Unit4 History and Traditions Words and Expressions 课件-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版必修第二册

Unit 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS 历史与传统 Words and Expressions 1.Confucius [kən'fjuːʃəs]: n. 孔子 Cemetery of Confucius 墓地 孔林 Kong Family Mansion 孔府 Confucius Institute 孔子学院 Temple of Confucius: 孔庙 孔子: (公元前551年9月28日－公元前479年4月11日),子姓,孔氏,名丘,字仲尼,鲁国陬邑[zōu yì] (今山东曲阜)人,祖籍宋国栗邑[ lì yì] (今河南夏邑),中国古代思想家、政治家、教育家、儒家学派创始人。 孔子开创私人讲学之风,倡导仁义礼智信。有弟子三千,其中贤人七十二。曾带领部分弟子周游列国十三年,晚年修订六经(《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》)。去世后,其弟子及再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来,整理编成《论语》。该书被奉为儒家经典。 孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一,在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”,更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。其思想对中国和世界(特别是亚洲)都有深远的影响,其人被列为“世界十大文化名人”之首。 2.mansion [ˈmænʃn]: n. 公馆;宅第 Kong Family Mansion: 孔府 A Dream of Red Mansions 3. cemetery [ˈsemətri]: n. 墓地;公墓 tomb [tuːm]: n. 坟墓 grave: n. 坟墓 Cemetery of Confucius: 孔林 3.individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]: n.(c) 个人 adj. 单独的;个别的（只用于名词前） individualism [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəlɪzəm] n.(u) 个人主义 individuality [ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti] n.(u) 个性；特征 individually[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli] adv 分别地，单独地 ①____________ (individual) or groups may enter one of the following categories. ②Snacks outside of mealtimes may be bought by the student ____________ (individual). Individuals individually 4.heel [hiːl]: n. 足跟; (脚/袜子/鞋等的)后跟 Achilles’ [əˈkili:z] heel: (喻)(希腊神话)阿喀琉斯的脚跟; 致命的弱点 1)English is his Achilles’ heel. 2)Lucy’s Achilles’ heel is that she cannot believe in others. 3)She will buy shoes with a low/high heel. 阿喀琉斯的脚跟/之踵[zhǒng]: 阿喀琉斯, 是凡人英雄珀琉斯和海洋女神忒[tè]提斯的爱子。忒提斯为了让儿子炼成“金钟罩”, 在他刚出生时就将其倒提着浸进冥河。遗憾的是, 阿喀琉斯被母亲捏住的脚后跟却不慎露在水外, 在全身留下了唯一一处 “死穴”。后来, 阿喀琉斯被帕里斯一箭射中脚踝而死去。后人常以 “阿喀琉斯之踵” 譬喻这样一个道理：即使是再强大的英雄，也有致命的死穴或软肋。 5.kingdom [ˈkɪŋdəm ]: n. 王国;领域；（生物等的）界 king: 国王 queen: 女王; 王后 prince:王子; 王孙; 亲王 princess:公主; 王妃 field/area: 领域 the animal kingdom 动物界 emperor 皇帝 empire 帝国 1)What are the four countries of the United Kingdom? 2)The king is the most important person in a kingdom. 6.puzzle [ˈpʌzl]: n. 谜;智力游戏;疑问 v. 迷惑;使困惑 puzzling: adj. 令人迷惑的/困惑的 puzzled: adj. (人感到)困惑的;迷惑不解的 a word puzzle: 字谜 be puzzled about/over sth =be in a puzzle about/over sth 对某事感到迷惑；苦苦思索；仔细琢磨 be a puzzle to sb．对某人来说是个谜 puzzle sth. out 琢磨出...的答案 It is a (puzzle) problem for most of us.  She was staring at her computer with a ______ (puzzle) expression.  The man is puzzling why she has changed her mind. 4. Their reason for doing it is still____ puzzle to me. puzzling puzzled about/over a 7.join ... to...: 把…和…连接或联结起来 join指加入一个团体、组织、群体,成为其中的一员； join a club加入一个俱乐部； join in和 take part in均指参与某活动, take part in稍微正式； Can I join in(the game)? take part in a discussion/game/celebration participate in: 正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加 attend多指参加、出席会议等 Only 12 people attended the meeting. =connect...with... 把……和……联系起来 8. break away (from sb/sth): 脱离;背叛;逃脱 break up 打碎；分裂，解体；结束；(关系等)破裂break down 垮掉；出故障；分解break into 破门而入；突然…起来break in 破门而入；打断；插话 break out (战争、洪水、火灾等)爆发 break off 中断；折断；断绝 1. The two countries are going to meet to ____________ some barriers to trade between them. 2. We had to the house as we had lost the key. 3. In order to get some money, the man that old machine and sold some parts. 4. The thief tried to the policeman, but he failed. 5. The fire during the day, and therefore almost no one was injured. break down break into broke up break away from broke out 9.belong to The car belongs to her.　 这车属于她。 I used to belong to a youth club. 我曾是一个青年俱乐部的成员。 Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。 vt. 属于 1. 此词组不可用于进行时; 2. 不可用于被动语态，其过去分词也不可用作后位定语。 Tips belonging n.归属感 belongings n.财产，所有物 14 单句语法填空 1. Could you tell me who the new bike belongs ?  2. You’d better take your (belong) before you get off. 3. Language is a gift (belong) to humans.   4.Cultures give us a sense of _________ (belong) in society. to belongings belonging belonging 10.as well as 和，以及；同……一样好（副词） 1)Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to improve that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国III) 2)The man, as well as his three children, is going out for hiking this weekend. 3)She cooks as well as her mother. 4)Amy, as well as her brothers, _____ given a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019天津) as well as, along with, together with等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词与其前面的名词或代词保持一致,即“就远原则”。它们的意思是: “和”。 was as well 也 1)他说法语，也说西班牙语。 He speaks French, and Spanish as well. 2)我也去过长城。 I have been to the Great Wall as well． =I have been to the Great Wall (,) too． =I have also been to the Great Wall. either--我也没去过长城。 I have not been to the Great Wall either. as well, too, also, either， “也” 前三个用于肯定句, either 用于否定句。 Exercise 1. They play all kinds of instruments and sing . A. also B. either C. as well D. as well as 2. Tom, Jane and Rose, going to the farm on foot. A. as long as; is B. as well as; are C. as long as; are D. as well as; is 3. They travel at full speed by day . A. and night B. and by night as well as C. as well at night D. as well as by night 4. Mrs Black writes , if not better than, her husband. A. as well as B. so well C. so well as D. as well C D D A 11.defence [dɪˈfens ]: n. 防御;保卫 defend [dɪˈfend ]: v. 防御;保卫 defensive adj.防御性的 in defence of 保护，防护；为……辩护 defend ... from/ against ... 保卫……以免受…… 1. What was especially important for Tim’s successful .(defend) in the football game? 2. What talking points can be raised defence of this argument? 3. Students should be trained to defend themselves .some attacks. defence in against/from 12.legal ['li:ɡl]: adj. 法律的;合法的 legally: adv. 法律上;合法地 illegal [ɪˈli:gl]: adj. 不合法的;违法的 illegally: adv. 不法地 即学即练　完成句子 ①Wild camping ________ (是非法的)in England. ②More and more women today have learned to arise _______________________ (捍卫她们的合法权利)． ③出于法律原因，大多数饭店都有一项政策，禁止送给别人被丢弃的食物。 ______________most restaurants have a policy against giving away food waste. is illegal in defence of their legal rights For legal reasons 13.surround [səˈraʊnd ]: v. 围绕;包围 (1)surround A with/by B. 使B包围A be surrounded by/with ...被……包围 (2)surrounding adj.周围的 (3)surroundings n.环境 ①The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which____________________ (surround) by a high wire fence ②Steve arrived and sat in the front row, ____________by/with his family. ③Determining where we are in relation to our______________　　　　　　　 (surround) remains an essential skill for our survival. 4.__________ (surround) by green trees, the farm is located at the foot of the hill near our school. 5.Steve arrived and sat in the front row, _________(surround) his family. was surrounded surrounded surroundings Surrounded surrounding 14.evidence ['evɪdəns]: n. 证据;证明【不可数名词】 evident adj.明显的，显然的　 evidently adv.显然，明显地；清楚地 =（clearly，obviously，apparently) It is evident that...＝Evidently, ... 很明显…… There is (some) evidence that... 有(一些)证据表明…… (1) There is evidence _____ global climate is getting warmer. (2) _______________(很明显) they have experience in this work. that It’s evident that 15. achievement [ə'tʃi:vmənt]: n. 成就;成绩;达到 achieve : v. 取得; 获得; 实现; 成功 achieve success 获得成功 achieve a goal/an aim 实现/达到目标 achieve one's dream 实现梦想 make an achievement/achievements in doing sth. 在做某事方面取得成就 a sense of achievement 成就感 1. It takes hard work (achieve) the final success. 2. China sent up six manned spaceships and they were also great scientific (achieve) in the world. 3.When I managed to reach the temple at the top of the mountain, I felt a sense of (achieve). to achieve achievements achievement 16. location [ləʊˈkeɪʃn ]: n. 地方;地点;位置 locate : v. 使位于;确定,找出....准确地点 be located in/at/to…: 位于;坐落在 “位于，坐落于” 1).The satellite enables us to calculate their precise________ (locate) anywhere in the world. 2).Fontbonne is a liberal arts college,________(locate) in a residential suburb of St.Louis. 3)._______(locate) in the northern part of Europe, the country attracts a lot of tourists from all over the world every year.(同义句转换) 4)________(locate)itself in the northern part of Europe, the country attracts a lot oftourists from all over the world every year. location located Located Locating 17. battle ['bætl ]: n. 战役;搏斗 v. 搏斗;奋斗 battle/fight/struggle with/against sb (the enemy) 与某人（敌人）战斗 battle/fight/struggle for … 为…而奋斗；为…而战 1)The man battled ___________cancer for four years. 2) Workers are battling ___ equal rights. against/with for 18.fascinating [ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ ]: adj. 极有吸引力的;迷人的 = charming = attractive adj. 迷人的 fascinate vt. & vi.深深吸引，迷住 fascinated adj. 着迷的，被深深吸引的 fascination n. 魅力；极大的吸引力；入迷，着迷 sth. fascinates sb. 某事物使某人着迷/某物迷住某人 sb. is fascinated by/with sth. 某人对……着迷 单句语法填空 1. Listeners were (fascinate) by his story. 3. It is (fascinate) to talk with such an interesting person. 4. The idea of travelling through time always . (fascinate) me when I was a kid. fascinated fascinating fascinated 19. keep your eyes open (for...): 留心;留意 “eye”的相关短语 keep an eye on 照看；留神；留意 have an eye for sth 对…有鉴赏力（或识别力、眼力） catch one’s eye 引起某人的注意 look sb in the eye 直视某人 in one’s eyes 按某人的意见；在某人眼里；依某人看 through one’s eyes 从某人的角度看 完成句子 1. 我很抱歉，所以我无法正视他的眼睛。 I am sorry, so I couldn’t . 2. 我在街上走着，一只鸟吸引了我的注意。 I was walking in the street when a bird . 3. 到达那里时，你要留意观察。 You’d better when you get there. 4. 我对时尚从来没有鉴赏力。 I’ve never fashion. 5. 设身处地站在她的角度想想这事吧。 Try looking at it for a change. look him in the eye caught my eye keep your eyes open had an eye for through her eyes 20. charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]: v. 收费; 指控; 主管;充电 n. 主管; 收费;指控 （1）The charge for transport will be increased because the price of petrol is going up. 　　　　 （2）I wonder how much you charge for your service. 　　　　 （3）The police charged the young man with car theft. 　　　　 （4）He is charging a storage battery.　 （5） The company used to be in his direct charge. 　 n.收费 v. 收费 v. 指控 vt. 充电 n. 主管 (1)charge sb with (doing) sth 因(做)某事控告某人 charge sb (money) for sth 向某人索取……的费用 (2)free of charge=for free 免费 in charge (of) 主管;负责;照顾 in the charge of (=in one's charge) 由某人负责;由某人管理 take charge of 掌管;负责;看管 类似的还有in possession of和in the possession of, in control of和in the control of等。 单句语法填空 1. (charge) with stealing that car, the young man was taken to the police.  2. He charged me 20 yuan mending my shoes.  3. I am happy to know you are in charge a teenager art exhibition next month. 4. She charged him stealing her car. Charged for of with 21. announce [ə'naʊns]: v. 宣布;通知;声称 announcement : n. 通告;宣告 announcer n.播音员；告知者 announce sth to sb 向某人宣布某事 As is announced = It is announced that 据报道 make an announcement that 宣布 announce后不跟双宾语,即不能说announce sb sth,但可以说announce sth to sb。类似不接双宾语的动词还有explain、say、report、describe、suggest、mention、express等。 (1) It is wise to announce the news the public. (2) The made an that all of the details should through the broadcast. (announce) (3) It (announce) that only when the fire was under control would the residents be permitted to return to their homes. to announcer announcement be announced is announced “许多的，大量的” 表示“大量的”短语还有: a great deal of /a large amount of+不可数名词 a large number of+可数名词复数 a lot of(lots of), plenty of, a large quantity of(large quantities of) +可数名词/不可数名词 22. amount [əˈmaʊnt ]: n. 金额;数量 vi. 总计，合计；相当于 ①amount to 总计达到;等于 ②a large amount of +不可数名词+谓语动词单数 =large amounts of+不可数名词+谓语动词复数 the amount of + 不可数名词 ……的数量 ①Large amounts of honey and butter 　　　　　(be)used to make this kind of snack.  ②A large amount of money 　　　　　(be)spent on the construction of the school last year.  ③The total sales of the company didn’t amount _____　　　　　more than a million dollars.  were　 was　 to　 4. The amount of water in this bottle ____unknown. 5. We shouldn’t waste large (amount) of time in playing computer games. is amounts 23.approach [əˈprəʊtʃ ]: n.方法;途径; 接近 vt. 接近; 接洽; 着手处理; vi靠近 ①If a child approaches him,he will pause to give that child his undivided attention(2019天津)　　　　   ②She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning ③We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.(2019北京)　　　　 接近 接洽 方法 at the approach of 在快到……的时候 表达“做……的方法”时各自的搭配分别是： the approach to (doing) sth. the way to do/of (doing) sth. the means of (doing) sth. the method of (doing) sth. 1. (approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height. 2. All the approaches the palace were guarded by troops. 3. Facing up to your problems is the best approach to ___________(work) things out. Approaching to working 24. generous ['dʒenərəs]: adj. 慷慨的;大方的;丰富的 generously adv. 慷慨地，大方地 generosity [ˌdʒenəˈrɑːsəti]n. 慷慨，大方 be generous with sth．在某方面慷慨大方 be generous to sb．对某人慷慨大方 It is generous of sb. to do sth．某人做某事真是大方 语法填空 ① Thank you for being generous ______ your time. ② The old woman was always generous ____ the poor boy. ③ It was very generous ____ you to forgive her. ④ Thank you for contributing ____________(generous) to the scholarship fund. ⑤ He treated them with ____________(generous) and thoughtfulness. with to of generously　 generosity 25.eager [ˈi:gə]: adj. 热切的；渴望的 eagerly /'i:gəlɪ/ adv. 热切地；渴望地 eagerness /'i:gənəs/ n. 渴望；热切 be eager to do...: 渴望做 be eager for sth: 渴求某物 be eager/ dying/ thirsty/ anxious for sth 渴望得到某物 be eager/ dying/ thirsty/ anxious/keen/desperate to do sth 渴望做某事 long/desire/ to do sth 渴望……=look forward to doing sth “渴望做某事”的其他表达方法 单句语法填空　 ①Everyone in the class seemed eager ________ (learn). ②We listened ________(eager), for he brought news of our families. 　　　 ③They were eager ______ a second bite of the cherry. ④I couldn't hide my __________ (eager) to get back home. [衔接写作] 补全句子 ①He ___________________ communicate his ideas to the group. 他急于把他的想法传达给小组。 ②When my own son was five years old, I ______________ another baby. 我家儿子5岁的时候，我特别想再要一个孩子。 to learn for eagerness eagerly was eager to became eager for 45 vi. 翻滚 n. 翻滚 n. 卷(轴) 26. roll [rəʊl]: v. (使)翻滚;(使)滚动; n. 卷(轴); 翻滚; a roll of paper/cloth: 一卷纸/一匹布 The woman rolled up /down the window. rock and roll 摇滚乐 roll down 摇下 roll in 大量涌入 摇上/摇下 27. cattle [ˈkætl ]: n. 牛(牛的总称)(集合名词) cow: n. 母牛; 奶牛 ox: 公牛(已阉割) (复数: oxen) bull: 公牛(未阉割) a head of cattle: 一头牛 eighty head of cattle: 80头牛 cattle: 集合名词,前面不能加 a,词尾也不可加s。常和many,these,those,the等连用。 用作主语时,句子的谓语动词多用复数。 28.greet [ɡriːt]: v. 问候;迎接 greeting : n. 问候，招呼(常用复数形式) greeter n.（在酒店、超市等门口迎接顾客的）接待员 1) greet sb. with... 用...迎接某人;用...向某人打招呼 2) send one's greetings to sb. 向某人问好 3) be greeted with/by sth 对……做出反应 ①They exchanged _________(greet) and sat down to lunch.  ②People from different cultures have different ways 　　　　　___________(greet) each other.    greetings　 to greet　 29. striking [ˈstraɪkɪŋ]: adj. 引人注目的;显著的 strike [straɪk] : v. 击打，碰撞；侵袭；罢工 n.罢工；击打；侵袭 (strike -- struck --- struck/stricken) 1.某人突然想到…… 2.被……打动；深受感动　 3.趁热打铁。 4.两者兼顾；达到平衡 5.在罢工 6.打击者；罢工者 ① It strikes sb.that... ② be struck by... ③ Strike while the iron is hot.  ④ strike a balance between A and B ⑤ be/ go on strike ⑥ striker   ①Greatly by the beauty of the language，I thought how even today Shakespeare’s writing remains powerful and true.(strike) ②The idea is that we should go to the City Square to have a look at the ___________ statue. ③The clock has just ________ three. ④The big earthquake struck the area. struck struck striking a crowd of/crowds of 一大群;很多 the crowd 人群 crowd n. v. ｝ crowd into... 挤进…… crowd in(on sb.)（想法、问题等）涌上（某人心头），涌入（某人脑海） crowd round/around 聚集在……周围，聚拢 crowd...out 把……挤出，排挤…… ｝ crowded adj. 拥挤的 be crowded with =be full of 挤满 30. crowd [kraʊd]: v.挤满;使拥挤 n. 人群;一群人;观众 ; 民众;群众 (1) Every time I visit my grandparents, my grandma would crowd a lot of snacks and fruits _________ my schoolbag. (2) We all crowded _______ her office to sing “Happy Birthday”. (3) The happy memory of getting along with my best friend crowded ________ my mind. (4) The road was so ___________(crowd) that the car could not pass through easily. (5) The narrow roads were crowded ______ cars into into in crowded with Anglo-Saxon [ˌæŋgləu'sæksn]: 盎格鲁---撒克逊人 盎格鲁-撒克逊人通常是指公元五世纪初到1066年诺曼征服之间生活在大不列颠岛东部和南部地区的文化习俗上相近的一些民族，属于日耳曼民族的一支。 Viking [vaɪkɪŋ]: n.维京人;北欧海盗 维京人, 别称北欧海盗, 老家是挪威、丹麦和瑞典，他们从公元8世纪到11世纪一直侵扰欧洲沿海和不列颠岛屿,开始只是打劫西欧沿海的修道院,后逐渐对其他欧洲国家进行有组织的入侵,足迹遍及从欧洲大陆至北极广阔疆域,欧洲这一个时期被称为“维京时期”(Viking Age)。 除了征战,维京人还是伟大的航海家,向西他们逐渐发现了冰岛和格陵兰岛,并最终到达北美。向东他们一度到达了里海。 The Normans: 诺曼人 诺曼人指定居在法国北部(或法兰克王国)的维京人及其后裔。诺曼人建立诺曼底公国,同时也远征意大利南部、西西里以及英格兰、威尔斯、苏格兰、爱尔兰,并向这些地区移民拓殖。 63. Wales [weɪlz]:威尔士(英国) 64. Scotland ['skɒtˌlənd]:苏格兰(英国) 65. Northern Ireland [ˌnɔːðn'aɪlənd]: 北爱尔兰(英国) 66. Anglo-Saxon [ˌæŋgləu'sæksn]: 盎格鲁---撒克逊人 67. Viking [vaɪkɪŋ]: n.维京人;北欧海盗 68. Norman ['nɔːmən]: adj.诺曼式的;诺曼人的 the Normans: 诺曼人 Battle of Hastings['heɪstɪŋz]: 黑斯廷斯战役 黑斯廷斯战役是1066年10月14日,英格兰国王哈罗德·葛温森(Harold II)的盎格鲁--撒克逊军队和诺曼底公爵威廉一世(William of Normandy)的军队在黑斯廷斯(英国东萨塞克斯郡濒临加来海峡的城市)地域进行的一场交战,以征服者威廉获胜告终。 此战也被认为是欧洲中世纪盛期开始的标志。 Van Gogh 文森特·威廉·梵高(Vincent Willem Van Gogh )(1853年3月30日—1890年7月29日)，荷兰后印象派画家。代表作有《星月夜》、自画像系列、向日葵系列等。 梵高出生于荷兰乡村津德尔特的一个新教牧师家庭,早年的他做过职员和商行经纪人,还当过矿区的传教士最后他投身于绘画。他早期画风写实,受到荷兰传统绘画及法国写实主义画派的影响。1886年,他来到巴黎,结识印象派和新印象派画家,并接触到日本浮世绘的作品,视野的扩展使其画风巨变。1888年,来到法国南部小镇阿尔,创作《阿尔的吊桥》；同年与画家保罗·高更交往,但由于二人性格的冲突和观念的分歧,合作很快便告失败。此后,梵高的疯病(有人记载是“癫痫病”)时常发作,但神志清醒时他仍然坚持作画。1889年创作《星月夜》。1890年7月,梵高在精神错乱中开枪自杀,年仅37岁。 星月夜 向日葵 69. Battle of Hastings['heɪstɪŋz]: 黑斯廷斯战役 70. Roman ['rəumən]: adj.古罗马的;罗马的 n.古罗马人;罗马市民 71. Van Gogh [væn'gɒf]: 梵高(荷兰画家) 72. the Emerald Isle ['emərəldˌaɪl]: 绿宝石岛(爱尔兰的别称) 73. Irish ['aɪrɪʃ]: adj.爱尔兰的;爱尔兰人(或语)的 Thanks！ Practice makes perfect! 【对点微练】　赏句猜义 ① The ball rolled down the hill. ________ ② The cat was enjoying a roll in the sunshine._______ ③ There are three exposures left on this roll of film. _________ $