专题1 阅读理解 语篇类型3 说明文 主题语境2 人与社会-【满分思维】2026年高考英语真题分类

3.What should kids do according to the "Division of Responsibility”? A.Make diet decisions on their own. B.Share their food with other kids. C.Eat up what is provided for them. D.Help their parents do the dishes. 主题语境2 题组(2025·全国I卷：应用科学技术 减少食物浪费的创新实践+202 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个 选项中，选出最佳选项。 (一)(10分) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth-they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas,stuck inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans. Now,new research suggests that a simple,cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头)： boiling and filtering()it.In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science Technology Letters,researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes-then filtering it after it cools-could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics.In the study,boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally,the research didn't include 4.What does the author think of the strategies she has been following? A.Costly. B.Complex. C.Workable. D.Contradictory. 人与社会 降低水中微塑料含量+2025·全国Ⅱ卷： 5·浙江1月卷：产品性别化) all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types-polystyrene,polyethylene and polypropylene-and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still,the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure-a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year,contains 10 to 1 000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are-but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake."The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Cauchoute-Lindsay,an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research,tells New Scientist."We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics. 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A.By quoting an expert. B.By defining a concept. C.By giving examples. D.By providing statistics. 2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A.The hardness of water. B.The length of cooling time. C.The frequency of filtering. D.The type of plastic in water. 3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in Paragraph 4? A.The importance of plastic recycling. B.The severity of the microplastic problem. C.The danger in overusing pure water. D.The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? A.Choice of new research methods. B.Possible direction for further study. C.Need to involve more researchers. D.Potential application of the findings. (二)(10分) Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food?Mine does.Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa,where the phrase "there are children starving in Africa"was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant,supermarket,and supply chain industries.From technological solutions to educational campaigns,food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we're already growing.But last month,one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way:It changed its menu to exclusively()offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March,Greenwich Village's Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED,and served items like fried skate cartilage,a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad.Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every$1O00 in revenue(收入)， and of that waste only 15.7%is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3%is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems,but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage. Instead,all the ingredients(配料)used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cuisine Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability,and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1.What can be inferred about the author's early life? A.He witnessed food shortage. B.He enjoyed the local cuisine. C.He donated food to Africans. D.He helped to cook at home. 2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A.To customize dishes for guests. B.To make the public aware of food waste. C.To test a food processing method D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. 3.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Why the ingredients were used. B.Which dishes were best liked. C.What the dishes were made of. D.Where the ingredients were bought. 4.What can we learn about wastED? A.It has ended as planned. B.It is creating new jobs. C.It has regained popularity. D.It is criticized by top chefs. （三)(10分) As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities,there's been a push to make them genderless.“People are stereotyping(形成刻板 their gendered objects in very traditional ways,"says Ashley Martin,a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.Yet as Martin has found in her work,gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects,particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study,Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,female,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as“Miuu”.It was found that gender increased users'feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.For example,participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing,it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.The stereotypes commonly associated with men,such as competitiveness and dominance,are more valued than those associated with women.These qualities,in turn,are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult.For instance,if an object's name was meant to sound genderless,like Miuu,participants would still assign a gender to it- they would assume Miuu was a“he”or“she”. Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism(拟人化)“provides an opportunity to change stereotypes".When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies,it reduces negative stereotypes about women.Similarly,anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles-a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations,for instance. 1.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A.To reduce stereotypes. B.To meet public demand. C.To cut production costs. D.To encourage competition. 2.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A.Design a product. B.Respond to a survey. C.Work as assistants. D.Take a language test. 3.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A.They cannot be mass-produced. B.Naming them is a challenging task C.People assume they are unreliable. D.Gender is rooted in people's mind. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A.The quality of genderless products. B.The upside of gendering a product. C.The meaning of anthropomorphism. D.The stereotypes of men and women.1.B推理判断题【解析】根据第一段第三句“It really messed up my relationship with food-something that took me years to overcome.”可知，那种不想变胖的想法确实搞砸了作者与食物的 关系，作者花了多年的时间才克服这个问题。由此可推知，作者 不认可自己小时候被喂养的方式。故选B。 2.C推理判断题【定位句】“It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren't necessarily healthy.”(第二段最后一句) 译文“它只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这对 他们的成长未必有益。” 【解析】根据第二段内容尤其是定位句可推知，Markey不赞成向孩 子阐明吃零食的风险。故选C。 3.A细节理解题【解析】根据第三段中的“where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times,and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume”可知，在 “责任分工”概念中，孩子可以自己决定饮食的种类和数量。故 选A。 4.C观点态度题【解析】根据最后一段第一句“I've been trying out these strategies and I've found that when I'm less restrictive,they do make better decisions.”可知，作者一直在尝试这些策略，并且发 现颇有成效。由此可推知，作者认为其一直遵循的策略是切实可 行的。故选C。 主题语境2 题组(2025·全国I卷：应用科学技术 减少食物浪费的创新实践+202 (一) 【文章大意】微塑料污染遍布全球，危害着生态环境和生物健康。本 文介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的研究。这项研究表 明，煮沸并过滤硬水可以有效减少其中的微塑料含量。文章还提及 了微塑料污染的严重性与解决该污染的相关建议。 【语篇结构】 段落划分 内容梗概 第一段 通过举例说明微塑料沙染影响范围 第二、三段 介绍煮沸过滤法及影响其效果的因素 指出微朔料污染的严甬性及当前相关研究的 第四、五段 意义 1.C写作手法题【解析】第一段通过列举微塑料存在于深海、喜 马拉雅脉、火岩、海鸟的円部、南极洲的新鲜积雪中、人体内 部这些例子说明了微塑料染的广泛性。由此可知，作者在第一 段中运用了举例的写作手法来呈现微朔料污染普遍存在这·问 题。故选C。 2A细节理解题【解析】该题问的是什么决定了诚少水巾微塑料 含量的效果。根据第三段内容尤其是第一句“Crucially,this ·32 【长难句分析】Instead,she recommends applying a wel-known concept among nutrition experts called the "Division of Responsibility",where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times,and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume-even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots..（第三段) 分析among nutrition experts called the“Division of Responsibility”是 后置定语，修饰awel-known concept;where引导非限制性定语从 句；what和how much引导宾语从句；even if引导让步状语从句。 译文相反，她建议采用在营养专家中广为人知的一个概念，这个 概念被称为“责任分工”，即父母在固定的时间为孩子们提供各种 以健康为主的食品，孩子们自己决定他们想吃什么和吃多少一 即使那意味着他们有时吃的饼干比胡萝卜还多。 【词汇积累】convinced ad.确信，坚信consequence n.结果，后果 restrictive adj.限制性的，约束的 【常见搭配】mess up弄乱，搞砸 all of a sudden突然地，出乎意料地 【词缀变形】unintentionally ad.无意地，非故意地→unintentional ad山.非故意的，无意的→intentional ad.故意的，有意的→intention n.意图，目的，打算→intend v.打算，想要 人与社会 降低水中微塑料含量+2025·全国Ⅱ卷： 5·浙江1月卷：产品性别化) process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonale( 钙)to trap the plastics.”可知，关键在于，这一过程依赖于水中含 有足够多的碳酸钙米吸附微塑料。将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水 煮沸后，水巾的微塑料含量几乎减少了90%，但在碳酸钙含量低 丁60毫克的水样中，煮沸只能减少水中约25%的微塑料含量。 由此可知，碳酸钙含量，即水质硬度是决定减少水中微塑料含量 的关键内素。故选A。 3.B推理判断题【定位句】Even bottled water,scientists found earlier this year,conlains 10 to I 000 limes more microplastics than originally thought.(第四段最后一句) 译文科学家在今年早些时候发现，甚至瓶装水中的微塑料今量 也比原先认为的高出10到1000倍。 【解析】该题问的是作者在第四段提到瓶装水是为了说明什么。 作者提到瓶装水中的微塑料含量超出预期是为了说明微塑料 染无处不在，以此强调微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。 4.D推理判断题【定位句】“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics." 段最后一句) 译文“我们应该（进一步）研究升级饮用水处理)，以便它们能够 去除（饮用水中的）微塑料。” 【解析】根据第五段尤其是定位句可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay建议将 “用煮沸过滤法去除微塑料”的技术应用于饮用水处理厂升级。 这属于将研究成果转化为实际应用的建议。D项“研究发现的潜 在应用”符合题意。故选D。 【长难句分析】“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were 直接引语 trapped through the boiling process was nice,"Caroline 主语 Gauchotte-Lindsay,an environmental engineer at the University of 同位语 后置定语 Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research,tells New 定语从句 谓语 Scientist..（第五段倒数第二句) 宾语 分析定语从句“they demonstrated how.boiling process'”修饰The way;how引导宾语从句；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词an environmental engineer. 译文未参与该研究的苏格兰格拉斯哥大学环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay告诉《新科学家》：“他们展示的微塑料（含量） 如何通过煮沸过程而减少的方式很好。” 【词汇积累】pollution n.污染→环境问题核心词汇（与microplastics 构成主题关联) potential ad.潜在的→描述研究的价值（阅读高频词） exposure n.暴露→健康风险研究常用词(microplastic exposure指微 塑料摄入风险) 【常见搭配】rely on依赖于→过程描述类核心短语 lead to导致→因果关系类高频短语（科研结论高频词） focus on专注于→研究范围类核心短语 look into调查，研究→建议类高频短语 【熟词生义】settle(第一段第一句)常用义：.解决，定居 文章义：.（使）沉降 例句The sediment eventually settled at the bottom of the lake.沉积 物最终沉降到了湖底 【溯源教材】人教版选修二UI Science and Scientists和选修三 U3 Environmental Protection 关联点该语篇聚焦微塑料污染及科学解决路径，与教材中“科 研服务社会”“塑料污染治理”主题契合。文章中提及的“煮沸 过滤法去除微塑料的效果依赖于水中的碳酸钙含量”呼应教材 “评估科研全面性”“分析环保措施机制”的思维训练，“污染遍 布全球”强化“人类命运共同体”理念，“研究局限性”则对应 “审视科学结论适用范围”的科学思维， 迁移运用文章中关于“低成本除塑技术”“水厂升级建议”的内 容可作为“科技赋能环境治理”“简易环保方案”的写作素材，适 用于“人与社会”与“人与自然”主题写作，培养以“科学视角”解 决问题的能力，深化“科技向善”意识 3 (二) 【文章大意】文章主要介绍了纽约市一家名为Blue Hill的餐厅进行 的一项实践活动。该餐厅专门供应以原本会被扔掉的食物边角料 为食材的菜品，旨在提高公众对食物浪费问题的认识。 【语篇结构】 段落划分 内容梗概 第一段 作者通过自身感受引出食物浪费问题 介绍餐饮行业的现状及Blue Hill餐厅的创新 第二段 尝试 介绍Blue Hill餐厅发起的wastED实践项目， 第三段一第五段 以数据说明食物浪费现象的严重性，进一步介 绍该餐厅的食材来源 总结：wastED实践项目的反响以及带来的 第六段 启示 1.A 推理判断题【定位句】Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa,where the phrase "there are children starving in Africa"was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time..(第一段最后一句) 译文也许那种感觉源于（我）在南非长大的经历，在那里，“非洲 有孩子正在挨饿”这句话更像是一个令人不安的现实警示，而不 是晚餐时的祈祷。 【解析】该题问的是关于作者的早期生活我们可以推断出什么。 根据定位句可知，作者在南非长大，经常听到“非洲有孩子正在挨 饿”这句话。由此可推知，作者小时候日睹了食物短缺的情况。 故选A。 2.B细节理解题【定位句】Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste..(第三段最后一句) 译文每道菜都是为提高人对食物浪费的认识而专门定制的。 【解析】该题问的是Blue Hil餐厅为什么要开展这项实践。根据 定位句可知，Blue Hill餐厅开展这项实践是为了让公众意识到食 物浪费的问题。故选B。 3.C段落大意题【定位句】It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.(第五段第 一句) 译文应该注意的是，wastED菜单上的任何一道菜严格来说都不 是由垃圾制成的。 【解析】该题问的是第五段主要讲了仆么。根据第五段内容尤其 是定位句可知，wstD所用的食材配料是多数餐厅不会选用的食 物边角料，这此食材被优秀厨师做成美食。出此可推知，C项“这 些菜是用什么做的”符合本段主旨。故选C。 4.A推理判断题【定位句】Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue 3 Hill has since returned to its regular menu..(第六段第一、二句) 译文尽管wastED收到了热烈的好评，但它从一开始就被设计为 一项短期实践：Blue Hill餐厅此后又恢复了其常规菜单。 【解析】该题问的是关于wastED,我们能了解到什么。根据定位句 可推知，wastED从一开始就被设计为一项短期的尝试性活动。由 此可知，wastED按照计划结束了。故选A。 【长难句分析】Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that there are 状语 主谓宾 many ways to address problems of sustainability,and that you can 同位语从句 并列的同位语 make an amazing meal out of almost anything.(第六段最后一句) 从句 分析两个that引导并列的同位语从句，解释说明a reminder的具 体内容。 译文然而，它提醒我们，有很多方法可以解决可持续发展的问 题，而且你几乎可以用任何食材做出一顿美味的饭菜。 【词汇积累】awareness m.意识→替换sense/recognition的重要表 达（写作高频词） recycle,.回收利用→关注环境保护、资源再生研究（科普类特征词） cuisine n.菜肴→替换food/dish的重要表达（阅读高频词） sustainability n.可持续性→在文中指通过创新方式（如利用废弃 食材)减少食物浪费，实现餐饮业的资源循环与生态友好发展（环 保类高频词) 【常见搭配】throw away扔掉一→社会现象类阅读主题词 be made from由…制成→科普类阅读特征词 serve as充当→替换act as/work as的客观表达 (三) 【文章大意】文章主要介绍了产品的性别化现象、设计无性别产品的 必要性和产品设计中性别化的好处 【语篇结构】 段落划分 内容梗概 第一段 人们开始推动产品的无性别化 产品性别特性和刻板印象对设计无性别产品 第二段一第四段 的影响 第五段 拟人化提供了一个改变刻板印象的机会 1.A细节理解题【解析】该题问的是使新技术无性别化的日的是 什么。根据第一段第二句中的“People are stereotyping(形成刻板 印象）their gendered objects in very traditional ways”和第三句 "Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.”可知，科技产品去性别化的日的是减少刻板印象故 选A。 2.B推理判断题【定位句】In her study,Martin asked participants to .34 rate their attachment to male,female,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as“Miuu”.(第二 段第一句) 译文在Martin的研究中，她要求参与者评估他们对男性、女性和 无性别版本的数字语音助手和名为“Muu”的自动驾驶汽车的依 恋程度。 【解析】该题问的是在这项研究中，参与者可能被要求做什么。根 据定位句可推知，参与者可能被要求通过问卷调查的方式评估对 不同版本产品的依恋程度。故选B。 3.D推理判断题【定位句】For instance,if an object's name was meant to sound genderless,like Miuu,participants would still assign a gender to it-一they would assume Miuu was a“he”or“she”.(第四段 最后一句) 译文例如，如果一个物品的名字本意是没有性别的，比如Miuu, 参与者仍然会为其赋予一个性别一他们会假设Miuu是“他” 或“她”。 【解析】该题问的是为什么创造无性别的物品很困难。根据定位 句可推知，人们习惯性地为物品赋予性别，所以创造无性别的物 品很困难。故选D。 4.B段落大意题【定位句】Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism(拟人化)“provides an opportunity to change stereotypes'”.(最后一段第一句) 译文然而，Martin看到了一线希望：她相信拟人化“提供了一个改 变刻板印象的机会”。 【解析】通读最后一段尤其是定位句可知，本段主要介绍了为产品 赋予性别特征的好的一面。故选B 【长难句分析】Similarly,anthropomorphized products could be crealed lo lake on stereolype-inconsistent roles-a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations,for instance.（第五段最后一句) 分析to take…roles是不定式短语作目的状语；两个that均引导 定语从句。 译文同样地，我们可设计拟人化的产品来让它们承担与刻板印 象不一致的角色—例如，一个协助护理工作的男性机器人或一 个帮助计算的女性机器人。 【词汇积累】fundamental adi.根本的，基本的 identity n.身份，特性ominance n.优势，支配地位 【常见搭配】associate with与…有联系 【熟词生义】ate(第二段第一句)常用义：n.速度，率文章义：. 评价，评估 例句They rated Fiona highly for her excellent research.他们对Fiona 出色的研究评价甚高」