专题05 阅读理解（说明文）（北京专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （2026·北京海淀·一模） — 3 tablespoons butter — 2 eggs — 2 medium carrots — 1 small white onion — 3 cloves garlic — 4 cups cooked and chilled rice I bet you didn’t read those numbers. I’ll let you in on a secret — I didn’t either. The ingredients above were copied and pasted from the first online search result for “fried rice recipe”. But, without any disrespect to the recipe’s owner, I can tell you it’s wrong. The only true fried rice recipe is no recipe at all. There are no measurements, no exact instructions, no timer for how long something should sizzle in the pan. There are only smells and feelings and memories. I learned to cook fried rice on the rickety stool covered in stickers, surrounded by the scents of my Grandma’s apron. We used however much leftover rice we had and a combination of anything and everything sitting in the fridge. The kitchen was always a little messy, but that was part of the fun. Yet I’ve always been more of a baker than a cook. I enjoy recipes — I enjoy the process of being exact and finding details, adjusting and leveling and weighing. From a young age, I found comfort in the careful baking recipes in Western cookbooks. But I understand the beauty of spontaneity (即兴) and organic creation. There’s something special in realizing that no two recreations of my grandma’s fried rice will ever be the same, and really, isn’t that what life is? Creation, without recipe? It’s funny. This may contradict everything I’ve written thus far, but the more I bake, the more I realize perhaps baking is spontaneous too. I don’t always need to weigh my flour beforehand in order to get perfect cookies. My signature food is cupcake, but I challenged myself to use a different recipe every time. You’d be surprised at how different cupcakes taste when you add an extra egg, and you’d be especially uncertain about my baking skills if you tried my cupcakes that had way too much baking soda (trial and error…). I’m learning to love going with the flow. It’s not mutually exclusive with loving precision, and it’s such an integral part of my culture; I’d be missing out otherwise. Coming to terms with and embracing the unknown is scary, but I assure you: One day, I’ll master my own fried rice. 1．What does the author think of the fried rice recipe? A．It provides inaccurate details. B．It includes too many ingredients. C．It misses the essence of cooking. D．It contradicts the basics of cuisine. 2．The author enjoys baking because of ______. A．her hope to pass recipes on B．her love of precision and detail C．her interest in a different culture D．her desire to honour family traditions 3．The author’s cupcake experiments made her more ______. A．open-minded B．organized C．confident D．clear-headed 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Fond memories make a dish tasty. B．Precision and creativity are inseparable. C．Creativity prospers where rules end. D．Life doesn’t always come with a recipe. 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·北京朝阳·一模） Arif Pujianto couldn’t sleep. When dawn broke, the area where he lives on the low-lying Pari Island in Indonesia was damaged. Eventually, he decided to do something about it. He filed a lawsuit (诉讼) against cement manufacturer Holcim. At first sight, this might seem unreasonable. After all, the company has no operations in Indonesia and is headquartered 12,000 kilometres from Pari, in Switzerland. Yet Pujianto’s case is on top of a wave of lawsuits supported by innovative climate attribution models. Computer simulations (模拟) have been the backbone of climate science since the 1960s. Scientists run them to predict how the planet will warm as the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere increases. But climate models can be put to another use if they are run in a slightly different way. The idea is to simulate counterfactual scenarios (情景) and compare them with how things really turned out. How would the world look if we had left fossil fuels which we consumed in the ground, for example? Climate scientists have spent decades using this technique to figure out the consequences of carbon emissions, in a field that is broadly called attribution science. Climate models can be extremely complex and often require supercomputers to run. But two advances have started to change that. One is the development of “reduced complexity” climate models. Instead of modelling Earth’s precise physical, chemical and biological processes, these simpler models simulate them on average, which reduces processing power. The second advance boils down to innovations in the way we account for emissions and join the links in the causal chain between emissions and harms. That includes, for example, smarter ways of differentiating between historical emissions. A gigatonne of carbon emitted today, when oceans are more acidic, has different consequences to a gigatonne of carbon emitted in 1850. In 2022, climate scientists Christopher Callahan at Indiana University and Justin Mankin at Dartmouth College put these two advances together to create an end-to-end climate attribution model, one that stretches from the individual packets of emissions, perhaps from a single company, all the way to the effects of climate change on a community. Mankin is aware that the research may be used in court and pursuing climate action through climate lawsuits may be necessary. A proper test of how attribution science holds up in court in these “polluter-pays” cases hasn’t yet taken place, then. But such a test may not be too far off, says Noah Walker-Crawford, a legal advisor, especially given how many fresh cases are starting to come before judges. If a precedent is set by even a single successful polluter-pays case, it could open the floodgates to a huge number of similar claims. In each case, the individual damages demanded may be relatively small, but it could, nonetheless, be significant. 1．What can be inferred about the climate attribution model? A．It can simulate a world without carbon emissions. B．It predicts the timeline of future extreme weather. C．It is more accurate in modelling climate processes. D．It has shifted its aim to backing climate legal cases. 2．Regarding the future of “polluter-pays” cases, the author is _______ A．worried B．optimistic C．doubtful D．disapproving 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Anticipate a novel trend in court. B．Illustrate how climate models work. C．Introduce the history of climate models. D．Show a model expected to force climate action. Passage 2 （2026·北京海淀·一模） For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. This capacity for relational mapping underpins fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking. This cognitive capacity develops early and naturally. Children begin reasoning analogically around age three and the capacity continues to develop until adulthood. Holyoak identifies this as a “Late System” — a uniquely human, evolutionarily recent ability for general relational reasoning. It builds upon and cooperates with older, specialized “Early Systems” we share with other animals. While nonhuman species perform tasks that resemble analogical reasoning, these successes remain domain-specific. Humans alone can map relations across any content, from fairy tales to physics. This special ability, however, grants neither wisdom nor morality. Abstract thought has yielded both medical cures and weapons of mass destruction. As Holyoak notes, if Earth becomes uninhabitable, it won’t be the chimpanzees’ fault. The rise of AI presents a new frontier. Large language models (LLMs) now solve analogy problems at a college-student level, and their computational power could eventually produce superhuman intelligence. Yet they lack autonomy and, crucially, the ability to spontaneously notice a meaningful analogy. In art, this limitation may prove difficult to overcome. AI, lacking emotion, consciousness, and individuality, produces work many find soulless. Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. 1．What does the word “underpins” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Supports. B．Evaluates. C．Replaces. D．Frames. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “Late System” is developed in adulthood. B．The “two dogs” proverb encourages competitions. C．The convergent ray solution arose from an analogy. D．LLMs can’t form analogies due to lack of autonomy. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Developing Analogy: The Core of Human Creativity B．Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart C．Defining Analogy: The Force Driving Human Evolution D．Defending Analogy: A Mechanism of Human Perception Passage 3 （2026·北京门头沟·一模） A new study suggests that the people who reach the top of their fields typically were all involved in multiple disciplines when they were young. Young prodigies (奇才) — the teenage sports stars, the high schoolers bursting into the chess ranks, the kids making scientific discoveries — are usually not the same as late bloomers who reach the pinnacle of their fields in adulthood, according to a new study. And the two groups begin their journeys in very different ways. The study, published on Thursday in the journal Science, found that achievement in youth typically starts with a focus on one thing: A pianist plays no other instrument; a swimmer stays in the pool. But the people who achieve the most later in life typically start with less singular intensity, engaging across multiple disciplines, and less early success. “When comparing performers across the highest levels of achievement,” the researchers wrote, “the evidence suggests that eventual peak performance is negatively associated with early performance.” There are exceptions, of course, those rising stars who end up exploring the outer limits of human capacity. Just look at Simone Biles or Mozart, whose exceptional abilities were evident in childhood. They found that people who reach the pinnacle of their own field — whether athletes, scientists or artists — typically plied (从事) a variety of disciplines in childhood and advanced more slowly, and their eventual field was never a narrow focus from the start. Aaron Clifton, a professor at the Karolinska Institute, noted: “Across very different disciplines, very different profiles, very different skills and very different ages of peak performance, the rate of development of the best performers is very similar.” The patterns were visible between the most leading performers and the people just below them; think Nobel winners and those who were awarded by national-level prize. Both groups are high-achieving, but the people who reach the absolute peak — the Nobel laureates — generally showed the more gradual progression with a later, slower but multidisciplinary start. “There’s something hopeful here for those of us who were not child prodigies,” said Dean Keith Simonton, an emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis. But the study also has its limitations. The research focused on fields where performance can be measured clearly — sports, music and science. It may not apply to other areas, like business or politics. The researchers were also, importantly, studying the extremes: the very best of the best. These are not random people; they are the ones stuck with their chosen activity. 1．What does the underlined word “pinnacle” in Paragraph 1 mostly mean? A．The new height. B．The severe issue. C．The highest point. D．The point of failure. 2．What can we learn from the research in the passage? A．Adult achievers have great early success. B．Prodigies have higher success than adult achievers. C．Prodigies focus on multiple disciplines in their early age. D．Adult achievers have broad exploration when they’re young. 3．What’s the relationship between early performance and eventual peak performance? A．They are a little associated. B．They are negatively correlated. C．The correlation varies by profession. D．There is no correlation between them. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To highlight the study’s limitations. B．To compare sports and science careers. C．To introduce a new study on peak achievers. D．To criticize the pursuit of early achievements. Passage 4 （2026·北京房山·一模） Much remains a mystery about how we look at the world. People constantly move their eyes to fix their gazes on items of interest, making about two to four eye movements every second for some 150,000 motions daily, but it remains uncertain how we choose what to focus on. To investigate how much gaze might vary between people, the researchers had more than 100 adult volunteers seated at computers look at 700 pictures depicting everyday scenes with a variety of items. At the same time, cameras, pointed at the eyes of those participants, helped track their gazes to deduce what they were looking at in each picture. The scientists found that certain types of details, such as faces, text, food, moving objects or touched items, attracted the gazes of some observers more than others. For example, the fraction of a person’s eye movements directed toward faces varied from 17% to 43% among the volunteers. In other words, “the individual tendency to look at faces or text can vary more than twofold from one person to the next,” said study lead author Benjamin de Haas, a neuroscientist at Justus-Liebig University Giessen in Germany. Such trends also proved to be highly consistent — even when volunteers were called back for follow-up sessions two weeks afterward. “This implies the way we look at images is personal. What you see can be different from what I’m seeing, even if we look at exactly the same images,” de Haas said. “Often times, the human is treated as a passive device whose attention can be captured by the image,” said vision scientist Mary Hayhoe at the University of Texas at Austin. This work emphasizes that “in reality, humans are active seekers of information.” The researchers suggested these differences in gaze might have some genetic foundations. For example, they noted that two recent studies from the United States and Sweden found that identical twins had far more similar patterns of eye movements than fraternal (异卵的) twins did. The scientists now plan to explore what impact these differences may or may not have in the real world. “Let’s say your eyes have a particular tendency to be attracted by text,” de Haas said. “Does that mean you’re more easily distracted when driving past a billboard?” These findings suggest that eye-tracking might help reveal new ways to diagnose disorders such as autism, in which people tend to gaze at faces and social cues differently, the researchers said. “The earlier one can pick up on the fact that children are autistic, the earlier one can start them on therapy and training programs, which can prove really important,” Hayhoe said. 1．What can we learn about the eye-tracking experiment? A．Humans are passive receivers of images. B．The way humans look at images varies greatly. C．The pictures used were mainly about abstract items. D．Gaze patterns differed when retested after two weeks. 2．Why does the author mention Mary Hayhoe in Paragraph 5? A．To explain the experiment process. B．To introduce the research purpose. C．To illustrate a practical approach. D．To correct a common belief. 3．Recent studies from the United States and Sweden suggest that ______. A．genes may affect how people direct their eyes B．people’s eyes have a tendency to be attracted by text C．shared living environments make identical twins’ gaze patterns more similar D．fraternal twins have more similar gaze patterns than those of the general population 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Universal Language of Sight B．The Mystery of Rapid Eye Movements C．The Unique Gaze: We See Things Differently D．The Powerful Eye-tracking: We Detect Autism Early 主题03 人与社会——社会服务 Passage 1 （2026·北京房山·一模） For years, businesses have used different psychological strategies in their advertising to sell products and services. Understanding the psychological factors that motivate people to buy something can help a business sell more of their goods. Businesses use advertising to send a message saying that their product will do more than provide something practical or useful. The message is that the product can help you be a better person or lead a better life as well. One common strategy used in advertising is to appeal to people’s need to imitate or copy someone they admire. This type of advertisement shows a celebrity using a product with the hope that viewers want to look like the celebrity, have the celebrity’s lifestyle, or have the celebrity’s influence, and that purchasing the product will help the buyer achieve these things. For example, a popular actor has been paid to advertise, amongst other things, a car in Germany, clothes in Italy, and coffee in a number of countries. He does not need to be an expert driver, be a fashion designer, or know anything about coffee to make these advertisements successful. Where they are permitted, advertisements for vacation products often rely on appealing to an association with fun and pleasure. The advertisers focus the consumers’ attention on the fun that the characters are seen to be experiencing in their advertisement. These advertisements are aimed at potential vacationers and try to influence the consumer to identify their particular products with the people having fun. This is called “peripheral route advertising” whereas “central route advertising” places the emphasis on the product by stating facts about the product and highlighting the use of the product in the advertisement. The main thing about relying on imitation or aspiration as an advertising strategy is that the consumer must see some advantage in imitating the person in the advertisement. No one will copy behavior just for the sake of it. They do it for enjoyment, self-esteem, or some other benefit. For imitation to work, it must be connected to some stronger appeal. One interesting aspect of imitation is that its effects attenuate with the age of the target audience. Advertisements that rely on imitation are most effective when aimed at teens and preteens and are less effective with young adults. In the face of various advertisements, we consumers should not blindly imitate the person we admire, but choose the right products which fit our genuine needs instead of the wants they create. This critical choice is the basis of wise consumption. 1．What can be inferred from advertisements featuring celebrities? A．They work by satisfying consumers’ psychological needs. B．The celebrities in the ads are professional in the products. C．The success of an ad depends heavily on the fame of the celebrity. D．They ensure their products will offer something practical or useful. 2．Which advertisement is an example of “peripheral route advertising”? A．An assistant is comparing smartphone prices with a chart. B．An expert is explaining the effectiveness of a medicine. C．A family is having a wonderful time at the beach. D．A celebrity is introducing the functions of a car. 3．What does the word “attenuate” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Last. B．Improve. C．Emerge. D．Decrease. 4．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．Peripheral route ads are more influential than central route ads. B．Consumers should be critical of emotional wants shaped by ads. C．Advertisers use psychological factors to improve consumers’ lives. D．The psychological strategies used in ads are harmful to consumers. 主题01 人与社会——艺术与科学 Passage 1 （2026·北京石景山·一模） For a long period, many parents have assumed that additional mathematics exercises and an increased number of after-school classes represent the most reliable route to improving a child’s prospects. More recently, however, a research team at the University of Melbourne has directed attention to a different type of educational experience: sustained participation in school-based arts programmes. Their ten-year longitudinal study indicates that regular engagement in the arts is associated with enhanced emotional well-being, greater social confidence and higher levels of engagement with academic work. The researchers tracked nearly 8,500 students from Grade 3 through Grade 12. At two-year intervals, the students reported the frequency with which they joined school bands, took part in theatrical performances, contributed to designing stage sets or posters, or attended art clubs after school. At the same time, teachers systematically documented observable changes in classroom behaviour, including whether students completed homework on time, participated in group discussions or displayed disruptive conduct during lessons. When the team compared students from broadly similar family backgrounds, a consistent pattern emerged. Those who participated in arts activities at least once a week were, on average, less anxious and more optimistic about their future than peers who rarely took part. Students in the arts-participation group were also more likely to remain in school through to graduation and to report that “school is a place where I belong.” The researchers then sought to explore potential mechanisms underlying these outcomes. Interviews with students pointed to several contributory factors. Rehearsing (排练) for a concert or a play, for instance, required them to manage their time carefully, attend to the views of others and tolerate feedback in the presence of their peers. Some quieter students reported discovering that they could communicate strong emotions through a role on stage or through the use of colour and form on a canvas (画布). The study stops short of presenting arts education as a simple guarantee of success. Even so, the authors contend that when schools reduce provision in music or art in order to create additional time for test preparation, they may unintentionally remove one of the few environments in which certain students feel recognised and valued. On this basis, the researchers recommend that schools maintain a basic level of arts provision, particularly in communities experiencing economic pressure. 1．What can be inferred about school arts activities? A．It leads to higher marks in school subjects. B．It gives students a stronger sense of belonging. C．It takes the place of academic support after class. D．It is designed for students from well-off families. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Arts education has limited value in exam-driven systems. B．Test practice changes when schools increase arts activities. C．Parents are the force behind the reduction of arts programmes. D．Cutting arts provision has side effects that are easy to overlook. 3．What does the author mainly do in Paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Present a research project and its implications. B．Compare different types of after-school classes. C．Highlight a viewpoint with various after-school activities. D．Challenge a common belief through interviews with students. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How school arts education aids students’ development. B．How exam pressure changes parents’ assumptions for education. C．How students gradually lose their motivation for communication. D．How researchers record and assess students’ after-school behaviours. Passage 2 （2026·北京朝阳·一模） Whether artists or scientists, investigators strike out from what is known to brave the unknown in acts of creative discovery. Think of artists and scientists as users of three modes of discovery: knowing, seeing, and telling. We are all seeking knowledge — epistemologists who question what we think we know, how we come to know it, and whether we can prove what we think we know. Meanwhile, we are all seers — aestheticists who confront what we perceive in natural and created appearances. Finally, we are all tellers and listeners — narrativists who tell about what we have found and listen to the findings of others. The epistemologist’s attention to knowing resonated (引起共鸣) in physicist Andrea Califano’s precision-medicine discoveries in cancer biology. His philosopher-physicist mind is the creative ground to discover new treatments for cancer. “A lot of ideas end up being very, very simple-minded in hindsight. But it’s very difficult to foresee whether simple-minded ideas will work in the end. There’s nothing magical about what we do. It’s just that nobody had kind of thought of cancer in this way,” said Califano. The aestheticists want to face the material world with all the capacities of the human to see and imagine. Tissue engineer Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic exposed the creative powers of aesthetics in the practice of a scientist. It was the novel Alexandria Quartet that gave her the idea of her work as “sliding planes”: “Each of the sliding planes is a body of knowledge. Then they travel past each other, and somehow connect with each other. There were three sliding planes that are three different characters’ perspectives. And then the fourth plane was the time. That is how the book was constructed, I believe, and this is how we do science.” Knowing and seeing require connections between the internal world of the seer or knower, the external world of the seeable and knowable, and the world of witnesses who receive what becomes seen or known. These connections, what I call “telling”, are achieved through narrative acts like speech. It creates a network, bridging from person to person. Nabila El-Bassel, an international leader in studying the most hard-to-deal-with global health problems, confirmed the necessity of listening to all “telling” voices. El-Bassel and her teams are listeners of their subjects’ lived experiences, making sure that suffering individuals are heard and valued. Recognising the fundamental roles of epistemology, aesthetics, and narrative studies in medical research avoids costly oppositions between arts and sciences. With all three discovery modes engaged, scientists gradually recognise why suffering matters, how delicate the balance between sickness and health is, and how urgent medicine’s mission is. Health care’s response to disease could then embrace the pursuit to comprehend phenomena deep within the cell and to face up to social issues vast across the Earth. 1．What does the word “hindsight” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Innovative mindset. B．Blind-minded thinking. C．Long-term perspective. D．Reflective understanding. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．The author has a preference for narrative studies. B．El-Bassel focuses on seeable external phenomena. C．Gordana values tackling problems from diverse angles. D．Califano’s breakthrough sets ground for cancer biology. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Integration of art and science is hard to achieve. B．Three discovery modes can balance sickness and health. C．Meeting social needs is as vital as doing biological studies. D．Medical research helps realise the role of three discovery modes. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Art of Science: Knowing, Seeing, and Telling B．Three Modes of Discovery: Can Artists Be Scientists? C．A Costly Conflict: The Battle Between Art and Science D．The Medicine’s Mission: Are Scientists Brave to Complete? Passage 3 （2026·北京门头沟·一模） Whether it’s donuts, burgers, or ice creams, there are always some people willing to line up for hours to get a taste of the latest food. What these people might not realize, however, is that those treats are even more psychologically rewarding after they’ve waited hours in line. But why do we enjoy things more when we’ve had to suffer for them? It’s a question that’s puzzled neuroscientists for decades, but research published in Nature is throwing light on this phenomenon. This kind of sunk-cost fallacy (沉没成本谬误) is the tendency to persist with a failing course of action due to prior investments of time, money or effort. It isn’t just a common trap in the business world, it also spreads all over the animal world. Organisms from ants to human beings tend to value those things they had to work for more than those that came easily. It seems counterintuitive (有悖常理的) from an evolutionary view — after all, why would we be hard-wired to put more suffering on ourselves? The answer, according to Shnei, involves our familiar friend dopamine(多巴胺). In an earlier study, Shnei and his colleagues discovered that mice that received a reward after overcoming a challenge released more dopamine compared to those that didn’t suffer for their treat. Now, they’ve added a new piece to the puzzle: according to their latest research, dopamine’s role as a satisfaction signal is even more difficult to understand than previously thought. The bigger the effort, the more dopamine is released, which in turn makes the reward seem more valuable, explaining the satisfaction we feel after finally getting our hands on that donut we’ve been waiting in line for. But why does this happen in the first place? Shnei has some ideas: in an environment with limited resources, where rewards are often hard to come by, it makes sense to prioritize those that require more effort. Because dopamine strengthens the behavior, it may be that we’re hard-wired to value things more when we’ve suffered for them — even if that suffering was entirely unnecessary. The next time you’re waiting in line for a donut, just remember: it might not be the snack that’s worth the wait — it’s your brain playing tricks on you. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is an example of the “sunk-cost fallacy”? A．Choosing a cheaper but less tasty restaurant. B．Sitting through an expensive but terrible movie. C．Buying a new phone since the old one is out of style. D．Taking a taxi instead of waiting for a never-coming bus. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．More effort leads to greater reward value. B．Dopamine has no connection with the effort. C．Mice do not experience the sunk-cost fallacy. D．Mice prefer easy rewards over hard-earned ones. 3．What does the author think of waiting in line for a snack? A．The snack’s taste brings real satisfaction. B．The waiting process is of great importance. C．The tasty snack is well worth the long wait. D．The satisfaction comes from one’s brain reaction. Passage 4 （2026·北京顺义·一模） Novelist Virginia Woolf, like all writers, faced the challenge when preparing to write or speak: How do you draw out from the swirl (漩涡) of your thoughts a worthy insight? What kind of catch can you get to reward your audience? Her approach was to engage herself in incubation. Taking a cue (暗示) from her approach may help you when you’re stuck for words. According to the latest controlled studies, a period of downtime develops creative ideas. Why? The theory is that wandering brains are not wandering at all. They are busy with thought development — linking each thought to associated ones, restructuring how your mind represents thoughts, weakening the hold on your attention of irrelevant thoughts, and more. The benefits of wandering show up in a study published in 2025. Researchers asked people to take 10 minutes to write a fictional story based on a cue. Before people began writing, the researchers divided people into groups. They asked one group to take a break to let their minds wander. They gave another group no break at all. The cue gave plenty of room for creativity. But the people in the mind-wandering group turned in the most creative stories. They exhibited more diverse flow in thinking and, interestingly, higher ratings of creativity. The effect was slight but significant. The experiment also showed something else: Staying too busy puts you at a disadvantage. The people asked to take a “busy” break — spending 10 minutes on a spot-the-difference task — were less than half as likely to gain the problem-solving insight as the wandering group. Apparently, engaging in this kind of break while occupying working memory is self-defeating. If this approach works, what form works best? Many scientists theorize that sleep offers the biggest return. When people had to solve matchstick problems, in which they were challenged to rearrange a set of sticks, they did a lot better after they got a nap (小睡). However, not all experiments show that sleeping on a problem works so neatly. The benefit may depend on both the stage of sleep you fall into and the kind of problem you need to solve. Overall, if you need an insight, channel Virginia Woolf: Drop your line into the swirl of your unconscious. When you feel a pull, while napping or not, grab it. What began as a flash of an idea may well have grown into something truly remarkable. 1．What does the word “incubation” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．A state of deep focus. B．A time of restful waiting. C．A period of hard thinking. D．A moment of sudden insight. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．The brain stops working when the mind wanders. B．“Busy” breaks help people solve problems. C．Deep insight is what novelists need most. D．Sleep might help with problem-solving. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．How to Catch a Brilliant Idea B．How to Keep a Wandering Mind C．How to Sleep Your Way to Insight D．How to Train Your Brain to Wander Passage 5 （2026·北京丰台·一模） It’s human nature to feel embarrassed for someone acting cringey — like a friend slipping on a wet floor. It’s a sign of empathy which shapes human cooperation and connection. What happens, though, when the second person in this situation is replaced with a robot? Experiencing secondhand embarrassment lights up areas in the human brain associated with pain and the recognition of emotions. Similarly, social anxiety is linked to heightened empathy, but also comes with a reduced capacity to actually understand the other person’s emotions, known as cognitive empathy. And of course, the more socially close and invested a person is in another, the more intensely they’ll feel this bystander discomfort. Interestingly, new research from Oakridge University found that humans can have the same sort of secondhand embarrassment when they see a robot display social awkwardness. To test this phenomenon, human subjects were immersed in a virtual environment where both human and robot avatars were present. The researchers then put these avatars through awkward situations like stumbling in a crowd or dancing clumsily in public. Researchers then measured the electrical activity of the sweat glands (腺体) of the subjects. This correlates to arousal signals like stress, or other states of high emotion. Participants also filled out a questionnaire about their emotional responses to each virtual social situation. The data indicates that humans felt self-embarrassment for both the human and robot avatars when they were in a socially awkward scenario, although they perceived the situation as more “real” for the human avatar compared to the robot. Still, the results show that humans can empathize with robots in embarrassing situations, suggesting that humans assume the robots can be aware of being witnessed and have some degree of self-consciousness based on self-reflection and self-evaluation. But it also matters what the robot looks like: “The appearance of the robot may affect the empathetic embarrassment because humans empathize more strongly with more human-looking robots and less with more mechanical-looking robots when they are mistreated by humans.” Despite the interesting findings in this recent study, the team from Oakridge University acknowledges that a larger sample size, as well as real world humans and robots, would make the conclusions more convincing. “Our study provides valuable insights into the evolving nature of human-robot relationships. As technology continues to integrate into our daily lives, understanding the emotional responses we have towards robots is crucial,” Lisa Green, the lead researcher on the project, said in a press release. “This research opens up new avenues for exploring the boundaries of human empathy and the potential challenges and benefits of human-robot interactions.” 1．What does the author mainly do in Paragraph 2? A．Introduce an approach. B．Explain a core concept. C．Offer a theoretical basis. D．Present previous findings. 2．What can we learn from the study? A．Robots’ appearance determines empathetic embarrassment level. B．Humans think awkward robots may have self-consciousness. C．States of emotion hold back electrical activities in the brain. D．Awkward robots stimulate stronger empathy than humans. 3．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Do robots feel awkward like humans? B．Can robots truly empathize with humans? C．Where is the boundary of human empathy? D．Why do humans feel bad for awkward robots? 主题02 人与社会——艺术 Passage 1 （2026·北京延庆·一模） Jonathan Reid was building a steady digital marketing career in 2019 when his partner sent a photo of a chalkboard: “Scissor makers wanted.” A seemingly joking remark transformed an IT professional into an artisan. Reid now works as a “putter-togetherer” at Ernest Wright, the last remaining manufacturer of traditional handmade scissors in Sheffield. Leaving tech — long seen as a path to high salaries and job security — for an almost-extinct craft seemed risky. But as artificial intelligence threatens once-stable roles, he feels “more secure in his job.” “The human touch of crafts looks like an unexpectedly enduring career choice,” he says, noting his industry’s adaptive survival offers lessons for at-risk businesses. Daniel Carpenter, executive director of Heritage Crafts, agrees: “AI is a big threat to a large part of the creative industry. We think craft is probably quite resilient to that.” Data supports this optimism: the global handicrafts market, valued at $907bn last year, is forecast to hit $1.94tn by 2033. A Crafts Council survey found over 60% of respondents are upbeat about the sector, and the International Labour Organization ranks craft workers among the least AI-exposed professions. In 20th-century Britain, automation and offshoring devastated trades like basket weaving, which fell from 14,000 UK professionals in 1891 to just 200 today. Yet second-generation basket maker Eddie Glew has “never been more positive”: “Since I got into it, it’s only gone one way, it’s only gone upwards.” He now works with interior designers who “are a lot more keen on telling my story,” creating bespoke (量身定做的) pieces for projects like Alton Towers’ Wicker Man rollercoaster. London bookbinder Maria Ruzaikina caters to private collectors, using intricate gold tooling to help increase the value of rare books. “Many of my clients buy books as an alternative investment,” she explains. Craftspeople are also adapting digitally: Ernest Wright shares workshop stories on Instagram, while TikTok’s BookTok trend boosts bookbinding interest. Carpenter says, “Traditional craftspeople who are really succeeding at the moment are those who are opening up their workshops to the world.” Challenges remain, however. Post-Brexit (英国脱欧后) bureaucracy and small customer bases burden businesses, with the median full-time craft income at £33,000 annually, but this represents just two-fifths of those surveyed, with many more reliant on an additional income. Heritage Crafts received 1,200 hardship fund applications last year, and its endangered list grew by 19 crafts since 2023. Still, Reid remains hopeful. “The thing you have to do is something AI could never replicate,” he says. “That’s the very human aspect of this — and that’s the community-building.” 1．Why did Jonathan Reid choose to become a scissor maker? A．He was tired of digital marketing. B．He saw crafts’ human touch as career security. C．His partner encouraged him to change careers. D．He wanted to preserve an endangered tradition. 2．What does the example of Eddie Glew illustrate? A．Traditional crafts can adapt to modern demands. B．Automation has contributed to traditional trades. C．Young people are not interested in traditional crafts. D．Basketball weaving is no longer a practicable career option. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Securing a Future: Why Crafts Beat Al Threats. B．AI vs. Handicrafts: Can Traditional Industries survive? C．The Endangered Artisan: Fighting for Survival in AI Era. D．How Endangered Craft Industries Are Resisting the AI Jobs Threat? 试卷第1页，共3页 1 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $学科网 www.zxxk com 让教与学更高效 专题05阅读理解（说明文） 答案 基础 必练 主题01人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1:1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 主题02人与社会—一科学与技术 Passage 1:1.A 2.B 3.D Passage 2:1.A 2.C 3.B Passage 3:1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C Passage 4:1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 主题03人与社会—社会服务 Passage 1:1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 进阶 提升 主题01人与社会—一艺术与科学 Passage 1:1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A Passage 2:1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A Passage 3:1.B 2.A 3.D 1/2 可学科网 www.zxxk com 让教与学更高效 Passage 4:1.B 2.D 3.A Passage 5:1.C 2.B 3.D 主题02人与社会——艺术 Passage 1:1.B 2.A 3.D 2/2 专题05 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我——生活与学习 Passage 1 （2026·北京海淀·一模） — 3 tablespoons butter — 2 eggs — 2 medium carrots — 1 small white onion — 3 cloves garlic — 4 cups cooked and chilled rice I bet you didn’t read those numbers. I’ll let you in on a secret — I didn’t either. The ingredients above were copied and pasted from the first online search result for “fried rice recipe”. But, without any disrespect to the recipe’s owner, I can tell you it’s wrong. The only true fried rice recipe is no recipe at all. There are no measurements, no exact instructions, no timer for how long something should sizzle in the pan. There are only smells and feelings and memories. I learned to cook fried rice on the rickety stool covered in stickers, surrounded by the scents of my Grandma’s apron. We used however much leftover rice we had and a combination of anything and everything sitting in the fridge. The kitchen was always a little messy, but that was part of the fun. Yet I’ve always been more of a baker than a cook. I enjoy recipes — I enjoy the process of being exact and finding details, adjusting and leveling and weighing. From a young age, I found comfort in the careful baking recipes in Western cookbooks. But I understand the beauty of spontaneity (即兴) and organic creation. There’s something special in realizing that no two recreations of my grandma’s fried rice will ever be the same, and really, isn’t that what life is? Creation, without recipe? It’s funny. This may contradict everything I’ve written thus far, but the more I bake, the more I realize perhaps baking is spontaneous too. I don’t always need to weigh my flour beforehand in order to get perfect cookies. My signature food is cupcake, but I challenged myself to use a different recipe every time. You’d be surprised at how different cupcakes taste when you add an extra egg, and you’d be especially uncertain about my baking skills if you tried my cupcakes that had way too much baking soda (trial and error…). I’m learning to love going with the flow. It’s not mutually exclusive with loving precision, and it’s such an integral part of my culture; I’d be missing out otherwise. Coming to terms with and embracing the unknown is scary, but I assure you: One day, I’ll master my own fried rice. 1．What does the author think of the fried rice recipe? A．It provides inaccurate details. B．It includes too many ingredients. C．It misses the essence of cooking. D．It contradicts the basics of cuisine. 2．The author enjoys baking because of ______. A．her hope to pass recipes on B．her love of precision and detail C．her interest in a different culture D．her desire to honour family traditions 3．The author’s cupcake experiments made her more ______. A．open-minded B．organized C．confident D．clear-headed 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Fond memories make a dish tasty. B．Precision and creativity are inseparable. C．Creativity prospers where rules end. D．Life doesn’t always come with a recipe. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者认为炒饭无固定食谱，靠感觉与回忆制作。她偏爱烘焙的精准，也逐渐接受即兴创作，明白精准与随性可共存，生活本就没有固定配方。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“The only true fried rice recipe is no recipe at all. There are no measurements, no exact instructions, no timer for how long something should sizzle in the pan. There are only smells and feelings and memories.(唯一正宗的炒饭做法其实根本就没有固定的步骤。没有具体的用量，没有精确的步骤说明，也没有关于食材在锅中翻炒时间的计时器。有的只是各种气味、感受和回忆)”可知，作者认为这份炒饭的食谱忽略了烹饪的精髓所在。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“I enjoy recipes — I enjoy the process of being exact and finding details, adjusting and leveling and weighing.(我喜欢研究食谱 —— 我享受那种精准操作、捕捉细节、不断调整、找平、称重的过程。)”可知，这位作者喜欢烘焙，因为她对精确性和细节有着浓厚的兴趣。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“My signature food is cupcake, but I challenged myself to use a different recipe every time.(我的招牌菜（拿手菜）是纸杯蛋糕，但我每次都尝试使用不同的配方来制作)”以及最后一段“I’m learning to love going with the flow.(我正在学着享受顺其自然的生活方式)”可知，作者的纸杯蛋糕实验让她变得更加开明。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“There’s something special in realizing that no two recreations of my grandma’s fried rice will ever be the same, and really, isn’t that what life is? Creation, without recipe?(当意识到我奶奶的炒饭每次的制作方式都不尽相同时，我感到非常惊喜。而说到底，这不正是生活的样子吗？没有固定的模式，却能创造出独一无二的成果)”可知，文章告诉我们生活并非总是有固定的“配方”可循。故选D。 主题02 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （2026·北京朝阳·一模） Arif Pujianto couldn’t sleep. When dawn broke, the area where he lives on the low-lying Pari Island in Indonesia was damaged. Eventually, he decided to do something about it. He filed a lawsuit (诉讼) against cement manufacturer Holcim. At first sight, this might seem unreasonable. After all, the company has no operations in Indonesia and is headquartered 12,000 kilometres from Pari, in Switzerland. Yet Pujianto’s case is on top of a wave of lawsuits supported by innovative climate attribution models. Computer simulations (模拟) have been the backbone of climate science since the 1960s. Scientists run them to predict how the planet will warm as the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere increases. But climate models can be put to another use if they are run in a slightly different way. The idea is to simulate counterfactual scenarios (情景) and compare them with how things really turned out. How would the world look if we had left fossil fuels which we consumed in the ground, for example? Climate scientists have spent decades using this technique to figure out the consequences of carbon emissions, in a field that is broadly called attribution science. Climate models can be extremely complex and often require supercomputers to run. But two advances have started to change that. One is the development of “reduced complexity” climate models. Instead of modelling Earth’s precise physical, chemical and biological processes, these simpler models simulate them on average, which reduces processing power. The second advance boils down to innovations in the way we account for emissions and join the links in the causal chain between emissions and harms. That includes, for example, smarter ways of differentiating between historical emissions. A gigatonne of carbon emitted today, when oceans are more acidic, has different consequences to a gigatonne of carbon emitted in 1850. In 2022, climate scientists Christopher Callahan at Indiana University and Justin Mankin at Dartmouth College put these two advances together to create an end-to-end climate attribution model, one that stretches from the individual packets of emissions, perhaps from a single company, all the way to the effects of climate change on a community. Mankin is aware that the research may be used in court and pursuing climate action through climate lawsuits may be necessary. A proper test of how attribution science holds up in court in these “polluter-pays” cases hasn’t yet taken place, then. But such a test may not be too far off, says Noah Walker-Crawford, a legal advisor, especially given how many fresh cases are starting to come before judges. If a precedent is set by even a single successful polluter-pays case, it could open the floodgates to a huge number of similar claims. In each case, the individual damages demanded may be relatively small, but it could, nonetheless, be significant. 1．What can be inferred about the climate attribution model? A．It can simulate a world without carbon emissions. B．It predicts the timeline of future extreme weather. C．It is more accurate in modelling climate processes. D．It has shifted its aim to backing climate legal cases. 2．Regarding the future of “polluter-pays” cases, the author is _______ A．worried B．optimistic C．doubtful D．disapproving 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Anticipate a novel trend in court. B．Illustrate how climate models work. C．Introduce the history of climate models. D．Show a model expected to force climate action. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候归因模型的发展及其在法律诉讼中的应用潜力，通过具体案例和专家观点展示了该模型如何为气候行动提供科学依据，并预示了未来“污染者付费”案件可能带来的法律和社会影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The idea is to simulate counterfactual scenarios (情景) and compare them with how things really turned out. How would the world look if we had left fossil fuels which we consumed in the ground, for example? Climate scientists have spent decades using this technique to figure out the consequences of carbon emissions, in a field that is broadly called attribution science. (这个想法是模拟反事实情景，并将它们与实际情况进行比较。例如，如果我们把消耗的化石燃料留在地下，世界会是什么样子？气候科学家几十年来一直使用这种技术来弄清楚碳排放的后果，这个领域被广泛称为归因科学。)”可知，气候归因模型通过模拟没有碳排放的世界，并将其与实际情况进行对比，来弄清楚碳排放的后果。因此，可以推断出该模型能够模拟一个没有碳排放的世界。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But such a test may not be too far off, says Noah Walker-Crawford, a legal advisor, especially given how many fresh cases are starting to come before judges. If a precedent is set by even a single successful polluter-pays case, it could open the floodgates to a huge number of similar claims. In each case, the individual damages demanded may be relatively small, but it could, nonetheless, be significant. (但法律顾问诺亚·沃克-克劳福德表示，这样的测试可能不会太远，尤其是考虑到有多少新案件开始摆在法官面前。即使只有一个成功的“污染者付费”案例成为先例，也可能为大量类似索赔打开闸门。在每一种情况下，要求的个人损害赔偿可能相对较小，但尽管如此，它仍然可能是重大的。)”可知，作者认为随着新案件的不断涌现，即使只有一个成功的“污染者付费”案例成为先例，也可能引发大量类似的索赔，这表明作者对“污染者付费”案件的未来持乐观态度。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Yet Pujianto’s case is on top of a wave of lawsuits supported by innovative climate attribution models. (然而，普吉安托的案件是一波由创新气候归因模型支持的法律诉讼之一。)”以及后文对气候归因模型的介绍和其在法律诉讼中的应用潜力可知，文章主要介绍了一个有望推动气候行动的模型，即气候归因模型，以及该模型如何为气候法律诉讼提供科学依据。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2026·北京海淀·一模） For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. This capacity for relational mapping underpins fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking. This cognitive capacity develops early and naturally. Children begin reasoning analogically around age three and the capacity continues to develop until adulthood. Holyoak identifies this as a “Late System” — a uniquely human, evolutionarily recent ability for general relational reasoning. It builds upon and cooperates with older, specialized “Early Systems” we share with other animals. While nonhuman species perform tasks that resemble analogical reasoning, these successes remain domain-specific. Humans alone can map relations across any content, from fairy tales to physics. This special ability, however, grants neither wisdom nor morality. Abstract thought has yielded both medical cures and weapons of mass destruction. As Holyoak notes, if Earth becomes uninhabitable, it won’t be the chimpanzees’ fault. The rise of AI presents a new frontier. Large language models (LLMs) now solve analogy problems at a college-student level, and their computational power could eventually produce superhuman intelligence. Yet they lack autonomy and, crucially, the ability to spontaneously notice a meaningful analogy. In art, this limitation may prove difficult to overcome. AI, lacking emotion, consciousness, and individuality, produces work many find soulless. Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. 1．What does the word “underpins” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Supports. B．Evaluates. C．Replaces. D．Frames. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The “Late System” is developed in adulthood. B．The “two dogs” proverb encourages competitions. C．The convergent ray solution arose from an analogy. D．LLMs can’t form analogies due to lack of autonomy. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Developing Analogy: The Core of Human Creativity B．Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart C．Defining Analogy: The Force Driving Human Evolution D．Defending Analogy: A Mechanism of Human Perception 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。心理学家霍利奥克研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. Unlike simple perceptual similarity, analogy maps relational patterns across different domains. The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage. (从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中。与简单的感知相似性不同，类比能在不同领域之间映射出关系模式。例如，关于两只狗为一块骨头而争斗，而第三只狗却跑开的这句谚语，就揭示了一个商业场景：相互竞争的公司会削弱彼此，从而使对手有机可乘。)”及下文“...fluid intelligence — the ability to reason about new problems — and strongly predicts performance on intelligence tests. ( 流体智力——即对新问题进行推理的能力，并且能很好地预测智力测试的成绩。)”可知，作者认为通过类比我们可以提升智力，灵活运用已有知识。由此推测，划线词指这种进行关系映射的类比能力促进提升流体智力，与Supports意思相近。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Analogy also drives creativity. Holyoak’s classic research on the “radiation problem” illustrates this: participants struggled to destroy a tumor (肿瘤) with rays without harming healthy tissue. But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent (会聚的) ray solution. (类比也能激发创造力。霍利奥克关于“辐射问题”的经典研究就很好地说明了这一点：参与者努力想用射线来摧毁肿瘤，同时又不伤害健康组织。但那些最先接触到关于一位将军从多个方向攻打城堡的故事的人，很快就想出了集中射线的解决方案。)”可知，参与者先读了将军多路进攻城堡的故事，才设计出会聚射线治疗肿瘤的方案，这个方案本身就是跨领域类比得到的结果。C选项结论符合文章内容。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence. His new book, The Human Edge, takes a fresh look at analogy as a defining feature of human thought. (半个世纪以来，心理学家基思·霍利奥克一直致力于研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。他的新书《人类的优势》从全新的角度探讨了类比作为人类思维特征的重要性。)”第二段“At its core, analogy enables us to apply prior knowledge to novel situations. (从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中)”第三段“Analogy also drives creativity. (类比也能激发创造力。)”及最后一段“Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage. Their integration is the very essence of the human edge. (人类的独特性源于合作系统的进化：一种“晚期系统”能够进行复杂的关联推理，还有“早期系统”则反映了我们丰富的生物遗传特征。它们的融合正是人类优势的所在。)”可知，全文都在讲类比是人类独有的，别的动物只有领域特定的，AI也没有自发类比的能力，最后说这就是人类的优势，这个整合是人类独特性来源。由此可知，B项Decoding Analogy: A Capacity Setting Humans Apart (解码类比：区分人类与动物的能力)概括了文章主旨，适合作标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2026·北京门头沟·一模） A new study suggests that the people who reach the top of their fields typically were all involved in multiple disciplines when they were young. Young prodigies (奇才) — the teenage sports stars, the high schoolers bursting into the chess ranks, the kids making scientific discoveries — are usually not the same as late bloomers who reach the pinnacle of their fields in adulthood, according to a new study. And the two groups begin their journeys in very different ways. The study, published on Thursday in the journal Science, found that achievement in youth typically starts with a focus on one thing: A pianist plays no other instrument; a swimmer stays in the pool. But the people who achieve the most later in life typically start with less singular intensity, engaging across multiple disciplines, and less early success. “When comparing performers across the highest levels of achievement,” the researchers wrote, “the evidence suggests that eventual peak performance is negatively associated with early performance.” There are exceptions, of course, those rising stars who end up exploring the outer limits of human capacity. Just look at Simone Biles or Mozart, whose exceptional abilities were evident in childhood. They found that people who reach the pinnacle of their own field — whether athletes, scientists or artists — typically plied (从事) a variety of disciplines in childhood and advanced more slowly, and their eventual field was never a narrow focus from the start. Aaron Clifton, a professor at the Karolinska Institute, noted: “Across very different disciplines, very different profiles, very different skills and very different ages of peak performance, the rate of development of the best performers is very similar.” The patterns were visible between the most leading performers and the people just below them; think Nobel winners and those who were awarded by national-level prize. Both groups are high-achieving, but the people who reach the absolute peak — the Nobel laureates — generally showed the more gradual progression with a later, slower but multidisciplinary start. “There’s something hopeful here for those of us who were not child prodigies,” said Dean Keith Simonton, an emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis. But the study also has its limitations. The research focused on fields where performance can be measured clearly — sports, music and science. It may not apply to other areas, like business or politics. The researchers were also, importantly, studying the extremes: the very best of the best. These are not random people; they are the ones stuck with their chosen activity. 1．What does the underlined word “pinnacle” in Paragraph 1 mostly mean? A．The new height. B．The severe issue. C．The highest point. D．The point of failure. 2．What can we learn from the research in the passage? A．Adult achievers have great early success. B．Prodigies have higher success than adult achievers. C．Prodigies focus on multiple disciplines in their early age. D．Adult achievers have broad exploration when they’re young. 3．What’s the relationship between early performance and eventual peak performance? A．They are a little associated. B．They are negatively correlated. C．The correlation varies by profession. D．There is no correlation between them. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To highlight the study’s limitations. B．To compare sports and science careers. C．To introduce a new study on peak achievers. D．To criticize the pursuit of early achievements. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究，该研究探讨了不同领域顶尖人才在年轻时的经历和成就模式。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Young prodigies — the teenage sports stars, the high schoolers bursting into the chess ranks, the kids making scientific discoveries — are usually not the same as late bloomers who reach the pinnacle of their fields in adulthood.(年轻的奇才——十几岁的体育明星、冲进国际象棋行列的高中生、做出科学发现的孩子们——通常与那些在成年后达到各自领域_____的后来者不同。)”可知，Young prodigies和late bloomers这两类人应该是不同的，前者是年轻时取得成就的人，后者是成年后才取得成就的人，所以pinnacle的意思应该是“最高点”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“But the people who achieve the most later in life typically start with less singular intensity, engaging across multiple disciplines, and less early success.(但那些在人生后期取得最高成就的人，起步时往往不会专注单一领域，而是涉猎多个学科，早年也鲜有亮眼成绩。)”可知，成年成功者在年轻时有广泛的探索。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“When comparing performers across the highest levels of achievement, the evidence suggests that eventual peak performance is negatively associated with early performance.(当比较最高成就水平的表演者时，有证据表明，最终的表现与早期表现呈负相关。)”可知，早期表现和最终巅峰表现之间的关系是负相关。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study suggests that the people who reach the top of their fields typically were all involved in multiple disciplines when they were young.(一项新的研究表明，那些在自己领域达到顶峰的人在年轻时通常都涉及多个学科。)”可知，这篇文章的主要目的是介绍一项关于顶尖成就者的新研究。故选C。 Passage 4 （2026·北京房山·一模） Much remains a mystery about how we look at the world. People constantly move their eyes to fix their gazes on items of interest, making about two to four eye movements every second for some 150,000 motions daily, but it remains uncertain how we choose what to focus on. To investigate how much gaze might vary between people, the researchers had more than 100 adult volunteers seated at computers look at 700 pictures depicting everyday scenes with a variety of items. At the same time, cameras, pointed at the eyes of those participants, helped track their gazes to deduce what they were looking at in each picture. The scientists found that certain types of details, such as faces, text, food, moving objects or touched items, attracted the gazes of some observers more than others. For example, the fraction of a person’s eye movements directed toward faces varied from 17% to 43% among the volunteers. In other words, “the individual tendency to look at faces or text can vary more than twofold from one person to the next,” said study lead author Benjamin de Haas, a neuroscientist at Justus-Liebig University Giessen in Germany. Such trends also proved to be highly consistent — even when volunteers were called back for follow-up sessions two weeks afterward. “This implies the way we look at images is personal. What you see can be different from what I’m seeing, even if we look at exactly the same images,” de Haas said. “Often times, the human is treated as a passive device whose attention can be captured by the image,” said vision scientist Mary Hayhoe at the University of Texas at Austin. This work emphasizes that “in reality, humans are active seekers of information.” The researchers suggested these differences in gaze might have some genetic foundations. For example, they noted that two recent studies from the United States and Sweden found that identical twins had far more similar patterns of eye movements than fraternal (异卵的) twins did. The scientists now plan to explore what impact these differences may or may not have in the real world. “Let’s say your eyes have a particular tendency to be attracted by text,” de Haas said. “Does that mean you’re more easily distracted when driving past a billboard?” These findings suggest that eye-tracking might help reveal new ways to diagnose disorders such as autism, in which people tend to gaze at faces and social cues differently, the researchers said. “The earlier one can pick up on the fact that children are autistic, the earlier one can start them on therapy and training programs, which can prove really important,” Hayhoe said. 1．What can we learn about the eye-tracking experiment? A．Humans are passive receivers of images. B．The way humans look at images varies greatly. C．The pictures used were mainly about abstract items. D．Gaze patterns differed when retested after two weeks. 2．Why does the author mention Mary Hayhoe in Paragraph 5? A．To explain the experiment process. B．To introduce the research purpose. C．To illustrate a practical approach. D．To correct a common belief. 3．Recent studies from the United States and Sweden suggest that ______. A．genes may affect how people direct their eyes B．people’s eyes have a tendency to be attracted by text C．shared living environments make identical twins’ gaze patterns more similar D．fraternal twins have more similar gaze patterns than those of the general population 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Universal Language of Sight B．The Mystery of Rapid Eye Movements C．The Unique Gaze: We See Things Differently D．The Powerful Eye-tracking: We Detect Autism Early 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科学家通过眼动实验发现人们注视事物的方式存在显著个体差异，该差异或与基因相关，并有望用于疾病诊断。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In other words, “the individual tendency to look at faces or text can vary more than twofold from one person to the next,” said study lead author Benjamin de Haas, a neuroscientist at Justus-Liebig University Giessen in Germany. (换言之，德国吉森尤斯图斯-李比希大学的神经科学家、该研究的主要作者本杰明·德·哈斯表示：“人与人之间关注人脸或文字的个人倾向，差异可能超过两倍。”)”可知，人类观看图像的方式差异极大。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中的““Often times, the human is treated as a passive device whose attention can be captured by the image,” said vision scientist Mary Hayhoe at the University of Texas at Austin. This work emphasizes that “in reality, humans are active seekers of information.”(得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的视觉科学家玛丽·海霍表示：“很多时候，人类被当作一种被动的装置，其注意力会被图像轻易吸引。”而这项研究强调，“事实上，人类是主动的信息探寻者。”)”可知，作者提及Mary Hayhoe是为了纠正人们普遍认为人类被动接收图像信息的错误观点。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“The researchers suggested these differences in gaze might have some genetic foundations. For example, they noted that two recent studies from the United States and Sweden found that identical twins had far more similar patterns of eye movements than fraternal twins did.(研究人员认为注视差异可能有一定基因基础。例如，美国和瑞典近期的两项研究发现，同卵双胞胎的眼球运动模式比异卵双胞胎相似得多。)”可知，基因可能影响人们注视的方向。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的““This implies the way we look at images is personal. What you see can be different from what I’m seeing, even if we look at exactly the same images,” de Haas said. (德哈斯表示：“这意味着我们观看图像的方式是因人而异的。即使我们看着完全相同的画面，你所看到的内容也可能与我所看到的不同。”)”可知，文章围绕人们注视方式存在个体差异展开，核心说明每个人的注视都是独特的、看待事物的方式各不相同，因此“独特的注视：我们看待事物各不相同”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 主题03 人与社会——社会服务 Passage 1 （2026·北京房山·一模） For years, businesses have used different psychological strategies in their advertising to sell products and services. Understanding the psychological factors that motivate people to buy something can help a business sell more of their goods. Businesses use advertising to send a message saying that their product will do more than provide something practical or useful. The message is that the product can help you be a better person or lead a better life as well. One common strategy used in advertising is to appeal to people’s need to imitate or copy someone they admire. This type of advertisement shows a celebrity using a product with the hope that viewers want to look like the celebrity, have the celebrity’s lifestyle, or have the celebrity’s influence, and that purchasing the product will help the buyer achieve these things. For example, a popular actor has been paid to advertise, amongst other things, a car in Germany, clothes in Italy, and coffee in a number of countries. He does not need to be an expert driver, be a fashion designer, or know anything about coffee to make these advertisements successful. Where they are permitted, advertisements for vacation products often rely on appealing to an association with fun and pleasure. The advertisers focus the consumers’ attention on the fun that the characters are seen to be experiencing in their advertisement. These advertisements are aimed at potential vacationers and try to influence the consumer to identify their particular products with the people having fun. This is called “peripheral route advertising” whereas “central route advertising” places the emphasis on the product by stating facts about the product and highlighting the use of the product in the advertisement. The main thing about relying on imitation or aspiration as an advertising strategy is that the consumer must see some advantage in imitating the person in the advertisement. No one will copy behavior just for the sake of it. They do it for enjoyment, self-esteem, or some other benefit. For imitation to work, it must be connected to some stronger appeal. One interesting aspect of imitation is that its effects attenuate with the age of the target audience. Advertisements that rely on imitation are most effective when aimed at teens and preteens and are less effective with young adults. In the face of various advertisements, we consumers should not blindly imitate the person we admire, but choose the right products which fit our genuine needs instead of the wants they create. This critical choice is the basis of wise consumption. 1．What can be inferred from advertisements featuring celebrities? A．They work by satisfying consumers’ psychological needs. B．The celebrities in the ads are professional in the products. C．The success of an ad depends heavily on the fame of the celebrity. D．They ensure their products will offer something practical or useful. 2．Which advertisement is an example of “peripheral route advertising”? A．An assistant is comparing smartphone prices with a chart. B．An expert is explaining the effectiveness of a medicine. C．A family is having a wonderful time at the beach. D．A celebrity is introducing the functions of a car. 3．What does the word “attenuate” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Last. B．Improve. C．Emerge. D．Decrease. 4．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．Peripheral route ads are more influential than central route ads. B．Consumers should be critical of emotional wants shaped by ads. C．Advertisers use psychological factors to improve consumers’ lives. D．The psychological strategies used in ads are harmful to consumers. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍商家广告中运用的心理策略、两种广告路径及模仿效应的年龄差异，倡导理性消费。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One common strategy used in advertising is to appeal to people’s need to imitate or copy someone they admire. This type of advertisement shows a celebrity using a product with the hope that viewers want to look like the celebrity, have the celebrity’s lifestyle, or have the celebrity’s influence, and that purchasing the product will help the buyer achieve these things.(广告中常用的一种策略是迎合人们模仿自己钦佩之人的需求。这类广告展示名人使用某产品，希望观众想要长得像这位名人、拥有其生活方式或影响力，而购买该产品能帮助消费者实现这些。)”可知，名人广告通过满足消费者的心理需求起作用。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“These advertisements are aimed at potential vacationers and try to influence the consumer to identify their particular products with the people having fun. This is called “peripheral route advertising” whereas “central route advertising” places the emphasis on the product by stating facts about the product and highlighting the use of the product in the advertisement. (这些广告针对潜在度假者，试图引导消费者将其特定产品与享受欢乐的人群联系起来。这种方式被称为“边缘路径广告”；与之相对，中心路径广告则通过在广告中陈述产品相关事实、突出产品用途，将重点放在产品本身。)”可知，边缘路径广告是把产品与快乐、愉悦等情感氛围关联起来，不侧重产品事实与功能；一家人在海滩度过美好时光的度假广告属于边缘路径广告。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“One interesting aspect of imitation is that its effects attenuate with the age of the target audience. Advertisements that rely on imitation are most effective when aimed at teens and preteens and are less effective with young adults.(模仿效应的一个有趣特点是，其效果会随着目标受众年龄的增长而衰减。依赖模仿的广告针对青少年和青春期前儿童效果最佳，对年轻成年人效果较差。)”可知，后文明确说明针对儿童、青少年效果最好，对年轻成年人效果更差，由此可判断随着年龄增长，模仿效应的效果在下降、减弱，因此attenuate意为“减弱、降低”。故选D项。 4．观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“In the face of various advertisements, we consumers should not blindly imitate the person we admire, but choose the right products which fit our genuine needs instead of the wants they create. This critical choice is the basis of wise consumption.(面对各类广告，消费者不应盲目模仿钦佩之人，而应选择符合自身真实需求而非广告制造的欲望的产品。这种批判性选择是理性消费的基础。)”可知，作者认为消费者应对广告塑造的情感欲望保持批判态度。故选B项。 主题01 人与社会——艺术与科学 Passage 1 （2026·北京石景山·一模） For a long period, many parents have assumed that additional mathematics exercises and an increased number of after-school classes represent the most reliable route to improving a child’s prospects. More recently, however, a research team at the University of Melbourne has directed attention to a different type of educational experience: sustained participation in school-based arts programmes. Their ten-year longitudinal study indicates that regular engagement in the arts is associated with enhanced emotional well-being, greater social confidence and higher levels of engagement with academic work. The researchers tracked nearly 8,500 students from Grade 3 through Grade 12. At two-year intervals, the students reported the frequency with which they joined school bands, took part in theatrical performances, contributed to designing stage sets or posters, or attended art clubs after school. At the same time, teachers systematically documented observable changes in classroom behaviour, including whether students completed homework on time, participated in group discussions or displayed disruptive conduct during lessons. When the team compared students from broadly similar family backgrounds, a consistent pattern emerged. Those who participated in arts activities at least once a week were, on average, less anxious and more optimistic about their future than peers who rarely took part. Students in the arts-participation group were also more likely to remain in school through to graduation and to report that “school is a place where I belong.” The researchers then sought to explore potential mechanisms underlying these outcomes. Interviews with students pointed to several contributory factors. Rehearsing (排练) for a concert or a play, for instance, required them to manage their time carefully, attend to the views of others and tolerate feedback in the presence of their peers. Some quieter students reported discovering that they could communicate strong emotions through a role on stage or through the use of colour and form on a canvas (画布). The study stops short of presenting arts education as a simple guarantee of success. Even so, the authors contend that when schools reduce provision in music or art in order to create additional time for test preparation, they may unintentionally remove one of the few environments in which certain students feel recognised and valued. On this basis, the researchers recommend that schools maintain a basic level of arts provision, particularly in communities experiencing economic pressure. 1．What can be inferred about school arts activities? A．It leads to higher marks in school subjects. B．It gives students a stronger sense of belonging. C．It takes the place of academic support after class. D．It is designed for students from well-off families. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Arts education has limited value in exam-driven systems. B．Test practice changes when schools increase arts activities. C．Parents are the force behind the reduction of arts programmes. D．Cutting arts provision has side effects that are easy to overlook. 3．What does the author mainly do in Paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Present a research project and its implications. B．Compare different types of after-school classes. C．Highlight a viewpoint with various after-school activities. D．Challenge a common belief through interviews with students. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How school arts education aids students’ development. B．How exam pressure changes parents’ assumptions for education. C．How students gradually lose their motivation for communication. D．How researchers record and assess students’ after-school behaviours. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究发现，持续参与学校艺术活动可提升学生情绪健康、社交自信与学业参与度，还能增强归属感；学校不应为备考削减艺术课程，而应保留基础艺术教育。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Students in the arts-participation group were also more likely to remain in school through to graduation and to report that “school is a place where I belong.”(参与艺术活动的学生也更有可能顺利完成学业，并表示“学校是我归属的地方”。)”可推知，艺术活动能让学生产生更强的校园归属感。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Even so, the authors contend that when schools reduce provision in music or art in order to create additional time for test preparation, they may unintentionally remove one of the few environments in which certain students feel recognised and valued.( 即便如此，作者们仍认为，当学校为了腾出更多时间用于备考而削减音乐或艺术课程的开设时，他们可能会无意中剥夺了某些学生仅存的、能让他们感到被认可和重视的环境之一。)”可推知，削减艺术课程会带来一些容易被忽视的副作用。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When the team compared students from broadly similar family backgrounds, a consistent pattern emerged. Those who participated in arts activities at least once a week were, on average, less anxious and more optimistic about their future than peers who rarely took part.( 当研究团队将来自大致相似家庭背景的学生进行对比时，一个一致的模式逐渐显现出来。那些每周至少参加一次艺术活动的学生，平均而言，比很少参与此类活动的同龄人焦虑程度更低，对未来也更加乐观。)”以及第四段中“The researchers then sought to explore potential mechanisms underlying these outcomes. Interviews with students pointed to several contributory factors.( 随后，研究人员试图探究这些结果背后可能存在的机制。对学生的访谈指出了几个促成因素。)”可知，第三段展示了研究得出的客观结果与规律，第四段进一步探究产生这些结果的内在原因，整体呈现了研究内容及其带来的启示。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“More recently, however, a research team at the University of Melbourne has directed attention to a different type of educational experience: sustained participation in school-based arts programmes. Their ten-year longitudinal study indicates that regular engagement in the arts is associated with enhanced emotional well-being, greater social confidence and higher levels of engagement with academic work.( 然而，最近墨尔本大学的一个研究团队将注意力转向了另一种教育体验：持续参与学校开展的艺术项目。他们的一项为期十年的纵向研究表明，经常参与艺术活动与增强的情绪健康、更大的社交自信以及更积极地投入学业工作密切相关。)”可知，全文围绕墨尔本大学的研究展开，核心论述学校艺术教育对学生情绪健康、社交自信、学业参与、校园归属感等多方面发展的积极作用。由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是学校艺术教育如何促进学生的发展。故选A项。 Passage 2 （2026·北京朝阳·一模） Whether artists or scientists, investigators strike out from what is known to brave the unknown in acts of creative discovery. Think of artists and scientists as users of three modes of discovery: knowing, seeing, and telling. We are all seeking knowledge — epistemologists who question what we think we know, how we come to know it, and whether we can prove what we think we know. Meanwhile, we are all seers — aestheticists who confront what we perceive in natural and created appearances. Finally, we are all tellers and listeners — narrativists who tell about what we have found and listen to the findings of others. The epistemologist’s attention to knowing resonated (引起共鸣) in physicist Andrea Califano’s precision-medicine discoveries in cancer biology. His philosopher-physicist mind is the creative ground to discover new treatments for cancer. “A lot of ideas end up being very, very simple-minded in hindsight. But it’s very difficult to foresee whether simple-minded ideas will work in the end. There’s nothing magical about what we do. It’s just that nobody had kind of thought of cancer in this way,” said Califano. The aestheticists want to face the material world with all the capacities of the human to see and imagine. Tissue engineer Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic exposed the creative powers of aesthetics in the practice of a scientist. It was the novel Alexandria Quartet that gave her the idea of her work as “sliding planes”: “Each of the sliding planes is a body of knowledge. Then they travel past each other, and somehow connect with each other. There were three sliding planes that are three different characters’ perspectives. And then the fourth plane was the time. That is how the book was constructed, I believe, and this is how we do science.” Knowing and seeing require connections between the internal world of the seer or knower, the external world of the seeable and knowable, and the world of witnesses who receive what becomes seen or known. These connections, what I call “telling”, are achieved through narrative acts like speech. It creates a network, bridging from person to person. Nabila El-Bassel, an international leader in studying the most hard-to-deal-with global health problems, confirmed the necessity of listening to all “telling” voices. El-Bassel and her teams are listeners of their subjects’ lived experiences, making sure that suffering individuals are heard and valued. Recognising the fundamental roles of epistemology, aesthetics, and narrative studies in medical research avoids costly oppositions between arts and sciences. With all three discovery modes engaged, scientists gradually recognise why suffering matters, how delicate the balance between sickness and health is, and how urgent medicine’s mission is. Health care’s response to disease could then embrace the pursuit to comprehend phenomena deep within the cell and to face up to social issues vast across the Earth. 1．What does the word “hindsight” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Innovative mindset. B．Blind-minded thinking. C．Long-term perspective. D．Reflective understanding. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．The author has a preference for narrative studies. B．El-Bassel focuses on seeable external phenomena. C．Gordana values tackling problems from diverse angles. D．Califano’s breakthrough sets ground for cancer biology. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Integration of art and science is hard to achieve. B．Three discovery modes can balance sickness and health. C．Meeting social needs is as vital as doing biological studies. D．Medical research helps realise the role of three discovery modes. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Art of Science: Knowing, Seeing, and Telling B．Three Modes of Discovery: Can Artists Be Scientists? C．A Costly Conflict: The Battle Between Art and Science D．The Medicine’s Mission: Are Scientists Brave to Complete? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了艺术家和科学家在探索未知时所共用的三种发现模式：认知、观察和叙述。通过具体实例，展示了这些模式在医学研究等领域的应用，并强调了艺术与科学融合的重要性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“A lot of ideas end up being very, very simple-minded in hindsight. But it’s very difficult to foresee whether simple-minded ideas will work in the end. ( ，很多想法最终都非常非常简单。但很难预见到这些简单的想法最终是否会奏效。)”可知，很多想法在事后看来很简单，但在当时很难预见其是否有效。由此可知，hindsight表示“事后看来，反思性的理解”，与D项“Reflective understanding（反思性的理解）”意思一致。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The aestheticists want to face the material world with all the capacities of the human to see and imagine. Tissue engineer Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic exposed the creative powers of aesthetics in the practice of a scientist. It was the novel Alexandria Quartet that gave her the idea of her work as “sliding planes”: “Each of the sliding planes is a body of knowledge. Then they travel past each other, and somehow connect with each other. There were three sliding planes that are three different characters’ perspectives. And then the fourth plane was the time. That is how the book was constructed, I believe, and this is how we do science.”(审美主义者希望以人类所有的观察和想象能力来面对物质世界。组织工程师Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic在科学实践中展示了美学的创造力。正是小说《亚历山大四重奏》让她有了“滑动平面”的工作理念：“每个滑动平面都是一个知识体系。然后它们相互经过，并以某种方式相互连接。有三个滑动平面，是三个不同角色的视角。然后第四个平面是时间。我相信，这本书就是这样构建的，我们做科学也是这样构建的。)”可知，Gordana从小说中获得了灵感，将不同视角和知识体系结合起来进行科学研究，这表明她重视从不同角度解决问题。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Recognising the fundamental roles of epistemology, aesthetics, and narrative studies in medical research avoids costly oppositions between arts and sciences. With all three discovery modes engaged, scientists gradually recognise why suffering matters, how delicate the balance between sickness and health is, and how urgent medicine’s mission is. Health care’s response to disease could then embrace the pursuit to comprehend phenomena deep within the cell and to face up to social issues vast across the Earth. (认识到认识论、美学和叙事研究在医学研究中的基本作用，可以避免艺术与科学之间代价高昂的对立。通过这三种发现模式的参与，科学家们逐渐认识到为什么痛苦很重要，疾病与健康之间的平衡是多么微妙，以及医学的使命是多么紧迫。医疗对疾病的反应可以包括追求理解细胞深处的现象，以及面对全球范围内的社会问题。)”可知，医疗对疾病的反应可以包括追求理解细胞深处的现象，以及面对全球范围内的社会问题，由此可知，满足社会需求和进行生物学研究同样重要。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether artists or scientists, investigators strike out from what is known to brave the unknown in acts of creative discovery. Think of artists and scientists as users of three modes of discovery: knowing, seeing, and telling. (无论是艺术家还是科学家，调查者都从已知的事物中勇敢地面对未知的事物，进行创造性的发现。把艺术家和科学家看作是三种发现模式的使用者：认知、观察和叙述。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了艺术家和科学家在探索未知时所共用的三种发现模式：认知、观察和叙述，并通过具体实例展示了这些模式在医学研究等领域的应用。A项“The Art of Science: Knowing, Seeing, and Telling（科学的艺术：认知、观察和叙述）”符合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 3 （2026·北京门头沟·一模） Whether it’s donuts, burgers, or ice creams, there are always some people willing to line up for hours to get a taste of the latest food. What these people might not realize, however, is that those treats are even more psychologically rewarding after they’ve waited hours in line. But why do we enjoy things more when we’ve had to suffer for them? It’s a question that’s puzzled neuroscientists for decades, but research published in Nature is throwing light on this phenomenon. This kind of sunk-cost fallacy (沉没成本谬误) is the tendency to persist with a failing course of action due to prior investments of time, money or effort. It isn’t just a common trap in the business world, it also spreads all over the animal world. Organisms from ants to human beings tend to value those things they had to work for more than those that came easily. It seems counterintuitive (有悖常理的) from an evolutionary view — after all, why would we be hard-wired to put more suffering on ourselves? The answer, according to Shnei, involves our familiar friend dopamine(多巴胺). In an earlier study, Shnei and his colleagues discovered that mice that received a reward after overcoming a challenge released more dopamine compared to those that didn’t suffer for their treat. Now, they’ve added a new piece to the puzzle: according to their latest research, dopamine’s role as a satisfaction signal is even more difficult to understand than previously thought. The bigger the effort, the more dopamine is released, which in turn makes the reward seem more valuable, explaining the satisfaction we feel after finally getting our hands on that donut we’ve been waiting in line for. But why does this happen in the first place? Shnei has some ideas: in an environment with limited resources, where rewards are often hard to come by, it makes sense to prioritize those that require more effort. Because dopamine strengthens the behavior, it may be that we’re hard-wired to value things more when we’ve suffered for them — even if that suffering was entirely unnecessary. The next time you’re waiting in line for a donut, just remember: it might not be the snack that’s worth the wait — it’s your brain playing tricks on you. 1．According to the passage, which of the following is an example of the “sunk-cost fallacy”? A．Choosing a cheaper but less tasty restaurant. B．Sitting through an expensive but terrible movie. C．Buying a new phone since the old one is out of style. D．Taking a taxi instead of waiting for a never-coming bus. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．More effort leads to greater reward value. B．Dopamine has no connection with the effort. C．Mice do not experience the sunk-cost fallacy. D．Mice prefer easy rewards over hard-earned ones. 3．What does the author think of waiting in line for a snack? A．The snack’s taste brings real satisfaction. B．The waiting process is of great importance. C．The tasty snack is well worth the long wait. D．The satisfaction comes from one’s brain reaction. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了沉没成本谬误这一现象，解释人们为何会为付出大量时间、精力获得的事物赋予更高价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“This kind of sunk-cost fallacy (沉没成本谬误) is the tendency to persist with a failing course of action due to prior investments of time, money or effort.(这种沉没成本谬误是指由于先前投入了时间、金钱或努力，而倾向于坚持一个失败的行为方向。)”可知，选项B“看完一部昂贵但糟糕的电影”正是沉没成本谬误的体现，因为尽管电影不好看，但由于已经投入了金钱和时间，人们往往会选择继续看完。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The bigger the effort, the more dopamine is released, which in turn makes the reward seem more valuable, explaining the satisfaction we feel after finally getting our hands on that donut we’ve been waiting in line for.(努力越大，释放的多巴胺就越多，这反过来又使奖励显得更有价值，解释了为什么我们在终于排到队买到那个甜甜圈后会感到满足。)”可知，更多的努力会导致更大的奖励价值。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The next time you’re waiting in line for a donut, just remember: it might not be the snack that’s worth the wait — it’s your brain playing tricks on you.(下次你排队买甜甜圈时，请记住：可能不是零食值得等待，而是你的大脑在捉弄你。)”可知，作者认为排队买零食的满足感来自于大脑的反应。故选D。 Passage 4 （2026·北京顺义·一模） Novelist Virginia Woolf, like all writers, faced the challenge when preparing to write or speak: How do you draw out from the swirl (漩涡) of your thoughts a worthy insight? What kind of catch can you get to reward your audience? Her approach was to engage herself in incubation. Taking a cue (暗示) from her approach may help you when you’re stuck for words. According to the latest controlled studies, a period of downtime develops creative ideas. Why? The theory is that wandering brains are not wandering at all. They are busy with thought development — linking each thought to associated ones, restructuring how your mind represents thoughts, weakening the hold on your attention of irrelevant thoughts, and more. The benefits of wandering show up in a study published in 2025. Researchers asked people to take 10 minutes to write a fictional story based on a cue. Before people began writing, the researchers divided people into groups. They asked one group to take a break to let their minds wander. They gave another group no break at all. The cue gave plenty of room for creativity. But the people in the mind-wandering group turned in the most creative stories. They exhibited more diverse flow in thinking and, interestingly, higher ratings of creativity. The effect was slight but significant. The experiment also showed something else: Staying too busy puts you at a disadvantage. The people asked to take a “busy” break — spending 10 minutes on a spot-the-difference task — were less than half as likely to gain the problem-solving insight as the wandering group. Apparently, engaging in this kind of break while occupying working memory is self-defeating. If this approach works, what form works best? Many scientists theorize that sleep offers the biggest return. When people had to solve matchstick problems, in which they were challenged to rearrange a set of sticks, they did a lot better after they got a nap (小睡). However, not all experiments show that sleeping on a problem works so neatly. The benefit may depend on both the stage of sleep you fall into and the kind of problem you need to solve. Overall, if you need an insight, channel Virginia Woolf: Drop your line into the swirl of your unconscious. When you feel a pull, while napping or not, grab it. What began as a flash of an idea may well have grown into something truly remarkable. 1．What does the word “incubation” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．A state of deep focus. B．A time of restful waiting. C．A period of hard thinking. D．A moment of sudden insight. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．The brain stops working when the mind wanders. B．“Busy” breaks help people solve problems. C．Deep insight is what novelists need most. D．Sleep might help with problem-solving. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．How to Catch a Brilliant Idea B．How to Keep a Wandering Mind C．How to Sleep Your Way to Insight D．How to Train Your Brain to Wander 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了通过休息和放空大脑来激发创造力和解决问题的方法。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Her approach was to engage herself in incubation. Taking a cue from her approach may help you when you’re stuck for words.(她的方法是让自己沉浸其中。当你词穷理绝时，借鉴她的方法或许能帮到你)”以及第二段中“According to the latest controlled studies, a period of downtime develops creative ideas. Why? The theory is that wandering brains are not wandering at all. They are busy with thought development — linking each thought to associated ones, restructuring how your mind represents thoughts, weakening the hold on your attention of irrelevant thoughts, and more.(根据最新的对照研究，一段休息时间能激发创意。为何如此？理论认为，徘徊的大脑其实根本不是在徘徊。它们正忙于思维发展——将每个想法与相关联的想法联系起来，重构你的大脑表征思维的方式，削弱无关想法对你注意力的控制，等等)”可知，Virginia Woolf在写作或演讲前会让自己进入一种放松等待的状态，而研究表明，休息时间有助于发展创造性想法，因为大脑在放空时并非真正放空，而是在忙碌地进行思维发展。由此可知，incubation指的是一种休息等待的状态，以便让大脑进行思维发展。因此，选项B“A time of restful waiting.”符合题意。故选B。 2．细节理解题。 根据第四段中“Many scientists theorize that sleep offers the biggest return. When people had to solve matchstick problems, in which they were challenged to rearrange a set of sticks, they did a lot better after they got a nap.(许多科学家认为，睡眠带来的回报最大。当人们必须解决火柴棒问题时，即他们被要求重新排列一组火柴棒，他们在小睡片刻后表现会更好)”可知，许多科学家认为睡眠能带来最大的回报，当人们需要解决火柴棒问题时，小睡后他们表现得更好。由此可知，睡眠可能有助于解决问题。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“According to the latest controlled studies, a period of downtime develops creative ideas. Why? The theory is that wandering brains are not wandering at all. They are busy with thought development — linking each thought to associated ones, restructuring how your mind represents thoughts, weakening the hold on your attention of irrelevant thoughts, and more. The benefits of wandering show up in a study published in 2025.(根据最新的对照研究，一段休息时间能激发创造性思维。为何如此？理论认为，走神的大脑其实并未真正走神。它正忙于思维发展——将每个想法与相关想法联系起来，重构思维对想法的表征方式，削弱无关想法对你注意力的控制，等等。走神的好处体现在2025年发表的一项研究中)”可知，文章主要介绍了通过休息和放空大脑来激发创造力和解决问题的方法，特别是提到了Virginia Woolf的写作方法和睡眠对问题解决的作用。文章的核心是如何捕捉到一个绝妙的想法，因此选项A“How to Catch a Brilliant Idea”最能概括文章的主旨。故选A。 Passage 5 （2026·北京丰台·一模） It’s human nature to feel embarrassed for someone acting cringey — like a friend slipping on a wet floor. It’s a sign of empathy which shapes human cooperation and connection. What happens, though, when the second person in this situation is replaced with a robot? Experiencing secondhand embarrassment lights up areas in the human brain associated with pain and the recognition of emotions. Similarly, social anxiety is linked to heightened empathy, but also comes with a reduced capacity to actually understand the other person’s emotions, known as cognitive empathy. And of course, the more socially close and invested a person is in another, the more intensely they’ll feel this bystander discomfort. Interestingly, new research from Oakridge University found that humans can have the same sort of secondhand embarrassment when they see a robot display social awkwardness. To test this phenomenon, human subjects were immersed in a virtual environment where both human and robot avatars were present. The researchers then put these avatars through awkward situations like stumbling in a crowd or dancing clumsily in public. Researchers then measured the electrical activity of the sweat glands (腺体) of the subjects. This correlates to arousal signals like stress, or other states of high emotion. Participants also filled out a questionnaire about their emotional responses to each virtual social situation. The data indicates that humans felt self-embarrassment for both the human and robot avatars when they were in a socially awkward scenario, although they perceived the situation as more “real” for the human avatar compared to the robot. Still, the results show that humans can empathize with robots in embarrassing situations, suggesting that humans assume the robots can be aware of being witnessed and have some degree of self-consciousness based on self-reflection and self-evaluation. But it also matters what the robot looks like: “The appearance of the robot may affect the empathetic embarrassment because humans empathize more strongly with more human-looking robots and less with more mechanical-looking robots when they are mistreated by humans.” Despite the interesting findings in this recent study, the team from Oakridge University acknowledges that a larger sample size, as well as real world humans and robots, would make the conclusions more convincing. “Our study provides valuable insights into the evolving nature of human-robot relationships. As technology continues to integrate into our daily lives, understanding the emotional responses we have towards robots is crucial,” Lisa Green, the lead researcher on the project, said in a press release. “This research opens up new avenues for exploring the boundaries of human empathy and the potential challenges and benefits of human-robot interactions.” 1．What does the author mainly do in Paragraph 2? A．Introduce an approach. B．Explain a core concept. C．Offer a theoretical basis. D．Present previous findings. 2．What can we learn from the study? A．Robots’ appearance determines empathetic embarrassment level. B．Humans think awkward robots may have self-consciousness. C．States of emotion hold back electrical activities in the brain. D．Awkward robots stimulate stronger empathy than humans. 3．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Do robots feel awkward like humans? B．Can robots truly empathize with humans? C．Where is the boundary of human empathy? D．Why do humans feel bad for awkward robots? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类会因看到机器人表现出社交尴尬而产生“二手尴尬”的现象，并通过实验研究揭示了人类同理心在人与机器人互动中的表现和边界。   1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Experiencing secondhand embarrassment lights up areas in the human brain associated with pain and the recognition of emotions. Similarly, social anxiety is linked to heightened empathy, but also comes with a reduced capacity to actually understand the other person’s emotions, known as cognitive empathy. (经历二手尴尬会激活人脑中与疼痛和情绪识别相关的区域。类似地，社交焦虑与增强的同理心相关，但也伴随着实际理解他人情绪能力的减弱，这种能力被称为认知同理心。)”以及“the more socially close and invested a person is in another, the more intensely they’ll feel this bystander discomfort. (一个人与另一个人社交上越亲近、投入越多，他们感受到的这种旁观者不适就越强烈。)”可知，第二段主要解释了二手尴尬的生理和心理机制，为后文研究提供了理论基础。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Still, the results show that humans can empathize with robots in embarrassing situations, suggesting that humans assume the robots can be aware of being witnessed and have some degree of self-consciousness based on self-reflection and self-evaluation. (尽管如此，结果表明，人类在尴尬情境中能够对机器人产生同理心，这表明人类认为机器人能够意识到被观察，并具有基于自我反思和自我评价的一定程度的自我意识。)”可知，人类认为尴尬的机器人可能具有自我意识。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。文章开篇“It’s human nature to feel embarrassed for someone acting cringey — like a friend slipping on a wet floor. It’s a sign of empathy which shapes human cooperation and connection. What happens, though, when the second person in this situation is replaced with a robot? (为某人的尴尬行为感到尴尬是人的本性——就像朋友在湿地板上滑倒一样。这是一种移情的标志，它塑造了人类的合作和联系。然而，当这种情况下的第二个人被机器人取代时会发生什么呢？)”就提出了一个引人深思的问题：当尴尬的对象从人换成机器人时会发生什么？随后，文章通过介绍奥克里奇大学的一项研究，探讨了人类为何会对社交笨拙的机器人产生“二手尴尬”感，分析了其背后的心理机制(如人类会假定机器人有自我意识)和影响因素(如机器人的外观)。全文都围绕着“人类为何会对笨拙的机器人感到尴尬”这一核心问题展开。因此，D选项“为什么人类会为笨拙的机器人感到难过？”最能概括文章主旨。故选D。 主题02 人与社会——艺术 Passage 1 （2026·北京延庆·一模） Jonathan Reid was building a steady digital marketing career in 2019 when his partner sent a photo of a chalkboard: “Scissor makers wanted.” A seemingly joking remark transformed an IT professional into an artisan. Reid now works as a “putter-togetherer” at Ernest Wright, the last remaining manufacturer of traditional handmade scissors in Sheffield. Leaving tech — long seen as a path to high salaries and job security — for an almost-extinct craft seemed risky. But as artificial intelligence threatens once-stable roles, he feels “more secure in his job.” “The human touch of crafts looks like an unexpectedly enduring career choice,” he says, noting his industry’s adaptive survival offers lessons for at-risk businesses. Daniel Carpenter, executive director of Heritage Crafts, agrees: “AI is a big threat to a large part of the creative industry. We think craft is probably quite resilient to that.” Data supports this optimism: the global handicrafts market, valued at $907bn last year, is forecast to hit $1.94tn by 2033. A Crafts Council survey found over 60% of respondents are upbeat about the sector, and the International Labour Organization ranks craft workers among the least AI-exposed professions. In 20th-century Britain, automation and offshoring devastated trades like basket weaving, which fell from 14,000 UK professionals in 1891 to just 200 today. Yet second-generation basket maker Eddie Glew has “never been more positive”: “Since I got into it, it’s only gone one way, it’s only gone upwards.” He now works with interior designers who “are a lot more keen on telling my story,” creating bespoke (量身定做的) pieces for projects like Alton Towers’ Wicker Man rollercoaster. London bookbinder Maria Ruzaikina caters to private collectors, using intricate gold tooling to help increase the value of rare books. “Many of my clients buy books as an alternative investment,” she explains. Craftspeople are also adapting digitally: Ernest Wright shares workshop stories on Instagram, while TikTok’s BookTok trend boosts bookbinding interest. Carpenter says, “Traditional craftspeople who are really succeeding at the moment are those who are opening up their workshops to the world.” Challenges remain, however. Post-Brexit (英国脱欧后) bureaucracy and small customer bases burden businesses, with the median full-time craft income at £33,000 annually, but this represents just two-fifths of those surveyed, with many more reliant on an additional income. Heritage Crafts received 1,200 hardship fund applications last year, and its endangered list grew by 19 crafts since 2023. Still, Reid remains hopeful. “The thing you have to do is something AI could never replicate,” he says. “That’s the very human aspect of this — and that’s the community-building.” 1．Why did Jonathan Reid choose to become a scissor maker? A．He was tired of digital marketing. B．He saw crafts’ human touch as career security. C．His partner encouraged him to change careers. D．He wanted to preserve an endangered tradition. 2．What does the example of Eddie Glew illustrate? A．Traditional crafts can adapt to modern demands. B．Automation has contributed to traditional trades. C．Young people are not interested in traditional crafts. D．Basketball weaving is no longer a practicable career option. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Securing a Future: Why Crafts Beat Al Threats. B．AI vs. Handicrafts: Can Traditional Industries survive? C．The Endangered Artisan: Fighting for Survival in AI Era. D．How Endangered Craft Industries Are Resisting the AI Jobs Threat? 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了乔纳森放弃数字营销转行做手工剪刀匠。传统手工艺因难以被AI替代更具职业安全感，市场前景向好。从业者积极适应现代需求，同时面临收入、政策等现实挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“But as artificial intelligence threatens once-stable roles, he feels “more secure in his job.” “The human touch of crafts looks like an unexpectedly enduring career choice,” he says, noting his industry’s adaptive survival offers lessons for at-risk businesses.(但随着人工智能对那些原本稳定的工作岗位构成威胁，他却感到自己这份工作更有保障了。他说：“手工艺所具有的人情味看起来竟然是一个意外地经久不衰的职业选择。”他还指出，他所在行业的适应性生存能力为面临困境的企业提供了宝贵的经验教训)”可知，乔纳森·里德选择成为一名剪刀匠是因为他觉得手工艺中的人情味能保障职业的稳定性。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“In 20th-century Britain, automation and offshoring devastated trades like basket weaving, which fell from 14,000 UK professionals in 1891 to just 200 today. Yet second-generation basket maker Eddie Glew has “never been more positive”: “Since I got into it, it’s only gone one way, it’s only gone upwards.” He now works with interior designers who “are a lot more keen on telling my story,” creating bespoke (量身定做的) pieces for projects like Alton Towers’ Wicker Man rollercoaster.(在20世纪的英国，自动化和外包业务的兴起使诸如编织篮子这样的行业遭受重创，从业人数从1891年的14000人骤减至如今的仅200人。然而，第二代篮子制造商埃迪·格莱夫却“从未如此乐观过”：“自从我涉足这个行业以来，情况只是一直在向好的方向发展，一直在上升。”他现在与室内设计师合作，这些设计师“更热衷于讲述我的故事”，为像奥尔顿塔斯的柳条人过山车这样的项目打造定制的篮子)”可知，埃迪·格卢的例子说明传统工艺能够适应现代需求。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第二段“But as artificial intelligence threatens once-stable roles, he feels “more secure in his job.” “The human touch of crafts looks like an unexpectedly enduring career choice,” he says, noting his industry’s adaptive survival offers lessons for at-risk businesses.(但随着人工智能对那些原本稳定的工作岗位构成威胁，他却感到自己这份工作更有保障了。他说：“手工艺所具有的人情味看起来竟然是一个意外地经久不衰的职业选择。”他还指出，他所在行业的适应性生存能力为面临困境的企业提供了宝贵的经验教训)”结合文章主要说明了乔纳森放弃数字营销转行做手工剪刀匠。传统手工艺因难以被 AI 替代更具职业安全感，市场前景向好。从业者积极适应现代需求，同时面临收入、政策等现实挑战可知，D选项“濒危手工艺产业如何抵御人工智能带来的就业威胁？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 试卷第1页，共3页 1 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $