接想到it;看到被动关系,直接想到be + 过去分词,形成解题思维定式,提高解题速度和准确率。
补充说明:本知识点总结完全贴合两组练习题目,所有知识点均有例题对应,重点突出、条理清晰,方便学生背诵记忆、查漏补缺,后续可结合两组题目和举一反三题目,反复巩固,熟练掌握所有高频考点,规避易错点,提升语法填空解题能力。
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