第5章 瞻前顾后寻题眼,多管齐下猜词义 讲义-2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略

2026-05-06
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2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略(全国卷) 第5章 瞻前顾后寻题眼,多管齐下猜词义 在高考英语阅读理解部分,词义猜测题是一种必考题型,占比通常在10%左右。从广义上来说,它属于推理判断题的一种,标识部分既可以是陌生的生词,也可以是熟悉的“熟词生义”,还可以是短语或句子的含义,甚至代词的指代对象,而且画线词(标识部分)的词性多为名词、动词、形容词等实词,主要考查考生“在语境中理解词义”的能力,题干通常采用以下几种句式: 1. The underlined word “...” probably means ______. 2. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “...”? 3. What does the underlined word “...” refer to? 这是一类综合性较强的试题,要求考生综合运用词法、句法及篇章结构等方面的知识作答。从近年各类考试中的相关题型可以看出,猜测词义主要采用以下基本方法: 1 构词法 运用英语构词法的基本知识推断派生词、合成词及转化词的含义。 2 上下文语境与逻辑关系 结合上下文和因果、举例、同位等逻辑线索,以及自身常识进行综合判断。 3 同义反义关系 利用并列、转折关系推测词义。and 或 or前后可能是同义词或近义词;but, however, unlike等词后的内容则暗示反义或对比关系。 4 定义解释法 利用文中的定义或解释性语言来推断词义。信号词包括is, mean, refer to, that is, in other words, be called as, just as等。 5 语法分析法 利用同位、支配、修饰、限制等关系进行语法分析来确定词义。 6 例证归纳法 从阅读文章整体着眼,在例证和逻辑分析过程中寻找词义。 7 常识推理法 利用生活常识和语言常识确定被猜词意义。 8 代入替换法 将选项意义分别代入原文,符合逻辑者择优取义。 【经典案例1】 Computer people talk a lot about the need for other people to become “Computer-literate”. But not all experts(专家)agree that this is good idea. One pioneer, in particular, who disagrees, is David Tebbutt, the founder of Computertown UK. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way. He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate.” David Tebbutt thinks Computertowns are most successful when tied to a computer club but he insists there is an important difference between the two. The clubs are for people who have some computer knowledge already. This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers for them to experiment on, with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they have. They are not told what to do, they find out. The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be able to answer all questions people ask People don’t have to learn computer terms(术语),but the experts have to explain in plain language. The computers are becoming “people-literate”. 【参考译文】 计算机专业人士常常谈论其他人需要变得“懂电脑”。但并非所有专家都同意这是个好主意。 尤其有一位先驱者持反对意见,他就是英国“计算机城”的创始人大卫·特巴特。尽管许多人认为这是让人们更接近电脑的一次成功尝试,但大卫并不这么看。他说,英国“计算机城”的建立恰恰出于相反的原因:把电脑带到人们身边,让人们变得“懂人”。 大卫·特巴特认为,“计算机城”在与电脑俱乐部结合时最为成功,但他坚持认为两者之间存在重要区别。俱乐部是为那些已经具备一些电脑知识的人准备的,这会把非专业人士吓跑。而非专业人士更愿意去“计算机城”,那里有电脑供他们动手尝试,还有专家鼓励他们并解答任何问题。他们不会被指挥该做什么,而是自己去发现。电脑专家必须学会不去“教导”人们关于电脑的知识,而是要能够回答人们提出的所有问题。人们不必学习电脑术语,但专家必须用通俗易懂的语言进行解释。电脑正在变得“懂人”。 【阅读试题】 1. Which of the following is David Tebbutt’s idea on the relationship between people and computers? A. Computer learning should be made easier. B. There should be more computer clubs for experts. C. People should work harder to master computer use. D. Computers should be made cheaper so that people can afford them. 解析: 此题考查归纳概括能力。本题要求考生在阅读第二段的过程中对作者的观点进行抽象和概括,只要抓住了关键句“David does not see it that way”和“He says,…for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them people-literate”,便不难看出选项A为正确答案。 2. We can infer from the text that “computer-literate” means ___. A. being able to afford a computer B. being able to write computer programs C. working with the computer and finding out its value D. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it 解析: 此题考查考生利用上下文暗示猜测词义的能力。要解答该题,首先必须理解短文第二段中people-literate的含义:to bring computer close to the people(使计算机更易于学习操作)。再运用它与computer-literate之间的对比(反衬)关系便知,computer-literate是“了解并能使用计算机”的意思,因此,选项D为正确答案。 3. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to the idea that Computertowns ________. A. help to set up more computer clubs B. bring people to learn to use computers C. bring more experts to work together D. help to sell computers to the public 解析: 此题考查考生利用上下文指代关系猜测词义的能力。从短文第二段第二句可以看出,it指代的应是to bring people closer to the computer, 再与四个选项进行比较,唯有选项B与之意义最接近,故B为正确答案。 4. David Tebbutt started Computertown UK with the purpose of ____. A. making better use of computer experts B. improving computer programs C. increasing computer sales D. popularizing computers 解析: 此题考查考生推断作者意图的能力。短文前两段运用两个表转折关系的句子“But not…a good idea”和“Although…,David does not see it that way”说明了David 创办电脑城(Computertown UK )的目的不是使所有的人都成为计算机专家(computer-literate)。短文第三段通过对电脑俱乐部(computer club)和电脑城不同服务目的的对比,再次说明了David 创办电脑城的目的是使更多的人了解和知道怎样使用电脑,也即是使电脑更加普及和大众化,故最佳答案应为D。 【经典案例2】 America is growing older. Fifty years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65. This aging of the population will affect (影响) American society in many ways---education, medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society, one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior(行为)is suitable(适合) at various ages. A person’s age no longer tells you anything about his/her social position, marriage or health. There’s no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married or starts a family. The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to go to school, get a job, or stop working isn’t as strong as it used to be. It doesn’t surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university president or a 35-year-old grandmother, or a 70-year-old man who has become a father for the first time. Public ideas are changing. Many people say, ‘I am much younger than my mother-or my father-was at my age,’ No one says ‘Act your age’ anymore. We’ve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways. 【参考译文】 美国正在老龄化。五十年前,美国每100人中只有4人年龄在65岁及以上。如今,每100个美国人中就有10人超过65岁。这种人口老龄化将在许多方面影响美国社会——教育、医疗和商业。悄然间,美国的老龄化已使我们的社会变得截然不同,在这个社会中,人们对于什么行为适合什么年龄阶段有着完全不同的看法。 一个人的年龄不再能说明其社会地位、婚姻状况或健康状况。不再有一个特定的年龄必须去上学、工作、结婚或组建家庭。曾让我们按部就班、告诉我们何时上学、何时找工作、何时退休的“社会时钟”,已不像过去那样强大。当我们听说有人29岁当上大学校长,35岁当上祖母,或70岁首次当上父亲时,我们不再感到惊讶。公众的观念正在改变。 许多人说:“我比我的母亲(或父亲)在同龄时要年轻得多。” 再也没有人说“举止要与年龄相称”了。对于那些行为举止显得年轻的老年人,我们也不再投以惊讶的目光。 【阅读试题】 5. It can be learnt from the text that the aging of the population in America _______. A. has made people feel younger B. has changed people’s social position C. has changed people’s understanding of age D. has slowed down the country’s social development 解析: 此题考查归纳概括能力。属于较高档次的推理判断类试题。短文第一段中说“one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages”,表明“人们对不同年龄段的人适合作什么已有不同的观点了”。另外,第二段第一句“A person’s age…marriage or health”表明“一个人的社会地位,婚姻状况和健康状况再也不能反映其年龄特征了”。其次,第三段中的“No one says ‘Act your age’ any more”明显地反映了人们对待年龄的态度发生了重大变化。综上所述,选项C应为正确答案。 6. The underlined word ‘one’ refers to _______. A. a society B. America C. a place D. population 解析: 此题考查利用逻辑符号(破折号)及上下文暗示信息猜测词义的能力。短文第一段最后一句中的破折号具有解释说明的作用,据此可以推断one所指即为a very different society, 故选项A是正确答案. 7. ‘Act your age’ means people should ________. A. be active when they are old B. do the right thing at the right age C. show respect for their parents young or old D. take more physical exercise suitable to their age 解析: 此题测试考生把握整体逻辑联系及综合上文内容猜测短语意义的能力。这是一道难度较大的题目。短文一、二段的中心意思概括起来就是“人们并不在合适的年龄扮演相应的社会角色”,而No one says ‘Act your age’ anymore 意思是Everyone says ‘not Act your age’ now,这正是上文的主要思想,因此,短语 ‘Act your age’反其意而用之,即为“人们在合适的年龄扮演相应的社会角色”,故选项B为正确答案。 8. If a 25-year-old man becomes general manager of a big firm, the writer of the text would most probably consider it _______. A. normal B. wonderful C. unbelievable D. unreasonable 解析: 此题测试考生把握语篇中心并结合特定句意推断作者主观态度的能力。这是一道高档次试题。综观全文,作者已经接受了“年龄不再反映社会地位”的客观现实并结合特定句It doesn’t surprise us to hear of…for the first time”中的doesn’t surprise us 进行分析不难看出,作者对“一个25岁的人成了一家大公司的总经理”一事并不感到意外,由此可以先排除选项C 、D ,又因为作者仅接受了客观事实而并未说明其好坏,故A为最佳答案。 【经典案例3】(2014年全国新课标Ⅰ卷,B篇节选) Passenger pigeons once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks so large that they darkened the sky for hours... Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again. 【参考译文】 旅鸽曾以惊人的数量飞越美国大部分地区。18世纪和19世纪的文字记载描述道,鸽群规模如此之大,以至于它们能连续数小时遮蔽天空…… 可悲的是,旅鸽的庞大数量或许正是它们的祸根。在鸟类最为繁盛的地方,人们认为这是取之不尽的资源,于是成千上万地捕杀它们。商业猎人用谷物将鸽群吸引到小片空地上,等鸽子落下来觅食,然后撒下大网,一次就能捕获数百只。这些鸽子被运往大城市,在餐馆里出售。 到19世纪最后几十年,旅鸽筑巢所需的硬木森林因美国人用木材的需求而遭到破坏,这导致鸽群分散,迫使它们向更北的地方迁徙,而那里的低温和春季风暴加速了它们的衰落。很快,庞大的鸽群消失了,再也见不到了。 【阅读试题】 The underlined word “undoing” in the second paragraph probably means ______. A. success B. profit C. feature D. downfall 解析: 此题考查利用上下文逻辑关系猜测词义的能力。第二段首句说旅鸽的数量曾是它们的“undoing”。紧接着,下文描述了“people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands”(人们认为它们取之不尽,因此成千上万地捕杀),以及猎人们如何大肆捕捉、贩卖它们。由此可以推断,正是旅鸽“数量巨大”这一特征,最终导致了它们被大量捕杀而“灭绝”。因此,“undoing”在此语境中应理解为“祸根”或“毁灭”。 选项D的“downfall”(衰落,毁灭)与此意吻合。正确选项:D 【经典案例4】(2020年新课标卷III,B篇节选) When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!” The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer... 【参考译文】 上个月,当《猩球崛起》首次公映时,一群激动的动物保护人士聚集在好莱坞大道上。但他们并不是要去向身穿皮草的电影明星泼红油漆。相反,其中一位活动人士穿着一套全身猴子装,举着一块赞扬电影制作团队的牌子,上面写着:“感谢你们没有使用真正的猿!” 《猩球崛起》背后的创意团队运用动作捕捉技术创造了数字化的动物,他们投入了数千万美元,用于记录演员表演并通过电脑后期处理的技术…… 【阅读试题】 What does the underlined word “digitalized” in the second paragraph probably mean? A. filmed with a real animal B. created with a computer C. drawn by an artist D. copied from a painting 解析: 此题考查利用构词法猜测词义的能力。生词“digitalized” 中包含“digital”(数字的)和动词后缀“-ize”,因此可以推测其意为“数字化”。这一推测需要代入原文进行验证。文章说电影团队没有使用真实的猿猴,而是通过技术“create digitalized animals”(创造“digitalized animals”),并且说明这种技术“records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer”(记录下演员的表演,再用电脑进行处理)。结合这些信息可以确定,“digitalized animals”就是“用电脑技术创造的动物”。 选项B “created with a computer”(用电脑创造)与此意完全吻合,故正确选项为B。 【备考建议】 词义猜测题并不可怕,它考查的不是你的词汇量,而是你在语境中灵活推理的能力。只有掌握了正确的方法,你才能应对自如。 一、 核心策略:养成“瞻前顾后”的做题习惯 看到画线词(或代词、短语),千万不要只看那一句话。要立刻养成习惯,向它的“前、后”文各多读1-2句,寻找逻辑线索。这是所有猜词方法的基础。 具体做法: 做题时,用笔圈出画线词,然后强制自己阅读其上一句和下一句,再结合画线词所在句,三者联动思考。 案例印证: 【经典案例3】中,猜“undoing”的意思,只看“may have been their undoing”毫无头绪,但紧接着读后文“人们大肆捕杀”“森林被毁”,就能推断出这是导致旅鸽“毁灭”的原因。 二、 关键技巧:重点突破4种最高效的方法 上文概括介绍了猜测词义的8种基本方法,在高三冲刺阶段,建议你优先掌握并反复练习以下4种考场上最常用、最高效的方法: 1. 逻辑关系法(重中之重) 并列关系(and / or): “and”或“or”前后的词往往是同义词或近义词。例如:He is very diligent and hardworking. 可以推断diligent意为“勤奋的”。 转折关系(but / however / although / unlike): 这些词后的内容与前文意思相反或相对。这是【经典案例1】猜出“computer-literate”含义的关键(与“people-literate”对比)。 因果关系(because / so / thus / therefore): 利用因果关系推导。例如:The drought lasted for months, so all the crops died. 可知drought是导致庄稼死亡的“干旱”。 解释定义(that is / in other words / mean / refer to /破折号——): 这些信号词后会直接给出定义或解释。这是【经典案例2】猜出“one”指代内容的关键(破折号后是解释)。 2. 构词分析法(秒杀生词) 实战价值: 这是最快的方法,能让你在几秒内获得答案。务必复习高考常见前缀(如:un-, re-, pre-, -less)、后缀(如:-ful, -tion, -ize)和词根。 实战应用: 【经典案例4】中,“digitalized” 一眼就能看出 “digital”(数字的)+ “-ize”(动词后缀,使成为……)+ “-ed”(形容词或过去分词),立刻锁定“数字化的”,结合下文“用电脑处理”,轻松选出“created with a computer”。 3. 代词指代法(必考送分题) 破题铁律: 代词(it, they, this, that, one, these, those)指代的对象一定在它前面(通常是前一句的主语或宾语)。 操作步骤: 1) 找到代词;2) 往前找名词或名词短语;3) 代入验证,看意思和语法是否通顺。 案例印证: 【经典案例1】中找“it”指代什么,往前看正是“to bring people closer to the computer”;【经典案例2】中找“one”指代什么,往前看是“a very different society”。 4. 常识与代入法(双重保险) 常识推理: 结合你的生活、科学、历史等背景知识。例如,读到“The sun at noon is scorching hot”,根据常识,正午的太阳应该是“灼热的”。 代入验证: 当你通过以上方法得出一个初步答案后,把四个选项依次代入原文读一遍,哪一个读起来最通顺、最合逻辑,就选哪一个。这是最后一道保险。 三、实战步骤:形成解题“条件记忆” 在平时做题和考试中,坚持按以下步骤操作,熟能生巧: 第1步 定位 在文中找到画线词的位置,圈出来。 第2步 读三句 精读画线词所在句、前一句、后一句。 第3步 找线索 在这三句话中,寻找上述4种关键线索:①有无 and/but/because 等逻辑词?②有无 破折号/that is 等解释词?③画线词本身能否用构词法拆解?④若是 it/they,往前找指代对象。 第4步 猜词义 综合线索,推出最合理的词义。 第5步 验答案 将你选定的选项意思代入原文,通读确认。 四、特别提醒:避开常见“雷区” *不要凭“感觉”选。 哪怕不认识这个词,也要严格按照逻辑线索推理,切忌“我觉得它像这个意思”。 *不要只看画线词所在句。 孤立看一句,超过一半的词义猜测题都会做错。 *注意“熟词生义”。 当考查的是一个你认识的“简单词”时,99%的情况考的是它在文中的生僻含义。例如“feature”你可能知道“特征”,但文章可能考“特写”或“主演”。此时必须依赖上下文语境。 *代词指代优先看前一句的主语/宾语。 不要往前找得太远,一般就在本句或上句。 五、考前冲刺训练计划(最后一个月) 1. 专项突破(1周): 每天做几篇阅读理解(具体数量根据情况确定),但只集中攻克每篇中的词义猜测题(包括指代题)。做完后,对照答案,问自己:“我用了哪种方法?为什么这种方法有效?” 2. 限时训练(1周): 整套做阅读理解(4篇,建议35分钟内),其中词义猜测题每道题的思考时间控制在1分钟以内,训练快速反应能力。 3. 错题总结(全程): 建立一个“猜词题错题本”,具体内容如下表所示: 画线词及原句 你选的错误选项 正确答案 当时用错/忽略了哪种方法?(例如:“忽略了but的转折关系”“没有用构词法分解”) 切记,词义猜测题的本质是 “逻辑题”,而不是“词汇题”。利用上述方法,辅以系统训练,你完全能够在高考中取得突破! - 8 - 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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第5章 瞻前顾后寻题眼,多管齐下猜词义 讲义-2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略
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第5章 瞻前顾后寻题眼,多管齐下猜词义 讲义-2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略
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第5章 瞻前顾后寻题眼,多管齐下猜词义 讲义-2026届高考英语阅读理解满分攻略
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