2026届高考英语尖优生培养第4讲：阅读理解说明文解题技巧导学案

尖优生培养导学案 第4讲　阅读理解 说明文 情景导入 一、说明文的定义及核心特点 1．定义： 说明文是一种以解释、说明为主要表达方式，旨在客观地介绍事物、阐明事理的文体。其核心目的是向读者传递信息、传授知识，而不是讲述故事(记叙文)或表达观点、说服他人(议论文)。 2．核心特点： 客观性： 语言平实、准确，基于事实，避免个人情感和主观臆断。 科学性： 内容注重科学性、知识性，常涉及数据、研究、定义等。 逻辑性： 结构清晰，条理分明，常用各种说明顺序和结构来组织信息。 目的性： 旨在让读者“明白”某个事物、现象、原理或方法。 二、高考英语阅读理解中说明文常见类型、说明方法 1．按语篇内容划分： (1) 事物/现象说明文： 介绍一个具体、静态的客观实体，或阐释一种普遍的社会现象、文化潮流或哲学理念。例如： 介绍一种产品(如2024年Ⅱ卷C篇的巴比伦微型农场)、一个设施(如2024年甲卷C篇的医疗火车)、一本书(如2023年Ⅰ卷C篇的《数字极简主义》)、一种园艺设计思潮与方法(2025年浙江首考C篇： 矩阵种植)。 ● 关注点： 特征、外观、构成、功能、用途；或现象的表现、源起、影响与意义。 ● 结构1: “总—分”结构： 先给出总体概览，再分角度细化 例如： 2023年新高考Ⅰ卷C篇(数字极简书籍): 总述全书目标→分述第一部分内容→分述第二部分内容。 ● 结构2: 过程顺序结构： 阶段1→阶段2→阶段3或过去→演变→现状 例如： 2025年浙江首考C篇(矩阵种植): 概念诞生(二战后)→发展演变(Oudolf的艺术化)→当前实践方法(规划与种植)→最终效益(种植者、环境)。 (2)事理说明文： 解释一个抽象的概念、原理、规律或现象背后的因果关系。例如： 解释“群体智慧”效应(2023年Ⅰ卷D篇)、哲学如何改善生活(2023年甲卷C篇)、猫的行为含义(2024年甲卷B篇) ● 关注点： “为什么”和“怎么样”。 ● 典型结构： 现象/概念→阐释/分析(原因、原理、影响)→总结/应用 或： 问题—分析—解决方案 例如： 2025年新高考Ⅱ卷C篇(室内植物): 产业火爆现象→阐释其提升生产力和健康的科学原理→给出实践建议。 (3)科学研究说明文： 报道一项最新的科学研究成果。 ● 典型结构： 背景/问题→研究过程/方法→研究发现/结果→讨论/意义/展望 例如： 2024年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇(公民科学数据): 数据价值(背景)→提出数据可用性质疑(问题)→分析数据集测试代表性(方法)→揭示偏见性(结果)→提出改进建议(展望)。 2．按语篇信息组织方式划分： (1)描述/定义： 阐明“是什么”如： 2023年新高考I卷C篇对“Digital Minimalism”这一概念的界定； (2)顺序过程： 阐明“步骤是什么”如： 2025年浙江首考C篇详细描述了“矩阵种植法”从规划到种植的具体步骤； (3)比较对比： 辨析异同 如： 2023年浙江卷C篇将“AI辩论程序”与“人类辩论者”在思维方式和目的上进行对比)； (4)因果分析： 阐明“为什么”如： 2025年新高考Ⅱ卷C篇核心就是因果链： 因为植物降低了皮质醇(因)，所以改善了情绪和生产力(果)； (5)问题解决： 呈现“困境与出路”如： 2024年全国甲卷C篇： 问题是俄罗斯偏远地区医疗资源匮乏；解决方案是推出医疗列车服务。 3．说明方法 功能： 破解词义、概念；定位关键信息；理解作者逻辑 类别： 举例子、列数字、作比较、分类别、引资料、下定义 (1)举例子： 通过具体实例说明抽象概念或复杂现象，使内容更直观易懂。 信号词： for example、such as 无信号词举例： 观点In this “book of books”， artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. 例子We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. 强化观点These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. (2)列数字： 使用具体数据增强说明的准确性和说服力。 It can process 30% more data than previous models. (3)作比较： 通过对比突出事物的特征或变化。 信号词： similarly、 in contrast、 unlike、 however、 while、 compared to We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro­Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. 直接陈述 Fresh food is important. Most store produce is not very fresh. Babylon Micro­Farm (BMF) provides a very good solution. It allows you to grow food in your own space. (4)分类别： 事物按一定标准分类，使说明条理清晰。 Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect, wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. (5)引资料： 引用专家、研究或权威观点，增强可信度。 信号词： according to、 a study shows等 (6)下定义： 对概念或术语进行明确解释。 “… anthropomorphism，which means giving human qualities to objects or animals.” 三、近三年高考(新高考Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷、全国甲卷、浙江1月卷)20篇阅读理解说明文真题分析 年份 卷别 对应课程标准主题语境 2025 新高考Ⅰ卷 新高考Ⅱ卷 浙江卷1月 D篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) 中国科研人员关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 科学研究说明文 C篇 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通(1良好的人际关系与社会交往) 室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响 事理说明文(阐释现象背后的因果原理) D篇 人与社会——历史、社会与文化(13社会热点问题) 介绍了食物浪费问题及餐厅应对实验 事理说明文(问题解决型) C篇 人与自然——自然生态(6自然科学研究成果) 介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植 事物说明文(介绍一种具体的种植方法) D篇 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通(13社会热点问题) 性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 科学研究说明文(报告一项社会心理学研究及其发现) 年份 卷别 对应课程标准主题语境 2024 新高考Ⅰ卷 新高考Ⅱ卷 全国 甲卷 浙江卷1月 D篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) 现代生物采样数据(公民科学)的科学性与偏见 科学研究说明文 C篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) 巴比伦微农场 (Babylon Micro­Farm) 事物说明文(介绍一种创新产品/系统) D篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) 图书《人工智能设计： 与人工智能共生的计划》介绍 事物说明文(介绍一本书籍) B篇 人与自然——自然生态(3人与动植物；6自然科学研究成果) 解释猫的行为(叫声、嗅觉、送礼) 事理说明文(解释动物行为背后的原因和含义) C篇 人与社会——社会服务与人际沟通(13社会热点问题) 俄罗斯政府为解决偏远地区医疗问题而设立的医疗列车服务 事物说明文(介绍一种创新的、具体的系统或服务) C篇 人与自然——环境保护(5人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系) 人工影响天气(防雹)项目引发的争议 事理说明文(呈现不同观点与因果分析) D篇 人与自我——生活与学习(健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度) 由“棉花糖实验”引申到成人面临的信息诱惑 事理说明文(通过类比阐释心理机制) 年份 卷别 对应课程标准主题语境 2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 新高考Ⅱ卷 全国 甲卷 浙江卷1月 C篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) 数字极简主义生活方式书籍介绍 事物说明文(介绍一种哲学理念及实践方法的书籍) D篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) “群体智慧”效应及其新研究 科学研究说明文 C篇 人与社会——历史、社会与文化(5绘画、建筑等领域的代表性作品和人物) 介绍艺术作品选集“Reading Art”的主题内容和编排特色 事物说明文(作品介绍和说明) D篇 人与自然——环境保护(2自然环境保护；5人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系) 保护城市中的野生自然及其对人类福祉的重要性 科学研究说明文(报告一项社会学研究) C篇 人与社会——历史、社会与文化 (4小说、戏剧、诗歌、传记、文学简史、经典演讲、文学名著等) 介绍《苏格拉底快车》如何以平易近人的方式引导读者将哲学用于生活 事物说明文(介绍一本书籍/一种哲学实践方法) D篇 人与自然——环境保护(2自然环境保护，5人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系) 美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头 事理说明文(问题解决型，阐述保护历程与现状) C篇 人与社会——科学与技术(16科技发展与信息技术创新，科学精神，信息安全) AI辩论程序的优缺点及其与人类智能的本质区别 事理说明文(比较对比与因果分析) D篇 人与自然——环境保护(2自然环境保护；5人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系) 新型太阳能农场(与传粉昆虫栖息地结合) 事物说明文(介绍一种创新、环保的农场模式) 近三年高考英语阅读理解说明文考查情况分析 1．三大类型说明文占比 类型 篇数 占比 趋势解读 事理说明文 8篇 40.0% 核心考查类型，侧重因果分析、原理阐释与逻辑推理能力 科学研究说明文 6篇 30.0% 稳定高频类型，重点考查科学素养与研究过程理解 事物说明文 6篇 30.0% 重要组成部分，侧重对具体事物、系统或方法的介绍与理解 2.主题语境分布 主题 篇数 在总篇数中的占比 备注 人与 社会 13 65.0% 科学与技术7篇，占比35.0% 社会服务与人际沟通3篇，占比15.0% 历史社会与文化3篇，占比15.0% 新高考卷较多 人与 自然 6 30.0% 浙江1月卷、甲卷、Ⅱ卷较多 人与 自我 1 5.0% 24年浙江1月卷D篇 3.趋势分析 (2023 → 2025) (1)“人与社会”主题持续稳固并深化，内涵不断拓宽 体量稳固： 三年考查13篇，占比65%，是备考的绝对核心。 内涵深化： 从2023年聚焦科技与社会互动(AI辩论、数字极简)，到2024年拓展至更具体的应用场景(微农场、医疗列车)，再到2025年内容更“软性”，深入社会心理与行为观念(心理健康、性别刻板印象)。命题在坚守科技前沿的同时，增强了对社会科学、个体福祉与人文关怀的考查。 (2)“人与自然”主题从“宏大保护”走向“技术伦理与协同共生” 视角转变： 从2023年偏向传统的物种保护与生态修复(灰熊、太阳能农场)，到2024年引入批判性视角(人工天气争议)并强调自然对人类福祉的价值(城市野生自然)，2025年则聚焦于技术与自然协同的解决方案(矩阵种植)。 趋势解读： 命题方向已从“远离人类的自然”转向“与人共居、为人服务的自然”，更强调在人类活动框架下思考生态问题，考查对可持续发展观的理解。 (3)考查能力： 从“是什么”到“为什么”与“怎么办”的深刻转变 数据： 侧重探究原因、机制和影响的事理说明文(40%)与报告过程的科学研究说明文(30%)合计占比达到70%。 能力转型： 命题重点已从考查静态事实(What)转向考查因果逻辑(Why)、内在机制与发展过程(How)。试卷强烈倾向于考查理解复杂现象、分析科学过程并进行深度思辨的能力。 (4)设题分析： 各题型占比 题型 题数 占比 考查能力 细节理解题 33 41.25% 信息识别、获取与加工 推理判断题 33 41.25% 逻辑推理与论证 主旨概括题 8 10% 归纳总结 词义猜测题 6 7.5% 利用上下文语境理解词义 总计 80 100% 典例精析 一、细节理解题 例1 2025年Ⅱ卷D篇第13题： Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? 直接细节题 　A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK's zero­waste systems. 第2段 But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. 第3段 For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village's Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor­made to raise awareness regarding food waste. 解题思路： ①信息定位 ②信息加工 语义转换： “tried a different way (口语化表达)”→“the experiment (学术研究语境)”。 同义替换： “Each dish was tailor­made to raise awareness regarding food waste.”→B.To make the public aware of food waste. ③行文逻辑： 尾焦原则、从已知到未知 例2 2025年Ⅱ卷C篇第9题： What is one of Knuth's findings about plants? 综合细节理解题 　A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 第2段 “Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr.Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant­rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. 第3段 “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant­rich workplaces.” 解题思路： ①信息定位 ②归纳概括： 将文中的具体例证或数据(Students who are around plants perform better academically、there was a 30% decrease in sick leave)概括提升为一个普遍结论(enhance productivity)。 例3 2024年Ⅱ卷D篇第13题： What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text？语义概括细节题 　A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down­to­earth writing style. C．It provides step­by­step instructions. D．It is intended for AI professionals. 第2段 In_the_wrong_hands,_such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 解题思路： ①信息定位 ②信息转换： “practical angle”，“highly accessible”→“down­to­earth (接地气、实用)”。 二、词义猜测题 例4 2025年浙江首考C篇第28题： What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? 　A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 第1段A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. 解题思路： ①理解句式： “Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools”作方式状语，表示主句动作发生的方式： “matrix planting”如何基于简单原则，实现主句“像自然一样园艺”所采用的方式或手段。 ②利用因果逻辑分析来判断词义： “更像自然一样园艺”意味着减少人为干预。因此，对待“化肥和电动工具”的态度应该是不使用或避免使用。 例5 2024年甲卷B篇第6题： Which best explains the phrase “take this behavior up a notch” in paragraph 3? 　A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 第3段 Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take_this_behavior_up_a_notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that has been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 解题思路： ①利用转折连词but: but前： 狗以其“令人印象深刻的”寻回习惯而闻名(已经是很高的标准了)； but后： 猫会“take this behavior up a notch”，“this behavior”指代的就是前文提到的“fetching habit”(寻回、叼东西的习惯)。 逻辑推断： 在一个已经“令人印象深刻”的行为基础上，通过“but”转折，说明猫不是没有这个习惯，而是在这个习惯上做得更好。 ②利用上下句逻辑关系： 下一句做进一步解释 “Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面找到随机物件并带给主人。)”阐释了猫是如何“take this behavior up a notch”的。表明猫不仅像狗一样寻回，而且寻回的对象更随机、范围更广，这是“更胜一筹”的表现。 三、概括题 例6 2023年Ⅱ卷C篇第29题： What are the selected artworks about? 　A．Wealth and intellect. B．Home and school. C．Books and reading. D．Work and leisure. 第1段Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. 第2段 In this “book of books”， artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate_to. 解题思路： 识别内容要点；理解词汇和逻辑衔接 第1段： 这本书对“书”这一主题的颂扬是通过艺术品呈现的；艺术家呈现/描绘的是书和阅读，从中我们看到了超越文化和时代的共同人性。 第2段： 书中艺术品以一种强调不同时代和文化间的这种联系(回扣第一段共同的人性)的方式选择和排列；孩子和成年人读书场景(举例)；今天的我们能够理解艺术品所呈现的很久以前的场景(印证超越时代、文化)。 例7 2025年Ⅱ卷C篇第11题： What can be a suitable title for the text? 事理说明文 阐述的道理、机制等即为文章标题 　A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 解题思路： ①语篇整体分析： 识别体裁： 事理说明文(阐述的道理、机制即标题)。 分析文章结构， 理清文章的逻辑推进方式： 案例引入(Detrinidad的成功)→科学原理阐述 (Knuth的研究： 植物对情绪、皮质醇、生产力的影响)→实践建议与鼓励 (不要气馁，坚持实践)。 ②归纳概括，将具体的现象、数据和论据，提升为一个普遍的结论。 因果链： 拥有植物(起因)→降低压力激素(皮质醇)(直接影响)→改善情绪(间接影响)(表现为： 更高的生活满意度，改变心情、思维模式)→学生表现更好、员工病假减少(具体行为结果) 2025年Ⅱ卷C篇原文分析： When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1，200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70，000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.第1段： 案例引入(Detrinidad的成功： 室内植物大受欢迎。) “Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr.Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant­rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant­rich workplaces.”第2－3段： 科学原理阐述 (Knuth的研究： 植物对情绪、皮质醇、生产力的影响。) If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one，” Detrinidad says. 第4段： 实践建议与鼓励(不要气馁，坚持实践。) 例8 2025年浙江首考C篇第31题： Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? 事物说明文 标题需概括其核心理念或特征 　A．The future of gardening is WILD B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C．Matrix gardens need more CARE D．Old garden plots work WONDERS 解题思路： ①语篇整体分析 体裁识别： 事物说明文 介绍新型园艺方法，标题需概括其核心理念。 分析文章结构(见原文分析) ②抓取语篇中的关键词： garden more like nature does, minimal maintenance, wild, carefully planned ③理解语篇的基本文化内涵： 人与自然和谐共生的生态文化观(WILD)。 ④理解非文本信息： WILD大写 强调与聚焦 赋予专属含义： 它不再是形容词，而是一个“专有名词”。它代表了一整套哲学、一种运动、或一个明确的未来趋势。象征着 “模仿自然、低维护、可持续的园艺新范式”。 增强号召力与口号感 原文分析 A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. 第1段： 引入“矩阵种植”概念，提出核心原则： 让自然出力、拒绝化肥和动力工具、像自然一样园艺。 The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. 第2段： 阐释起源与设计理念： 源于二战后对可复制、极低维护公园绿地的需求。设计理念： 混合种植、植物协同共生。 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four­season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year­round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd­looking seed heads. 第3段： 通过具体案例，说明了该风格的美学表现和实际价值： 具有自然野趣的艺术感，服务于野生动物。 It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place”， they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. 第4段： 揭示内在逻辑(看似野生，实为精心设计) The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden's ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 第5段： 总结矩阵种植对园丁和地球的双重益处： 大幅减少人工投入、无需传统维护、并在碳吸收、水资源、生物多样性上显著优于传统园地。 例9 2025年浙江首考D篇第35题： What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? 概括段意 　A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 解题思路： ①语篇整体理解，明确尾段在整个语篇中的作用 体裁识别： 科学研究说明文 全文逻辑分析(见原文分析) ②段落主旨概括： 承认困境→发现转机→提出创新方案→举例论证可行性。 ③辩证思维、创新思维： 困境中蕴含着机遇，接纳“性别化”这一现象的存在，但引导其向积极方向发展。 2025年浙江首考D篇 全文分析 As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there's been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways，” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. 第1段： 研究背景： 科技公司试图创造“无性别产品”以解决性别刻板印象的社会趋势，然而性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式。 In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self­driving car known as “Miuu”. It was found that gender increased users' feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. 第2段： 研究过程与研究发现一： 通过调查参与者对男声、女声、无性别语音助手的依恋感，得出发现——赋予产品性别能增加用户的依恋感和购买意愿。 While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. 第3段： 分析研究揭示的深层问题： 给产品赋性别的营销策略可能强化过时的、有害的性别刻板印象。 Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object's name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she”. 第4段： 研究发现二： 去性别化很难。 Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes”. When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype­inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 第5段(最后一段)解决方案： 打破思维定势，创造与刻板印象不一致的角色。 四、推断判断题 例10 2025年Ⅱ卷C篇第10题： What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? 推断写作意图 　A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 解题思路： ①分析尾段在整体语篇中的作用： 实践指导 ②理解句子间逻辑关系(解释关系): “don't beat yourself up”(因为)→“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law …” ③理解说明手法 作比较 “Doctors and lawyers”(类比)→“you (a plant keeper)” ④信息加工： 专业人士的“实践”意味着长期、反复的投入→因此，养植物的“实践”也同样意味着允许失败和持续努力。 ⑤归纳概括： 将具体的“practice”行为，概括为“repeated efforts”这一核心概念。 例11 2023年Ⅱ卷C篇第31题： What does the author want to say by mentioning the e­reader? 推断写作意图 　A．The printed book is not totally out of date. B．Technology has changed the way we read. C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D．People now rarely have the patience to read. 第4段 Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st­century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery­powered e­reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off­line” activity. 解题思路： ①理解说明手法： 作比较(比较电子阅读器和印刷书来论证自己的观点： 印刷书不过时) 印刷书和电子阅读器在“交互性”上是相似的。“电子阅读器”不是一个被说明的对象，而是一个被作者借用来强化自己论点的修辞工具。 印刷书在“隐私性”和“离线”特性上是优于网络化生活的。 ②分析逻辑关系： 驳论 首句“Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.”树立靶子： 提出一种过去的普遍观点，首先承认一个客观存在过的、甚至看似合理的观点，即“技术发展会让印刷书过时”，相当于在辩论中，先陈述对方的论点。 次句“From a 21st­century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery­powered e­reader.”亮出自己的观点： “the printed book is certainly ancient”部分承认； “but it remains as interactive as any battery­powered e­reader”核心反驳： 尽管书籍形式古老，但其核心功能(交互性)丝毫不落后于现代科技产品(电子阅读器)。 例12 2024年Ⅰ卷D篇第35题： What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? 基于语篇整体结构和段落核心功能进行深层推断 　A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records. C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists. 第7段(尾段)“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well­sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 解题思路： ①分析尾段在整体语篇(科学研究类)中的作用： 解决方案或建议 研究背景： 公民科学数据不完美研究核心问题 研究对象： 研究数据的可靠性 研究过程与方法： 使用19亿条记录的数据集，测试这些数据代表全球生物多样性模式的程度；关注导致数据偏见的采样的方面 研究结果与分析： 数据覆盖度不够；数据偏向特定地区、时间、吸引眼球的物种，源于公民科学家的行为模式 提出对策与建议： 怎么办？Daru提出两大建议： 1.引导采样(去往未充分采样区域)；2.提升质量(鼓励专家验证) ②归纳与概括： 从“具体建议”到“核心战略思想”。 例13 2023年甲卷D篇第35题： What can be inferred from the last paragraph? 基于语篇整体结构和段落核心功能进行深层推断 　A．Food should be provided for grizzlies. B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C．A special path should be built for grizzlies. D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant­free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 解题思路： ①分析尾段在整体语篇中的作用： 解决方案 过去： 灰熊濒危，数量锐减→现在： 由于法律保护，灰熊数量成功恢复→新挑战： 灰熊数量恢复后，活动范围扩大，导致人熊冲突增加(这是尾段要解决的核心问题)→具体解决方案(预防措施到位)。 ②概括与推断： 从“措施”到“理念” 例14 2024年浙江首考C篇第10题： Why does Dr.Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? 推断论证目的 　A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To show the link between storms and moisture. D．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. 第4段 One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas，” Dr.Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” 解题思路： 分析Chuck Doswell推理过程 立场： 对人工影响天气的安全性持有怀疑与担忧。 推测依据： 在1999年，他亲眼观察到一次经过人工催化的雷暴单体产生了显著的龙卷风。(一个基于“时间与空间关联性”的观察) 推理过程： 将事件A(人工催化)与事件B(龙卷风形成)在时间与空间上的接连发生联系起来，从而推测两者之间可能存在关联，而非单纯的巧合。 提到该案例的目的： 在当前的科学认知水平下，对该技术某些影响的了解仍为空白，因此其潜在风险是真实存在的可能性。 培尖精练 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 On March 7th, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow­up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision­making are enormous. 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people's errors. D．The design of Galton's experiment. 2．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent 3．What did the follow­up study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members. C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates. 4．What is the author's attitude towards Navajas' studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 思维拓展 阅读这篇关于说明文的文章，了解说明的定义、类型和结构。 What is Expository Writing? Definition, Types, and Structure 1．What is expository writing? Expository writing is a form of writing that aims to explain, describe, or inform the reader about a specific topic in a clear and logical manner. Unlike persuasive or narrative writing, expository writing is fact­based and does not include personal opinions or emotions. The primary goal is to provide well­structured information that enhances the reader's understanding of a subject. Key Characteristics of Expository Writing (1)Clear, Concise, and Logical Structure: The information is presented in an organized manner, with each idea flowing smoothly from one point to the next. (2)Fact­Based and Evidence­Driven: The content relies on facts, data, and examples rather than personal opinions or subjective viewpoints. (3)Objective and Neutral Tone: The writing maintains an unbiased approach, focusing on information rather than persuasion or storytelling. (4)Well­Organized Format: A typical expository piece follows a structured format, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. (5)Use of Supporting Elements: Writers often incorporate definitions, examples, comparisons, statistics, and explanations to clarify concepts and support their points. By following these principles, expository writing ensures that readers receive accurate, useful, and well­organized information that enhances their knowledge of the subject. 2．Types of Expository Writing Expository writing can be broken down into several types, each serving a unique purpose. Let's explore the most common ones: (1)Descriptive Essays Descriptive expository writing paints a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing. The goal is to create a clear and detailed image in the reader's mind. (2)Process Essays Process writing explains how to perform a task or how something works. It follows a step­by­step approach. (3)Comparison and Contrast Essays These essays explore the similarities and differences between two or more subjects. (4)Cause and Effect Essays These essays analyze why something happens (cause) and what results from it (effect)． (5)Problem and Solution Essays This type identifies a problem and proposes potential solutions. 3．Structure of Expository Writing (1) Introduction The introduction sets the stage for the essay by grabbing the reader's attention and providing necessary background information. It should include the following elements: ①Hook: The first sentence should be engaging and relevant to the topic. This could be a surprising fact, a thought­provoking question, or a bold statement that piques the reader's curiosity. Example: “Did you know that nearly 90% of students use expository writing techniques daily without realizing it？” ②Background Information: Provide a brief overview of the topic, offering context without dividing too deep into details. This section helps orient the reader and explains why the topic is important. ③Thesis Statement: This is the most important sentence in the introduction. It should clearly state the main idea of the essay and outline what the reader can expect. The thesis should be specific, concise, and fact­based. Example: “Expository writing is an essential skill used in academic, professional, and everyday settings, as it helps individuals communicate ideas clearly and effectively.” (2) Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs form the core of the essay, where detailed explanations and supporting evidence are provided. Each paragraph should focus on one main idea and follow a logical sequence. ①Main Point in Each Paragraph: Each body paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that states the main idea. Example: “One key characteristic of expository writing is its reliance on factual evidence rather than personal opinions.” ②Supporting Details: Facts, examples, statistics, or expert quotes should be used to back up each point. This ensures that the information is credible and well­supported. Example: “For instance, scientific reports use expository writing to explain research findings using data and logical explanations rather than personal perspectives.” ③Use of Transition Words: To maintain flow and coherence, transition words and phrases (e.g., “for example” “in contrast” “as a result”) should be used to connect ideas smoothly. (3) Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the essay by reinforcing the key points without introducing new information. ①Summary of Key Points: Briefly restate the main ideas discussed in the body paragraphs. ②Reinforce the Importance of the Topic: Explain why the information presented is valuable or relevant. ③Final Thought or Call to Action: End with a strong closing statement that leaves an impact on the reader. This could be a thought­provoking question, a statement about the broader implications of the topic, or a suggestion for further reading. 第4讲　阅读理解 说明文 参考答案 整体文章结构分析 这篇文章是一篇经典的“科学研究说明文”： 第1、2段 提出经典理论与原理： 介绍“群体智慧”效应及其背后的核心逻辑(错误抵消)和关键条件(独立性)。 第3段 提出新的研究发现： Navajas新研究表明小群体讨论能得出更准确的集体判断。 第4段 探究新研究发现背后的机制并总结评价：后续研究探究讨论过程，对整个研究的意义给予积极评价。 这个“旧知—新知—机制—评价”的结构是解答所有题目的基础。 1．B 段落主旨题 解题思路： 结构定位： 第二段功能是解释“群体智慧”现象的原理。 信息归纳概括： 本段详细阐述了错误如何“抵消(cancel each other out)”，并点明关键条件在于估计的“独立性(independent)”。可以概括为该效应背后的运行机制和根本逻辑。 故B.The underlying logic of the effect.(该效应的内在逻辑)为正确选项。 2．D 细节理解题 解题思路： 信息定位与逻辑关系分析 定位至第3段， Navajas的发现是“when crowds … were allowed to have a discussion”(允许讨论)，对比第2段提出的经典理论的核心条件是“estimates be independent”(估计必须独立)可知，讨论就意味着打破了“完全独立”的条件。选项D“(even if) estimates were not fully independent” 是对新研究发现的精准概括。 3．C 细节理解题。 解题思路： 从“具体到概括”的思维过程：选项C.The discussion process.(讨论过程)是对第4段首句“what the group members actually did in their discussion(小组成员在讨论中具体做了什么)”的抽象概括。 4．D 推理判断题(推断作者观点态度)。 解题思路： 定位评价性语言： 在第四段结尾，作者在指出研究存在局限后，用“but”转折，并使用了强烈的正面评价词汇： “the potential implications … are enormous”(潜在的启示是巨大的)，“enormous”一词体现了作者对该研究价值的高度肯定和积极展望，这是一种支持的立场。故D.Approving.(赞同的)正确。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $