专题02 说明文（语篇知识+试题特征+主题预测）-2026年中考英语阅读知识结构化+时文热点突破（通用版）

2026年中考英语冲刺之阅读知识结构化+时文热点突破（通用版） 专题02 说明文（语篇知识+试题特征+主题预测） 说明文语篇及试题特征的结构化梳理 1 说明文类热点话题阅读预测 3 猜想一 科技与生活 4 猜想二 环境保护与可持续发展 5 猜想三 中华优秀传统文化 7 猜想四 健康生活方式 9 猜想五 安全与自我保护 11 猜想六 未来职业与生涯规划 13 猜想七 全球性问题与国际合作 14 猜想八 科普知识与科学探索 16 猜想九 社会热点与公共事务 18 猜想十 学习方法与思维品质 19 说明文语篇及试题特征的结构化梳理 说明文的语篇特征分析 项目 内容说明 文本结构 通常采用“问题—分析—解决”或“总述—分述”结构，逻辑清晰，段落间有明显过渡词（如 first, finally, however）引导；常以提出建议、解释现象或说明方法为主。 语言特点 使用客观、准确的语言，多见一般现在时；包含定义性句式（如 "This means...", "It refers to..."）、列举结构（如 first, second, finally）和因果连接词（because, therefore）；避免主观情感表达。 常见话题 生活常识（如指路技巧、健康建议）、科学知识普及、学习方法指导、社会现象解释等贴近学生生活的实用主题。 常见题型 --- 细节理解题（定位文中具体信息） --- 词义猜测题（根据上下文推断划线词含义） --- 推理判断题（推断作者意图或隐含信息） --- 主旨大意题（概括文章中心或段落大意） --- 最佳标题选择题（选择最能概括全文的标题） 命题倾向 强调信息提取与逻辑推理能力，注重考查学生对说明顺序、段落功能及语言功能的理解；选项常使用同义替换方式设置干扰项。 围绕说明文的试题命制 常见题型 示例题目 解题策略 主旨大意题 文章的主要目的是什么？ A. 描述某现象的影响 B. 反对某种观点 C. 解释一个过程 D. 讲述个人经历 关注文章开头和结尾段落，寻找概括性语句；排除具有“说服”“批评”“讲述故事”等非说明性意图的选项；正确选项通常包含“explain”, “describe”, “inform”等关键词。 推理判断题 根据文章内容，可以推断出作者对XX的态度是？ 结合文中事实与措辞进行合理推断；注意作者是否使用褒义/贬义词汇、限定词（如may, likely）或对比结构；说明文通常态度中立，慎选“strongly support”或“completely disagree”类极端选项。 细节理解题 可再生能源受欢迎的原因之一是什么？ 定位题干中的关键词（如“reason”“because”“due to”），在原文中查找具体信息句；注意同义替换（如“incentives”对应“government support”）；避免过度引申或添加个人理解。 逻辑结构题 作者是如何展开论述的？ A. 先提出问题，再分析原因 B. 按时间顺序叙述事件 C. 通过对比两种观点得出结论 分析段落间的推进方式：说明文常见结构包括“定义—举例”“现象—解释”“整体—部分”“因果链”等；排除记叙文或议论文特有的结构（如时间顺序、驳论）。 语境词汇题 文中“volatile”一词最接近的意思是？ 结合上下文语境判断词义，尤其是前后句的解释性语言；说明文中生词常可通过定义、例子或对比线索推断；注意科学术语的固定含义。 选择最合适的标题 哪个标题最能概括文章主旨？ 正确标题应准确反映说明对象和范围，避免以偏概全或夸大其词；优先选择中性、概括性强的标题（如“可再生能源：可持续发展的未来”优于“化石燃料必将灭亡”）。 语气态度题 文章中作者的语气最准确的描述是： A. 中性且客观 B. 搞笑且轻视 C. 批评且有争议 观察文中是否使用情感色彩强烈的词汇、修辞手法或主观评价；说明文以“客观陈述”为主，正确选项多为“objective”, “informative”, “neutral”等。 说明文类热点话题阅读预测 10大主题结构化梳理 1.科技与生活：聚焦人工智能、智能穿戴、环保科技等前沿技术对日常生活的影响，强调科技的实用性与社会价值。 2.环境保护与可持续发展：涵盖垃圾分类、低碳出行、生物多样性保护等议题，体现绿色发展理念。 3.中华优秀传统文化：如传统节日习俗、非物质文化遗产、古代科技成就等，注重文化传承与国际传播能力。 4.健康生活方式：涉及合理饮食、科学锻炼、心理健康调节等内容，引导学生树立全面健康观。 5.安全与自我保护：包括校园安全、网络安全、应急避险等实用知识，强化学生的安全意识和应对能力。 6.未来职业与生涯规划：介绍新兴职业、职业技能要求及个人发展规划，帮助学生建立初步的职业认知。 7.全球性问题与国际合作：如气候变化、公共卫生、扶贫合作等，培养学生的全球视野和人类命运共同体意识。 8.科普知识与科学探索：涵盖天文、地理、生物、物理等基础科学常识，激发学生的好奇心与探索精神。 9.社会热点与公共事务：如志愿服务、社区建设、公共交通优化等，引导学生关注社会、参与公共生活。 10.学习方法与思维品质：介绍高效学习策略、时间管理技巧、批判性思维培养等内容，提升学生的自主学习能力。 猜想一 科技与生活 In recent years, six amazing companies from Hangzhou have become very famous in the technology world. People call them the “Six Dragons”. These companies are doing great things in areas like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics brain-computer interfaces, and video games. DeepSeek (深度求索) is a leader in AI. Its DeepSeek—V3 model costs less to make than other models, but it works better. This has made a big influence on the global AI market. At the same time, Unitree Technology (宇树科技) and DEEPRobotics (云深处科技) are changing the robot world. Unitree’s robots can move like animals and have surprised people all over the world. DEEPRobotics makes robots that can work in dangerous places to keep people safe. Both companies are making robots smarter and more useful. BrainCo (强脑科技) is another important company. It makes devices that can read brain activity and help people relax. For example, it makes headbands that help users practice mindfulness, which is a good way to show how these devices can help people relax. ManyCore (群核科技) also plays a big role. Its 3D data platform helps other companies develop better AI technology. Game Science (游戏科学) has become well-known in the gaming industry with its popular game “Black Myth: Wukong”. The game is based on the famous Chinese story “Journey to the West”. The game’s success shows how Chinese developers can mix culture and technology in new ways. Hangzhou’s success is not by chance. The local government has made a good environment for businesses. It has policies like tax cuts and gives money to new companies. Hangzhou also has a lively culture and good schools which attract talented people. This combination has made Hangzhou a global center for innovation. Other cities in China, like Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, also have many leading tech companies. Together, these cities are making China’s technology progress fast. Hangzhou’s “Six Dragons” are not only a symbol of the city’s success but also show China’s growing influence in the global tech world. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To introduce six famous companies from different cities in China. B．To explain how Hangzhou became a global hub for tourism. C．To introduce six amazing tech companies in Hangzhou and their contributions. D．To compare the tech industries in different Chinese cities. 2．The DeepSeek-V3 model’s advantage lies in that ________. A．it is the most advanced Al model in the world B．it costs less to produce yet performs better C．it is the only model made by DeepSeek D．it has a unique appearance 3．Unitree Technology’s robots are remarkable because________. A．they can imitate animal movements B．they can communicate with humans fluently C．they are the smallest robots in the world D．they can create artworks 4．BrainCo’s headbands are designed to _________. A．improve users’ memory B．help users relieve stress C．enhance users’ physical strength D．teach users new languages 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了杭州六家科技公司：DeepSeek、宇树科技、云深处科技、强脑科技、群核科技、游戏科学，并分析杭州成为创新中心的原因。 1．本文主要介绍了杭州六家知名科技公司在AI、机器人、脑机接口、游戏等领域的成就，主旨是介绍杭州六家科技公司及其贡献。 2．第二段说明：“DeepSeek-V3 model costs less to make than other models, but it works better.”，优势是成本更低、效果更好。 3．第二段说明：“Unitree’s robots can move like animals”，宇树科技的机器人可以像动物一样移动。 4．第三段说明：“It makes headbands that help users practice mindfulness...help people relax.”，设计目的是“帮助缓解压力”。 猜想二 环境保护与可持续发展 Imagine walking through sunny forests where birds are singing all around. Sadly, this peaceful scene is becoming uncommon in the modern world. As the number of birds drops, the music of nature is disappearing. This “loss of experience” is bad for people’s health and happiness. To explore the connection between birdsong and people, about 168 researchers went to 21 English vineyards (葡萄园). They recorded birdsong there and found that vineyards with more kinds of birds had louder and more interesting sounds. For example, places with robins, blackbirds, and finches (雀) sounded much livelier than those with just a few pigeons or crows (乌鸦). But does the silence of our soundscapes (音景) matter to us? Is it really important? The short answer is yes. Researchers tested 186 visitors at different vineyards. At some vineyards, they used hidden speakers to play extra birdsong. The results were amazing. Visitors at vineyards with richer sounds enjoyed themselves more. They felt closer to nature, happier, and less stressed. Many said the sounds made them feel free, peaceful, and deeply connected to nature. The study shows that even just one hour of hearing different birdsong can make people feel more relaxed and hopeful. Paul Harrison, a vineyard manager, said, “Birdsong influences people deeply, but we often forget how important it is. We hope our findings lead more people to think about it.” Today’s world is quieter than it was for our grandparents. People are losing touch with nature. Protecting birds isn’t just good for nature, and it’s good for humans too. Their songs remind us of the beauty of the natural world. Simple things, like adding green spaces to workplaces or parks, can help us reconnect with the magic of nature. 1．What does the phrase “loss of experience” refer to? A．More birds kept in cages. B．Fewer people visiting forests. C．More man-made music. D．Fewer natural sounds in daily life. 2．What steps did the researchers take? Check and choose the right answer. a. They tested 186 visitors’ feelings. b. They checked grape production. c. They played extra birdsong secretly. d. They recorded sounds of birds in vineyards. e. They checked how loud each bird’s song was. A．abc B．acd C．bcd D．abe 3．Which question does Paragraph 4 answer? A．Why don’t vineyard managers like birds? B．How does birdsong make people feel? C．What new machine did Paul make? D．Why do visitors like quiet places? 4．What will the study probably lead to? A．More people will buy vineyards. B．Cities will have fewer green spaces. C．More efforts will be made to protect birds. D．New laws will be passed against bird hunting. 5．What would be the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了鸟鸣声减少导致的自然体验缺失问题，并通过相关研究探讨了鸟鸣声对人类情绪与健康的积极影响，呼吁人们重视鸟类保护、重建与自然的连接。 1．根据第一段“As the number of birds drops, the music of nature is disappearing. This “loss of experience” is bad for people’s health and happiness.”，可知“loss of experience”指代的是因鸟类减少而导致的日常自然声音（鸟鸣）消失。 2．根据文章内容，研究人员的步骤包括：第二段：“They recorded birdsong there”对应步骤d. They recorded sounds of birds in vineyards.  第三段：“Researchers tested 186 visitors at different vineyards.”对应步骤 a. They tested 186 visitors’ feelings.  第三段：“At some vineyards, they used hidden speakers to play extra birdsong.”对应步骤 c. They played extra birdsong secretly.  因此正确选项为B. acd。 3．第四段核心内容为“just one hour of hearing different birdsong can make people feel more relaxed and hopeful”，并引用葡萄园管理者的话强调鸟鸣对人的深层影响，这回答了“鸟鸣如何影响人们的感受”这一问题。 4．文章最后一段提到“Protecting birds isn’t just good for nature, and it’s good for humans too”，且研究目的是“lead more people to think about it”，可推断该研究将推动更多保护鸟类的行动。 5．文章结构为：①引入话题，描述鸟鸣正在消失的现象；②—④通过介绍研究过程和结果来阐述鸟鸣对人类的积极影响；⑤总结并呼吁保护鸟类、重建与自然的连接。对应选项C的结构图示。 猜想三 中华优秀传统文化 For many Chinese people, the temple fair (Miaohui) is the most popular place during Spring Festival. “Miao” means places to worship (敬奉) gods and “hui” means markets. Temple fairs started from worshipping traditions. But today, people care more about the markets (“hui”) because the markets are usually more interesting. Although almost every part of China has temple fairs, different places have their own unique ones. In Beijing, the Changdian Temple Fair has a history of over 400 years. The temple fair is generally held from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month. It is one of the largest and oldest temple fairs in Beijing. Many people come here because the stalls (小摊) sell old books, traditional Chinese paintings, and other things. Also, many folk artists gather there to show their skills, such as xiangsheng, pingshu and martial arts. The Guangfu Temple Fair is a famous event in Guangzhou. It shows Cantonese culture and traditions. The first temple fair was held in 2011. It usually starts on the day of the Lantern Festival and lasts for seven days. A big parade (大游行) is one of the most popular activities. Many performers in traditional costumes walk through Guangzhou’s streets. In a word, temple fairs today are not just about markets or worshipping. They mix old traditions with new fun, making them special places for families to enjoy during festivals. No matter where you go in China, temple fairs always bring people happiness and keep our culture alive! 1．What is the main purpose of temple fairs today according to the passage? A．To worship gods and ancestors. B．To focus on markets and entertainment. C．To sell expensive modern products. D．To replace traditional festivals. 2．How long does the Changdian Temple Fair in Beijing usually last? A．From the first to the seventh day of the lunar month. B．From the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month. C．Only on the Lantern Festival. D．For three days during Spring Festival. 3．What is the Miaohui like according to the writer? A．Traditional but interesting. B．Traditional and serious. C．Modern but boring. D．Modern and popular. 4．According to the passage, who may not go to the Miaohui? A．People who love buying traditional Chinese paintings. B．Tourists arriving in Guangzhou during the Lantern Festival. C．People who love being around people and enjoy festivals. D．People who only want to worship gods and dislike market activities. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文介绍了中国庙会的起源、现状及北京、广州两地特色庙会的相关信息。 1．第一段提到“But today, people care more about the markets (‘hui’) because the markets are usually more interesting.”，第四段提到“temple fairs today are not just about markets or worshipping. They mix old traditions with new fun”，说明如今庙会的主要目的是市场与娱乐活动。 2．第二段提到“The temple fair is generally held from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month.”，说明北京厂甸庙会通常从农历正月初一持续到初五。 3．第一段提到“Temple fairs started from worshipping traditions. But today, people care more about the markets... the markets are usually more interesting.”，说明庙会是传统的，同时又很有趣。 4．第一段提到“people care more about the markets... Temple fairs today are not just about markets or worshipping.”，说明如今的庙会以市场和娱乐为主，单纯只想敬奉神灵、不喜欢市场活动的人可能不会去庙会。 猜想四 健康生活方式 It’s 2 a.m., and you have an important test in seven hours. You have been studying for days, but you still don’t feel ready. What can you do? Maybe you could drink another cup of coffee and keep studying. But believe it or not, it’s better for you to close your books and go to sleep. Sleep takes up nearly one third of our lives. However, many people do not pay enough attention to it. This is because of the wrong idea about sleep. Sleep is not a waste of time. It is a very important process. While you sleep, your body rests and repairs itself, and keeps itself working well. Sleep is also very important for your brain. About one fifth of your blood goes to your brain when you sleep. At night, your brain is busy organizing information. This is very important for your memory. The 19th-century scientist Hermann Ebbinghaus found that people usually forget 40% of new information in the first 20 minutes. This is called the forgetting curve (曲线). However, this losing of information can be avoided through memory consolidation (巩固). One of the most important things for memory consolidation is a good night’s sleep. During sleep, important knowledge is brought back again and stored as long-term memories. This is why sleeping after studying is highly helpful. Not getting enough sleep not only hurts your health but also makes it harder to remember what you have learned. That is why people say, “Sleep on it.” While you sleep, your brain is building new connections. With enough sleep, you will wake up with a clearer, more powerful brain, ready to face the day. 1．What is the writer’s opinion in Para.1? A．Good sleep is better than staying up late to study. B．It’s necessary to drink coffee when studying late. C．Studying for days can help pass an important test. D．It’s impossible to get ready for a test in seven hours. 2．What does the body do when we sleep? A．It stops all its work to save energy for the brain. B．It sends all blood to the brain to help memorize. C．It starts to learn new knowledge again and stores it. D．It rests, repairs itself and keeps itself working well. 3．What can we know from Para.3? A．People will forget all new information in 20 minutes. B．The forgetting curve can be stopped by drinking coffee. C．Memory consolidation is important to avoid losing information. D．New information can be stored as long-term memory without sleep. 4．What does the underlined phrase “Sleep on it” mean in the passage? A．Sleep to forget the trouble of studying. B．Sleep to help the brain remember knowledge. C．Sleep all night and give up studying for the test. D．Sleep to make the body stronger for studying. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain why people forget information easily. B．To introduce the finding of Hermann Ebbinghaus. C．To tell people the importance of sleep for memory. D．To advise people to drink less coffee when studying. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，通过阐述睡眠对大脑记忆的重要性，强调了睡眠在人们生活中的关键作用，提醒人们要重视睡眠。 1．文章第一段“But believe it or not, it’s better for you to close your books and go to sleep.”表明作者认为好好睡觉比熬夜学习更好。 2．文章第二段“While you sleep, your body rests and repairs itself, and keeps itself working well.”说明睡觉时身体会休息、自我修复并保持良好的工作状态。 3．文章第三段“However, this losing of information can be avoided through memory consolidation...One of the most important things for memory consolidation is a good night’s sleep.”表明记忆巩固对于避免信息丢失很重要。 4．文章第四段“Not getting enough sleep...makes it harder to remember what you have learned.”以及“While you sleep, your brain is building new connections...ready to face the day.”说明睡眠有助于大脑记住知识，由此可推断“Sleep on it”意思是“先睡一觉（把问题留到第二天）再做决定”。 5．文章整体围绕睡眠对记忆的重要性展开，从睡眠对身体和大脑的作用，到记忆巩固与睡眠的关系，都在强调睡眠对记忆的重要性。 猜想五 安全与自我保护 Natural disasters are sudden natural events that cause great harm to people and the environment. They happen in many places around the world every year. They bring serious trouble to our life and make many people lose their homes, families or even lives. So it is very important for us to learn about different kinds of natural disasters and know how to protect ourselves when we meet them. Floods are one of the most common natural disasters. They happen when there is too much continuous heavy rain and large areas of water cover the land. Serious floods can destroy houses, carry away roads and bridges, wash away farms and make people lose everything they have. Earthquakes are also very dangerous. They come from the slow movement of the Earth’s plates inside. When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes strongly. Tall buildings may fall down at once, and many people may get hurt or lose their lives in a short time. Tsunamis are huge and strong waves caused by strong earthquakes under the sea. They move fast and can reach the land quickly, taking away houses, cars and even people. Typhoons and hurricanes are strong storms with heavy rain and high winds. They often come in summer and autumn. They can break trees, damage buildings, cut off electricity and stop traffic easily. It is important for us to learn self-protection skills when facing natural disasters. We should often listen to weather reports and get ready for possible danger early. We must follow the advice of the government and keep away from dangerous places. Staying in safe places and keeping calm are the most important things to do. With more knowledge and good preparation, we can protect ourselves and our families better when natural disasters come. 1．What can we learn about natural disasters from the first paragraph? A．There are few natural disasters around the world. B．They are dangerous events caused by human activities. C．People can stop most natural disasters in daily life. D．They are natural events that bring harm to people. 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Tsunamis are strong winds that usually travel quickly over the sea. B．Floods come from too much rain and can take away people’s homes. C．Earthquakes are easy to know before they come and seldom hurt people. D．Typhoons and hurricanes are huge waves caused by earthquakes under the sea. 3．What is the writer’s advice for us when facing disasters? A．Keep calm and stay in safe places. B．Run outside as fast as possible. C．Stay in high buildings to see clearly. D．Do nothing but wait for help. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Different Kinds of Weather B．How to Stop Natural Disasters C．Natural Disasters and Self-protection D．The History of Earthquakes 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了洪水、地震、海啸、台风等自然灾害及其危害，并给出了面对灾害时的自我保护建议。 1．文章第一段第一句提到：“Natural disasters are sudden natural events that cause great harm to people and the environment.”，可知自然灾害是带来伤害的自然事件。 2．文章第二段提到：“Floods are one of the most common natural disasters. They happen when there is too much continuous heavy rain... Serious floods can destroy houses, carry away roads ...”，可知洪水来自过多的雨水，并能带走人们的家园。 3．文章最后一段提到：“Staying in safe places and keeping calm are the most important things to do.”，说明作者建议面对灾害时保持冷静并待在安全的地方。 4．文章前面的篇幅介绍不同类型的自然灾害及其危害，后面介绍了自我保护技能，因此最佳标题应涵盖“自然灾害”和“自我保护”两方面，选项C“Natural Disasters and Self-protection”最符合主旨。 猜想六 未来职业与生涯规划 Many of us dreamed of being astronauts when we were kids. However, only a small number of people can realize this dream. But does that mean you’ll never get the chance to work in space? Not exactly. In fact, some space-related jobs aren’t just for astronauts and they all sound really amazing. One of the most interesting space jobs is “chief sniffer (嗅探员)”. NASA has already had a sniffer named George Aldrich, whose job is to smell materials before they are used in spaceships. Using your nose at work might sound a bit strange, but actually the job is very important. A spaceship has a small space and high temperature, which makes smells inside intense. And once a spaceship is sent, astronauts cannot run away from unpleasant smells. What’s more, smelling objects can help find things that might be harmful to astronauts’ health. Another job, the “space tour guide”, may seem a little ahead of its time—after all, there aren’t any tourists in space yet. But now, many companies are starting to provide space travel services and some rich space lovers have booked the tours. It may not be long before space becomes one of the top travel places. Being a space tour guide requires rich knowledge to help passengers get the most from their journey. Space tour guides also have to be great storytellers so that passengers can experience the real beauty of space travel. Astronauts often stay in space with the same group of people for a long time. That’s why a “space psychologist (心理学家)” is also needed to help astronauts overcome bad feelings. “We’re breaking the boundaries (界限) between science fiction and real life,” said Rohit Talwar, director of the US company Fast Future Research, “Things we’ve seen in movies are now coming true!” 1．How many space jobs are mentioned in the passage? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 2．What is the main duty of a “chief sniffer” at NASA? A．To design spaceships for astronauts. B．To check the temperature inside spaceships. C．To train astronauts to get used to smells in space. D．To smell materials before they are used in spaceships. 3．What does the underlined word “intense” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Weak. B．Strong. C．Strange. D．Pleasant. 4．Why is a “space psychologist” necessary for astronauts? A．Because astronauts often feel lonely in space. B．Because astronauts need psychological knowledge. C．Because staying long with the same group may cause bad feelings. D．Because space psychologists can help astronauts book space tours. 5．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce different space jobs besides astronauts. B．To describe the hard life of people working in space. C．To show the importance of space travel for tourists. D．To explain how to become a successful space astronaut. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A 【解析】本文主要介绍了除宇航员之外几种有趣的太空相关职业，包括首席嗅探员、太空导游和太空心理学家。 1．文中分别介绍了“chief sniffer”（第二段）、“space tour guide”（第三段）和“space psychologist”（第四段）三种太空职业。 2．第二段明确指出：“whose job is to smell materials before they are used in spaceships”，说明首席嗅探员的主要职责是在材料用于飞船前对其进行嗅探检测。 3．第二段提到“A spaceship has a small space and high temperature”，飞船空间小且温度高，结合上下文，这种环境会使气味变得浓烈，因此“intense”意为“强烈的”。 4．第四段明确指出：“Astronauts often stay in space with the same group of people for a long time. That's why a ‘space psychologist’ is also needed to help astronauts overcome bad feelings”，说明长时间与同一群人共处可能引发不良情绪，因此需要太空心理学家。 5．文章开篇指出并非只有宇航员才能从事太空相关工作，随后介绍了三种太空相关职业，因此主要目的是介绍宇航员之外的其他太空职业。 猜想七 全球性问题与国际合作 In Europe many people died during the Second World War. As a result, at the end of the war there were many orphans (孤儿) there. A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help these children. His idea was simple. He wanted orphans to have a home, and he wanted them to have the care and kindness of parents. Gmeiner asked people to give him some money. With this money he built the first SOS Children’s Village at Imst, in Austria. It opened in 1949. This is how the SOS stand for “Save Our Souls (灵魂).” This means, “Please help us!” An SOS Children’s Village gives help to orphans. Hermann Gmeiner’s idea for helping orphans soon spread all over the world. By 1983 there were 170 SOS Children’s Villages in the world. People in many countries give money to help the villages. Today the children from the first village have grown up. Now some of them work in other SOS Children’s Villages. In SOS Villages, orphans live in family groups. There are several houses in each village. The biggest village has 40 or 50 houses! Between seven and ten children live in a house. A woman lives with each group of children and looks after them. She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. She cooks meals for them and makes comfortable, happy home for them. Of course, the children don’t spend all their time in the village. They go to school, they go out with their friends. But the village gives them a home, sometimes for the first time in their lives. 1．The SOS Children’s Villages are built for ________ first. A．the children who are ill B．the orphans in Europe C．the kind women D．people who died in the war 2．Which of the following came last? A．People gave Gmeiner some money. B．There were many orphans at the end of the war. C．Gmeiner built the first SOS Children’s Village. D．A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help the orphans. 3．An orphan is a child ________. A．who has no brother B．who has no sister C．who has no parents D．all of the above 4．We can conclude (推论) from the article that the money for helping the SOS Villages mainly comes from ________. A．governments B．special organization C．the orphans themselves D．people from different countries 5．Which of the following can best summarize (总结) the work a woman in an SOS Village does for each group of children? A．She lives with each group of children. B．She cooks meals for children. C．She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. D．She looks after them. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．D 【解析】本文主要介绍了一个著名的国际组织——SOS儿童村，包括建立村庄的原因，村庄的资金来源以及村庄内孩童的生活学习情况。 1．细节理解题。根据“In Europe many people died during the Second World War. As a result, at the end of the war there were many orphans (孤儿) there. A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help these children.”可知，SOS儿童村最初是为欧洲的孤儿建造的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“With this money he built the first SOS Children’s Village at Imst, in Austria. It opened in 1949.”可知，Gmeiner用这笔钱在奥地利的伊姆斯特建立了第一个SOS儿童村。它于1949年开业。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“He wanted orphans to have a home, and he wanted them to have the care and kindness of parents.”可知，孤儿是指没有父母的孩子。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据“People in many countries give money to help the villages.”可知，资金主要来源于来自不同国家的人们。选D。 5．细节理解题。根据“ A woman lives with each group of children and looks after them. She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. She cooks meals for them and makes comfortable, happy home for them.”可知，住在SOS村庄里的女性负责全方位照顾孩子，包括居住、做饭、给予关爱等，可以用“照看他们”进行概括。故选D。 猜想八 科普知识与科学探索 An old saying used for forecasting (预测) the weather says, “Red sky at night, sailors’ delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors (水手) take warning.” Is the saying true? It turns out that it is. A red sky at sunset may mean that there are clear skies to the west, where the sun sets. A red sky at sunrise usually means that the clear weather has already passed, so storms might be coming. Forecasting the weather has been practiced for thousands of years. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks sent out forecasts to sailors. They used signs in nature to forecast the weather. But today, meteorologists send exact forecasts further in advance (提前). They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts. Pilots, farmers and many other people depend on these forecasts. Luckily, most of us can simply look on the smart phone or turn on the TV to find out what kind of weather is coming. If you are looking for some signs of the weather, pay attention to nature. There are two basic rules used in weather forecasting: Weather generally moves from west to east, and low air pressure usually means rain or snow. So pay attention to the signs. If rainbows form in the west at sunrise, the sun is on the way. Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air. What are the ants doing? Are they moving to higher ground? This could mean a drop in air pressure. Are the birds flying low or high? Falling air pressure may influence birds’ ears, so they fly low. And if the sky is red at sunset, you might plan a picnic for the next day! 1．What is the old saying about? A．The beauty of sunrise. B．The night sky. C．The signs of the weather. D．The sailors’ work. 2．What does the underlined word “meteorologists” mean? A．The persons who give daily weather reports on TV. B．The persons who carry out research on natural history. C．The persons who take an interest in plants and animals. D．The persons who do scientific studies of weather conditions. 3．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By listing the reasons for terrible weather. B．By telling a true story about weather forecasting. C．By introducing different ways of forecasting the weather. D．By mentioning the difficulties in forecasting the weather. 4．What do we know from the last paragraph? A．It’ll be sunny if ants move to higher places. B．The smells of flowers are stronger in wet air. C．Birds fly higher because of the low air pressure. D．It’ll rain if rainbows form in the west at sunrise. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要围绕天气预测展开。先通过一句古老的天气预测谚语引出话题，接着讲述天气预测的历史，从古希腊人利用自然迹象预测天气到如今气象学家利用科学仪器提前准确预测天气，最后介绍了一些观察自然迹象预测天气的方法。 1．第一段开头提出一句用于预测天气的古老谚语，接着围绕该谚语解释了日落和日出时天空呈现红色分别代表的天气情况，所以这句古老谚语是关于天气的迹象的。 2．第二段提到“But today, meteorologists send exact forecasts further in advance (提前). They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts.”，说明如今气象学家能提前准确发送预报，他们用科学仪器研究世界各地的天气状况并做出预报，由此可知“meteorologists”是对天气状况进行科学研究的人。 3．第二段先说“Forecasting the weather has been practiced for thousands of years.”，然后举例“In the 5th century BC, the Greeks sent out forecasts to sailors. They used signs in nature to forecast the weather.”说明古希腊人预测天气的方式，接着用“But today”转折，说明如今气象学家预测天气的方式，所以作者是通过介绍不同的天气预测方式来展开第二段内容的。 4．最后一段提到“Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air.”，意思是闻闻花香，它们在潮湿的空气中气味更浓，所以从最后一段我们能知道花的气味在潮湿的空气中更强。 猜想九 社会热点与公共事务 ①These days, an online post on Shenzhen’s public restrooms has led to a discussion of what people miss the most about Shenzhen when they leave the city. A woman surnamed Wang shared the post after she returned to her hometown for the Spring Festival holiday. ②“There is always toilet paper in the restrooms in Shenzhen. But back in my hometown, you have to scan a QR code to pay for it, and unluckily, the app doesn’t work sometimes.” ③On the social media platform (社交平台), many travelers, including those visiting the city, shared memories of Shenzhen’s public restrooms. ④“Shenzhen’s public restrooms are clean. They have clean air, hand soap, and hand dryers. What is the most important is that they have toilet paper,” said some Internet users. ⑤In 2017, the so-called “toilet revolution” started in Shenzhen. It requires the city’s 4,500 public toilets to offer free toilet paper. To get all the restrooms taken part in the “revolution”, the government introduced monthly public restroom grades based on the health and environment of public restrooms across the city. ⑥The restroom services also include a family restroom for families or anyone who needs extra (额外的) time due to a disability. According to the government, one third of the city’s public restrooms have a family restroom. ⑦Also LED screens were set up at the entrance (入口) to many new restrooms in shopping centers and at the airport. They show information about waiting times and the number of spare stalls. According to the government, the city will continue improving the service and intelligence of public restrooms. 1．Which writing skill is used in Paragraph ①? A．Listing numbers. B．Comparing facts. C．Giving an example. D．Showing pictures. 2．What did Ms. Wang in Paragraph ② miss the most of Shenzhen’s public restrooms? A．The service. B．The toilet paper. C．The smart devices (设备). D．The app. 3．How many restrooms provide a family restroom according to the passage? A．About 1,500. B．About 2,017. C．About 4,500. D．About 9,000. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．“Toilet revolution” in Shenzhen comes to a perfect success. B．Internet users praise Shenzhen for the user-friendly designs of the city. C．Fashionable public restrooms become a new calling card for Shenzhen. D．LED screens were set up at the entrance to many new restrooms in Shenzhen. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了深圳的“厕所革命”及其带来的公共厕所的改进，包括免费提供厕纸、家庭卫生间、智能设备等，以及人们对这些改进的积极反馈。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第①段“A woman surnamed Wang shared the post after she returned to her hometown for the Spring Festival holiday.”可知，作者通过举例说明深圳公共厕所的改进引发了讨论。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第②段“There is always toilet paper in the restrooms in Shenzhen. But back in my hometown, you have to scan a QR code to pay for it…”可知，王女士最怀念的是深圳公共厕所的免费厕纸。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第⑥段“According to the government, one third of the city’s public restrooms have a family restroom.”（根据政府数据，全市三分之一的公共厕所设有家庭卫生间。）以及第⑤段“It requires the city’s 4,500 public toilets…”（深圳共有4500个公共厕所）可计算出：4500×1/3=1500。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕深圳公共厕所的现代化改进展开，包括免费厕纸、家庭卫生间、智能显示屏等，并提到这些改进成为深圳的新名片。根据文章第③④段网友的正面评价及第⑤—⑦段的具体措施，可知选项C（Fashionable public restrooms become a new calling card for Shenzhen）最能概括全文主旨。故选C。 猜想十 学习方法与思维品质 Many people have a fear (害怕) of public speaking. According to a study, it has an influence on 3 in every 4 people. This fact is surprising and worrying, as most jobs require some speaking ability. The following will help you to make a speech better. Write note cards. Write main ideas on your cards. Don’t write details. Put in some fun facts, questions, and other activities on the cards to share with the class. Don’t look at your note cards for a long time while speaking. If necessary, you’re only going to have a quick look at the card for information, not read every word. Smile at your class. When it comes time to speak, there’s nothing that draws your class into your speech more than a good old-fashioned smile. Be happy, because you’re about to teach your class something they didn’t know before. Studies have shown that smiles are infections. That means once you smile, it’s hard for everyone else not to smile. So if you want your speech to go off well, smile. That will make everyone smile and maybe those smiles will make you actually smile. Make eye contact. Nothing is more boring than listening to a speaker who looks at the floor or at note cards. Relax. Your class is made up of your friends and you talk to them all the time. Talk the same way now. Have a look at every person in the classroom at least once. That way, everyone will feel like you’re communicating with them. Also, you’ll look like you know what you’re talking about. Use hand motions. Move your hands along as you talk, using them to express your key points and keep the class interested. It will also lead your nervous energy into a better place. 1．According to the passage, ________ of people might fear to speak in public. A．100 percent B．75 percent C．50 percent D．25 percent 2．How many points are mentioned in the passage? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 3．In Paragraph 3 of the passage, “smiles are infections” means ________. A．smiles can be passed on B．it’s hard to smile C．smiles keep people fit D．people should smile every day 4．Which picture matches the last paragraph best? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了很多人害怕公开演讲，以及一些可以帮助人们更好地进行演讲的建议，包括写便签卡片、微笑、进行眼神交流和使用手势等。 1．文章第一段提到“According to a study, it has an influence on 3 in every 4 people.”，即根据一项研究，每4个人中有3个人会受到公开演讲恐惧的影响，换算成百分比就是75%。 2．文章中分别提到了“Write note cards.”、“Smile at your class.”、“Make eye contact.”和“Use hand motions.”这四个建议，所以文章中提到了四点。 3．文章第三段提到“Studies have shown that smiles are infections. That means once you smile, it’s hard for everyone else not to smile.”，即研究表明微笑是有感染力的，这意味着一旦你微笑，其他人就很难不微笑。由此可以推断出“smiles are infections”的意思是“微笑可以传递”。 4．文章最后一段提到“Use hand motions. Move your hands along as you talk, using them to express your key points and keep the class interested.”，即使用手势，在说话时移动双手，用手势来表达你的重点，让全班保持兴趣。因此，应选择的图片应该展示一个人在演讲时使用手势的情景。 1 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026年中考英语冲刺之阅读知识结构化+时文热点突破（通用版） 专题02 说明文（语篇知识+试题特征+主题预测） 说明文语篇及试题特征的结构化梳理 1 说明文类热点话题阅读预测 3 猜想一 科技与生活 4 猜想二 环境保护与可持续发展 5 猜想三 中华优秀传统文化 7 猜想四 健康生活方式 8 猜想五 安全与自我保护 9 猜想六 未来职业与生涯规划 10 猜想七 全球性问题与国际合作 12 猜想八 科普知识与科学探索 13 猜想九 社会热点与公共事务 14 猜想十 学习方法与思维品质 15 说明文语篇及试题特征的结构化梳理 说明文的语篇特征分析 项目 内容说明 文本结构 通常采用“问题—分析—解决”或“总述—分述”结构，逻辑清晰，段落间有明显过渡词（如 first, finally, however）引导；常以提出建议、解释现象或说明方法为主。 语言特点 使用客观、准确的语言，多见一般现在时；包含定义性句式（如 "This means...", "It refers to..."）、列举结构（如 first, second, finally）和因果连接词（because, therefore）；避免主观情感表达。 常见话题 生活常识（如指路技巧、健康建议）、科学知识普及、学习方法指导、社会现象解释等贴近学生生活的实用主题。 常见题型 --- 细节理解题（定位文中具体信息） --- 词义猜测题（根据上下文推断划线词含义） --- 推理判断题（推断作者意图或隐含信息） --- 主旨大意题（概括文章中心或段落大意） --- 最佳标题选择题（选择最能概括全文的标题） 命题倾向 强调信息提取与逻辑推理能力，注重考查学生对说明顺序、段落功能及语言功能的理解；选项常使用同义替换方式设置干扰项。 围绕说明文的试题命制 常见题型 示例题目 解题策略 主旨大意题 文章的主要目的是什么？ A. 描述某现象的影响 B. 反对某种观点 C. 解释一个过程 D. 讲述个人经历 关注文章开头和结尾段落，寻找概括性语句；排除具有“说服”“批评”“讲述故事”等非说明性意图的选项；正确选项通常包含“explain”, “describe”, “inform”等关键词。 推理判断题 根据文章内容，可以推断出作者对XX的态度是？ 结合文中事实与措辞进行合理推断；注意作者是否使用褒义/贬义词汇、限定词（如may, likely）或对比结构；说明文通常态度中立，慎选“strongly support”或“completely disagree”类极端选项。 细节理解题 可再生能源受欢迎的原因之一是什么？ 定位题干中的关键词（如“reason”“because”“due to”），在原文中查找具体信息句；注意同义替换（如“incentives”对应“government support”）；避免过度引申或添加个人理解。 逻辑结构题 作者是如何展开论述的？ A. 先提出问题，再分析原因 B. 按时间顺序叙述事件 C. 通过对比两种观点得出结论 分析段落间的推进方式：说明文常见结构包括“定义—举例”“现象—解释”“整体—部分”“因果链”等；排除记叙文或议论文特有的结构（如时间顺序、驳论）。 语境词汇题 文中“volatile”一词最接近的意思是？ 结合上下文语境判断词义，尤其是前后句的解释性语言；说明文中生词常可通过定义、例子或对比线索推断；注意科学术语的固定含义。 选择最合适的标题 哪个标题最能概括文章主旨？ 正确标题应准确反映说明对象和范围，避免以偏概全或夸大其词；优先选择中性、概括性强的标题（如“可再生能源：可持续发展的未来”优于“化石燃料必将灭亡”）。 语气态度题 文章中作者的语气最准确的描述是： A. 中性且客观 B. 搞笑且轻视 C. 批评且有争议 观察文中是否使用情感色彩强烈的词汇、修辞手法或主观评价；说明文以“客观陈述”为主，正确选项多为“objective”, “informative”, “neutral”等。 说明文类热点话题阅读预测 10大主题结构化梳理 1.科技与生活：聚焦人工智能、智能穿戴、环保科技等前沿技术对日常生活的影响，强调科技的实用性与社会价值。 2.环境保护与可持续发展：涵盖垃圾分类、低碳出行、生物多样性保护等议题，体现绿色发展理念。 3.中华优秀传统文化：如传统节日习俗、非物质文化遗产、古代科技成就等，注重文化传承与国际传播能力。 4.健康生活方式：涉及合理饮食、科学锻炼、心理健康调节等内容，引导学生树立全面健康观。 5.安全与自我保护：包括校园安全、网络安全、应急避险等实用知识，强化学生的安全意识和应对能力。 6.未来职业与生涯规划：介绍新兴职业、职业技能要求及个人发展规划，帮助学生建立初步的职业认知。 7.全球性问题与国际合作：如气候变化、公共卫生、扶贫合作等，培养学生的全球视野和人类命运共同体意识。 8.科普知识与科学探索：涵盖天文、地理、生物、物理等基础科学常识，激发学生的好奇心与探索精神。 9.社会热点与公共事务：如志愿服务、社区建设、公共交通优化等，引导学生关注社会、参与公共生活。 10.学习方法与思维品质：介绍高效学习策略、时间管理技巧、批判性思维培养等内容，提升学生的自主学习能力。 猜想一 科技与生活 In recent years, six amazing companies from Hangzhou have become very famous in the technology world. People call them the “Six Dragons”. These companies are doing great things in areas like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics brain-computer interfaces, and video games. DeepSeek (深度求索) is a leader in AI. Its DeepSeek—V3 model costs less to make than other models, but it works better. This has made a big influence on the global AI market. At the same time, Unitree Technology (宇树科技) and DEEPRobotics (云深处科技) are changing the robot world. Unitree’s robots can move like animals and have surprised people all over the world. DEEPRobotics makes robots that can work in dangerous places to keep people safe. Both companies are making robots smarter and more useful. BrainCo (强脑科技) is another important company. It makes devices that can read brain activity and help people relax. For example, it makes headbands that help users practice mindfulness, which is a good way to show how these devices can help people relax. ManyCore (群核科技) also plays a big role. Its 3D data platform helps other companies develop better AI technology. Game Science (游戏科学) has become well-known in the gaming industry with its popular game “Black Myth: Wukong”. The game is based on the famous Chinese story “Journey to the West”. The game’s success shows how Chinese developers can mix culture and technology in new ways. Hangzhou’s success is not by chance. The local government has made a good environment for businesses. It has policies like tax cuts and gives money to new companies. Hangzhou also has a lively culture and good schools which attract talented people. This combination has made Hangzhou a global center for innovation. Other cities in China, like Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, also have many leading tech companies. Together, these cities are making China’s technology progress fast. Hangzhou’s “Six Dragons” are not only a symbol of the city’s success but also show China’s growing influence in the global tech world. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．To introduce six famous companies from different cities in China. B．To explain how Hangzhou became a global hub for tourism. C．To introduce six amazing tech companies in Hangzhou and their contributions. D．To compare the tech industries in different Chinese cities. 2．The DeepSeek-V3 model’s advantage lies in that ________. A．it is the most advanced Al model in the world B．it costs less to produce yet performs better C．it is the only model made by DeepSeek D．it has a unique appearance 3．Unitree Technology’s robots are remarkable because________. A．they can imitate animal movements B．they can communicate with humans fluently C．they are the smallest robots in the world D．they can create artworks 4．BrainCo’s headbands are designed to _________. A．improve users’ memory B．help users relieve stress C．enhance users’ physical strength D．teach users new languages 猜想二 环境保护与可持续发展 Imagine walking through sunny forests where birds are singing all around. Sadly, this peaceful scene is becoming uncommon in the modern world. As the number of birds drops, the music of nature is disappearing. This “loss of experience” is bad for people’s health and happiness. To explore the connection between birdsong and people, about 168 researchers went to 21 English vineyards (葡萄园). They recorded birdsong there and found that vineyards with more kinds of birds had louder and more interesting sounds. For example, places with robins, blackbirds, and finches (雀) sounded much livelier than those with just a few pigeons or crows (乌鸦). But does the silence of our soundscapes (音景) matter to us? Is it really important? The short answer is yes. Researchers tested 186 visitors at different vineyards. At some vineyards, they used hidden speakers to play extra birdsong. The results were amazing. Visitors at vineyards with richer sounds enjoyed themselves more. They felt closer to nature, happier, and less stressed. Many said the sounds made them feel free, peaceful, and deeply connected to nature. The study shows that even just one hour of hearing different birdsong can make people feel more relaxed and hopeful. Paul Harrison, a vineyard manager, said, “Birdsong influences people deeply, but we often forget how important it is. We hope our findings lead more people to think about it.” Today’s world is quieter than it was for our grandparents. People are losing touch with nature. Protecting birds isn’t just good for nature, and it’s good for humans too. Their songs remind us of the beauty of the natural world. Simple things, like adding green spaces to workplaces or parks, can help us reconnect with the magic of nature. 1．What does the phrase “loss of experience” refer to? A．More birds kept in cages. B．Fewer people visiting forests. C．More man-made music. D．Fewer natural sounds in daily life. 2．What steps did the researchers take? Check and choose the right answer. a. They tested 186 visitors’ feelings. b. They checked grape production. c. They played extra birdsong secretly. d. They recorded sounds of birds in vineyards. e. They checked how loud each bird’s song was. A．abc B．acd C．bcd D．abe 3．Which question does Paragraph 4 answer? A．Why don’t vineyard managers like birds? B．How does birdsong make people feel? C．What new machine did Paul make? D．Why do visitors like quiet places? 4．What will the study probably lead to? A．More people will buy vineyards. B．Cities will have fewer green spaces. C．More efforts will be made to protect birds. D．New laws will be passed against bird hunting. 5．What would be the best structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 猜想三 中华优秀传统文化 For many Chinese people, the temple fair (Miaohui) is the most popular place during Spring Festival. “Miao” means places to worship (敬奉) gods and “hui” means markets. Temple fairs started from worshipping traditions. But today, people care more about the markets (“hui”) because the markets are usually more interesting. Although almost every part of China has temple fairs, different places have their own unique ones. In Beijing, the Changdian Temple Fair has a history of over 400 years. The temple fair is generally held from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month. It is one of the largest and oldest temple fairs in Beijing. Many people come here because the stalls (小摊) sell old books, traditional Chinese paintings, and other things. Also, many folk artists gather there to show their skills, such as xiangsheng, pingshu and martial arts. The Guangfu Temple Fair is a famous event in Guangzhou. It shows Cantonese culture and traditions. The first temple fair was held in 2011. It usually starts on the day of the Lantern Festival and lasts for seven days. A big parade (大游行) is one of the most popular activities. Many performers in traditional costumes walk through Guangzhou’s streets. In a word, temple fairs today are not just about markets or worshipping. They mix old traditions with new fun, making them special places for families to enjoy during festivals. No matter where you go in China, temple fairs always bring people happiness and keep our culture alive! 1．What is the main purpose of temple fairs today according to the passage? A．To worship gods and ancestors. B．To focus on markets and entertainment. C．To sell expensive modern products. D．To replace traditional festivals. 2．How long does the Changdian Temple Fair in Beijing usually last? A．From the first to the seventh day of the lunar month. B．From the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month. C．Only on the Lantern Festival. D．For three days during Spring Festival. 3．What is the Miaohui like according to the writer? A．Traditional but interesting. B．Traditional and serious. C．Modern but boring. D．Modern and popular. 4．According to the passage, who may not go to the Miaohui? A．People who love buying traditional Chinese paintings. B．Tourists arriving in Guangzhou during the Lantern Festival. C．People who love being around people and enjoy festivals. D．People who only want to worship gods and dislike market activities. 猜想四 健康生活方式 It’s 2 a.m., and you have an important test in seven hours. You have been studying for days, but you still don’t feel ready. What can you do? Maybe you could drink another cup of coffee and keep studying. But believe it or not, it’s better for you to close your books and go to sleep. Sleep takes up nearly one third of our lives. However, many people do not pay enough attention to it. This is because of the wrong idea about sleep. Sleep is not a waste of time. It is a very important process. While you sleep, your body rests and repairs itself, and keeps itself working well. Sleep is also very important for your brain. About one fifth of your blood goes to your brain when you sleep. At night, your brain is busy organizing information. This is very important for your memory. The 19th-century scientist Hermann Ebbinghaus found that people usually forget 40% of new information in the first 20 minutes. This is called the forgetting curve (曲线). However, this losing of information can be avoided through memory consolidation (巩固). One of the most important things for memory consolidation is a good night’s sleep. During sleep, important knowledge is brought back again and stored as long-term memories. This is why sleeping after studying is highly helpful. Not getting enough sleep not only hurts your health but also makes it harder to remember what you have learned. That is why people say, “Sleep on it.” While you sleep, your brain is building new connections. With enough sleep, you will wake up with a clearer, more powerful brain, ready to face the day. 1．What is the writer’s opinion in Para.1? A．Good sleep is better than staying up late to study. B．It’s necessary to drink coffee when studying late. C．Studying for days can help pass an important test. D．It’s impossible to get ready for a test in seven hours. 2．What does the body do when we sleep? A．It stops all its work to save energy for the brain. B．It sends all blood to the brain to help memorize. C．It starts to learn new knowledge again and stores it. D．It rests, repairs itself and keeps itself working well. 3．What can we know from Para.3? A．People will forget all new information in 20 minutes. B．The forgetting curve can be stopped by drinking coffee. C．Memory consolidation is important to avoid losing information. D．New information can be stored as long-term memory without sleep. 4．What does the underlined phrase “Sleep on it” mean in the passage? A．Sleep to forget the trouble of studying. B．Sleep to help the brain remember knowledge. C．Sleep all night and give up studying for the test. D．Sleep to make the body stronger for studying. 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain why people forget information easily. B．To introduce the finding of Hermann Ebbinghaus. C．To tell people the importance of sleep for memory. D．To advise people to drink less coffee when studying. 猜想五 安全与自我保护 Natural disasters are sudden natural events that cause great harm to people and the environment. They happen in many places around the world every year. They bring serious trouble to our life and make many people lose their homes, families or even lives. So it is very important for us to learn about different kinds of natural disasters and know how to protect ourselves when we meet them. Floods are one of the most common natural disasters. They happen when there is too much continuous heavy rain and large areas of water cover the land. Serious floods can destroy houses, carry away roads and bridges, wash away farms and make people lose everything they have. Earthquakes are also very dangerous. They come from the slow movement of the Earth’s plates inside. When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes strongly. Tall buildings may fall down at once, and many people may get hurt or lose their lives in a short time. Tsunamis are huge and strong waves caused by strong earthquakes under the sea. They move fast and can reach the land quickly, taking away houses, cars and even people. Typhoons and hurricanes are strong storms with heavy rain and high winds. They often come in summer and autumn. They can break trees, damage buildings, cut off electricity and stop traffic easily. It is important for us to learn self-protection skills when facing natural disasters. We should often listen to weather reports and get ready for possible danger early. We must follow the advice of the government and keep away from dangerous places. Staying in safe places and keeping calm are the most important things to do. With more knowledge and good preparation, we can protect ourselves and our families better when natural disasters come. 1．What can we learn about natural disasters from the first paragraph? A．There are few natural disasters around the world. B．They are dangerous events caused by human activities. C．People can stop most natural disasters in daily life. D．They are natural events that bring harm to people. 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Tsunamis are strong winds that usually travel quickly over the sea. B．Floods come from too much rain and can take away people’s homes. C．Earthquakes are easy to know before they come and seldom hurt people. D．Typhoons and hurricanes are huge waves caused by earthquakes under the sea. 3．What is the writer’s advice for us when facing disasters? A．Keep calm and stay in safe places. B．Run outside as fast as possible. C．Stay in high buildings to see clearly. D．Do nothing but wait for help. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Different Kinds of Weather B．How to Stop Natural Disasters C．Natural Disasters and Self-protection D．The History of Earthquakes 猜想六 未来职业与生涯规划 Many of us dreamed of being astronauts when we were kids. However, only a small number of people can realize this dream. But does that mean you’ll never get the chance to work in space? Not exactly. In fact, some space-related jobs aren’t just for astronauts and they all sound really amazing. One of the most interesting space jobs is “chief sniffer (嗅探员)”. NASA has already had a sniffer named George Aldrich, whose job is to smell materials before they are used in spaceships. Using your nose at work might sound a bit strange, but actually the job is very important. A spaceship has a small space and high temperature, which makes smells inside intense. And once a spaceship is sent, astronauts cannot run away from unpleasant smells. What’s more, smelling objects can help find things that might be harmful to astronauts’ health. Another job, the “space tour guide”, may seem a little ahead of its time—after all, there aren’t any tourists in space yet. But now, many companies are starting to provide space travel services and some rich space lovers have booked the tours. It may not be long before space becomes one of the top travel places. Being a space tour guide requires rich knowledge to help passengers get the most from their journey. Space tour guides also have to be great storytellers so that passengers can experience the real beauty of space travel. Astronauts often stay in space with the same group of people for a long time. That’s why a “space psychologist (心理学家)” is also needed to help astronauts overcome bad feelings. “We’re breaking the boundaries (界限) between science fiction and real life,” said Rohit Talwar, director of the US company Fast Future Research, “Things we’ve seen in movies are now coming true!” 1．How many space jobs are mentioned in the passage? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 2．What is the main duty of a “chief sniffer” at NASA? A．To design spaceships for astronauts. B．To check the temperature inside spaceships. C．To train astronauts to get used to smells in space. D．To smell materials before they are used in spaceships. 3．What does the underlined word “intense” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Weak. B．Strong. C．Strange. D．Pleasant. 4．Why is a “space psychologist” necessary for astronauts? A．Because astronauts often feel lonely in space. B．Because astronauts need psychological knowledge. C．Because staying long with the same group may cause bad feelings. D．Because space psychologists can help astronauts book space tours. 5．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce different space jobs besides astronauts. B．To describe the hard life of people working in space. C．To show the importance of space travel for tourists. D．To explain how to become a successful space astronaut. 猜想七 全球性问题与国际合作 In Europe many people died during the Second World War. As a result, at the end of the war there were many orphans (孤儿) there. A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help these children. His idea was simple. He wanted orphans to have a home, and he wanted them to have the care and kindness of parents. Gmeiner asked people to give him some money. With this money he built the first SOS Children’s Village at Imst, in Austria. It opened in 1949. This is how the SOS stand for “Save Our Souls (灵魂).” This means, “Please help us!” An SOS Children’s Village gives help to orphans. Hermann Gmeiner’s idea for helping orphans soon spread all over the world. By 1983 there were 170 SOS Children’s Villages in the world. People in many countries give money to help the villages. Today the children from the first village have grown up. Now some of them work in other SOS Children’s Villages. In SOS Villages, orphans live in family groups. There are several houses in each village. The biggest village has 40 or 50 houses! Between seven and ten children live in a house. A woman lives with each group of children and looks after them. She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. She cooks meals for them and makes comfortable, happy home for them. Of course, the children don’t spend all their time in the village. They go to school, they go out with their friends. But the village gives them a home, sometimes for the first time in their lives. 1．The SOS Children’s Villages are built for ________ first. A．the children who are ill B．the orphans in Europe C．the kind women D．people who died in the war 2．Which of the following came last? A．People gave Gmeiner some money. B．There were many orphans at the end of the war. C．Gmeiner built the first SOS Children’s Village. D．A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help the orphans. 3．An orphan is a child ________. A．who has no brother B．who has no sister C．who has no parents D．all of the above 4．We can conclude (推论) from the article that the money for helping the SOS Villages mainly comes from ________. A．governments B．special organization C．the orphans themselves D．people from different countries 5．Which of the following can best summarize (总结) the work a woman in an SOS Village does for each group of children? A．She lives with each group of children. B．She cooks meals for children. C．She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. D．She looks after them. 猜想八 科普知识与科学探索 An old saying used for forecasting (预测) the weather says, “Red sky at night, sailors’ delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors (水手) take warning.” Is the saying true? It turns out that it is. A red sky at sunset may mean that there are clear skies to the west, where the sun sets. A red sky at sunrise usually means that the clear weather has already passed, so storms might be coming. Forecasting the weather has been practiced for thousands of years. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks sent out forecasts to sailors. They used signs in nature to forecast the weather. But today, meteorologists send exact forecasts further in advance (提前). They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts. Pilots, farmers and many other people depend on these forecasts. Luckily, most of us can simply look on the smart phone or turn on the TV to find out what kind of weather is coming. If you are looking for some signs of the weather, pay attention to nature. There are two basic rules used in weather forecasting: Weather generally moves from west to east, and low air pressure usually means rain or snow. So pay attention to the signs. If rainbows form in the west at sunrise, the sun is on the way. Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air. What are the ants doing? Are they moving to higher ground? This could mean a drop in air pressure. Are the birds flying low or high? Falling air pressure may influence birds’ ears, so they fly low. And if the sky is red at sunset, you might plan a picnic for the next day! 1．What is the old saying about? A．The beauty of sunrise. B．The night sky. C．The signs of the weather. D．The sailors’ work. 2．What does the underlined word “meteorologists” mean? A．The persons who give daily weather reports on TV. B．The persons who carry out research on natural history. C．The persons who take an interest in plants and animals. D．The persons who do scientific studies of weather conditions. 3．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By listing the reasons for terrible weather. B．By telling a true story about weather forecasting. C．By introducing different ways of forecasting the weather. D．By mentioning the difficulties in forecasting the weather. 4．What do we know from the last paragraph? A．It’ll be sunny if ants move to higher places. B．The smells of flowers are stronger in wet air. C．Birds fly higher because of the low air pressure. D．It’ll rain if rainbows form in the west at sunrise. 猜想九 社会热点与公共事务 ①These days, an online post on Shenzhen’s public restrooms has led to a discussion of what people miss the most about Shenzhen when they leave the city. A woman surnamed Wang shared the post after she returned to her hometown for the Spring Festival holiday. ②“There is always toilet paper in the restrooms in Shenzhen. But back in my hometown, you have to scan a QR code to pay for it, and unluckily, the app doesn’t work sometimes.” ③On the social media platform (社交平台), many travelers, including those visiting the city, shared memories of Shenzhen’s public restrooms. ④“Shenzhen’s public restrooms are clean. They have clean air, hand soap, and hand dryers. What is the most important is that they have toilet paper,” said some Internet users. ⑤In 2017, the so-called “toilet revolution” started in Shenzhen. It requires the city’s 4,500 public toilets to offer free toilet paper. To get all the restrooms taken part in the “revolution”, the government introduced monthly public restroom grades based on the health and environment of public restrooms across the city. ⑥The restroom services also include a family restroom for families or anyone who needs extra (额外的) time due to a disability. According to the government, one third of the city’s public restrooms have a family restroom. ⑦Also LED screens were set up at the entrance (入口) to many new restrooms in shopping centers and at the airport. They show information about waiting times and the number of spare stalls. According to the government, the city will continue improving the service and intelligence of public restrooms. 1．Which writing skill is used in Paragraph ①? A．Listing numbers. B．Comparing facts. C．Giving an example. D．Showing pictures. 2．What did Ms. Wang in Paragraph ② miss the most of Shenzhen’s public restrooms? A．The service. B．The toilet paper. C．The smart devices (设备). D．The app. 3．How many restrooms provide a family restroom according to the passage? A．About 1,500. B．About 2,017. C．About 4,500. D．About 9,000. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．“Toilet revolution” in Shenzhen comes to a perfect success. B．Internet users praise Shenzhen for the user-friendly designs of the city. C．Fashionable public restrooms become a new calling card for Shenzhen. D．LED screens were set up at the entrance to many new restrooms in Shenzhen. 猜想十 学习方法与思维品质 Many people have a fear (害怕) of public speaking. According to a study, it has an influence on 3 in every 4 people. This fact is surprising and worrying, as most jobs require some speaking ability. The following will help you to make a speech better. Write note cards. Write main ideas on your cards. Don’t write details. Put in some fun facts, questions, and other activities on the cards to share with the class. Don’t look at your note cards for a long time while speaking. If necessary, you’re only going to have a quick look at the card for information, not read every word. Smile at your class. When it comes time to speak, there’s nothing that draws your class into your speech more than a good old-fashioned smile. Be happy, because you’re about to teach your class something they didn’t know before. Studies have shown that smiles are infections. That means once you smile, it’s hard for everyone else not to smile. So if you want your speech to go off well, smile. That will make everyone smile and maybe those smiles will make you actually smile. Make eye contact. Nothing is more boring than listening to a speaker who looks at the floor or at note cards. Relax. Your class is made up of your friends and you talk to them all the time. Talk the same way now. Have a look at every person in the classroom at least once. That way, everyone will feel like you’re communicating with them. Also, you’ll look like you know what you’re talking about. Use hand motions. Move your hands along as you talk, using them to express your key points and keep the class interested. It will also lead your nervous energy into a better place. 1．According to the passage, ________ of people might fear to speak in public. A．100 percent B．75 percent C．50 percent D．25 percent 2．How many points are mentioned in the passage? A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six. 3．In Paragraph 3 of the passage, “smiles are infections” means ________. A．smiles can be passed on B．it’s hard to smile C．smiles keep people fit D．people should smile every day 4．Which picture matches the last paragraph best? A． B． C． D． 1 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $