内容正文:
高三英语语法专项:动词用法全解(原卷版)
考点总目录
1. 动词的定义及核心特征
2. 动词的分类(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)
3. 动词的基本形式(原形、三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词)
4. 动词的时态(高三核心重难点:8大基础时态+高频易错时态)
5. 动词的语态(主动语态、被动语态,高考高频考点)
6. 易混动词及动词短语辨析(高考高频)
7. 动词固定搭配及特殊用法
8. 动词过关检测
一、动词的定义及核心特征
核心定义
动词(Verb)是表示动作、状态或行为的词,是句子的核心成分,负责说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。它是高考语法填空、短文改错、完形填空、书面表达的核心考点,贯穿所有题型,尤其在时态、语态辨析中占比极高。
核心特征
1. 句法功能:可作谓语(句子核心),部分动词可作非谓语(不定式、动名词、分词),还可辅助构成时态、语态。
2. 词形变化:有丰富的词形变化,包括三单形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词,部分动词有不规则变化(高考重点)。
3. 搭配规则:动词需与主语在人称、数上保持一致(主谓一致),且有固定的搭配(如动词+介词、动词+宾语、动词+不定式等)。
4. 分类明确:根据功能可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词,各类动词用法差异显著,需重点区分。
特征口诀
动词是句子的心脏,动作状态它来扛;
人称数要一致,词形变化记仔细;
实义系动助动词,情态动词表语气;
时态语态非谓语,固定搭配莫忘记。
单句填空限时训练 1
1. He ______ (play) football with his friends every afternoon.
2. She ______ (not finish) her homework yet. She is still working on it.
3. My mother often ______ (cook) delicious food for us.
4. They ______ (have) a meeting when I arrived at the office.
5. I ______ (learn) English for 8 years.
6. The plane ______ (take) off in ten minutes. Please hurry up.
7. He ______ (go) to Beijing last month and he will come back next week.
8. Look! The children ______ (dance) in the playground.
9. This kind of flower ______ (grow) in warm places.
10. If it rains tomorrow, we ______ (not go) to the park.
11. She ______ (can) swim when she was 5 years old.
12. He ______ (be) a teacher for 10 years.
13. They ______ (visit) the Great Wall next year.
14. I ______ (read) a book when the phone rang.
15. He usually ______ (get) up at 6:30 in the morning.
16. The letter ______ (write) by my father yesterday.
17. We ______ (see) this movie twice.
18. She ______ (must) finish her work before 5 o’clock.
19. The students ______ (study) hard for the coming exam now.
20. He ______ (tell) me the news just now.
二、动词的分类(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)
动词按功能可分为四大类,各类用法不同,是高考语法填空、短文改错的高频易错点,需重点区分。
1. 实义动词(最常用,高考核心)
定义:有具体的动作或意义,能独立作谓语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
- 及物动词(vt.):后面必须接宾语,才能表达完整意思。
- ✅ 例句:He likes English.(like 是及物动词,接宾语 English);She bought a book.(buy 是及物动词,接宾语 a book)
- 不及物动词(vi.):后面不接宾语,也能表达完整意思;若接宾语,需加介词。
- ✅ 例句:He runs fast.(run 是不及物动词,无宾语);She listens to music.(listen 是不及物动词,加介词 to 后接宾语 music)
2. 系动词(Linking Verb)
定义:本身无动作,连接主语和表语,说明主语的性质、状态、身份等,不能独立作谓语(需接表语)。
高频系动词分类(高考必考):
- be 动词:am、is、are、was、were(最基础,表“是”)
- 感官系动词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)
- 变化系动词:become(变得)、get(变得)、turn(变成)、grow(变得)、go(变得,多表负面变化)
- 状态系动词:keep(保持)、stay(保持)、remain(保持)、seem(似乎)、appear(看起来)
✅ 例句:The flowers are beautiful.(are 是 be 系动词,接表语 beautiful);The soup tastes delicious.(tastes 是感官系动词,接表语 delicious);He becomes taller.(becomes 是变化系动词,接表语 taller)
3. 助动词(Auxiliary Verb)
定义:本身无实际意义,不能独立作谓语,只能辅助实义动词、系动词构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句。
高频助动词:be(am、is、are、was、were)、do(do、does、did)、have(have、has、had)
- 辅助构成时态:be + 现在分词(进行时)、have + 过去分词(完成时)、do/does/did + 动词原形(一般现在时/一般过去时)
- 辅助构成被动语态:be + 过去分词
- 辅助构成否定句/疑问句:do/does/did + not + 动词原形;Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
✅ 例句:He is reading a book.(is 是助动词,辅助构成现在进行时);She has finished her homework.(has 是助动词,辅助构成现在完成时);Do you like coffee?(Do 是助动词,辅助构成一般疑问句)
4. 情态动词(Modal Verb)
定义:表示语气(能力、许可、义务、推测等),不能独立作谓语,后接动词原形,无三单、时态变化(除 can→could、will→would 等)。
高考高频情态动词:can/could、may/might、must、should、will/would、need、dare
- can/could:表“能、会”(能力)、“可以”(许可)、“可能”(推测,could 语气更委婉)
- must:表“必须”(义务)、“一定”(推测,语气最强)
- should:表“应该”(建议)、“竟然”(意外)
- will/would:表“将要”(将来)、“愿意”(意愿,would 语气更委婉)
✅ 例句:I can swim.(can 表能力);You must finish your work on time.(must 表义务);He should study hard.(should 表建议)
单句填空限时训练 2
1. She ______ (look) happy today because she got good grades.
2. He ______ (not like) playing basketball. He prefers football.
3. They ______ (have) a good time at the party last night.
4. The music ______ (sound) beautiful. I want to listen to it again.
5. ______ (do) you go to school by bus every day?
6. He ______ (can) speak three languages when he was 10.
7. The weather ______ (get) colder and colder.
8. She ______ (be) a teacher since 2015.
9. We ______ (should) help the old people.
10. He ______ (run) fast every morning to keep healthy.
11. The letter ______ (be) written by my sister yesterday.
12. ______ (have) you finished your homework yet?
13. The food ______ (smell) terrible. Don’t eat it.
14. He ______ (will) go to the USA next year.
15. She ______ (not can) swim when she was young.
16. They ______ (keep) quiet in the library yesterday.
17. He ______ (do) his homework now.
18. The cake ______ (taste) sweet. It’s very delicious.
19. We ______ (must) not talk loudly in the hospital.
20. She ______ (listen) to music every evening.
三、动词的基本形式(原形、三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词)
动词的五种基本形式是构成时态、语态、非谓语动词的基础,高考中重点考查不规则动词的变化,需熟练记忆。
1. 五种基本形式及构成规则
动词原形 动词本身,无任何变化play、work、study go、eat、see
三单形式(第三人称单数)
1. 一般情况:加 -s;2. 以 s、x、ch、sh、o 结尾:加 -es;3. 以“辅音 + y”结尾:变 y 为 i 加 -es
play→plays;watch→watches;study→studies
go→goes;do→does;have→has
过去式
1. 规则动词:加 -ed;2. 不规则动词:无固定规则,需熟记
play→played;work→worked;study→studied
go→went;eat→ate;see→saw
过去分词
1. 规则动词:加 -ed(与过去式同形);2. 不规则动词:无固定规则,需熟记
play→played;work→worked;study→studied
go→gone;eat→eaten;see→seen
现在分词
1. 一般情况:加 -ing;2. 以不发音的 e 结尾:去 e 加 -ing;3. 重读闭音节(辅+元+辅):双写末尾辅音加 -ing;4. 以 ie 结尾:变 ie 为 y 加 -ing
play→playing;work→working;take→taking;run→running
lie→lying;die→dying
2. 高考必考不规则动词
(按词性分类,优先记忆高频词,避免死记硬背)
(1)AAA型(原形、过去式、过去分词同形)
cut(切)→ cut → cut;put(放)→ put → put;read(读)→ read → read(发音不同:原形 /riːd/,过去式/过去分词 /red/);let(让)→ let → let
(2)ABB型(过去式、过去分词同形)
bring(带来)→ brought → brought;feel(感觉)→ felt → felt;find(找到)→ found → found;say(说)→ said → said;think(想)→ thought → thought
(3)ABC型(原形、过去式、过去分词均不同)
go(去)→ went → gone;eat(吃)→ ate → eaten;see(看见)→ saw → seen;take(拿)→ took → taken;write(写)→ wrote → written;break(打破)→ broke → broken
(4)AAB型(原形、过去式同形,过去分词不同)
beat(打败)→ beat → beaten
单句填空限时训练 3
1. He ______ (cut) the apple into two halves just now.
2. She ______ (read) a book every night. She ______ (read) a novel yesterday.
3. They ______ (bring) a lot of gifts for us last week.
4. I ______ (eat) a big meal yesterday. I’m not hungry now.
5. He ______ (take) my pen by mistake. He ______ (not give) it back yet.
6. She ______ (write) a letter to her parents yesterday evening.
7. The children ______ (play) football now. They ______ (play) for two hours.
8. He ______ (break) his leg last month. He ______ (not walk) yet.
9. We ______ (put) the books on the desk just now.
10. She ______ (feel) tired after a long day’s work. She ______ (sleep) now.
11. He ______ (find) his lost key yesterday. He ______ (look) for it for three days.
12. They ______ (say) they would come to our party. But they ______ (not come) yet.
13. I ______ (think) about this problem for a long time. I still can’t solve it.
14. She ______ (go) to the park yesterday. She ______ (go) there many times.
15. He ______ (beat) his brother in the game yesterday. He has never ______ (beat) him before.
16. We ______ (let) him go home early yesterday because he was ill.
17. She ______ (take) a photo of the beautiful scenery just now.
18. They ______ (read) the newspaper when I arrived. They ______ (read) it for an hour.
19. I ______ (write) a composition last night. I ______ (finish) it this morning.
20. He ______ (cut) his finger when he was cooking. He ______ (not go) to the hospital.
四、动词的时态(高三核心重难点)
时态是高考英语语法的重中之重,主要考查8大基础时态的辨析及易错时态(如现在完成时与一般过去时、过去进行时与一般过去时)的区分,题型覆盖语法填空、短文改错、完形填空,占比极高。
1. 8大基础时态(高考必考,重点突破)
按“时间维度+动作状态”分类,结合标志词、用法、例句,快速区分,避免混淆。
(1)一般现在时
- 核心用法:表经常性、习惯性动作;表客观事实、真理;表现阶段的状态。
- 时间标志:every day、usually、often、always、seldom、never、on weekends、in general 等。
- 谓语结构:主语是三单 → 动词三单形式;主语非三单 → 动词原形。
- ✅ 例句:He usually gets up at 6:30.(经常性动作);The earth goes around the sun.(客观真理);She is a student.(现阶段状态)
(2)一般过去时
- 核心用法:表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,动作已结束,与现在无关。
- 时间标志:yesterday、last week、just now、ago、in 2023、the other day 等。
- 谓语结构:动词过去式(规则动词加 -ed,不规则动词记特殊形式)。
- ✅ 例句:I went to the park yesterday.(过去动作,已结束);She was a teacher three years ago.(过去状态)
3)一般将来时
- 核心用法:表将来某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 时间标志:tomorrow、next week、in the future、in ten minutes、soon 等。
- 谓语结构:① will + 动词原形;② be going to + 动词原形(表计划、打算或有迹象要发生)。
- ✅ 例句:He will go to Beijing tomorrow.(单纯将来);It is going to rain.(有迹象要发生)
(4)现在进行时
- 核心用法:表此时此刻正在发生的动作;表现阶段正在进行的动作(不一定此时此刻)。
- 时间标志:now、look、listen、at the moment、these days 等。
- 谓语结构:am/is/are + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:Look! They are playing football.(此时此刻);He is studying for the exam these days.(现阶段)
(5)过去进行时
- 核心用法:表过去某个时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作。
- 时间标志:at 8 last night、at this time yesterday、when/while 引导的从句(从句用一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:was/were + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:I was reading a book at 8 last night.(过去某个时刻);They were playing games while I was doing my homework.(过去同时进行的动作)
(6)现在完成时
- 核心用法:表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;表过去开始的动作持续到现在(常与 for、since 连用)。
- 时间标志:already、yet、just、ever、never、so far、up to now、for + 一段时间、since + 过去时间/从句(一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:have/has + 过去分词。
- ✅ 例句:I have finished my homework.(对现在的影响:不用再做了);He has lived here for 10 years.(动作持续到现在)
(7)过去完成时
- 核心用法:表过去某个动作之前发生的动作(“过去的过去”),强调动作的先后顺序。
- 时间标志:by the end of last year、before + 过去时间、when/after 引导的从句(从句用一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:had + 过去分词。
- ✅ 例句:He had finished his homework before his mother came back.(“完成作业”在“妈妈回来”之前,过去的过去)
(8)现在完成进行时
- 核心用法:表过去开始的动作持续到现在,并且还在进行;表过去持续的动作对现在造成的影响。
- 时间标志:for + 一段时间、since + 过去时间/从句、these days、all morning 等。
- 谓语结构:have/has been + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:He has been studying English for 8 years.(动作持续到现在,还在学);I have been working all morning, so I’m tired.(过去持续动作对现在的影响)
2. 高考易错时态辨析(秒杀技巧)
(1)一般过去时 vs 现在完成时
- 关键区别:是否与现在有关。
- 一般过去时:动作在过去结束,与现在无关(有具体过去时间标志,如 yesterday、last week)。
- 现在完成时:动作与现在有关(无具体过去时间标志,有 already、yet、for、since 等)。
- ✅ 对比:I saw him yesterday.(一般过去时,仅说明“昨天见过”,与现在无关);I have seen him before.(现在完成时,说明“以前见过”,对现在有影响:可能认识他)
(2)过去进行时 vs 一般过去时
- 关键区别:动作是否持续。
- 一般过去时:表短暂的、一次性的过去动作(瞬间完成)。
- 过去进行时:表过去某个时刻或时间段持续进行的动作(动作未结束)。
- ✅ 对比:He wrote a letter yesterday.(一般过去时,“写信”是一次性动作,已完成);He was writing a letter at 8 last night.(过去进行时,“写信”在昨晚8点正在进行,未完成)
(3)现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时
- 关键区别:动作是否还在进行。
- 现在完成时:动作可能已结束,也可能还在进行(侧重结果、影响)。
- 现在完成进行时:动作一定还在进行(侧重动作的持续过程)。
- ✅ 对比:He has studied English for 8 years.(现在完成时,可能还在学,也可能刚停止);He has been studying English for 8 years.(现在完成进行时,一定还在学)
单句填空限时训练 4
1. He ______ (live) in this city since 2010.
2. I ______ (see) this movie last week. It’s very interesting.
3. They ______ (play) football at the moment. Don’t disturb them.
4. She ______ (be) a teacher for 15 years. She loves her job.
5. He ______ (write) a letter when the phone rang.
6. We ______ (go) to the park tomorrow. We have planned it for a long time.
7. By the end of last year, he ______ (learn) 1000 English words.
8. She usually ______ (get) up at 6:30, but today she ______ (get) up at 7:00.
9. I ______ (not see) him for a long time. I miss him very much.
10. They ______ (have) a meeting when I arrived at the office.
五、 动词的语态(主动语态、被动语态,高考高频考点)
5.1 核心定义与本质
语态是动词的一种形式,用于表示主语与谓语动词之间的关系,分为主动语态和被动语态,高考中被动语态是重点考查内容,多结合时态、主谓一致综合命题。
- 主动语态:主语是动作的发出者(即动作的执行者),强调“谁做了什么”,是英语中最常用的语态,句式结构为“主语 + 谓语(主动形式) + 宾语”。
例:She finished her homework on time.(她按时完成了作业。主语she是finish这个动作的发出者)
- 被动语态:主语是动作的承受者(即动作的对象),强调“什么被做了”,句式结构为“主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 + (by + 动作执行者,可省略)”,be动词的形式需结合时态变化。
例:Her homework was finished on time.(她的作业被按时完成了。主语her homework是finish这个动作的承受者)
5.2 高考高频时态的被动语态(重中之重)
被动语态的核心是“be + 过去分词”,be动词的时态决定被动语态的时态,以下是高考最常考查的5种时态被动语态,需熟练掌握:
1. 一般现在时被动:am/is/are + 过去分词(考查频率最高,多用于客观事实、常态动作)
2. 一般过去时被动:was/were + 过去分词(考查频率第二,多结合具体过去时间状语命题)
3. 一般将来时被动:will be + 过去分词 / be going to be + 过去分词
4. 现在完成时被动:have/has been + 过去分词(强调动作对现在的影响,常与already, yet, since等词搭配)
5. 情态动词被动:情态动词(can, may, must, should等) + be + 过去分词(高频考点,结合情态动词的语气考查)
5.3 高考易错点与注意事项
- 不及物动词(vi.)无被动语态:如happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, rise, fall等,不能用于被动结构(误区:易误写为“sth. is happened”,正确表达为“sth. happens”)。
- 感官动词、使役动词的被动用法:see, hear, watch, make, let等,主动语态中接不带to的不定式(do),被动语态中需还原to(例:主动He made me laugh. → 被动I was made to laugh.)。
- 主动形式表被动含义:某些动词(如sell, write, read, wash, wear等),当主语是物且表示“某物具有某种特性”时,用主动形式表被动(例:The book sells well. 这本书卖得好,而非is sold well)。
- 被动语态与主谓一致:be动词的单复数需与主语保持一致(例:The letter was sent yesterday. / The letters were sent yesterday.)。
5.4 高考真题示例
1. (2025·全国卷)The meeting ______ because of the heavy rain.(答案:was put off)
2. (2024·浙江卷)Our classroom ______ every day to keep it clean.(答案:is cleaned)
六、 易混动词及动词短语辨析(高考高频)
高考完形填空、语法填空、阅读理解中,常考查含义相近、用法不同的动词及动词短语,核心考查“语境适配性”,以下是高考最常考的易混组,按考频排序:
6.1 易混动词辨析(高频组)
1. rise vs. raise(最易混淆)
- rise(vi.):上升、升起、起身,无宾语,主语多为自然现象(太阳、月亮、温度、水位)或人,常用搭配:rise up, rise to one’s feet
- raise(vt.):举起、提高、抚养、筹集,需接宾语,主语是人,常用搭配:raise one’s hand, raise money, raise a child
- 例句:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起,无宾语);He raised his voice to make himself heard.(他提高声音让自己被听到,接宾语his voice)
2. lay vs. lie(形式易混,易错率极高)
- lay(vt.):放置、产卵,过去式laid,过去分词laid,现在分词laying(lay sth. somewhere)
- lie(vi.):躺、位于,过去式lay,过去分词lain,现在分词lying(lie on the bed)
- lie(vi.):说谎,过去式lied,过去分词lied,现在分词lying(lie to sb.)
- 口诀:躺lie,躺过lay,躺完lain;放lay,放过laid,放完laid;说谎lie,说过lied,说完lied。
3. borrow vs. lend vs. keep(侧重“借入、借出、保留”的区别)
- borrow(vt.):借入,从别人那里借东西(borrow sth. from sb.),短暂性动词,不能与时间段连用
- lend(vt.):借出,把东西借给别人(lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.),短暂性动词,不能与时间段连用
- keep(vt.):保留、借用(延续性动词),可与时间段连用,替换borrow/lend(例:I borrowed a book yesterday. → I have kept the book for a day.)
4. affect vs. effect(词性、含义易混)
- affect(vt.):影响(直接影响人或物),例:The weather affected his mood.(天气影响了他的心情)
- effect(n.):影响、效果,常用搭配:have an effect on sth.;(vt.,较少用)实现,例:effect a change(实现改变)
6.2 易混动词短语辨析(高考高频组)
1. look for vs. find vs. find out vs. discover
- look for:寻找(强调“寻找”的动作,不一定找到)
- find:找到(强调“找到”的结果,偶然发现)
- find out:查明、弄清楚(强调通过调查、询问得出结果)
- discover:发现(强调发现原本存在但未被人知晓的事物)
2. take up vs. take on vs. take over vs. take off
- take up:占据(时间、空间);开始学习、从事
- take on:承担(责任);雇佣;呈现(面貌)
- take over:接管、接手(工作、公司等)
- take off:(飞机)起飞;脱下(衣服);(事业)腾飞
3. turn on vs. turn off vs. turn up vs. turn down
- turn on:打开(电器、水源等)
- turn off:关闭(电器、水源等)
- turn up:调大(音量、亮度);出现
- turn down:调小(音量、亮度);拒绝
4. put up vs. put off vs. put away vs. put out
- put up:张贴;举起;搭建;提供住宿
- put off:推迟、拖延(对应5.4真题考点)
- put away:收好、放好
- put out:扑灭(火);熄灭(灯);出版
七、动词固定搭配及特殊用法
动词固定搭配是高考语法填空、完形填空、书面表达的核心考点,主要考查“动词 + 介词/副词”“动词 + 不定式(to do)”“动词 + 动名词(doing)”“动词 + 宾语 + 宾补”四种形式,以下是高考必背的固定搭配及特殊用法,按考频分类:
7.1 动词 + 介词/副词(高频搭配)
- agree with sb.(同意某人);agree to sth.(同意某事);agree on sth.(就某事达成一致)
- devote oneself to sth. / doing sth.(致力于……,to是介词,后接doing)
- insist on doing sth.(坚持做某事);insist that...(坚持认为,从句用陈述语气;坚持要求,从句用虚拟语气should do,should可省略)
- succeed in doing sth.(成功做某事);fail to do sth.(未能做某事)
- apologize to sb. for sth. / doing sth.(因某事向某人道歉)
- depend on / rely on sb. / sth.(依靠、依赖)
- focus on sth. / doing sth.(专注于……)
- benefit from sth. / doing sth.(从……中受益)
7.2 动词 + 不定式(to do)(必考)
以下动词后只能接不定式作宾语,需牢记:
- want, hope, wish, expect, plan, decide, afford, manage, try, attempt, promise, refuse, agree, offer, pretend, choose, intend
- 例句:He promised to help me.(他答应帮助我);She refused to accept the gift.(她拒绝接受礼物)
特殊用法:
- ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, advise, encourage等动词,后接“sb. to do sth.”(让/建议某人做某事),被动语态为“sb. be asked/told to do sth.”。
- too...to do sth.(太……而不能做某事);enough to do sth.(足够……去做某事)。
7.3 动词 + 动名词(doing)(必考)
以下动词后只能接动名词作宾语,需牢记:
- enjoy, mind, finish, practice, suggest, advise, avoid, miss, escape, keep, imagine, consider, admit, deny, delay, risk
- 例句:She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐);He avoided making mistakes.(他避免犯错)
易错点:有些动词(如forget, remember, regret, stop, try等)后接to do和doing含义不同,是高考高频易错点:
- forget to do sth.:忘记要做某事(事情未做);forget doing sth.:忘记做过某事(事情已做)
- remember to do sth.:记得要做某事;remember doing sth.:记得做过某事
- stop to do sth.:停下来去做另一件事;stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事
- try to do sth.:努力做某事;try doing sth.:尝试做某事
7.4 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(特殊用法)
- 使役动词(make, let, have):主动语态接“sb. do sth.”(省略to),被动语态接“sb. be made to do sth.”(还原to)。
- 感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel):接“sb. do sth.”(强调动作全过程)或“sb. doing sth.”(强调动作正在进行)。
- keep, leave, make等动词:接“sb. / sth. + 形容词/介词短语/doing/done”(使某人/某物处于某种状态),例:keep the room clean(保持房间干净);leave the door open(让门开着)。
7.5 其他特殊用法(高考易错)
- need, require, want:表示“需要被做”时,后接doing(主动形式表被动)或to be done,例:The room needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned.(房间需要打扫)。
- had better do sth.(最好做某事);would rather do sth.(宁愿做某事);would rather not do sth.(宁愿不做某事),后接动词原形,无to。
- 情态动词(can, may, must, should等)后接动词原形,否定式为“情态动词 + not + 动词原形”。
八动词过关检测
一、单句语法填空
1. He usually ______ (go) to school by bike, but today he took a bus because of the heavy rain.
2. By the time we arrived at the station, the train ______ (leave) already.
3. Look! The children ______ (play) happily in the playground.
4. This kind of mobile phone ______ (produce) in China since 2020.
5. I suggest that you ______ (finish) your homework before watching TV.
6. She expects ______ (invite) to the opening ceremony of the new library.
7. ______ (work) hard for three years, he finally got admitted to his dream university.
8. The teacher told us that the earth ______ (go) around the sun.
9. If you ______ (not hurry), you will miss the first class tomorrow.
10. A lot of attention ______ (pay) to the protection of cultural relics in recent years.
11. He admitted ______ (steal) the wallet when he was questioned by the police.
12. The meeting ______ (hold) tomorrow morning, so we have to prepare for it tonight.
13. There ______ (be) a football match between our school and No.1 High School next Sunday.
14. She often makes her little brother ______ (laugh) with funny stories.
15. Having read the book twice, I found it worth ______ (read) again.
16. He ______ (can) speak English fluently when he was only five years old.
17. The number of students in our class ______ (be) 50, and most of them are hard-working.
18. When I got home, my mother ______ (cook) dinner in the kitchen.
19. It’s necessary for us ______ (learn) to communicate with others effectively.
20. The bridge that ______ (build) last year connects the two villages.
第 1 页 共 13 页
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$
高三英语语法专项:动词用法全解(解析版)
考点总目录
1. 动词的定义及核心特征
2. 动词的分类(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)
3. 动词的基本形式(原形、三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词)
4. 动词的时态(高三核心重难点:8大基础时态+高频易错时态)
5. 动词的语态(主动语态、被动语态,高考高频考点)
6. 易混动词及动词短语辨析(高考高频)
7. 动词固定搭配及特殊用法
8. 动词过关检测
一、动词的定义及核心特征
核心定义
动词(Verb)是表示动作、状态或行为的词,是句子的核心成分,负责说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。它是高考语法填空、短文改错、完形填空、书面表达的核心考点,贯穿所有题型,尤其在时态、语态辨析中占比极高。
核心特征
1. 句法功能:可作谓语(句子核心),部分动词可作非谓语(不定式、动名词、分词),还可辅助构成时态、语态。
2. 词形变化:有丰富的词形变化,包括三单形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词,部分动词有不规则变化(高考重点)。
3. 搭配规则:动词需与主语在人称、数上保持一致(主谓一致),且有固定的搭配(如动词+介词、动词+宾语、动词+不定式等)。
4. 分类明确:根据功能可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词,各类动词用法差异显著,需重点区分。
特征口诀
动词是句子的心脏,动作状态它来扛;
人称数要一致,词形变化记仔细;
实义系动助动词,情态动词表语气;
时态语态非谓语,固定搭配莫忘记。
单句填空限时训练 1
1. He ______ (play) football with his friends every afternoon.
2. She ______ (not finish) her homework yet. She is still working on it.
3. My mother often ______ (cook) delicious food for us.
4. They ______ (have) a meeting when I arrived at the office.
5. I ______ (learn) English for 8 years.
6. The plane ______ (take) off in ten minutes. Please hurry up.
7. He ______ (go) to Beijing last month and he will come back next week.
8. Look! The children ______ (dance) in the playground.
9. This kind of flower ______ (grow) in warm places.
10. If it rains tomorrow, we ______ (not go) to the park.
11. She ______ (can) swim when she was 5 years old.
12. He ______ (be) a teacher for 10 years.
13. They ______ (visit) the Great Wall next year.
14. I ______ (read) a book when the phone rang.
15. He usually ______ (get) up at 6:30 in the morning.
16. The letter ______ (write) by my father yesterday.
17. We ______ (see) this movie twice.
18. She ______ (must) finish her work before 5 o’clock.
19. The students ______ (study) hard for the coming exam now.
20. He ______ (tell) me the news just now.
答案 + 详细解析
1. plays 解析:考查一般现在时三单形式。every afternoon 是一般现在时标志,主语 He 是第三人称单数,play 的三单形式为 plays。
2. hasn’t finished 解析:考查现在完成时。yet 是现在完成时(否定句、疑问句)的标志,强调动作未完成,主语 She 是第三人称单数,助动词用 has,否定形式为 hasn’t,finish 的过去分词为 finished。
3. cooks 解析:考查一般现在时三单形式。often 是一般现在时标志,主语 My mother 是第三人称单数,cook 的三单形式为 cooks。
4. were having 解析:考查过去进行时。when 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时(arrived),主句表示“当时正在做某事”,用过去进行时,主语 They 是复数,be 动词用 were,have 的现在分词为 having。
5. have learned 解析:考查现在完成时。for 8 years 是现在完成时的标志,强调动作持续一段时间,主语 I 是第一人称,助动词用 have,learn 的过去分词为 learned(或 learnt)。
6. will take 解析:考查一般将来时。in ten minutes 是一般将来时标志,表“十分钟后”,用 will + 动词原形,故填 will take。
7. went 解析:考查一般过去时。last month 是一般过去时标志,go 的过去式为不规则变化 went。
8. are dancing 解析:考查现在进行时。Look! 是现在进行时标志,强调动作正在进行,主语 The children 是复数,be 动词用 are,dance 的现在分词为 dancing。
9. grows 解析:考查一般现在时三单形式。此处描述客观事实(这种花生长在温暖的地方),用一般现在时,主语 This kind of flower 是第三人称单数,grow 的三单形式为 grows。
10. won’t go 解析:考查一般将来时的否定形式。if 引导的条件状语从句,遵循“主将从现”原则,从句用一般现在时(rains),主句用一般将来时,否定形式为 won’t + 动词原形,故填 won’t go。
11. could 解析:考查情态动词的过去式。when she was 5 years old 是过去时间标志,can 的过去式为 could,表“过去能够做某事”。
12. has been 解析:考查现在完成时。for 10 years 是现在完成时标志,be 动词的现在完成时形式为 have/has been,主语 He 是第三人称单数,故填 has been。
13. will visit 解析:考查一般将来时。next year 是一般将来时标志,用 will + 动词原形,故填 will visit。
14. was reading 解析:考查过去进行时。when 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时(rang),主句表示“当时正在做某事”,用过去进行时,主语 I 是第一人称,be 动词用 was,read 的现在分词为 reading。
15. gets 解析:考查一般现在时三单形式。usually 是一般现在时标志,主语 He 是第三人称单数,get 的三单形式为 gets。
16. was written 解析:考查一般过去时的被动语态。yesterday 是过去时间标志,主语 The letter 是动作(write)的承受者,用被动语态,结构为 was/were + 过去分词,主语是单数,故填 was written。
17. have seen 解析:考查现在完成时。twice 是现在完成时的标志,强调动作发生的次数,主语 We 是复数,助动词用 have,see 的过去分词为 seen。
18. must 解析:考查情态动词。must 表“必须”,后接动词原形,无词形变化,符合句意“她必须在5点前完成工作”。
19. are studying 解析:考查现在进行时。now 是现在进行时标志,强调动作正在进行,主语 The students 是复数,be 动词用 are,study 的现在分词为 studying。
20. told 解析:考查一般过去时。just now 是一般过去时标志,tell 的过去式为不规则变化 told。
二、动词的分类(实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词)
动词按功能可分为四大类,各类用法不同,是高考语法填空、短文改错的高频易错点,需重点区分。
1. 实义动词(最常用,高考核心)
定义:有具体的动作或意义,能独立作谓语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
- 及物动词(vt.):后面必须接宾语,才能表达完整意思。
- ✅ 例句:He likes English.(like 是及物动词,接宾语 English);She bought a book.(buy 是及物动词,接宾语 a book)
- 不及物动词(vi.):后面不接宾语,也能表达完整意思;若接宾语,需加介词。
- ✅ 例句:He runs fast.(run 是不及物动词,无宾语);She listens to music.(listen 是不及物动词,加介词 to 后接宾语 music)
2. 系动词(Linking Verb)
定义:本身无动作,连接主语和表语,说明主语的性质、状态、身份等,不能独立作谓语(需接表语)。
高频系动词分类(高考必考):
- be 动词:am、is、are、was、were(最基础,表“是”)
- 感官系动词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)
- 变化系动词:become(变得)、get(变得)、turn(变成)、grow(变得)、go(变得,多表负面变化)
- 状态系动词:keep(保持)、stay(保持)、remain(保持)、seem(似乎)、appear(看起来)
✅ 例句:The flowers are beautiful.(are 是 be 系动词,接表语 beautiful);The soup tastes delicious.(tastes 是感官系动词,接表语 delicious);He becomes taller.(becomes 是变化系动词,接表语 taller)
3. 助动词(Auxiliary Verb)
定义:本身无实际意义,不能独立作谓语,只能辅助实义动词、系动词构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句。
高频助动词:be(am、is、are、was、were)、do(do、does、did)、have(have、has、had)
- 辅助构成时态:be + 现在分词(进行时)、have + 过去分词(完成时)、do/does/did + 动词原形(一般现在时/一般过去时)
- 辅助构成被动语态:be + 过去分词
- 辅助构成否定句/疑问句:do/does/did + not + 动词原形;Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
✅ 例句:He is reading a book.(is 是助动词,辅助构成现在进行时);She has finished her homework.(has 是助动词,辅助构成现在完成时);Do you like coffee?(Do 是助动词,辅助构成一般疑问句)
4. 情态动词(Modal Verb)
定义:表示语气(能力、许可、义务、推测等),不能独立作谓语,后接动词原形,无三单、时态变化(除 can→could、will→would 等)。
高考高频情态动词:can/could、may/might、must、should、will/would、need、dare
- can/could:表“能、会”(能力)、“可以”(许可)、“可能”(推测,could 语气更委婉)
- must:表“必须”(义务)、“一定”(推测,语气最强)
- should:表“应该”(建议)、“竟然”(意外)
- will/would:表“将要”(将来)、“愿意”(意愿,would 语气更委婉)
✅ 例句:I can swim.(can 表能力);You must finish your work on time.(must 表义务);He should study hard.(should 表建议)
单句填空限时训练 2
1. She ______ (look) happy today because she got good grades.
2. He ______ (not like) playing basketball. He prefers football.
3. They ______ (have) a good time at the party last night.
4. The music ______ (sound) beautiful. I want to listen to it again.
5. ______ (do) you go to school by bus every day?
6. He ______ (can) speak three languages when he was 10.
7. The weather ______ (get) colder and colder.
8. She ______ (be) a teacher since 2015.
9. We ______ (should) help the old people.
10. He ______ (run) fast every morning to keep healthy.
11. The letter ______ (be) written by my sister yesterday.
12. ______ (have) you finished your homework yet?
13. The food ______ (smell) terrible. Don’t eat it.
14. He ______ (will) go to the USA next year.
15. She ______ (not can) swim when she was young.
16. They ______ (keep) quiet in the library yesterday.
17. He ______ (do) his homework now.
18. The cake ______ (taste) sweet. It’s very delicious.
19. We ______ (must) not talk loudly in the hospital.
20. She ______ (listen) to music every evening.
答案 + 详细解析
1. looks 解析:考查系动词用法。look 是感官系动词,后接形容词 happy 作表语,主语 She 是第三人称单数,故填 looks。
2. doesn’t like 解析:考查实义动词的否定形式。like 是实义动词,一般现在时否定句需加助动词 doesn’t,后接动词原形 like,主语 He 是第三人称单数。
3. had 解析:考查实义动词的一般过去时。last night 是过去时间标志,have 的过去式为 had,此处 have a good time 是固定搭配,表“玩得开心”。
4. sounds 解析:考查系动词用法。sound 是感官系动词,后接形容词 beautiful 作表语,主语 The music 是第三人称单数,故填 sounds。
5. Do 解析:考查助动词用法。every day 是一般现在时标志,一般疑问句需加助动词 Do,主语 you 是第二人称,句首首字母大写。
6. could 解析:考查情态动词的过去式。when he was 10 是过去时间标志,can 的过去式为 could,表“过去能说三种语言”。
7. is getting 解析:考查系动词的现在进行时。get 是变化系动词,此处用现在进行时(is getting)表“正在变得越来越冷”,符合语境。
8. has been 解析:考查助动词 have 的用法。since 2015 是现在完成时标志,助动词 have 用第三人称单数 has,be 动词的过去分词为 been,表“从2015年起就是老师”。
9. should 解析:考查情态动词用法。should 表“应该”,后接动词原形 help,无词形变化,符合句意“我们应该帮助老人”。
10. runs 解析:考查实义动词的一般现在时三单形式。every morning 是一般现在时标志,主语 He 是第三人称单数,run 的三单形式为 runs。
11. was 解析:考查助动词 be 的用法。yesterday 是过去时间标志,被动语态结构为 was/were + 过去分词,主语 The letter 是单数,故填 was。
12. Have 解析:考查助动词 have 的用法。yet 是现在完成时疑问句的标志,助动词 have 置于句首,首字母大写,主语 you 是第二人称。
13. smells 解析:考查系动词用法。smell 是感官系动词,后接形容词 terrible 作表语,主语 The food 是第三人称单数,故填 smells。
14. will 解析:考查情态动词 will 的用法。next year 是一般将来时标志,will 表“将要”,后接动词原形 go,无词形变化。
15. couldn’t 解析:考查情态动词的否定形式。when she was young 是过去时间标志,can 的过去式为 could,否定形式为 couldn’t,表“过去不能游泳”。
16. kept 解析:考查系动词的一般过去时。keep 是状态系动词,后接形容词 quiet 作表语,yesterday 是过去时间标志,keep 的过去式为 kept。
17. is doing 解析:考查助动词 be 的用法。now 是现在进行时标志,助动词 is 辅助构成现在进行时,do 的现在分词为 doing,表“正在做作业”。
18. tastes 解析:考查系动词用法。taste 是感官系动词,后接形容词 sweet 作表语,主语 The cake 是第三人称单数,故填 tastes。
19. must 解析:考查情态动词用法。must 表“必须”,否定形式为 must not(mustn’t),后接动词原形 talk,符合句意“我们禁止在医院大声说话”。
20. listens 解析:考查实义动词的一般现在时三单形式。every evening 是一般现在时标志,主语 She 是第三人称单数,listen 的三单形式为 listens,listen to 是固定搭配。
三、动词的基本形式(原形、三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词)
动词的五种基本形式是构成时态、语态、非谓语动词的基础,高考中重点考查不规则动词的变化,需熟练记忆。
1. 五种基本形式及构成规则
动词原形 动词本身,无任何变化play、work、study go、eat、see
三单形式(第三人称单数)
1. 一般情况:加 -s;2. 以 s、x、ch、sh、o 结尾:加 -es;3. 以“辅音 + y”结尾:变 y 为 i 加 -es
play→plays;watch→watches;study→studies
go→goes;do→does;have→has
过去式
1. 规则动词:加 -ed;2. 不规则动词:无固定规则,需熟记
play→played;work→worked;study→studied
go→went;eat→ate;see→saw
过去分词
1. 规则动词:加 -ed(与过去式同形);2. 不规则动词:无固定规则,需熟记
play→played;work→worked;study→studied
go→gone;eat→eaten;see→seen
现在分词
1. 一般情况:加 -ing;2. 以不发音的 e 结尾:去 e 加 -ing;3. 重读闭音节(辅+元+辅):双写末尾辅音加 -ing;4. 以 ie 结尾:变 ie 为 y 加 -ing
play→playing;work→working;take→taking;run→running
lie→lying;die→dying
2. 高考必考不规则动词
(按词性分类,优先记忆高频词,避免死记硬背)
(1)AAA型(原形、过去式、过去分词同形)
cut(切)→ cut → cut;put(放)→ put → put;read(读)→ read → read(发音不同:原形 /riːd/,过去式/过去分词 /red/);let(让)→ let → let
(2)ABB型(过去式、过去分词同形)
bring(带来)→ brought → brought;feel(感觉)→ felt → felt;find(找到)→ found → found;say(说)→ said → said;think(想)→ thought → thought
(3)ABC型(原形、过去式、过去分词均不同)
go(去)→ went → gone;eat(吃)→ ate → eaten;see(看见)→ saw → seen;take(拿)→ took → taken;write(写)→ wrote → written;break(打破)→ broke → broken
(4)AAB型(原形、过去式同形,过去分词不同)
beat(打败)→ beat → beaten
单句填空限时训练 3
1. He ______ (cut) the apple into two halves just now.
2. She ______ (read) a book every night. She ______ (read) a novel yesterday.
3. They ______ (bring) a lot of gifts for us last week.
4. I ______ (eat) a big meal yesterday. I’m not hungry now.
5. He ______ (take) my pen by mistake. He ______ (not give) it back yet.
6. She ______ (write) a letter to her parents yesterday evening.
7. The children ______ (play) football now. They ______ (play) for two hours.
8. He ______ (break) his leg last month. He ______ (not walk) yet.
9. We ______ (put) the books on the desk just now.
10. She ______ (feel) tired after a long day’s work. She ______ (sleep) now.
11. He ______ (find) his lost key yesterday. He ______ (look) for it for three days.
12. They ______ (say) they would come to our party. But they ______ (not come) yet.
13. I ______ (think) about this problem for a long time. I still can’t solve it.
14. She ______ (go) to the park yesterday. She ______ (go) there many times.
15. He ______ (beat) his brother in the game yesterday. He has never ______ (beat) him before.
16. We ______ (let) him go home early yesterday because he was ill.
17. She ______ (take) a photo of the beautiful scenery just now.
18. They ______ (read) the newspaper when I arrived. They ______ (read) it for an hour.
19. I ______ (write) a composition last night. I ______ (finish) it this morning.
20. He ______ (cut) his finger when he was cooking. He ______ (not go) to the hospital.
答案 + 详细解析
1. cut 解析:考查不规则动词 ABB 型。cut 的过去式、过去分词均为 cut,just now 是过去时间标志,用过去式 cut。
2. reads;read 解析:第一空,every night 是一般现在时标志,主语 She 是三单,read 的三单形式为 reads;第二空,yesterday 是过去时间标志,read 的过去式为 read(发音 /red/)。
3. brought 解析:考查不规则动词 ABB 型。bring 的过去式、过去分词均为 brought,last week 是过去时间标志,用过去式 brought。
4. ate 解析:考查不规则动词 ABC 型。eat 的过去式为 ate,yesterday 是过去时间标志,用过去式 ate。
5. took;hasn’t given 解析:第一空,by mistake 结合语境表过去动作,take 的过去式为 took;第二空,yet 是现在完成时标志,give 的过去分词为 given,否定形式为 hasn’t given。
6. wrote 解析:考查不规则动词 ABC 型。write 的过去式为 wrote,yesterday evening 是过去时间标志,用过去式 wrote。
7. are playing;have been playing 解析:第一空,now 是现在进行时标志,用 are playing;第二空,for two hours 是现在完成进行时标志,表动作持续进行,用 have been playing。
8. broke;hasn’t walked 解析:第一空,last month 是过去时间标志,break 的过去式为 broke;第二空,yet 是现在完成时标志,walk 的过去分词为 walked,否定形式为 hasn’t walked。
9. put 解析:考查不规则动词 ABB 型。put 的过去式、过去分词均为 put,just now 是过去时间标志,用过去式 put。
10. felt;is sleeping 解析:第一空,after a long day’s work 表过去动作,feel 的过去式为 felt;第二空,now 是现在进行时标志,用 is sleeping。
11. found;had been looking 解析:第一空,yesterday 是过去时间标志,find 的过去式为 found;第二空,for three days 表“过去持续的动作”,用过去完成进行时 had been looking。
12. said;haven’t come 解析:第一空,would 提示主句用一般过去时,say 的过去式为 said;第二空,yet 是现在完成时标志,否定形式为 haven’t come。
13. have been thinking 解析:for a long time 表动作持续到现在,用现在完成进行时,think 的现在分词为 thinking,故填 have been thinking。
14. went;has gone 解析:第一空,yesterday 是过去时间标志,go 的过去式为 went;第二空,many times 是现在完成时标志,go 的过去分词为 gone,故填 has gone。
15. beat;beaten 解析:第一空,yesterday 是过去时间标志,beat 的过去式为 beat;第二空,has 提示用现在完成时,beat 的过去分词为 beaten。
16. let 解析:考查不规则动词 ABB 型。let 的过去式、过去分词均为 let,yesterday 是过去时间标志,用过去式 let。
17. took 解析:考查不规则动词 ABC 型。take 的过去式为 took,just now 是过去时间标志,用过去式 took。
18. were reading;had been reading 解析:第一空,when 引导的从句用一般过去时(arrived),主句表“当时正在做某事”,用过去进行时 were reading;第二空,for an hour 表“过去持续的动作”,用过去完成进行时 had been reading。
19. wrote;finished 解析:第一空,last night 是过去时间标志,write 的过去式为 wrote;第二空,this morning 表过去动作,finish 的过去式为 finished。
20. cut;didn’t go 解析:第一空,when 引导的从句用过去进行时(was cooking),主句表过去动作,cut 的过去式为 cut;第二空,表过去否定动作,用 didn’t + 动词原形 go。
四、动词的时态(高三核心重难点)
时态是高考英语语法的重中之重,主要考查8大基础时态的辨析及易错时态(如现在完成时与一般过去时、过去进行时与一般过去时)的区分,题型覆盖语法填空、短文改错、完形填空,占比极高。
1. 8大基础时态(高考必考,重点突破)
按“时间维度+动作状态”分类,结合标志词、用法、例句,快速区分,避免混淆。
(1)一般现在时
- 核心用法:表经常性、习惯性动作;表客观事实、真理;表现阶段的状态。
- 时间标志:every day、usually、often、always、seldom、never、on weekends、in general 等。
- 谓语结构:主语是三单 → 动词三单形式;主语非三单 → 动词原形。
- ✅ 例句:He usually gets up at 6:30.(经常性动作);The earth goes around the sun.(客观真理);She is a student.(现阶段状态)
(2)一般过去时
- 核心用法:表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,动作已结束,与现在无关。
- 时间标志:yesterday、last week、just now、ago、in 2023、the other day 等。
- 谓语结构:动词过去式(规则动词加 -ed,不规则动词记特殊形式)。
- ✅ 例句:I went to the park yesterday.(过去动作,已结束);She was a teacher three years ago.(过去状态)
3)一般将来时
- 核心用法:表将来某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 时间标志:tomorrow、next week、in the future、in ten minutes、soon 等。
- 谓语结构:① will + 动词原形;② be going to + 动词原形(表计划、打算或有迹象要发生)。
- ✅ 例句:He will go to Beijing tomorrow.(单纯将来);It is going to rain.(有迹象要发生)
(4)现在进行时
- 核心用法:表此时此刻正在发生的动作;表现阶段正在进行的动作(不一定此时此刻)。
- 时间标志:now、look、listen、at the moment、these days 等。
- 谓语结构:am/is/are + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:Look! They are playing football.(此时此刻);He is studying for the exam these days.(现阶段)
(5)过去进行时
- 核心用法:表过去某个时刻或某段时间正在发生的动作。
- 时间标志:at 8 last night、at this time yesterday、when/while 引导的从句(从句用一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:was/were + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:I was reading a book at 8 last night.(过去某个时刻);They were playing games while I was doing my homework.(过去同时进行的动作)
(6)现在完成时
- 核心用法:表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;表过去开始的动作持续到现在(常与 for、since 连用)。
- 时间标志:already、yet、just、ever、never、so far、up to now、for + 一段时间、since + 过去时间/从句(一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:have/has + 过去分词。
- ✅ 例句:I have finished my homework.(对现在的影响:不用再做了);He has lived here for 10 years.(动作持续到现在)
(7)过去完成时
- 核心用法:表过去某个动作之前发生的动作(“过去的过去”),强调动作的先后顺序。
- 时间标志:by the end of last year、before + 过去时间、when/after 引导的从句(从句用一般过去时)。
- 谓语结构:had + 过去分词。
- ✅ 例句:He had finished his homework before his mother came back.(“完成作业”在“妈妈回来”之前,过去的过去)
(8)现在完成进行时
- 核心用法:表过去开始的动作持续到现在,并且还在进行;表过去持续的动作对现在造成的影响。
- 时间标志:for + 一段时间、since + 过去时间/从句、these days、all morning 等。
- 谓语结构:have/has been + 现在分词。
- ✅ 例句:He has been studying English for 8 years.(动作持续到现在,还在学);I have been working all morning, so I’m tired.(过去持续动作对现在的影响)
2. 高考易错时态辨析(秒杀技巧)
(1)一般过去时 vs 现在完成时
- 关键区别:是否与现在有关。
- 一般过去时:动作在过去结束,与现在无关(有具体过去时间标志,如 yesterday、last week)。
- 现在完成时:动作与现在有关(无具体过去时间标志,有 already、yet、for、since 等)。
- ✅ 对比:I saw him yesterday.(一般过去时,仅说明“昨天见过”,与现在无关);I have seen him before.(现在完成时,说明“以前见过”,对现在有影响:可能认识他)
(2)过去进行时 vs 一般过去时
- 关键区别:动作是否持续。
- 一般过去时:表短暂的、一次性的过去动作(瞬间完成)。
- 过去进行时:表过去某个时刻或时间段持续进行的动作(动作未结束)。
- ✅ 对比:He wrote a letter yesterday.(一般过去时,“写信”是一次性动作,已完成);He was writing a letter at 8 last night.(过去进行时,“写信”在昨晚8点正在进行,未完成)
(3)现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时
- 关键区别:动作是否还在进行。
- 现在完成时:动作可能已结束,也可能还在进行(侧重结果、影响)。
- 现在完成进行时:动作一定还在进行(侧重动作的持续过程)。
- ✅ 对比:He has studied English for 8 years.(现在完成时,可能还在学,也可能刚停止);He has been studying English for 8 years.(现在完成进行时,一定还在学)
单句填空限时训练 4
1. He ______ (live) in this city since 2010.
2. I ______ (see) this movie last week. It’s very interesting.
3. They ______ (play) football at the moment. Don’t disturb them.
4. She ______ (be) a teacher for 15 years. She loves her job.
5. He ______ (write) a letter when the phone rang.
6. We ______ (go) to the park tomorrow. We have planned it for a long time.
7. By the end of last year, he ______ (learn) 1000 English words.
8. She usually ______ (get) up at 6:30, but today she ______ (get) up at 7:00.
9. I ______ (not see) him for a long time. I miss him very much.
10. They ______ (have) a meeting when I arrived at the office.
答案 + 详细解析
1. has lived 解析:考查现在完成时。since 2010 是现在完成时标志,表动作持续到现在,主语 He 是三单,live 的过去分词为 lived,故填 has lived。
2. saw 解析:考查一般过去时。last week 是一般过去时标志,see 的过去式为 saw,表过去一次性动作,与现在无关。
3. are playing 解析:考查现在进行时。at the moment 是现在进行时标志,表此时此刻正在进行的动作,主语 They 是复数,be 动词用 are,play 的现在分词为 playing。
4. has been 解析:考查现在完成时。for 15 years 是现在完成时标志,表动作持续到现在,be 动词的过去分词为 been,主语 She 是三单,故填 has been。
5. was writing 解析:考查过去进行时。when 引导的从句用一般过去时(rang),主句表“当时正在写信”,用过去进行时,主语 He 是三单,be 动词用 was,write 的现在分词为 writing。
6. are going to go / will go 解析:考查一般将来时。tomorrow 是一般将来时标志,“计划了很久”可用 be going to + 动词原形,也可用 will + 动词原形,故填 are going to go 或 will go。
7. had learned 解析:考查过去完成时。By the end of last year 是过去完成时标志,表“过去的过去”,learn 的过去分词为 learned,故填 had learned。
8. gets;got 解析:第一空,usually 是一般现在时标志,主语 She 是三单,get 的三单形式为 gets;第二空,today 表过去动作(已发生),get 的过去式为 got。
9. haven’t seen 解析:考查现在完成时。for a long time 是现在完成时标志,表动作持续到现在,see 的过去分词为 seen,否定形式为 haven’t seen。
10. were having 解析:考查过去进行时。when 引导的从句用一般过去时(arrived),主句表“当时正在开会”,用过去进行时,主语 They 是复数,be 动词用 were,have 的现在分词为 having。
五、 动词的语态(主动语态、被动语态,高考高频考点)
5.1 核心定义与本质
语态是动词的一种形式,用于表示主语与谓语动词之间的关系,分为主动语态和被动语态,高考中被动语态是重点考查内容,多结合时态、主谓一致综合命题。
- 主动语态:主语是动作的发出者(即动作的执行者),强调“谁做了什么”,是英语中最常用的语态,句式结构为“主语 + 谓语(主动形式) + 宾语”。
例:She finished her homework on time.(她按时完成了作业。主语she是finish这个动作的发出者)
- 被动语态:主语是动作的承受者(即动作的对象),强调“什么被做了”,句式结构为“主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 + (by + 动作执行者,可省略)”,be动词的形式需结合时态变化。
例:Her homework was finished on time.(她的作业被按时完成了。主语her homework是finish这个动作的承受者)
5.2 高考高频时态的被动语态(重中之重)
被动语态的核心是“be + 过去分词”,be动词的时态决定被动语态的时态,以下是高考最常考查的5种时态被动语态,需熟练掌握:
1. 一般现在时被动:am/is/are + 过去分词(考查频率最高,多用于客观事实、常态动作)
2. 一般过去时被动:was/were + 过去分词(考查频率第二,多结合具体过去时间状语命题)
3. 一般将来时被动:will be + 过去分词 / be going to be + 过去分词
4. 现在完成时被动:have/has been + 过去分词(强调动作对现在的影响,常与already, yet, since等词搭配)
5. 情态动词被动:情态动词(can, may, must, should等) + be + 过去分词(高频考点,结合情态动词的语气考查)
5.3 高考易错点与注意事项
- 不及物动词(vi.)无被动语态:如happen, occur, appear, disappear, come, go, rise, fall等,不能用于被动结构(误区:易误写为“sth. is happened”,正确表达为“sth. happens”)。
- 感官动词、使役动词的被动用法:see, hear, watch, make, let等,主动语态中接不带to的不定式(do),被动语态中需还原to(例:主动He made me laugh. → 被动I was made to laugh.)。
- 主动形式表被动含义:某些动词(如sell, write, read, wash, wear等),当主语是物且表示“某物具有某种特性”时,用主动形式表被动(例:The book sells well. 这本书卖得好,而非is sold well)。
- 被动语态与主谓一致:be动词的单复数需与主语保持一致(例:The letter was sent yesterday. / The letters were sent yesterday.)。
5.4 高考真题示例
1. (2025·全国卷)The meeting ______ because of the heavy rain.(答案:was put off)
2. (2024·浙江卷)Our classroom ______ every day to keep it clean.(答案:is cleaned)
六、 易混动词及动词短语辨析(高考高频)
高考完形填空、语法填空、阅读理解中,常考查含义相近、用法不同的动词及动词短语,核心考查“语境适配性”,以下是高考最常考的易混组,按考频排序:
6.1 易混动词辨析(高频组)
1. rise vs. raise(最易混淆)
- rise(vi.):上升、升起、起身,无宾语,主语多为自然现象(太阳、月亮、温度、水位)或人,常用搭配:rise up, rise to one’s feet
- raise(vt.):举起、提高、抚养、筹集,需接宾语,主语是人,常用搭配:raise one’s hand, raise money, raise a child
- 例句:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起,无宾语);He raised his voice to make himself heard.(他提高声音让自己被听到,接宾语his voice)
2. lay vs. lie(形式易混,易错率极高)
- lay(vt.):放置、产卵,过去式laid,过去分词laid,现在分词laying(lay sth. somewhere)
- lie(vi.):躺、位于,过去式lay,过去分词lain,现在分词lying(lie on the bed)
- lie(vi.):说谎,过去式lied,过去分词lied,现在分词lying(lie to sb.)
- 口诀:躺lie,躺过lay,躺完lain;放lay,放过laid,放完laid;说谎lie,说过lied,说完lied。
3. borrow vs. lend vs. keep(侧重“借入、借出、保留”的区别)
- borrow(vt.):借入,从别人那里借东西(borrow sth. from sb.),短暂性动词,不能与时间段连用
- lend(vt.):借出,把东西借给别人(lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth.),短暂性动词,不能与时间段连用
- keep(vt.):保留、借用(延续性动词),可与时间段连用,替换borrow/lend(例:I borrowed a book yesterday. → I have kept the book for a day.)
4. affect vs. effect(词性、含义易混)
- affect(vt.):影响(直接影响人或物),例:The weather affected his mood.(天气影响了他的心情)
- effect(n.):影响、效果,常用搭配:have an effect on sth.;(vt.,较少用)实现,例:effect a change(实现改变)
6.2 易混动词短语辨析(高考高频组)
1. look for vs. find vs. find out vs. discover
- look for:寻找(强调“寻找”的动作,不一定找到)
- find:找到(强调“找到”的结果,偶然发现)
- find out:查明、弄清楚(强调通过调查、询问得出结果)
- discover:发现(强调发现原本存在但未被人知晓的事物)
2. take up vs. take on vs. take over vs. take off
- take up:占据(时间、空间);开始学习、从事
- take on:承担(责任);雇佣;呈现(面貌)
- take over:接管、接手(工作、公司等)
- take off:(飞机)起飞;脱下(衣服);(事业)腾飞
3. turn on vs. turn off vs. turn up vs. turn down
- turn on:打开(电器、水源等)
- turn off:关闭(电器、水源等)
- turn up:调大(音量、亮度);出现
- turn down:调小(音量、亮度);拒绝
4. put up vs. put off vs. put away vs. put out
- put up:张贴;举起;搭建;提供住宿
- put off:推迟、拖延(对应5.4真题考点)
- put away:收好、放好
- put out:扑灭(火);熄灭(灯);出版
七、动词固定搭配及特殊用法
动词固定搭配是高考语法填空、完形填空、书面表达的核心考点,主要考查“动词 + 介词/副词”“动词 + 不定式(to do)”“动词 + 动名词(doing)”“动词 + 宾语 + 宾补”四种形式,以下是高考必背的固定搭配及特殊用法,按考频分类:
7.1 动词 + 介词/副词(高频搭配)
- agree with sb.(同意某人);agree to sth.(同意某事);agree on sth.(就某事达成一致)
- devote oneself to sth. / doing sth.(致力于……,to是介词,后接doing)
- insist on doing sth.(坚持做某事);insist that...(坚持认为,从句用陈述语气;坚持要求,从句用虚拟语气should do,should可省略)
- succeed in doing sth.(成功做某事);fail to do sth.(未能做某事)
- apologize to sb. for sth. / doing sth.(因某事向某人道歉)
- depend on / rely on sb. / sth.(依靠、依赖)
- focus on sth. / doing sth.(专注于……)
- benefit from sth. / doing sth.(从……中受益)
7.2 动词 + 不定式(to do)(必考)
以下动词后只能接不定式作宾语,需牢记:
- want, hope, wish, expect, plan, decide, afford, manage, try, attempt, promise, refuse, agree, offer, pretend, choose, intend
- 例句:He promised to help me.(他答应帮助我);She refused to accept the gift.(她拒绝接受礼物)
特殊用法:
- ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, advise, encourage等动词,后接“sb. to do sth.”(让/建议某人做某事),被动语态为“sb. be asked/told to do sth.”。
- too...to do sth.(太……而不能做某事);enough to do sth.(足够……去做某事)。
7.3 动词 + 动名词(doing)(必考)
以下动词后只能接动名词作宾语,需牢记:
- enjoy, mind, finish, practice, suggest, advise, avoid, miss, escape, keep, imagine, consider, admit, deny, delay, risk
- 例句:She enjoys listening to music.(她喜欢听音乐);He avoided making mistakes.(他避免犯错)
易错点:有些动词(如forget, remember, regret, stop, try等)后接to do和doing含义不同,是高考高频易错点:
- forget to do sth.:忘记要做某事(事情未做);forget doing sth.:忘记做过某事(事情已做)
- remember to do sth.:记得要做某事;remember doing sth.:记得做过某事
- stop to do sth.:停下来去做另一件事;stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事
- try to do sth.:努力做某事;try doing sth.:尝试做某事
7.4 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(特殊用法)
- 使役动词(make, let, have):主动语态接“sb. do sth.”(省略to),被动语态接“sb. be made to do sth.”(还原to)。
- 感官动词(see, hear, watch, notice, feel):接“sb. do sth.”(强调动作全过程)或“sb. doing sth.”(强调动作正在进行)。
- keep, leave, make等动词:接“sb. / sth. + 形容词/介词短语/doing/done”(使某人/某物处于某种状态),例:keep the room clean(保持房间干净);leave the door open(让门开着)。
7.5 其他特殊用法(高考易错)
- need, require, want:表示“需要被做”时,后接doing(主动形式表被动)或to be done,例:The room needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned.(房间需要打扫)。
- had better do sth.(最好做某事);would rather do sth.(宁愿做某事);would rather not do sth.(宁愿不做某事),后接动词原形,无to。
- 情态动词(can, may, must, should等)后接动词原形,否定式为“情态动词 + not + 动词原形”。
八动词过关检测
一、单句语法填空
1. He usually ______ (go) to school by bike, but today he took a bus because of the heavy rain.
2. By the time we arrived at the station, the train ______ (leave) already.
3. Look! The children ______ (play) happily in the playground.
4. This kind of mobile phone ______ (produce) in China since 2020.
5. I suggest that you ______ (finish) your homework before watching TV.
6. She expects ______ (invite) to the opening ceremony of the new library.
7. ______ (work) hard for three years, he finally got admitted to his dream university.
8. The teacher told us that the earth ______ (go) around the sun.
9. If you ______ (not hurry), you will miss the first class tomorrow.
10. A lot of attention ______ (pay) to the protection of cultural relics in recent years.
11. He admitted ______ (steal) the wallet when he was questioned by the police.
12. The meeting ______ (hold) tomorrow morning, so we have to prepare for it tonight.
13. There ______ (be) a football match between our school and No.1 High School next Sunday.
14. She often makes her little brother ______ (laugh) with funny stories.
15. Having read the book twice, I found it worth ______ (read) again.
16. He ______ (can) speak English fluently when he was only five years old.
17. The number of students in our class ______ (be) 50, and most of them are hard-working.
18. When I got home, my mother ______ (cook) dinner in the kitchen.
19. It’s necessary for us ______ (learn) to communicate with others effectively.
20. The bridge that ______ (build) last year connects the two villages.
二、详细解析
1. 答案:goes
解析:考查一般现在时。句中usually(通常)是一般现在时的标志词,主语He是第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,故填goes。核心考点:一般现在时的主谓一致。
2. 答案:had left
解析:考查过去完成时。By the time+一般过去时从句,主句需用过去完成时(had+过去分词),表示“过去的过去”——“我们到达车站”是过去的动作,“火车离开”发生在到达之前,故填had left。核心考点:过去完成时的用法(by the time的搭配)。
3. 答案:are playing
解析:考查现在进行时。句中Look!(看!)是现在进行时的标志词,强调动作正在进行,主语The children是复数,故填are playing。核心考点:现在进行时的标志词及主谓一致。
4. 答案:has been produced
解析:考查现在完成时的被动语态。since 2020(自从2020年以来)是现在完成时的标志词,主语This kind of mobile phone与produce(生产)是被动关系,故用现在完成时的被动语态(has been+过去分词),填has been produced。核心考点:现在完成时被动语态的用法(since短语搭配)。
5. 答案:(should) finish
解析:考查虚拟语气。suggest(建议)后接宾语从句时,从句需用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”,should可省略,故填(should) finish。核心考点:suggest后宾语从句的虚拟语气。
6. 答案:to be invited
解析:考查不定式的被动语态。expect to do sth.(期待做某事)是固定搭配,主语She与invite(邀请)是被动关系,即“期待被邀请”,故填to be invited。核心考点:不定式的被动语态(expect的用法)。
7. 答案:Having worked
解析:考查现在分词的完成式。句中“努力学习三年”与“考上理想大学”是主动关系,且“努力学习”发生在“考上大学”之前,需用现在分词的完成式(Having+过去分词)作状语,故填Having worked。核心考点:非谓语动词(现在分词完成式表主动、先于主句动作)。
8. 答案:goes
解析:考查一般现在时(客观真理)。宾语从句中,“地球绕太阳转”是客观真理,无论主句时态如何,从句都用一般现在时,主语the earth是单数,故填goes。核心考点:客观真理在宾语从句中的时态用法。
9. 答案:don’t hurry
解析:考查if引导的条件状语从句。if引导的条件状语从句,遵循“主将从现”原则(主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时),主语you是第二人称,否定式用don’t+动词原形,故填don’t hurry。核心考点:“主将从现”原则的应用。
10. 答案:has been paid
解析:考查现在完成时的被动语态。in recent years(近年来)是现在完成时的标志词,主语A lot of attention与pay(关注)是被动关系,即“注意力被关注”,故用现在完成时的被动语态,填has been paid。核心考点:现在完成时被动语态(in recent years搭配)。
10.
11. 答案:stealing
解析:考查动名词。admit doing sth.(承认做过某事)是固定搭配,admit后接动名词作宾语,故填stealing。核心考点:admit的固定搭配(后接动名词)。
12. 答案:will be held
解析:考查一般将来时的被动语态。tomorrow morning(明天早上)是一般将来时的标志词,主语The meeting与hold(举行)是被动关系,故用一般将来时的被动语态(will be+过去分词),填will be held。核心考点:一般将来时被动语态的用法。
13. 答案:will be
解析:考查一般将来时。next Sunday(下周日)是一般将来时的标志词,there be句型的一般将来时为there will be或there is/are going to be,此处主语a football match是单数,故填will be(或is going to be,优先填will be,贴合高考常考形式)。核心考点:there be句型的一般将来时。
14. 答案:laugh
解析:考查使役动词的用法。make sb. do sth.(让某人做某事)是固定搭配,make后接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语,故填laugh。核心考点:使役动词make的固定用法。
15. 答案:reading
解析:考查动名词。be worth doing sth.(值得做某事)是固定搭配,worth后接动名词,且主动形式表示被动含义,故填reading。核心考点:be worth doing的固定搭配及语态特点。
16. 答案:could
解析:考查情态动词。句中when he was only five years old(当他只有五岁时)是过去的时间状语,can的过去式是could,此处表示“过去能够做某事”,故填could。核心考点:情态动词的过去式用法(can→could)。
17. 答案:is
解析:考查主谓一致。The number of...(……的数量)作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;a number of...(许多……)作主语时,谓语动词用复数。此处主语是The number of students,故填is。核心考点:The number of与a number of的主谓一致区别。
18. 答案:was cooking
解析:考查过去进行时。句中when I got home(当我到家时)是过去的时间点,主句动作(做饭)正在进行,故用过去进行时(was/were+现在分词),主语my mother是单数,填was cooking。核心考点:过去进行时的用法(when引导的时间点状语从句)。
19. 答案:to learn
解析:考查不定式。It’s necessary for sb. to do sth.(对某人来说做某事是必要的)是固定句型,it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式,故填to learn。核心考点:不定式作真正主语的固定句型。
20. 答案:was built
解析:考查一般过去时的被动语态。last year(去年)是一般过去时的标志词,主语The bridge与build(建造)是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+过去分词),主语是单数,填was built。核心考点:一般过去时被动语态的用法(过去时间标志词)。
第 1 页 共 13 页
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$