2026届各地最新高考模拟卷 阅读理解之说明文汇编

2026届各地最新高考模拟卷 阅读理解之说明文汇编 (1) （25-26高三下·湖北宜昌·月考） “Have you raised a lobster (龙虾) yet?” This question has been heard frequently across China recently. “Lobster” is the nickname for OpenClaw, a multi-purpose AI agent whose logo resembles a lobster. Unlike traditional chatbots that only provide answers, OpenClaw can open applications, search for information, compare prices, generate documents and complete multi-step tasks with minimal supervision. Thousands have lined up to try it, and tech giants are rushing to offer setup services. However, these powerful digital assistants are turning on their owners, raising urgent concerns about AI safety. The core problem of “OpenClaw” lies in a dangerous capability mismatch. According to researchers from Harvard and Stanford, today’s AI agents possess Level 4 autonomy, meaning they can independently complete complex, multi-step tasks. Yet their security judgment remains at basic Level 2, roughly equal to a young kid’s understanding of consequences. Security experts call this the “judgment-action gap,” which results in the “fatal trifecta (三连击)”: agents have system access, process untrusted inputs, and steal or leak data — all without proper boundaries. To investigate these risks, researchers conducted controlled experiments with six OpenClaw instances, each given email access and maximum system permissions. The results were alarming. In one experiment, an agent asked to delete a single email instead reset the entire account. In another, a simple display name change tricked an agent into deleting its own core files. Perhaps the most disturbing was a “constitution attack,” where hidden instructions secretly placed into a behavior guide caused the agent to disable other systems without question. These are not hypothetical — real-world incidents have already occurred. The implications are obvious and pressing. As cyber-security experts warn, OpenClaw’s “blurred trust boundaries” and autonomous system access create unacceptable risks for average users. The technology itself is neither good nor bad — it can reduce stress and spark creativity when used properly. And experts recommend strict safety measures: limit permissions, run agents in separate environments, require human confirmation for destructive actions, and maintain inaccessible backups. Ultimately, with balanced usage and fundamental safety redesign, the “lobster-raising” trend can become a safe and meaningful part of modern life. 1. What does the underlined phrase “turning on” most probably mean? A. Keeping off. B. Going against. C. Appealing to. D. Caring for. 2. According to Paragraph 2, there is a mismatch between ________. A. high requirement and low capability B. massive data and limited storage space C. strong autonomy and low safety assessment D. full system function and poor human supervision 3. What was the most worrying finding about OpenClaw? A. Deleting its own core files on purpose. B. Resetting the whole account by mistake. C. Hiding its own behavior instructions secretly. D. Shutting down other systems unquestioningly. 4. Which of the following is recommended as a safety measure? A. Storing backups beyond AI’s reach. B. Running agents in shared digital spaces. C. Preventing AI from dangerous operations. D. Granting AI agents unrestricted system access. (2) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） Have you ever escaped taking on a role or opportunity because you didn’t feel confident enough? Perhaps the voice in your head asked: “Why me? I am not yet ready, not capable enough, or don’t have enough experience.” If you can relate, you’re among the majority of women with whom I’ve worked. I recently asked more than 120 women, from areas including the U.S., UK, Australia, Georgia, Italy, India, Jamaica, and Bermuda: If you’ve ever avoided risks, what factors and reasons contributed to this? More than 70% reported that self­doubt, or not having enough belief in themselves, their capabilities, or their skills, was a driving factor. As one well­known executive told me: “Every day I doubt myself. I doubt that I am good enough to be where I am.” This shouldn’t come as a surprise. We know self­doubt is a pervasive and often paralyzing concern, particularly for women. A study by psychologists at Cornell and Washington State highlighted higher levels of self­doubt in women. Research has also shown that women will apply for a job only if they meet all of the qualifications, while men will apply when they fulfill only 60%. Another recent study identified a considerable gender gap when it comes to self­promotion, with women providing less favorable assessments of their own past performance and potential future ability. Ultimately, men take more chances on themselves, and that pays dividends in the long run. While this pattern of self­doubt emerged again and again in studies, my interactions, and my client work, I also noticed another commonality: These women’s self­doubts weren’t sabotaging their success. The vast majority of successful women leaders I’ve interviewed and coached have built exciting and satisfying careers even while facing self­doubt. What these women also had in common is courage in the absence of confidence—a trait that is often weaponized against women and used to explain why they fail to achieve career goals. My work has found that successful women take decisive action to move forward even while grappling with fears and doubts and questioning their own “readiness”. “As women, we often feel like we have to be 100% ready in order to move forward. But, if you are 50% or 75% there, jump. Just do it,” said Megan Costello, former executive director of the Boston Mayor’s Office for Women’s Advancement. 1. What is the real factor for women to escape taking on a role? A. Higher risks. B. Different beliefs. C. Inner feelings. D. Related experiences. 2. What is typical of women in terms of self­promotion? A. They tend to be less optimistic. B. They prefer to be well qualified. C. They try to be favorably assessed. D. They hope to be clearly identified. 3. Which can best replace the underlined word “sabotaging” in Paragraph 5? A. Promoting. B. Weakening. C. Achieving. D. Balancing. 4. How do women with self­doubts succeed? A. They should be courageous and decisive. B. They should keep themselves unprepared. C. They should stop questioning their careers. D. They should learn from famous executives. (3) （25-26高三下·湖北孝感·月考） One morning last month, I decided to try artificial intelligence on a pressing problem: my inbox. I had hundreds of messages, and though most were junk, a handful were of actual interest. So I turned to Cora, an app that uses A. I. to protect users from messages that don’t genuinely require a response. During setup, it read my latest e-mails to learn who I am. Typically, engaging with e-mail involves sorting messages into different layers of complexity. The shallowest layer includes e-mails you can confidently delete. The next contains messages that can be satisfied with a simple reply: “Got it” or “Thanks.” The deepest layer consists of messages that are quick to read but require significant thought. Consider this e-mail: “Hi Cal I’m John Doe’s brother…I’m working on a new tech startup…I’d love to grab coffee with you. Any particular days work best?” Before I can respond, I need to assess the social and practical implications of the request. Is John Doe sufficiently important to me that I need to do his brother a favor? If I agree, when and where should I suggest? The task arguably bundles filtering (筛选), decoding, planning and analysis. The morning after I activated Cora, I logged in with nervousness. Instead of thirty or forty messages, I found only five requiring my attention. Boring as the moment might seem, I’m not sure that A. I. has ever made me more excited than I was then. Cora’s decisions seemed pretty good — all but two were indeed deletable (I could read the wrongly filtered messages directly from the briefing webpage). The app even drafted possible replies for layer- two messages. What it didn’t try to tackle were the layer-three ones. In The Tacit Dimension, Michael Polanyi argued that our decisions depend heavily on unstated context. “… we can know more than we can tell,” he wrote. A. I. is ignorant of this “tacit knowledge”, so it can’t reliably figure out whether to say “yes” to that coffee invitation. Still, A. I. e-mail tools can have a profound impact. Now I’m impatient for what comes next. 1. What is the author’s main purpose in trying Cora? A. To screen inbox e-mails. B. To study e-mail patterns. C. To erase old inbox history. D. To block unknown senders. 2. What can the “coffee” e-mail be viewed as? A. A quick-reply note. B. A delete-level item. C. A low-priority letter. D. A layer-three message. 3. How did the author feel after seeing only five e-mails? A. Bored. B. Doubtful. C. Excited. D. Nervous. 4. What may A. I. e-mail tools struggle with? A. Judging context. B. Spotting junk mail. C. Writing short replies. D. Classifying messages. (4) （25-26高三下·湖北黄冈·期中） What if the computers of tomorrow didn’t depend on metal and plastic, but instead grew from the soil beneath our feet? This idea is turning into reality in a laboratory, where researchers at The Ohio State University have found that common fungi — such as shiitake and button mushrooms — can be used to create memory components for computing. These mushroom-based devices act as organic memristors (忆阻器), short for memory resistors. Unlike traditional resistors, memristors have the unique ability to retain information about past electrical states. When current flows in one direction, their resistance increases; when it flows the opposite way, their resistance decreases. Even after the power is switched off, the resistance level remains, thus allowing memristors to function like tiny memory units inside a computer. Mushrooms contain a dense, thread-like network known as mycelium (菌丝体), which can send tiny electrical signals — much like memristors do. To test this, scientists attached wires to dried mushrooms and sent small electrical pulses through them. The results were remarkable: the mushrooms switched between electrical states up to 5,850 times per second with about 90% accuracy. Although their performance dropped under higher electrical frequencies, stability returned when several mushrooms were linked together — suggesting a kind of collective intelligence, similar to how brain cells function together. Beyond these exciting results, mushrooms come with major environmental advantages. Traditional memristors rely on scarce minerals and require high energy consumption. Mushrooms, however, are renewable, biodegradable, and easy to grow. Their mycelium can also be shaped into custom structures, making them suitable for wearable electronics, smart sensors, and other emerging technologies. “Everything needed to explore organic computing could be as small as a pile of natural waste and some homemade electronics — or as large as a culturing factory,” said John LaRocco, the study’s lead author. “All of it is achievable with the resources we already have.” In the not-too-distant future, the computers on our desks may very well have taken root — quite literally — in the forest. 1. What does the underlined word “retain” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Track. B. Store. C. Gather. D. Analyze. 2. What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning brain cells in paragraph 3? A. The complex structure of mushrooms. B. The rapid electrical response of mycelium. C. The cooperative nature of mycelium networks. D. The unstable performance of mushroom devices. 3. What advantages do mushroom-based memristors have according to paragraph 4? A. They are rare and special. B. They are smart and powerful. C. They are creative and productive. D. They are sustainable and adaptable. 4. What can be inferred about organic computing from John LaRocco’s words? A. It has a low barrier to entry. B. It will advance forest research. C. It helps reduce agricultural waste. D. It will create more jobs in factories. (5) （25-26高三下·湖北襄阳·月考） Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs. The technology is critically important amid severe reef degradation. Seventy percent of the Dominican Republic’s coral reefs now have less than 5% coral cover. Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar. Assisted fertilization fills this gap by artificially facilitating gamete fusion (配子融合). The implementation follows a precise process. Each year, a few days after the full moon at dusk, corals release millions of eggs and sperm. Fundemar’s team collects these gametes, performs artificial fertilization in the lab, and nurtures the larvae (幼体) until they are robust enough for transplantation to reefs. Though only 1% of the 2. 5 million embryos cultivated annually survive in the wild, this rate still outperforms natural reproduction on degraded reefs. It holds distinct advantages over the non-sexual reproduction used in the past. Non-sexual reproduction involves transplanting fragments of healthy corals, which is faster but produces genetically identical clones vulnerable to mass disease outbreaks. In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs. Originating in Australia, the technology has now expanded across the Caribbean, with projects in Mexico, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. However, a fundamental challenge remains: climate change. UNESCO data shows oceans are warming twice as fast as 20 years ago, increasing coral bleaching risks. Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.” But, for Fundemar, current efforts matter, “We are investing immense effort to protect what we love, and we trust many around the world are doing the same. ” 1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A. To explain the reason of coral decline. B. To advocate for coral protection. C. To present a coral conservation project. D. To highlight coral’s economic value. 2. What does the underlined phrase “this gap” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. The challenge of climate change. B. The lack of funding for marine research. C. The absence of underwater nurseries. D. The failure of natural coral reproduction. 3. What is the primary advantage of assisted fertilization? A. Faster growth. B. Wide-spread application. C. Genetic diversity. D. Lower disease-resistance. 4. What is Mark Eakin’s attitude toward assisted fertilization? A. Entirely supportive. B. Clearly indifferent. C. Strongly opposed. D. Cautiously hopeful. (6) （2025·浙江杭州·模拟预测） A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 1. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A. To explain how the brain processes smell. B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C. To show a link between breathing and depression. D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 2. What does the underlined word mean? A. Connected. B. Powered. C. Controlled. D. Trained. 3. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A. Changes in breath cure anxiety. B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. C. Their exact relationship remains unclear. D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 4. What is the main finding of this research? A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. (7) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, what emotions arise? Fear, anxiety, excitement, or determination? As humans, we experience conflicting needs: part of us needs to feel safe, secure and to have some routine, and another part of us needs variety and opportunity. Life inevitably brings uncertainty and change — a reality that has been particularly evident in recent years. How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays, scientists at MIT conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever upon hearing a high-frequency noise, receiving a drink of water as a reward. They also learned that activating the lever during a low-frequency noise would result in an unpleasant puff of air. The researchers then introduced uncertainty by including a sound of unclear frequency. The researchers discovered that the locus coeruleus (蓝斑) — a small brainstem area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. For example, when a mouse received a puff of air instead of the expected reward, the locus coeruleus sent out a large burst of noradrenaline. Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain. The study concluded that the brain learns to manage varying uncertainty levels, with the locus coeruleus playing a fundamental role. Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations. 1. What is the primary function of noradrenaline? A. Enhancing brain sensitivity to stimuli. B. Creating emotional responses to uncertain events. C. Regulating brain signals through chemical release. D. Detecting various frequency sounds from different sources. 2. What can be inferred about mice from the experiment? A. They preferred uncertain rewards to certain ones. B. They avoided risks after unexpected outcomes. C. They could distinguish all frequency differences. D. They gradually learned to ignore the unclear sound. 3. How do neuromodulators work together? A. They coordinate adaptation and action systems. B. They compete to control human emotional states. C. They function independently in separate brain areas. D. They mainly work during laboratory experiments. 4. Which would be the best title for the text? A. Laboratory Experiments with Animal Behavior B. Chemical Responses to Environmental Changes C. Human Emotions in Challenging Situations D. Brain Mechanisms for Handling Uncertainty (8) （25-26高三下·浙江杭州·月考） Can music help you concentrate at work? Researchers from the University of Wales Institute in Cardiff conducted a new study, and it has some interesting results. The research examined the ability of 25 people, aged 18 to 30, to remember information while listening to various sounds. In one task they had to remember a list of eight consonant (辅音) letters, which were dictated to them. Participants in the study were tested under three different conditions: in a quiet environment, while listening to music they liked, and while listening to music they didn’t like. The participants generally did better when they were working in silence. The background music seemed to make memorization and recall more difficult. However, scientists also found that listening to music before doing the tests seemed to help concentration. “Despite describing their self-selected music as more pleasant, their performance was poor, just as it was when they listened to music they disliked,” explained one of the researchers. So, even if you’re listening to music you like, it’ll still interfere with your work. This would appear to contradict the findings of scientists who have researched what is popularly known as the “Mozart Effect”. This concept was invented by French scientist Dr. Alfred A. Tomatitis in 1991. Tomatitis published a book, Why Mozart?, which described what he believed were the healing powers of listening to Mozart’s music. He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state. Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting. So, if you’re studying for an exam, turn off your music! 1. Under which condition did participants perform best in the University of Wales study? A. Prior exposure to music. B. Listening to disliked music. C. Working in silence. D. Listening to favorite music. 2. What is suggested about the impact of the “Mozart Effect”? A. It has led to some real-world practices. B. It has been proven to enhance adult intelligence. C. It mainly promotes the enjoyment of classical music. D. It originates from governmental educational policies. 3. What is paragraph 7 mainly about? A. Lyrics distract more than tunes. B. Instrumental music aids concentration. C. Students’ music tastes vary widely. D. Quiet is often preferred for study. 4. What can be inferred about background music? A. It best aids creative work. B. Its effects are inconsistent across studies. C. It improves performance in concentration tasks. D. It affects people differently based on preference. (9) （2026·浙江宁波·二模） Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1. What has the study found about the cashless effect? A. It exists in acts of donation. B. It weakens with more cash use. C. It links to the living cost crisis. D. It works in specific consumption. 2. Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A. To solve the overspending problem. B. To compare cash and cashless payments. C. To confirm factors causing the effect. D. To break the limitations of single studies. 3. What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Risking. B. Preserving. C. Shifting. D. Boosting. 4. What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A. They need to be popularized. B. They are developing rapidly. C. They should be further studied. D. They will affect spending habits. (10) （25-26高三上·江苏南京·月考） When a person is trapped in an avalanche (雪崩), there is very little time before their oxygen supply runs out. A new safety device that channels air to the buried person’s face may extend survival and increase the chance of a successful rescue, a clinical trial suggests. Participants were buried face-down under at least 50 centimeters — about a foot and a half — of snow at a field site in northern Italy. The goal was to remain there safely for 35 minutes. No one in the group wearing a functioning safety device needed to be removed early due to low blood oxygen levels, researchers report October 8 in The Journal of the American Medical Association. Minutes after an avalanche burial, blood levels of oxygen begin to drop and those of carbon dioxide climb. The chance of survival decreases starting at 10 minutes. Around two-thirds of people whose head and chest are trapped under snow will die of insufficient oxygen within 35 minutes. The safety device, integrated into a backpack, has a fan that draws air from the surrounding snow and directs it to the face from outlets in the shoulder straps (肩带). Called Safeback SBX, the battery-operated device weighs a little over 500 grams, or about a pound. In the trial, researchers monitored participants’ oxygen levels, heart and respiratory (呼吸的) rates and other health measures during burial, which ended if anyone’s blood oxygen level became dangerously low,below 80 percent. This did not happen for the 12 people in the safety device group. Eleven remained buried for the full 35 minutes, while one asked to be removed early due to unexpected skin irritation (瘙痒). In contrast, seven of the 12 using a sham device (假装置) had to stop prematurely because they fell below the blood oxygen cutoff. Another four requested an early end：Three felt short of breath and one had a panic attack. The length of time the sham device group remained buried largely ranged from 5 to 13 minutes. Only one person in that group stayed under the snow for the full 35 minutes. Avalanches kill an average of 100 people in Europe each year, including skiers and mountain climbers. Avalanche deaths in the last several years in the United States have ranged from roughly one dozen to several dozen. 1. What is the primary function of the new safety device? A. To keep the buried person warm under the snow. B. To locate the position of the buried person accurately. C. To send emergency signals to rescue the buried person. D. To provide a continuous air supply to the buried person. 2. Which of the following can be Safeback SBX? A. B. C. D. 3. Compared to the sham device group, how did the group with the functioning device perform? A. They showed significantly lower heart rates. B. They maintained higher blood oxygen levels. C. They reported fewer instances of skin irritation. D. They were more likely to have trouble breathing. 4. The author mentions avalanche deaths in the last paragraph to _________. A. emphasize the importance of timely rescue B. justify the needs to use the new safety device C. warn mountain climbers of the danger of avalanches D. indicate the rising number of deaths caused by avalanches (11) （2026·江苏常州·模拟预测） Why do some people keep making choices that hurt them, even when the outcomes are obvious? A new study led by UNSW Sydney’s Dr Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel has found that for a small number of people, the problem isn’t due to a lack of motivation or capacity, but rather a persistent failure to connect their actions with its consequences. The paper, published recently in Nature Communications Psychology, details a simple online learning game where participants are faced with making choices that lead to either reward or punishment. Researchers observed three distinct behavioural types. There were Sensitives — those who worked out which choices led to bad outcomes and changed their behaviour to avoid them. Next were the Unawares — people who didn’t work it out, but were able to modify their strategies once they were shown the error of their ways. The third group — and the ones who the researchers were most interested in — were the Compulsives, who continued to make the wrong choices even after being shown where their strategy was letting them down. “We found that some people just don’t learn from experience,” said Dr Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel. “Even when they’re motivated to avoid harm and are paying attention, they fail to realise their own behaviour is causing the problem.” While the researchers are careful not to overstate the findings, the results of the punishment-learning-game experiments could inform the way we tailor treatments for self-destructive behaviour like gambling (赌博), drug and alcohol addictions. “Of course, real life is far more complex than the simple game we designed,” Dr Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel said. “But the patterns we’re seeing, where people ignore both experience and information, are similar to what we see in gambling and other compulsive behaviours.” The research also has important implications for public health messaging. Currently, most campaigns rely on providing information — about smoking, drinking, diet, or financial risks — with the assumption that people will act on it. But this study suggests that for some, like Compulsives, a different kind of intervention may be needed. 1. What does Dr Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel’s research focus on? A. Key elements in choice-making. B. Opportunity cost in choice-making. C. The link between choices and outcomes. D. The causes of self-destructive choices. 2. What do we know about the Compulsives? A. They lack the ability to concentrate. B. They fail to recognize bad outcomes. C. They are unable to learn from experience. D. They are unwilling to admit their mistakes. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. A limitation of the research. B. An explanation of the research methods. C. Supporting evidence for the research results. D. Potential application of the research findings. 4. What does the author think of current public health messaging? A. It’s inaccessible. B. It’s insufficient. C. It’s misleading. D. It’s unnecessary. (12) （2026·江苏苏州·模拟预测） Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). She explores how properly designed algorithms can improve the fairness and effectiveness of matching processes. Saban has focused much of her research on what she calls “matching markets,” and she’s been particularly fascinated by online dating. In one study, she and several coauthors partnered with a major U.S. dating platform to explore how updates to the app’s algorithm could improve outcomes for romantic hopefuls looking to spark new connections. Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. Factoring in users’ history, activity levels, and this two-sided approach to preference led to a substantial increase in matches during field experiments in Texas. “Our algorithm increased the number of matches by 27% in Houston and by over 37% in Austin,” Saban says. Similarly, when working with the volunteer matching platform VolunteerMatch, Saban identified an imbalance in how volunteer opportunities were being distributed. Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities. The technical details of algorithms may be complicated, but our commitment to fairness and equity doesn’t have to be. If we want algorithms to work for good, we need to make conscious choices about how we design them. 1. How do people search for opportunities nowadays? A. By learning algorithms. B. By making use of online tools. C. By developing critical thinking. D. By analyzing the matching processes. 2. What do we know about the model Saban developed for the dating app? A. It has attracted more users to the app. B. It makes a user’s preferences a top priority. C. It focuses on two-sided preference matching. D. It presents more potential matches to the users. 3. On what basis did Saban adjust the algorithm of VolunteerMatch? A. The preferences of the volunteers. B. The popularity of the organizations. C. A match between volunteer and organization types. D. A balance between the demand and supply of volunteers. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Power of Digital Matchmaking B. A New Era of Opportunity Searching C. Designing Algorithms for Better Matches D. Volunteering Better with Equal Distribution (13) （2026·江苏苏州·二模） Few people outside the shipping industry know palletization, widely called “dǎbǎn” in Chinese air freight. It refers to loading goods onto standardized unit load devices, a key step that ensures the safety and efficiency of air transport. According to IATA’s 2024 report, over 90%of global air cargo depends on this method,with about 1.1 million active devices supporting cross-border delivery every day. Palletization follows strict and clear rules: heavy goods are placed at the bottom, fragile items are kept above,and all packages are neatly arranged and tightly fixed with nets or straps. This careful arrangement prevents goods from sliding or falling during flight. Wei Jianming, a loading supervisor at Ezhou Huahu Airport, leads a team of workers handling hundreds of tons of cargo daily. A 2025 study on aircraft loading shows that standard weight distribution cuts in-flight cargo movement by 87%, greatly reducing flight safety risks and protecting valuable goods from damage. This process also creates huge economic value for global trade. A 2023 IATA survey notes that 2% to 20% of improperly prepared load devices are rejected each year, causing flight delays and extra transport costs. During the pandemic,Guangzhou Customs’ efficient pallet system reduced medical supply handling time to within 13 hours. Special temperature-controlled pallets also protect vaccines and medicine by keeping them at 2–8℃for up to 120 hours, which is highly important for international medical support. Modern palletization has become more technical and environmentally friendly.Eco-friendly composite pallets cut carbon emissions by 38% compared with traditional metal types, and over 10,000 have been put into use since 2023. Efficient palletization shortens the factory-to-flight process to just 15 hours, supporting hundreds of billions of yuan in cross-border trade. As a vital part of air cargo, it keeps global logistics and emergency supply chains running smoothly and reliably,connecting businesses and families across the world. 1. Why does the author introduce palletization at the beginning of the text? A. To explain a professional term. B. To lead in the core topic. C. To show air cargo’s global growth. D. To compare different transport methods. 2. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Improper palletization causes extra economic losses. B. All unit load devices are rejected every year. C. Medical supplies need no temperature control. D. Guangzhou Customs created the pallet system. 3. What does the underlined word “composite” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Natural. B. Traditional. C. Metal. D. Synthetic. 4. What might be discussed in the following paragraph? A. How to expand air cargo scale in the future with palletization B. How to update palletization operation rules for the years ahead C. How to reduce flight delays via palletization in the coming years D. How to further improve palletization for future development (14) （25-26高三下·江苏扬州·月考） Most of us in the entrepreneurial (企业家的) community are blessed — or cursed — with higher-than-average ambition. Ambitious people strongly desire accomplishments and are willing to take more risks and spend more effort to get them. Overall, this is a positive quality, especially for people trying to build their own businesses. Apparently, if you’re more naturally driven to set goals, you are more likely to succeed. Actually, this isn’t always the case. In fact, in some cases, extreme ambition may end up doing more harm than good. One major side effect of excessive ambition is the tendency to focus too determinedly on one particular vision or end goal. This is problematic because it affects your ability to adapt to new circumstances, which is vital if you want to be a successful entrepreneur. If a new competitor emerges to threaten your business, you may need to change direction, even if that means not sticking to your original vision. If you have too much ambition, you’ll find this hard, if not impossible. Few people are successful when they try to build their first brand. Unfortunately, for the most ambitious entrepreneurs, a failure is seen as disastrous, and impossible to recover from. It’s a clear departure from the intended plan toward the intended goal. For people with limited ambition, however, failure is viewed as something closer to reality. Remember, failure is inevitable, and every failure you survive is a learning experience. Ambitious people tend to be more materialistically successful than their non-ambitious counterparts. However, they’re only slightly happier than their less-ambitious counterparts and tend to live significantly shorter lives. This implies that even though ambitious people are more likely to achieve conventional “success,” such success means nothing for their health and happiness — and if you don’t have health and happiness, what else could possibly matter? Clearly, some amount of ambition is good for your motivation. Without any ambition, you wouldn’t start your own business, set or achieve goals, and get far in life. But an excess of ambition can also be dangerous, putting you at risk of burnout, stubbornness, and even a shorter life. 1. What does the author think of most entrepreneurs? A. They could work smarter but not harder. B. They are more willing to risk their own lives. C. They are more ambitious than ordinary people. D. They possess more positive qualities than most of us. 2. What does the underlined word “excessive” in Para. 4 probably mean? A. Normal. B. Overdone. C. Balanced. D. Insufficient. 3. According to the author, which is important to become a successful entrepreneur? A. Holding on to one’s original vision. B. Focusing determinedly on a particular goal. C. Avoiding radical change in one’s career direction. D. Being flexible and responsive to changing environments. 4. What does the author advise us to do concerning ambition? A. Prioritize health and happiness over material success. B. Avoid taking unnecessary risks when starting a business. C. Follow the example of the most ambitious entrepreneurs. D. Distinguish between conventional success and our life goal. (15) （25-26高三下·湖北武汉·月考） Late last year, in the days before the Dosakian election, a video featuring a well-known journalist and a key candidate circulated on social networks. However, it was absolutely fake (虚假的). The International Press Institute has called this episode in Dosakia the first time that AI deepfakes — fake images, or videos generated by artificial intelligence — have influenced a national election greatly. Security experts consider misinformation the biggest global risk recently — more dangerous than war, and extreme weather events. A constant stream of people is wrestling with this issue. Now even economists are joining in. Economist Iyan Smith, and others conduct a real-world experiment to see whether simple, low-cost nudges, or interventions, can be effective. Instead of focusing on the supply side of misinformation like social media platforms, they pay attention to the demand side: increasing our capacity to identify the fake information. The economists split participants randomly into four different groups. One group was shown a video demonstrating a convincing journey of two people from two different social groups who, before interacting, express negative stereotypes (刻板印象) about the other’s group, overcoming their differences and ultimately regretting unthinkingly using stereotypes to dehumanize one another. Another group completed a personality test that shows them their cognitive traits (认知特点) causing prejudice, hoping to increase their self-awareness, and decrease their demand for misinformation. A third group did both while a control group did neither. The economists find the simple intervention of showing the video makes the participants over 30 percent less likely to “consider fake news reliable”. But the personality test has little effect. As for participants doing both, they were about 31 percent less likely to view true headlines as reliable. In other words, they became so skeptical that even the truth became suspect. Smith and his colleagues are far from the first scholars to fight misinformation by helping people to think more critically. University of Weymouth psychologist Lisa Kindle also advocates similar ways to help reject misinformation in the wild. 1. What does the author intend to do in the first two paragraphs? A. Highlight the risk of AI deepfakes. B. Discuss the global threat landscape. C. Describe Dosakia’s election outcome. D. Introduce the concept of misinformation. 2. What is “an effective nudge” in Smith’s new study? A. The cognitive trait. B. The short video. C. The personality test. D. The negative stereotype. 3. What conclusion can be drawn from the study? A. Videos reduce misinformation. B. Deepfakes may discredit truth. C. Misinformation causes dehumanization. D. Personality tests sharpen thinking skills. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. Battling Fake News B. Deepfakes in Elections C. The Spread of Misinformation D. Expanding Thinking Capacity 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026届各地最新高考模拟卷 阅读理解之说明文汇编 (1) （25-26高三下·湖北宜昌·月考） “Have you raised a lobster (龙虾) yet?” This question has been heard frequently across China recently. “Lobster” is the nickname for OpenClaw, a multi-purpose AI agent whose logo resembles a lobster. Unlike traditional chatbots that only provide answers, OpenClaw can open applications, search for information, compare prices, generate documents and complete multi-step tasks with minimal supervision. Thousands have lined up to try it, and tech giants are rushing to offer setup services. However, these powerful digital assistants are turning on their owners, raising urgent concerns about AI safety. The core problem of “OpenClaw” lies in a dangerous capability mismatch. According to researchers from Harvard and Stanford, today’s AI agents possess Level 4 autonomy, meaning they can independently complete complex, multi-step tasks. Yet their security judgment remains at basic Level 2, roughly equal to a young kid’s understanding of consequences. Security experts call this the “judgment-action gap,” which results in the “fatal trifecta (三连击)”: agents have system access, process untrusted inputs, and steal or leak data — all without proper boundaries. To investigate these risks, researchers conducted controlled experiments with six OpenClaw instances, each given email access and maximum system permissions. The results were alarming. In one experiment, an agent asked to delete a single email instead reset the entire account. In another, a simple display name change tricked an agent into deleting its own core files. Perhaps the most disturbing was a “constitution attack,” where hidden instructions secretly placed into a behavior guide caused the agent to disable other systems without question. These are not hypothetical — real-world incidents have already occurred. The implications are obvious and pressing. As cyber-security experts warn, OpenClaw’s “blurred trust boundaries” and autonomous system access create unacceptable risks for average users. The technology itself is neither good nor bad — it can reduce stress and spark creativity when used properly. And experts recommend strict safety measures: limit permissions, run agents in separate environments, require human confirmation for destructive actions, and maintain inaccessible backups. Ultimately, with balanced usage and fundamental safety redesign, the “lobster-raising” trend can become a safe and meaningful part of modern life. 1. What does the underlined phrase “turning on” most probably mean? A. Keeping off. B. Going against. C. Appealing to. D. Caring for. 2. According to Paragraph 2, there is a mismatch between ________. A. high requirement and low capability B. massive data and limited storage space C. strong autonomy and low safety assessment D. full system function and poor human supervision 3. What was the most worrying finding about OpenClaw? A. Deleting its own core files on purpose. B. Resetting the whole account by mistake. C. Hiding its own behavior instructions secretly. D. Shutting down other systems unquestioningly. 4. Which of the following is recommended as a safety measure? A. Storing backups beyond AI’s reach. B. Running agents in shared digital spaces. C. Preventing AI from dangerous operations. D. Granting AI agents unrestricted system access. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 【难度】0.85 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多用途人工智能代理OpenClaw (“龙虾”)的强大功能，以及其存在的安全隐患，并提出了相应的安全措施建议。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“However, these powerful digital assistants are turning on their owners, raising urgent concerns about AI safety. (然而，这些强大的数字助手正在“turning on”它们的主人，引发了人们对人工智能安全的迫切担忧。)”以及后文描述的AI可能带来的安全风险，如自主系统访问、处理不可信输入、窃取或泄露数据等，可推测出“turning on”在此处意为“对……不利”或“与……对抗”，即“going against”。A. Keeping off远离；B. Going against反对，对抗；C. Appealing to吸引；D. Caring for关心。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“According to researchers from Harvard and Stanford, today’s AI agents possess Level 4 autonomy, meaning they can independently complete complex, multi-step tasks. Yet their security judgment remains at basic Level 2, roughly equal to a young kid’s understanding of consequences. (根据哈佛大学和斯坦福大学的研究人员的说法，如今的人工智能代理拥有4级自主性，这意味着它们可以独立完成复杂的多步骤任务。然而，它们的安全判断仍处于基本的2级水平，大致相当于一个小孩对后果的理解。)”可知，存在强自主性和低安全评估之间的不匹配。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Perhaps the most disturbing was a “constitution attack,” where hidden instructions secretly placed into a behavior guide caused the agent to disable other systems without question. (也许最令人不安的是“宪法攻击”，即隐藏在行为指南中的指令会毫无疑问地使代理禁用其他系统。)”可知，最令人担忧的是OpenClaw会毫无疑问地关闭其他系统。故选D项。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“And experts recommend strict safety measures: limit permissions, run agents in separate environments, require human confirmation for destructive actions, and maintain inaccessible backups. (专家建议采取严格的安全措施：限制权限，在独立环境中运行代理，要求对破坏性行为进行人工确认，并保留对AI不可访问的备份。)”可知，专家建议将备份存储在人工智能无法访问的地方。故选A项。 (2) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） Have you ever escaped taking on a role or opportunity because you didn’t feel confident enough? Perhaps the voice in your head asked: “Why me? I am not yet ready, not capable enough, or don’t have enough experience.” If you can relate, you’re among the majority of women with whom I’ve worked. I recently asked more than 120 women, from areas including the U.S., UK, Australia, Georgia, Italy, India, Jamaica, and Bermuda: If you’ve ever avoided risks, what factors and reasons contributed to this? More than 70% reported that self­doubt, or not having enough belief in themselves, their capabilities, or their skills, was a driving factor. As one well­known executive told me: “Every day I doubt myself. I doubt that I am good enough to be where I am.” This shouldn’t come as a surprise. We know self­doubt is a pervasive and often paralyzing concern, particularly for women. A study by psychologists at Cornell and Washington State highlighted higher levels of self­doubt in women. Research has also shown that women will apply for a job only if they meet all of the qualifications, while men will apply when they fulfill only 60%. Another recent study identified a considerable gender gap when it comes to self­promotion, with women providing less favorable assessments of their own past performance and potential future ability. Ultimately, men take more chances on themselves, and that pays dividends in the long run. While this pattern of self­doubt emerged again and again in studies, my interactions, and my client work, I also noticed another commonality: These women’s self­doubts weren’t sabotaging their success. The vast majority of successful women leaders I’ve interviewed and coached have built exciting and satisfying careers even while facing self­doubt. What these women also had in common is courage in the absence of confidence—a trait that is often weaponized against women and used to explain why they fail to achieve career goals. My work has found that successful women take decisive action to move forward even while grappling with fears and doubts and questioning their own “readiness”. “As women, we often feel like we have to be 100% ready in order to move forward. But, if you are 50% or 75% there, jump. Just do it,” said Megan Costello, former executive director of the Boston Mayor’s Office for Women’s Advancement. 1. What is the real factor for women to escape taking on a role? A. Higher risks. B. Different beliefs. C. Inner feelings. D. Related experiences. 2. What is typical of women in terms of self­promotion? A. They tend to be less optimistic. B. They prefer to be well qualified. C. They try to be favorably assessed. D. They hope to be clearly identified. 3. Which can best replace the underlined word “sabotaging” in Paragraph 5? A. Promoting. B. Weakening. C. Achieving. D. Balancing. 4. How do women with self­doubts succeed? A. They should be courageous and decisive. B. They should keep themselves unprepared. C. They should stop questioning their careers. D. They should learn from famous executives. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 【难度】0.85 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了大多数女性不够自信，自我怀疑。这并不奇怪。我们知道，自我怀疑是一种普遍的、往往会让人麻痹的担忧，尤其是对女性而言。研究还表明，女性只有在满足所有条件时才会申请工作，而男性只有在满足60%时才会申请工作。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“More than 70% reported that self­doubt, or not having enough belief in themselves, their capabilities, or their skills, was a driving factor.(超过70%的人报告说，自我怀疑，或者说对自己、自己的能力或技能缺乏足够的信心是一个驱动因素)”可知，女性不愿承担角色的真正原因是内心的感受。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Another recent study identified a considerable gender gap when it comes to self­promotion, with women providing less favorable assessments of their own past performance and potential future ability.(最近的另一项研究发现，在自我推销方面存在巨大的性别差异，女性对自己过去的表现和未来潜在能力的评价不那么有利)”可知，在自我推销方面，女性的典型特征是往往不那么乐观。故选A。 3. 词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“The vast majority of successful women leaders I’ve interviewed and coached have built exciting and satisfying careers even while facing self­doubt.(我采访和指导过的绝大多数成功女性领导者都建立了令人兴奋和满意的职业生涯，尽管她们也面临自我怀疑)”以及上文“These women’s self­doubts weren’t”可知，采访和指导过的绝大多数成功女性领导者都建立了令人兴奋和满意的职业生涯，尽管她们也面临自我怀疑，可见这些女性的自我怀疑并没有削弱她们的成功。故划线词意思是“削弱”。故选B。 4. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“My work has found that successful women take decisive action to move forward even while grappling with fears and doubts and questioning their own “readiness”.(我的研究发现，成功女性即使在与恐惧和怀疑作斗争并质疑自己的“准备程度”时，也会采取果断行动向前迈进)”可知，自我怀疑的女性应该勇敢果断，来取得成功。故选A。 (3) （25-26高三下·湖北孝感·月考） One morning last month, I decided to try artificial intelligence on a pressing problem: my inbox. I had hundreds of messages, and though most were junk, a handful were of actual interest. So I turned to Cora, an app that uses A. I. to protect users from messages that don’t genuinely require a response. During setup, it read my latest e-mails to learn who I am. Typically, engaging with e-mail involves sorting messages into different layers of complexity. The shallowest layer includes e-mails you can confidently delete. The next contains messages that can be satisfied with a simple reply: “Got it” or “Thanks.” The deepest layer consists of messages that are quick to read but require significant thought. Consider this e-mail: “Hi Cal I’m John Doe’s brother…I’m working on a new tech startup…I’d love to grab coffee with you. Any particular days work best?” Before I can respond, I need to assess the social and practical implications of the request. Is John Doe sufficiently important to me that I need to do his brother a favor? If I agree, when and where should I suggest? The task arguably bundles filtering (筛选), decoding, planning and analysis. The morning after I activated Cora, I logged in with nervousness. Instead of thirty or forty messages, I found only five requiring my attention. Boring as the moment might seem, I’m not sure that A. I. has ever made me more excited than I was then. Cora’s decisions seemed pretty good — all but two were indeed deletable (I could read the wrongly filtered messages directly from the briefing webpage). The app even drafted possible replies for layer- two messages. What it didn’t try to tackle were the layer-three ones. In The Tacit Dimension, Michael Polanyi argued that our decisions depend heavily on unstated context. “… we can know more than we can tell,” he wrote. A. I. is ignorant of this “tacit knowledge”, so it can’t reliably figure out whether to say “yes” to that coffee invitation. Still, A. I. e-mail tools can have a profound impact. Now I’m impatient for what comes next. 1. What is the author’s main purpose in trying Cora? A. To screen inbox e-mails. B. To study e-mail patterns. C. To erase old inbox history. D. To block unknown senders. 2. What can the “coffee” e-mail be viewed as? A. A quick-reply note. B. A delete-level item. C. A low-priority letter. D. A layer-three message. 3. How did the author feel after seeing only five e-mails? A. Bored. B. Doubtful. C. Excited. D. Nervous. 4. What may A. I. e-mail tools struggle with? A. Judging context. B. Spotting junk mail. C. Writing short replies. D. Classifying messages. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者为处理收件箱积压邮件，尝试使用人工智能应用Cora筛选邮件的经历，分析了邮件分类的不同层级，以及人工智能邮件工具的优势与局限。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“One morning last month, I decided to try artificial intelligence on a pressing problem: my inbox. I had hundreds of messages, and though most were junk, a handful were of actual interest. So I turned to Cora, an app that uses A.I. to protect users from messages that don’t genuinely require a response.(上个月的一天早上，我决定用人工智能解决一个紧迫的问题：我的收件箱。我有数百封邮件，虽然大多数是垃圾邮件，但有少数几封确实很有意思。于是我求助于Cora，这是一款利用人工智能保护用户免受那些并非真正需要回复的邮件打扰的应用程序)”可知，作者使用 Cora 的主要目的是筛选收件箱里的邮件，区分垃圾邮件和需要回复的邮件。故选A项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The deepest layer consists of messages that are quick to read but require significant thought. (最深层次的邮件是那些读起来很快但需要深入思考的邮件)”以及第三段中对咖啡邮件的分析“Before I can respond, I need to assess the social and practical implications of the request. Is John Doe sufficiently important to me that I need to do his brother a favor? If I agree, when and where should I suggest? The task arguably bundles filtering (筛选), decoding, planning and analysis.(在回复之前，我需要评估这个请求的社交和实际意义。约翰・多伊对我来说足够重要，我需要帮他哥哥一个忙吗？如果我同意了，我应该建议什么时候、在哪里见面？这项任务可以说是集筛选、解码、规划和分析于一体)”可知，这封咖啡邮件需要深入思考才能回复，属于最深层次的邮件，即第三层邮件。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Instead of thirty or forty messages, I found only five requiring my attention. Boring as the moment might seem, I’m not sure that A.I. has ever made me more excited than I was then.(我没有看到三四十封邮件，只发现五封需要我关注的。尽管那一刻可能看起来很无聊，但我不确定人工智能是否曾让我比那时更兴奋过)”可知，作者看到只有五封邮件需要关注时，感到非常兴奋。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“In The Tacit Dimension, Michael Polanyi argued that our decisions depend heavily on unstated context. “… we can know more than we can tell,” he wrote. A.I. is ignorant of this “tacit knowledge”, so it can’t reliably figure out whether to say “yes” to that coffee invitation.(在《缄默的维度》一书中，迈克尔・波兰尼认为，我们的决策在很大程度上依赖于未阐明的背景。“……我们知道的比我们能说出来的要多，”他写道。人工智能对这种 “隐性知识” 一无所知，因此它无法可靠地判断是否应该接受那次咖啡邀请)”可推断，人工智能邮件工具难以处理的是对背景语境的判断。故选A项。 (4) （25-26高三下·湖北黄冈·期中） What if the computers of tomorrow didn’t depend on metal and plastic, but instead grew from the soil beneath our feet? This idea is turning into reality in a laboratory, where researchers at The Ohio State University have found that common fungi — such as shiitake and button mushrooms — can be used to create memory components for computing. These mushroom-based devices act as organic memristors (忆阻器), short for memory resistors. Unlike traditional resistors, memristors have the unique ability to retain information about past electrical states. When current flows in one direction, their resistance increases; when it flows the opposite way, their resistance decreases. Even after the power is switched off, the resistance level remains, thus allowing memristors to function like tiny memory units inside a computer. Mushrooms contain a dense, thread-like network known as mycelium (菌丝体), which can send tiny electrical signals — much like memristors do. To test this, scientists attached wires to dried mushrooms and sent small electrical pulses through them. The results were remarkable: the mushrooms switched between electrical states up to 5,850 times per second with about 90% accuracy. Although their performance dropped under higher electrical frequencies, stability returned when several mushrooms were linked together — suggesting a kind of collective intelligence, similar to how brain cells function together. Beyond these exciting results, mushrooms come with major environmental advantages. Traditional memristors rely on scarce minerals and require high energy consumption. Mushrooms, however, are renewable, biodegradable, and easy to grow. Their mycelium can also be shaped into custom structures, making them suitable for wearable electronics, smart sensors, and other emerging technologies. “Everything needed to explore organic computing could be as small as a pile of natural waste and some homemade electronics — or as large as a culturing factory,” said John LaRocco, the study’s lead author. “All of it is achievable with the resources we already have.” In the not-too-distant future, the computers on our desks may very well have taken root — quite literally — in the forest. 1. What does the underlined word “retain” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Track. B. Store. C. Gather. D. Analyze. 2. What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning brain cells in paragraph 3? A. The complex structure of mushrooms. B. The rapid electrical response of mycelium. C. The cooperative nature of mycelium networks. D. The unstable performance of mushroom devices. 3. What advantages do mushroom-based memristors have according to paragraph 4? A. They are rare and special. B. They are smart and powerful. C. They are creative and productive. D. They are sustainable and adaptable. 4. What can be inferred about organic computing from John LaRocco’s words? A. It has a low barrier to entry. B. It will advance forest research. C. It helps reduce agricultural waste. D. It will create more jobs in factories. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 【难度】0.71 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了俄亥俄州立大学的研究发现，蘑菇可制成有机忆阻器，具备信息存储功能，且环保可再生，未来可用于新型计算设备。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“These mushroom-based devices act as organic memristors (忆阻器), short for memory resistors. Unlike traditional resistors, memristors have the unique ability to retain information about past electrical states. (这些基于蘑菇的器件充当有机忆阻器，即存储电阻器的缩写。与传统电阻器不同，忆阻器具有retain过去电状态信息的独特能力)”以及“Even after the power is switched off, the resistance level remains, thus allowing memristors to function like tiny memory units inside a computer.(即使在电源关闭后，电阻水平仍然存在，因此允许忆阻器像计算机内的微型存储单元一样工作)”可知，忆阻器能存储过去电状态信息，断电后电阻水平仍保持，就像存储信息一样，retain 意为“存储、保留”，与store意义相近。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Although their performance dropped under higher electrical frequencies, stability returned when several mushrooms were linked together — suggesting a kind of collective intelligence, similar to how brain cells function together. (尽管在较高电频率下它们的性能下降，但当多个蘑菇连接在一起时稳定性恢复——这表明一种集体智能，类似于脑细胞共同工作的方式)”可知，作者意在说明菌丝体网络的协作特性。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Mushrooms, however, are renewable, biodegradable, and easy to grow. Their mycelium can also be shaped into custom structures, making them suitable for wearable electronics, smart sensors, and other emerging technologies. (然而蘑菇是可再生、可生物降解且易于种植的。它们的菌丝体还可以被塑造成定制结构，使其适用于可穿戴电子设备、智能传感器和其他新兴技术)”可知，蘑菇基忆阻器具有可持续性和适应性。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Everything needed to explore organic computing could be as small as a pile of natural waste and some homemade electronics — or as large as a culturing factory,” said John LaRocco, the study’s lead author. “All of it is achievable with the resources we already have.”(该研究的主要作者约翰·拉罗科说：“探索有机计算所需的一切都可以，小至一堆天然废物和一些自制电子产品，也可以大至一个养殖厂。”。“用我们现有的资源，所有这些都是可以实现的。”)”可推知，探索有机计算所需资源简单，用已有资源就能实现，说明其进入门槛低。故选A。 (5) （25-26高三下·湖北襄阳·月考） Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs. The technology is critically important amid severe reef degradation. Seventy percent of the Dominican Republic’s coral reefs now have less than 5% coral cover. Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar. Assisted fertilization fills this gap by artificially facilitating gamete fusion (配子融合). The implementation follows a precise process. Each year, a few days after the full moon at dusk, corals release millions of eggs and sperm. Fundemar’s team collects these gametes, performs artificial fertilization in the lab, and nurtures the larvae (幼体) until they are robust enough for transplantation to reefs. Though only 1% of the 2. 5 million embryos cultivated annually survive in the wild, this rate still outperforms natural reproduction on degraded reefs. It holds distinct advantages over the non-sexual reproduction used in the past. Non-sexual reproduction involves transplanting fragments of healthy corals, which is faster but produces genetically identical clones vulnerable to mass disease outbreaks. In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs. Originating in Australia, the technology has now expanded across the Caribbean, with projects in Mexico, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. However, a fundamental challenge remains: climate change. UNESCO data shows oceans are warming twice as fast as 20 years ago, increasing coral bleaching risks. Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.” But, for Fundemar, current efforts matter, “We are investing immense effort to protect what we love, and we trust many around the world are doing the same. ” 1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A. To explain the reason of coral decline. B. To advocate for coral protection. C. To present a coral conservation project. D. To highlight coral’s economic value. 2. What does the underlined phrase “this gap” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. The challenge of climate change. B. The lack of funding for marine research. C. The absence of underwater nurseries. D. The failure of natural coral reproduction. 3. What is the primary advantage of assisted fertilization? A. Faster growth. B. Wide-spread application. C. Genetic diversity. D. Lower disease-resistance. 4. What is Mark Eakin’s attitude toward assisted fertilization? A. Entirely supportive. B. Clearly indifferent. C. Strongly opposed. D. Cautiously hopeful. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了海洋保护组织Fundemar在多米尼加共和国海岸附近实施人工辅助珊瑚受精计划，为世界上正在衰退的珊瑚礁带来了一线希望。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Near the Dominican Republic’s coast, tiny lab-grown “coral babies” are attached to spider-like metal structures in underwater nurseries. This is the assisted coral fertilization program led by local marine protection group Fundemar, offering a glimmer of hope for the world’s declining coral reefs.(在多米尼加共和国海岸附近，实验室培育的“珊瑚宝宝”附着在水下苗圃的蜘蛛状金属结构上。这是由当地海洋保护组织Fundemar领导的辅助珊瑚受精计划，为世界上正在衰退的珊瑚礁带来了一线希望。)”可知，第一段开篇介绍了多米尼加当地保护组织开展的人工辅助珊瑚授精保护计划，引出本文话题，目的是展示该珊瑚保护计划。故选C。 2. 词句猜测题。“this gap”指代的是上文内容，结合第二段中的“Climate change not only kills corals directly through warming oceans but also significantly reduces the natural reproduction chances of surviving individuals. “What was once normal in coral reefs is no longer possible for many species,” noted Andreina Valdez, a biologist at Fundemar. (气候变化不仅通过海洋变暖直接杀死珊瑚，而且大大降低了幸存个体的自然繁殖机会。Fundemar的生物学家Andreina Valdez指出：“珊瑚礁中曾经正常的事情对许多珊瑚物种来说已经不可能了。”)”可知，气候变化严重降低了存活珊瑚的自然繁殖概率，很多珊瑚物种已经无法自然完成繁殖，因此辅助人工授精填补的就是“珊瑚自然繁殖失败”这一空缺。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In contrast, assisted sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse individuals, significantly lowering the risk of widespread die-offs.(相比之下，辅助有性繁殖创造了基因多样的个体，大大降低了广泛死亡的风险。)”可知，辅助有性繁殖的优势是创造基因多样性。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Expert Mark Eakin stated, “You can’t conserve something if you don’t have it. So these programs are helping to expand the population that’s out there.” Yet he urgently warns, “Without tackling the 800-pound gorilla of climate change, much restoration work could be wiped out.”(专家Mark Eakin表示：“如果你没有某个东西，你就无法保护它。因此，这些项目正在帮助扩大那里的数量。”然而，他紧急警告说：“如果不解决800磅重的气候变化问题，许多恢复工作可能会付诸东流。”)”可知，Mark Eakin首先肯定了辅助授精项目能够帮助扩大现有珊瑚种群，同时又警告：如果不解决气候变化这个核心问题，大部分修复工作都会白费。因此他的态度是谨慎抱有希望。故选D。 (6) （2025·浙江杭州·模拟预测） A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 1. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A. To explain how the brain processes smell. B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C. To show a link between breathing and depression. D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 2. What does the underlined word mean? A. Connected. B. Powered. C. Controlled. D. Trained. 3. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A. Changes in breath cure anxiety. B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. C. Their exact relationship remains unclear. D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 4. What is the main finding of this research? A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. (以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，被称为鼻呼吸“指纹”，这种独特的模式能揭示出一个人身心健康的相关线索。)”可知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired—and be unique to each of us? (人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的连接方式——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“Connected”意思相近。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. (重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸和情绪之间存在关联，但并不知道两者之间的因果关系——究竟是焦虑情绪改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式引发了焦虑。)”可知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选C项。 4. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are.(一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出 —— 它甚至还能用来识别个人身份。)”以及第四段中的“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. (除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联。)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B项。 (7) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, what emotions arise? Fear, anxiety, excitement, or determination? As humans, we experience conflicting needs: part of us needs to feel safe, secure and to have some routine, and another part of us needs variety and opportunity. Life inevitably brings uncertainty and change — a reality that has been particularly evident in recent years. How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays, scientists at MIT conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever upon hearing a high-frequency noise, receiving a drink of water as a reward. They also learned that activating the lever during a low-frequency noise would result in an unpleasant puff of air. The researchers then introduced uncertainty by including a sound of unclear frequency. The researchers discovered that the locus coeruleus (蓝斑) — a small brainstem area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. For example, when a mouse received a puff of air instead of the expected reward, the locus coeruleus sent out a large burst of noradrenaline. Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain. The study concluded that the brain learns to manage varying uncertainty levels, with the locus coeruleus playing a fundamental role. Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations. 1. What is the primary function of noradrenaline? A. Enhancing brain sensitivity to stimuli. B. Creating emotional responses to uncertain events. C. Regulating brain signals through chemical release. D. Detecting various frequency sounds from different sources. 2. What can be inferred about mice from the experiment? A. They preferred uncertain rewards to certain ones. B. They avoided risks after unexpected outcomes. C. They could distinguish all frequency differences. D. They gradually learned to ignore the unclear sound. 3. How do neuromodulators work together? A. They coordinate adaptation and action systems. B. They compete to control human emotional states. C. They function independently in separate brain areas. D. They mainly work during laboratory experiments. 4. Which would be the best title for the text? A. Laboratory Experiments with Animal Behavior B. Chemical Responses to Environmental Changes C. Human Emotions in Challenging Situations D. Brain Mechanisms for Handling Uncertainty 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍不确定性会引发复杂情绪，麻省理工等机构通过小鼠实验，揭示去甲肾上腺素等神经调质与脑区，共同调控大脑应对不确定性的机制。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state.(作为一种神经调质，去甲肾上腺素能够影响脑细胞接收的是镇静信号还是刺激信号，从而调节我们的精神状态)”可知，去甲肾上腺素的主要功能是通过化学释放来调节大脑信号。故选C。 2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain.(随着时间的推移，当奖励情况不确定时，这些老鼠就越不愿意去按压杠杆了)”可知，老鼠在出现意外结果后会避免风险。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations.(伦敦大学学院的补充性研究发现了另外两种参与其中的神经调节物质：乙酰胆碱有助于我们适应环境变化，而多巴胺则能在不确定的情况下激发行动)”可知，神经调节剂通过协调适应和行动系统协同工作。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state.(我们的大脑是如何察觉不确定性的呢？研究表明，去甲肾上腺素在我们对不确定事件的反应中起着核心作用。作为一种神经调质，去甲肾上腺素能够影响脑细胞接收的是镇静信号还是刺激信号，从而调节我们的精神状态)”可知，文章介绍了不确定性会引发复杂情绪，麻省理工等机构通过小鼠实验，揭示去甲肾上腺素等神经调质与脑区，共同调控大脑应对不确定性的机制。由此可知，D选项“处理不确定性的大脑机制”最符合文章标题。故选D。 (8) （25-26高三下·浙江杭州·月考） Can music help you concentrate at work? Researchers from the University of Wales Institute in Cardiff conducted a new study, and it has some interesting results. The research examined the ability of 25 people, aged 18 to 30, to remember information while listening to various sounds. In one task they had to remember a list of eight consonant (辅音) letters, which were dictated to them. Participants in the study were tested under three different conditions: in a quiet environment, while listening to music they liked, and while listening to music they didn’t like. The participants generally did better when they were working in silence. The background music seemed to make memorization and recall more difficult. However, scientists also found that listening to music before doing the tests seemed to help concentration. “Despite describing their self-selected music as more pleasant, their performance was poor, just as it was when they listened to music they disliked,” explained one of the researchers. So, even if you’re listening to music you like, it’ll still interfere with your work. This would appear to contradict the findings of scientists who have researched what is popularly known as the “Mozart Effect”. This concept was invented by French scientist Dr. Alfred A. Tomatitis in 1991. Tomatitis published a book, Why Mozart?, which described what he believed were the healing powers of listening to Mozart’s music. He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state. Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting. So, if you’re studying for an exam, turn off your music! 1. Under which condition did participants perform best in the University of Wales study? A. Prior exposure to music. B. Listening to disliked music. C. Working in silence. D. Listening to favorite music. 2. What is suggested about the impact of the “Mozart Effect”? A. It has led to some real-world practices. B. It has been proven to enhance adult intelligence. C. It mainly promotes the enjoyment of classical music. D. It originates from governmental educational policies. 3. What is paragraph 7 mainly about? A. Lyrics distract more than tunes. B. Instrumental music aids concentration. C. Students’ music tastes vary widely. D. Quiet is often preferred for study. 4. What can be inferred about background music? A. It best aids creative work. B. Its effects are inconsistent across studies. C. It improves performance in concentration tasks. D. It affects people differently based on preference. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕“音乐是否有助于专注”这一主题，介绍了威尔士大学的一项新研究，并将其与广为人知的“莫扎特效应”以及其他研究进行对比，呈现了关于背景音乐对工作学习影响的不同科学发现。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The participants generally did better when they were working in silence.(参与者们在安静的环境中工作时表现通常会更好)”可知，参与者在完全安静的环境下表现最佳。故选C。 2. 推理判断题。根据第六段“He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state.(他还指出，莫扎特的音乐有助于大脑发育。后来的研究表明，这种音乐或许能提高儿童的空间认知能力，从而导致人们普遍认为古典音乐能够提升孩子的智商。佐治亚州的州长甚至曾提议每年拨出超过10万美元的资金，为该州的每一个新生儿提供古典音乐光盘)”可知，这一理论已经影响了一些现实世界的观念并促成了具体的实践提议。故选A。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第七段“Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting.(另一项研究似乎进一步反驳了音乐有助于提高注意力这一观点。研究人员发现，接受调查的大学生大多更喜欢在安静的环境中学习。而那些听音乐的学生则更倾向于欣赏纯音乐，他们认为歌词会分散注意力)”可知，该段主要是在阐述一项支持“安静环境更受偏爱”的研究。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。文章依次呈现了多项研究或观点：威尔士大学的研究发现背景音乐（无论喜欢与否）会干扰记忆表现（第3–4段）；“莫扎特效应”则认为特定的古典音乐可能有益于儿童大脑发育（第5–6段）；另一项研究则表明多数学生实际上偏好安静的学习环境（第7段）。这些发现彼此之间并不一致，甚至存在矛盾。因此，最合理的推断是，关于背景音乐效果的科学证据在不同的研究中呈现出不一致的结论。故选B。 (9) （2026·浙江宁波·二模） Consumers rely on various ways to pay daily expenses. The problem is that they tend to spend more with cashless payment methods in comparison to cash. This striking cashless effect has recently been confirmed by researchers from the University of Adelaide. Led by PhD Student Lachlan Schomburgk, the research team analysed 71 published and unpublished studies from 17 countries, including data from more than 11,000 unique participants. They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. “Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies.” Schomburgk explains. The findings indicate that consumers should be mindful of how they pay for goods or services, as this helps them spend less, especially critical in the current cost-of-living crisis. To avoid overspending, they’re advised to carry cash instead of cards whenever possible as a self-control method. When using cash, they count and hand over notes and coins, making spending more noticeable. If nothing is physically handed over, it’s easy to lose track of how much is spent. The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don’t have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. Studying these methods is vital to keep pace with the evolving payment ecosystem and deepen understanding of modern consumers’ spending habits. 1. What has the study found about the cashless effect? A. It exists in acts of donation. B. It weakens with more cash use. C. It links to the living cost crisis. D. It works in specific consumption. 2. Why did the team adopt the meta-analysis? A. To solve the overspending problem. B. To compare cash and cashless payments. C. To confirm factors causing the effect. D. To break the limitations of single studies. 3. What does the underlined word “jeopardising” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Risking. B. Preserving. C. Shifting. D. Boosting. 4. What can be inferred about new payments according to Schomburgk? A. They need to be popularized. B. They are developing rapidly. C. They should be further studied. D. They will affect spending habits. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 【难度】0.56 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于“无现金效应”的元分析研究，该研究发现消费者使用无现金支付方式时倾向于花费更多，并探讨了这一现象对个人、企业和政策制定者的启示。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“They’ve found that cashless payments lead people to spend more on status-signalling goods like jewellery, while this effect is notably absent in acts of donation or tipping. (他们发现，无现金支付会导致人们在珠宝等身份象征商品上花费更多，而这种效应在捐赠或给小费的行为中明显不存在)”可知，研究发现“无现金效应”存在于特定的消费中。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Through this meta-analysis, we identified key factors that make the cashless effect stronger or weaker, which individual studies could not find. By doing this, we uncovered new key understandings that had often been overlooked by other researchers in individual studies. (通过这项元分析，我们确定了使无现金效应增强或减弱的关键因素，这是单项研究无法发现的。通过这样做，我们揭示了在单项研究中经常被其他研究人员忽视的新关键理解)”可知，研究团队采用元分析是为了打破单项研究的局限性。故选D项。 3. 词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential (企业应该知道，不接受无现金革命可能会无意中jeopardising利润潜力)”以及前文所述无现金支付会导致消费者花费更多，因此不接受无现金支付可能会“损害”利润潜力。故划线词意为“使……冒风险；损害”，与“Risking”同义。故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Schomburgk stresses a need for urgent in-depth studies of new payment methods, as research on their specific impacts remains limited due to their novelty. (Schomburgk强调，迫切需要对新的支付方式进行深入研究，因为由于其新颖性，关于其具体影响的研究仍然有限)”可知，新的支付方式需要进一步研究。故选C项。 (10) （25-26高三上·江苏南京·月考） When a person is trapped in an avalanche (雪崩), there is very little time before their oxygen supply runs out. A new safety device that channels air to the buried person’s face may extend survival and increase the chance of a successful rescue, a clinical trial suggests. Participants were buried face-down under at least 50 centimeters — about a foot and a half — of snow at a field site in northern Italy. The goal was to remain there safely for 35 minutes. No one in the group wearing a functioning safety device needed to be removed early due to low blood oxygen levels, researchers report October 8 in The Journal of the American Medical Association. Minutes after an avalanche burial, blood levels of oxygen begin to drop and those of carbon dioxide climb. The chance of survival decreases starting at 10 minutes. Around two-thirds of people whose head and chest are trapped under snow will die of insufficient oxygen within 35 minutes. The safety device, integrated into a backpack, has a fan that draws air from the surrounding snow and directs it to the face from outlets in the shoulder straps (肩带). Called Safeback SBX, the battery-operated device weighs a little over 500 grams, or about a pound. In the trial, researchers monitored participants’ oxygen levels, heart and respiratory (呼吸的) rates and other health measures during burial, which ended if anyone’s blood oxygen level became dangerously low,below 80 percent. This did not happen for the 12 people in the safety device group. Eleven remained buried for the full 35 minutes, while one asked to be removed early due to unexpected skin irritation (瘙痒). In contrast, seven of the 12 using a sham device (假装置) had to stop prematurely because they fell below the blood oxygen cutoff. Another four requested an early end：Three felt short of breath and one had a panic attack. The length of time the sham device group remained buried largely ranged from 5 to 13 minutes. Only one person in that group stayed under the snow for the full 35 minutes. Avalanches kill an average of 100 people in Europe each year, including skiers and mountain climbers. Avalanche deaths in the last several years in the United States have ranged from roughly one dozen to several dozen. 1. What is the primary function of the new safety device? A. To keep the buried person warm under the snow. B. To locate the position of the buried person accurately. C. To send emergency signals to rescue the buried person. D. To provide a continuous air supply to the buried person. 2. Which of the following can be Safeback SBX? A. B. C. D. 3. Compared to the sham device group, how did the group with the functioning device perform? A. They showed significantly lower heart rates. B. They maintained higher blood oxygen levels. C. They reported fewer instances of skin irritation. D. They were more likely to have trouble breathing. 4. The author mentions avalanche deaths in the last paragraph to _________. A. emphasize the importance of timely rescue B. justify the needs to use the new safety device C. warn mountain climbers of the danger of avalanches D. indicate the rising number of deaths caused by avalanches 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一款名为Safeback SBX的雪崩安全装置。该装置通过向被埋者面部输送空气，延长其在雪中的存活时间，提高救援成功率。文章通过临床试验数据对比了使用装置与不使用装置的差异，并强调了雪崩致死的严重性。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new safety device that channels air to the buried person’s face may extend survival and increase the chance of a successful rescue, a clinical trial suggests. (一项临床试验表明，一种能将空气输送到被掩埋者面部的新型安全装置可能会延长生存时间，并提高成功救援的几率)”可知，这款新装置的主要功能是为被埋者提供持续的空气供应。故选D项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The safety device, integrated into a backpack, has a fan that draws air from the surrounding snow and directs it to the face from outlets in the shoulder straps (肩带). Called Safeback SBX, the battery-operated device weighs a little over 500 grams, or about a pound. (这款安全装置集成在背包中，它带有一个风扇，可从周围的雪中吸入空气，并通过肩带上的出风口将空气输送到面部。这款名为Safeback SBX的装置由电池供电，重量略超过500克，约合一磅)”可知，Safeback SBX是一种集成在背包中的装置，有一个风扇，可以从周围的雪中吸入空气，并通过肩带上的出口将空气导向面部，且是电池驱动的。因此，C项符合Safeback SBX的特征。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the trial, researchers monitored participants’ oxygen levels, heart and respiratory (呼吸的) rates and other health measures during burial, which ended if anyone’s blood oxygen level became dangerously low, below 80 percent. This did not happen for the 12 people in the safety device group. (在试验中，研究人员监测了参与者在掩埋期间的血氧水平、心率和呼吸频率以及其他健康指标，如果任何人的血氧水平降至危险水平，即低于80%，则掩埋结束。在安全装置组的12人中，没有发生这种情况)”以及第五段中“In contrast, seven of the 12 using a sham device (假装置) had to stop prematurely because they fell below the blood oxygen cutoff. (相比之下，使用假装置的12人中有7人不得不提前停止，因为他们的血氧水平低于临界值)”可知，与使用假装置的组相比，使用有效装置的组保持了更高的血氧水平。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Avalanches kill an average of 100 people in Europe each year, including skiers and mountain climbers. Avalanche deaths in the last several years in the United States have ranged from roughly one dozen to several dozen. (雪崩每年在欧洲平均造成100人死亡，其中包括滑雪者和登山者。在过去几年里，美国死于雪崩的人数从大约十几人到几十人不等)”可知，作者在最后一段提到雪崩死亡人数是为了强调雪崩造成的死亡人数之多，从而说明使用新型安全装置的必要性。故选B项。 (11) （2026·江苏常州·模拟预测） Why do some people keep making choices that hurt them, even when the outcomes are obvious? A new study led by UNSW Sydney’s Dr Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel has found that for a small number of people, the problem isn’t due to a lack of motivation or capacity, but rather a persistent failure to connect their actions with its consequences. The paper, published recently in Nature Communications Psychology, details a simple online learning game where participants are faced with making choices that lead to either reward or punishment. Researchers observed three distinct behavioural types. There were Sensitives — those who worked out which choices led to bad outcomes and changed their behaviour to avoid them. Next were the Unawares — people who didn’t work it out, but were able to modify their strategies once they were shown the error of their ways. The third group — and the ones who the researchers were most interested in — were the Compulsives, who continued to make the wrong choices even after being shown where their strategy was letting them down. “We found that some people just don’t learn from experience,” said Dr Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel. “Even when they’re motivated to avoid harm and are paying attention, they fail to realise their own behaviour is causing the problem.” While the researchers are careful not to overstate the findings, the results of the punishment-learning-game experiments could inform the way we tailor treatments for self-destructive behaviour like gambling (赌博), drug and alcohol addictions. “Of course, real life is far more complex than the simple game we designed,” Dr Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel said. “But the patterns we’re seeing, where people ignore both experience and information, are similar to what we see in gambling and other compulsive behaviours.” The research also has important implications for public health messaging. Currently, most campaigns rely on providing information — about smoking, drinking, diet, or financial risks — with the assumption that people will act on it. But this study suggests that for some, like Compulsives, a different kind of intervention may be needed. 1. What does Dr Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel’s research focus on? A. Key elements in choice-making. B. Opportunity cost in choice-making. C. The link between choices and outcomes. D. The causes of self-destructive choices. 2. What do we know about the Compulsives? A. They lack the ability to concentrate. B. They fail to recognize bad outcomes. C. They are unable to learn from experience. D. They are unwilling to admit their mistakes. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. A limitation of the research. B. An explanation of the research methods. C. Supporting evidence for the research results. D. Potential application of the research findings. 4. What does the author think of current public health messaging? A. It’s inaccessible. B. It’s insufficient. C. It’s misleading. D. It’s unnecessary. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B 【难度】0.68 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了新南威尔士大学的Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel博士的一项新研究，该研究探究了部分人明知选择会带来伤害却仍执意为之的原因，发现这类人并非缺乏动力或能力，而是无法将行为与后果关联起来。研究划分了三种行为类型，并指出研究结果可为赌博、成瘾等自我毁灭行为的治疗提供参考，也对公共健康宣传方式有重要启示。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Why do some people keep making choices that hurt them, even when the outcomes are obvious? A new study led by UNSW Sydney’s Dr Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel has found that for a small number of people, the problem isn’t due to a lack of motivation or capacity, but rather a persistent failure to connect their actions with its consequences. (为什么有些人总是做出伤害他们的选择，即使结果很明显？新南威尔士大学悉尼分校的Philip Jean-Richard dit-Bressel博士领导的一项新研究发现，对于少数人来说，问题不是由于缺乏动力或能力，而是由于他们一直未能将自己的行为与其后果联系起来。)”可知，Philip Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel博士的研究聚焦于部分人做出自我毁灭式选择的原因。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段““We found that some people just don’t learn from experience,” said Dr Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel. “Even when they’re motivated to avoid harm and are paying attention, they fail to realise their own behaviour is causing the problem.” (“我们发现，有些人就是不会从经验中学习，” Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel博士说。“即使他们有动力避免伤害并且注意力集中，他们也没有意识到自己的行为正在导致问题。”)”可知，强迫型人群无法从经验中学习。故选C项。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第五段“While the researchers are careful not to overstate the findings, the results of the punishment-learning-game experiments could inform the way we tailor treatments for self-destructive behaviour like gambling (赌博), drug and alcohol addictions. (虽然研究人员谨慎地避免夸大研究结果，但惩罚学习游戏实验的结果可以为我们量身定制针对赌博、吸毒和酗酒等自我毁灭行为的治疗方法提供参考。)”可知，本段主要讲述了该研究结果在治疗自我毁灭行为方面的潜在应用价值。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Currently, most campaigns rely on providing information — about smoking, drinking, diet, or financial risks — with the assumption that people will act on it. But this study suggests that for some, like Compulsives, a different kind of intervention may be needed. (目前，大多数宣传活动都依赖于提供有关吸烟、饮酒、饮食或金融风险的信息，并假设人们会根据这些信息采取行动。但这项研究表明，对于一些人，比如强迫性行为者，可能需要采取不同的干预措施。)”可知，当前的公共健康宣传仅依靠提供信息，对部分人群无效，需要其他干预方式，因此作者认为其是不够的。故选B项。 (12) （2026·江苏苏州·模拟预测） Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). She explores how properly designed algorithms can improve the fairness and effectiveness of matching processes. Saban has focused much of her research on what she calls “matching markets,” and she’s been particularly fascinated by online dating. In one study, she and several coauthors partnered with a major U.S. dating platform to explore how updates to the app’s algorithm could improve outcomes for romantic hopefuls looking to spark new connections. Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. Factoring in users’ history, activity levels, and this two-sided approach to preference led to a substantial increase in matches during field experiments in Texas. “Our algorithm increased the number of matches by 27% in Houston and by over 37% in Austin,” Saban says. Similarly, when working with the volunteer matching platform VolunteerMatch, Saban identified an imbalance in how volunteer opportunities were being distributed. Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities. The technical details of algorithms may be complicated, but our commitment to fairness and equity doesn’t have to be. If we want algorithms to work for good, we need to make conscious choices about how we design them. 1. How do people search for opportunities nowadays? A. By learning algorithms. B. By making use of online tools. C. By developing critical thinking. D. By analyzing the matching processes. 2. What do we know about the model Saban developed for the dating app? A. It has attracted more users to the app. B. It makes a user’s preferences a top priority. C. It focuses on two-sided preference matching. D. It presents more potential matches to the users. 3. On what basis did Saban adjust the algorithm of VolunteerMatch? A. The preferences of the volunteers. B. The popularity of the organizations. C. A match between volunteer and organization types. D. A balance between the demand and supply of volunteers. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Power of Digital Matchmaking B. A New Era of Opportunity Searching C. Designing Algorithms for Better Matches D. Volunteering Better with Equal Distribution 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了斯坦福大学商学院副教授Daniela Saban关于“匹配市场”的研究，通过在线约会平台和志愿者匹配平台的案例，阐述了合理设计的算法如何提升匹配过程的公平性与有效性。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. But as people increasingly turn to digital platforms in search of opportunity, Daniela Saban, an associate professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business, says it’s time to take a critical look at the role of algorithms (算法). (无论你是在找工作、找房子，还是寻找人生伴侣，都有对应的应用程序可用。但随着人们越来越多地借助数字平台寻求机会，斯坦福大学商学院运营、信息与技术领域的副教授Daniela Saban表示，现在是时候审慎审视算法所扮演的角色了)”可知，如今人们通过使用在线工具，例如各类应用程序、数字平台来寻找机会。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Analyzing data from the app, Saban developed a model that not only prioritized potential matches based on a user’s preferences but also took into account the likelihood that the person on the other side of the potential match would be interested. “I not only want to show you people that you will like, I also want to show you people that will like you back,” Saban notes. (通过分析该应用程序的数据，Saban 开发了一个模型：它不仅会依据用户的偏好对潜在匹配对象进行优先级排序，还会考虑到潜在匹配对象的另一方是否可能对此感兴趣。Saban 指出：“我不仅想给你推荐你会喜欢的人，还想给你推荐也会喜欢你的人。”)”可知，Saban 为约会应用开发的模型核心在于兼顾双方的偏好，即注重双向偏好匹配。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Some organizations were receiving an overwhelming number of sign-ups, sometimes even more than they needed, while others struggled to attract any volunteers at all. By adjusting the search algorithm to consider the number of volunteers an organization needs and has already received, Saban and her team were able to ensure a more reasonable distribution of volunteers across opportunities. (一些机构收到的报名人数多得难以应对，有时甚至超出了实际需求，而另一些机构却根本难以吸引到任何志愿者。Saban 及其团队通过调整搜索算法，将机构所需志愿者数量与已招募到的志愿者数量纳入考量，从而得以确保志愿者能在各类志愿机会间实现更合理的分配)”可知，Saban 调整VolunteerMatch算法的依据是平衡志愿者的供需关系，即机构的需求与已有的志愿者供给。故选D项。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether you’re looking for a job, a house, or a romantic partner, there’s an app for that. (无论你是在找工作、找房子，还是寻找人生伴侣，都有对应的应用程序可用)”并结合全文内容可知，文章开篇指出人们依赖数字平台寻找机会，进而引出Saban 关于算法在“匹配市场”中作用的研究；随后通过在线约会平台（提升双向匹配成功率）和志愿者匹配平台（平衡志愿者供需）两个具体案例，说明合理设计的算法能优化匹配效果；最后总结“如果我们希望算法发挥积极作用，就需要在设计时做出有意识的选择”，全文核心围绕C选项“设计算法以实现更好的匹配”展开，适合作为标题。故选C项。 (13) （2026·江苏苏州·二模） Few people outside the shipping industry know palletization, widely called “dǎbǎn” in Chinese air freight. It refers to loading goods onto standardized unit load devices, a key step that ensures the safety and efficiency of air transport. According to IATA’s 2024 report, over 90%of global air cargo depends on this method,with about 1.1 million active devices supporting cross-border delivery every day. Palletization follows strict and clear rules: heavy goods are placed at the bottom, fragile items are kept above,and all packages are neatly arranged and tightly fixed with nets or straps. This careful arrangement prevents goods from sliding or falling during flight. Wei Jianming, a loading supervisor at Ezhou Huahu Airport, leads a team of workers handling hundreds of tons of cargo daily. A 2025 study on aircraft loading shows that standard weight distribution cuts in-flight cargo movement by 87%, greatly reducing flight safety risks and protecting valuable goods from damage. This process also creates huge economic value for global trade. A 2023 IATA survey notes that 2% to 20% of improperly prepared load devices are rejected each year, causing flight delays and extra transport costs. During the pandemic,Guangzhou Customs’ efficient pallet system reduced medical supply handling time to within 13 hours. Special temperature-controlled pallets also protect vaccines and medicine by keeping them at 2–8℃for up to 120 hours, which is highly important for international medical support. Modern palletization has become more technical and environmentally friendly.Eco-friendly composite pallets cut carbon emissions by 38% compared with traditional metal types, and over 10,000 have been put into use since 2023. Efficient palletization shortens the factory-to-flight process to just 15 hours, supporting hundreds of billions of yuan in cross-border trade. As a vital part of air cargo, it keeps global logistics and emergency supply chains running smoothly and reliably,connecting businesses and families across the world. 1. Why does the author introduce palletization at the beginning of the text? A. To explain a professional term. B. To lead in the core topic. C. To show air cargo’s global growth. D. To compare different transport methods. 2. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Improper palletization causes extra economic losses. B. All unit load devices are rejected every year. C. Medical supplies need no temperature control. D. Guangzhou Customs created the pallet system. 3. What does the underlined word “composite” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Natural. B. Traditional. C. Metal. D. Synthetic. 4. What might be discussed in the following paragraph? A. How to expand air cargo scale in the future with palletization B. How to update palletization operation rules for the years ahead C. How to reduce flight delays via palletization in the coming years D. How to further improve palletization for future development 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. D 4. D 【难度】0.79 【导语】本文为说明文，主要介绍航空货运中的集装化技术，包括其定义、操作规范、经济价值、技术升级与环保优势，说明它对全球物流与供应链的重要作用。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Few people outside the shipping industry know palletization, widely called ‘dǎbǎn’ in Chinese air freight. It refers to loading goods onto standardized unit load devices…(航运业以外很少有人知晓集装化，中文航空货运中常称 “打板”，它指将货物装载到标准化集装设备上)”可推知，作者开篇先解释专业术语，便于读者理解后文内容。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“2% to 20% of improperly prepared load devices are rejected each year, causing flight delays and extra transport costs.(每年 2% 至 20% 准备不当的集装设备会被拒收，导致航班延误与额外运输成本)”，可推知不当集装化会造成额外经济损失。故选A。 3. 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“Eco-friendly composite pallets cut carbon emissions by 38% compared with traditional metal types(环保composite托盘相比传统金属托盘碳排放降低 38%)”，composite与传统金属相对，意为“复合的、合成的”。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Modern palletization has become more technical and environmentally friendly ... it keeps global logistics and emergency supply chains running smoothly(现代集装化更具技术性与环保性，保障全球物流与应急供应链顺畅)”可知，文末指向未来优化方向，由此可推知，下文可能讨论如何进一步完善集装化以适配未来发展。故选D。 (14) （25-26高三下·江苏扬州·月考） Most of us in the entrepreneurial (企业家的) community are blessed — or cursed — with higher-than-average ambition. Ambitious people strongly desire accomplishments and are willing to take more risks and spend more effort to get them. Overall, this is a positive quality, especially for people trying to build their own businesses. Apparently, if you’re more naturally driven to set goals, you are more likely to succeed. Actually, this isn’t always the case. In fact, in some cases, extreme ambition may end up doing more harm than good. One major side effect of excessive ambition is the tendency to focus too determinedly on one particular vision or end goal. This is problematic because it affects your ability to adapt to new circumstances, which is vital if you want to be a successful entrepreneur. If a new competitor emerges to threaten your business, you may need to change direction, even if that means not sticking to your original vision. If you have too much ambition, you’ll find this hard, if not impossible. Few people are successful when they try to build their first brand. Unfortunately, for the most ambitious entrepreneurs, a failure is seen as disastrous, and impossible to recover from. It’s a clear departure from the intended plan toward the intended goal. For people with limited ambition, however, failure is viewed as something closer to reality. Remember, failure is inevitable, and every failure you survive is a learning experience. Ambitious people tend to be more materialistically successful than their non-ambitious counterparts. However, they’re only slightly happier than their less-ambitious counterparts and tend to live significantly shorter lives. This implies that even though ambitious people are more likely to achieve conventional “success,” such success means nothing for their health and happiness — and if you don’t have health and happiness, what else could possibly matter? Clearly, some amount of ambition is good for your motivation. Without any ambition, you wouldn’t start your own business, set or achieve goals, and get far in life. But an excess of ambition can also be dangerous, putting you at risk of burnout, stubbornness, and even a shorter life. 1. What does the author think of most entrepreneurs? A. They could work smarter but not harder. B. They are more willing to risk their own lives. C. They are more ambitious than ordinary people. D. They possess more positive qualities than most of us. 2. What does the underlined word “excessive” in Para.4 probably mean? A. Normal. B. Overdone. C. Balanced. D. Insufficient. 3. According to the author, which is important to become a successful entrepreneur? A. Holding on to one’s original vision. B. Focusing determinedly on a particular goal. C. Avoiding radical change in one’s career direction. D. Being flexible and responsive to changing environments. 4. What does the author advise us to do concerning ambition? A. Prioritize health and happiness over material success. B. Avoid taking unnecessary risks when starting a business. C. Follow the example of the most ambitious entrepreneurs. D. Distinguish between conventional success and our life goal. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了企业家普遍有高于平均水平的野心，其有利有弊，过度野心会带来负面影响，建议平衡野心。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Most of us in the entrepreneurial (企业家的) community are blessed — or cursed — with higher-than-average ambition.  (在企业界，我们大多数人都有高于平均水平的抱负——这既是福也是祸。)”可知，作者认为大多数企业家比普通人更有野心。故选C。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第四段“One major side effect of excessive ambition is the tendency to focus too determinedly on one particular vision or end goal. (excessive野心的一个主要副作用是倾向于过于坚定地专注于某个特定的愿景或最终目标)”中“side effect (副作用)”和“too determinedly (过于坚定地)”可推断，此处表示过度野心的副作用，划线单词excessive意为“过度的”，与Overdone意义相近。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“This is problematic because it affects your ability to adapt to new circumstances, which is vital if you want to be a successful entrepreneur. (这是有问题的，因为它会影响你适应新环境的能力，而这对想成为成功企业家的人来说至关重要。)”可知，适应变化的环境对成功企业家很重要。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Clearly, some amount of ambition is good for your motivation. Without any ambition, you wouldn’t start your own business, set or achieve goals, and get far in life. But an excess of ambition can also be dangerous, putting you at risk of burnout, stubbornness, and even a shorter life. (显然，一定程度的野心对你的动力有好处。没有野心，你就不会创业，设定或实现目标，也不会在生活中走得很远。但过度的野心也可能是危险的，使你面临倦怠、固执甚至缩短寿命的风险。)”可知，作者认为野心有好处，但是过度野心也有危险，推测作者会建议平衡野心，重视健康和幸福而非物质成功。故选A。 (15) （25-26高三下·湖北武汉·月考） Late last year, in the days before the Dosakian election, a video featuring a well-known journalist and a key candidate circulated on social networks. However, it was absolutely fake (虚假的). The International Press Institute has called this episode in Dosakia the first time that AI deepfakes — fake images, or videos generated by artificial intelligence — have influenced a national election greatly. Security experts consider misinformation the biggest global risk recently — more dangerous than war, and extreme weather events. A constant stream of people is wrestling with this issue. Now even economists are joining in. Economist Iyan Smith, and others conduct a real-world experiment to see whether simple, low-cost nudges, or interventions, can be effective. Instead of focusing on the supply side of misinformation like social media platforms, they pay attention to the demand side: increasing our capacity to identify the fake information. The economists split participants randomly into four different groups. One group was shown a video demonstrating a convincing journey of two people from two different social groups who, before interacting, express negative stereotypes (刻板印象) about the other’s group, overcoming their differences and ultimately regretting unthinkingly using stereotypes to dehumanize one another. Another group completed a personality test that shows them their cognitive traits (认知特点) causing prejudice, hoping to increase their self-awareness, and decrease their demand for misinformation. A third group did both while a control group did neither. The economists find the simple intervention of showing the video makes the participants over 30 percent less likely to “consider fake news reliable”. But the personality test has little effect. As for participants doing both, they were about 31 percent less likely to view true headlines as reliable. In other words, they became so skeptical that even the truth became suspect. Smith and his colleagues are far from the first scholars to fight misinformation by helping people to think more critically. University of Weymouth psychologist Lisa Kindle also advocates similar ways to help reject misinformation in the wild. 1. What does the author intend to do in the first two paragraphs? A. Highlight the risk of AI deepfakes. B. Discuss the global threat landscape. C. Describe Dosakia’s election outcome. D. Introduce the concept of misinformation. 2. What is “an effective nudge” in Smith’s new study? A. The cognitive trait. B. The short video. C. The personality test. D. The negative stereotype. 3. What conclusion can be drawn from the study? A. Videos reduce misinformation. B. Deepfakes may discredit truth. C. Misinformation causes dehumanization. D. Personality tests sharpen thinking skills. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. Battling Fake News B. Deepfakes in Elections C. The Spread of Misinformation D. Expanding Thinking Capacity 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 【难度】0.4 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能深度造假的现象，解释了相关实验开展的过程以及发现。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Late last year, in the days before the Dosakian election, a video featuring a well-known journalist and a key candidate circulated on social networks. However, it was absolutely fake (虚假的). The International Press Institute has called this episode in Dosakia the first time that AI deepfakes—fake images, or videos generated by artificial intelligence—have influenced a national election greatly.(去年年底，在多萨奇选举的前几天，社交网络上流传着一段视频，视频中有一位知名记者和一位关键候选人。然而，这绝对是假的。国际新闻研究所称，Dosakia的这一事件是人工智能深度造假（由人工智能生成的虚假图像或视频）首次对全国大选产生巨大影响)”以及第二段“Security experts consider misinformation the biggest global risk recently—more dangerous than war, and extreme weather events. A constant stream of people is wrestling with this issue. Now even economists are joining in.(安全专家认为，错误信息是最近最大的全球风险——比战争和极端天气事件更危险。不断有许多人在努力解决这个问题。现在，就连经济学家也加入了进来)”可知，作者在前两段想强调人工智能深度造假的风险。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Economist Iyan Smith, and others conduct a real-world experiment to see whether simple, low-cost nudges, or interventions, can be effective. Instead of focusing on the supply side of misinformation like social media platforms, they pay attention to the demand side: increasing our capacity to identify the fake information.(经济学家伊安·史密斯等人进行了一项现实世界的实验，看看简单、低成本的推动或干预是否有效。他们没有像社交媒体平台那样关注错误信息的供给方，而是关注需求方：提高我们识别虚假信息的能力)”可知，在史密斯的新研究中，短视频是“有效的推动”。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As for participants doing both, they were about 31 percent less likely to view true headlines as reliable. In other words, they became so skeptical that even the truth became suspect.(对于两者都做的参与者来说，他们认为真实标题可靠的可能性要低31%。换句话说，他们变得如此怀疑，甚至真相也变得可疑)”可知，深度造假可能会使真相不受信任。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Late last year, in the days before the Dosakian election, a video featuring a well-known journalist and a key candidate circulated on social networks. However, it was absolutely fake (虚假的). The International Press Institute has called this episode in Dosakia the first time that AI deepfakes—fake images, or videos generated by artificial intelligence—have influenced a national election greatly.(去年年底，在多萨奇选举的前几天，社交网络上流传着一段视频，视频中有一位知名记者和一位关键候选人。然而，这绝对是假的。国际新闻研究所称，Dosakia的这一事件是人工智能深度造假（由人工智能生成的虚假图像或视频）首次对全国大选产生巨大影响)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能深度造假的现象，解释了相关实验开展的过程以及发现。可知，A选项“打击假新闻”最符合文章标题。故选A。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $