内容正文:
专题10构词法(复习讲义)
目 录
01 析·考情目标
02 筑·专题框架
03 攻·重难考点
真题动向 核心提炼 易错警示/技巧点拨
考点一 合成法
考点二 派生法
考点三 转化法
04 测·预测闯关
命题透视
1. 系统掌握合成法、派生法、转化法三大核心构词法的规则;
2. 能快速识别不同构词法构成的单词,精准判断词义;
3. 熟练运用构词法技巧记忆单词、解答语法填空、完形填空等题型。
热考角度
考点
2026年
合成法
掌握常见合成词的构成规则,能识别并运用合成名词、形容词、动词
派生法
掌握前缀、后缀的常见含义及构成规则,能分析派生词的词性和词义
转化法
掌握单词词性转化的常见类型,理解转化后词义的关联
命题预测
构词法是英语的基础考点,常结合词汇运用题型考查。主要命题角度:派生词的拼写(单词拼写)、词义猜测(阅读理解)、词性判断(完形填空)、合成词辨析(单项选择),尤其侧重前缀 un- /in-/dis-,后缀 - er /-or/-ful /-less/-ly 等高频考点。
考点一合成法
1.(2025・山东济南)—What do you think of the ______ girl? She often helps the old cross the street.
A. good-looking B. good-look C. looking-good D. look-good
【答案】A
【解析】考查合成形容词。“形容词 + 现在分词” 构成合成形容词,good-looking 表示 “相貌好看的”,符合语境。故选 A。
2.(2025・江苏苏州)My little brother is a ______ (five-year-old) boy and he likes drawing very much.
【答案】five-year-old
【解析】考查合成形容词。表示 “五岁的” 需用连字符连接数词、名词和形容词,名词用单数形式,故填 five-year-old。
1. 构成规则
由两个/多个独立单词直接连接(或加连字符),词义多为各部分含义结合。
2. 常见类型(含示例+易错点)
合成名词
名词+名词:toothbrush(牙刷)、bookstore(书店)、classroom(教室)→ 易错:不可拆
分记忆(如 homework = 家庭作业,非 “家+工作”)
动词+名词:breakfast(早餐)、pickpocket(扒手)、breakthrough(突破)→ 易错:需结合动作逻辑猜义
形容词+名词:greenhouse(温室)、blackboard(黑板)→ 易错:避免直译偏差
副词+名词:upstairs(楼上)、downstairs(楼下)→ 核心是名词,副词表方位
合成形容词
名词+形容词:snow-white(雪白的)、sky-blue(天蓝色的)→ 易错:连字符不可省,名词用原形
副词+现在分词:hard-working(勤奋的)、well-meaning(善意的)→ 现在分词表特征,副词修饰动作
数词+名词:five-year-old(五岁的)、100-meter(100 米的)→ 易错:连字符连接,名词必须用单数
形容词+现在分词:good-looking(好看的)、kind-hearted(好心的)→ 形容词修饰人/物特征
合成动词
副词+动词:download(下载)、upload(上传)→ 副词表动作方向
名词+动词:sunbathe(日光浴)、air-condition(空调)→ 名词表动作对象
形容词+动词:safeguard(保护)、quick-freeze(速冻)→ 形容词表动作结果
考点二 派生法
1.(2025・湖北武汉)The ______ (invent) of the smartphone has changed people’s life greatly.
【答案】invention
【解析】考查派生法。空格处需填名词作主语,invent 的名词后缀是 - tion,故填 invention(发明)。
2.(2025・广东广州)It’s ______ to finish the task in such a short time. We need more help.
A. possible B. impossible C. possiblely D. impossibly
【答案】B
【解析】考查派生法。根据 “We need more help” 可知任务不可能在短时间内完成,possible 的否定前缀是 im-,故选 B。
1. 构成规则
词根+前缀/后缀→新单词(前缀改词义、不改性;后缀改词性、保原义)
2. 高频前缀
前缀
核心含义
适用词性
示例(词根→派生词)
高频度
un-
不、相反
形容词、动词
happy→unhappy、do→undo
★★★★★
in-
不、无
多音节形容词、名词
active→inactive、possible→impossible
★★★★☆
il-
不(in - 变体)
以 l 开头的形容词
legal→illegal、logical→illogical
★★★☆☆
ir-
不(in - 变体)
以 r 开头的形容词
regular→irregular、responsible→irresponsible
★★★☆☆
dis-
不、相反
动词、形容词、名词
like→dislike、honest→dishonest
★★★★★
re-
再次、重复
动词
write→rewrite、build→rebuild
★★★★☆
3. 高频后缀
后缀
词性变化
核心含义
示例(词根→派生词)
高频度
-er
动/名词→名词(人/工具)
做某事的人/工具
teach→teacher、cook→cooker(炊具)
★★★★★
-or
动词→名词(人)
职业相关
act→actor、invent→inventor
★★★★☆
-ful
名词→形容词
充满…… 的
care→careful、help→helpful
★★★★★
-less
名词→形容词
无…… 的
care→careless、home→homeless
★★★★★
-ly
形容词→副词
…… 地
quick→quickly、happy→happily
★★★★★
-tion
动词→名词
动作/结果
invent→invention、educate→education
★★★★★
-ment
动词→名词
动作/状态
develop→development、agree→agreement
★★★★☆
-ness
形容词→名词
性质/状态
kind→kindness、happy→happiness
★★★★☆
-y
名词→形容词
多…… 的
sun→sunny、health→healthy
★★★★☆
考点三 转化法
1.(2025・四川成都)My mother often ______ (walk) after dinner to keep healthy.
【答案】walks
【解析】考查转化法。walk 此处为动词 “散步”,根据 “often” 可知用一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,故填 walks。
2.(2025・浙江杭州)—Could you ______ me your pen? I left mine at home.
—Sure, here you are.
A. borrow B. lend C. book D. water
【答案】B
【解析】考查转化法。borrow(借入)、lend(借出)均为动词,结合语境 “借笔给我” 可知用 lend;book(预订)、water(浇水)不符合语境。故选 B。
1. 构成规则
词形不变,词性变化,词义与原词相关
2. 常见类型
转化类型
示例(原词→转化词)
原词性→新词性
原词义→新词义
语境判断技巧
名词→动词
book→book
名词→动词
书→预订
后接宾语(book a ticket)
water→water
名词→动词
水→浇水
后接宾语(water flowers)
动词→名词
walk→walk
动词→名词
走→散步
前加冠词/形容词(a long walk)
talk→talk
动词→名词
说→谈话
前加冠词/形容词(a friendly talk)
形容词→动词
open→open
形容词→动词
开着的→打开
后接宾语(open the door)
clean→clean
形容词→动词
干净的→打扫
后接宾语(clean the room)
一、单项选择
1.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A.blackboard B.headache C.creative D.snowball
【答案】C
【详解】句意:以下哪一项不是复合词?
考查复合词辨析。blackboard黑板,由black+board组成;headache头痛,由head+ache组成;creative有创造力的,为形容词,非组合词;snowball雪球,由snow+ball组成。根据“Which of the following is NOT a compound word?”可知,非复合词指不是由两个或多个独立单词组合而成的词。故选C。
2.What is the price of a ________ child’s ticket to Disneyland?
A.two-day B.two day C.two-days D.two days
【答案】A
【详解】句意:迪士尼两日游的儿童票是多少钱?
考查数词的用法。此空修饰名词短语“child’s ticket”,应用数词two-day“两天的”组成的复合形容词,作定语。故选A。
3.Which of the following words can add the suffix “-ish”?
A.Japan B.Italy C.Spain D.Canada
【答案】C
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词可以添加后缀“-ish”?
考查构词法。Japan日本;Italy意大利;Spain西班牙;Canada加拿大。英语中,在表示国家的名词后加后缀“-ish”,可以构成形容词,表示“……民族的;……语的;……式的”,常用来表示带有该国特点的事物,选项中只有Spain可以加后缀“-ish”,变成Spanish,意为“西班牙的;西班牙语的;西班牙人的”。故选C。
4.Which of the following words can’t add -ion to form a noun?
A.protect B.paint C.celebrate D.collect
【答案】B
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词不能加-ion形成名词?
考查构词法。protect保护,protection保护;paint用颜料画,painting绘画;celebrate庆祝,celebration庆祝;collect收集,collection收集。paint的名词形式为painting,B项符合。故选B。
5.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as disabled?
A.daily B.unfriendly C.pancake D.dishonest
【答案】D
【详解】句意:下列哪个词的构成方式与disabled相同?
考查构词法。daily每天的,由名词day和形容词后缀-ly构成;unfriendly不友好的,由否定前缀un-和名词friend以及形容词后缀-ly构成;pancake薄煎饼,由两个名词pan和cake构成;dishonest不诚实的,由否定前缀dis-和形容词honest构成。“disabled”由否定前缀dis-和形容词able以及后缀-ed构成。选项D与其构成方式相同。故选D。
6.Which of the following words is formed like “classroom”?
A.visitor B.impatient C.meaningful D.raincoat
【答案】D
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词的形式像“classroom”?
考查复合名词。visitor游客;impatient不耐烦的;meaningful有意义的;raincoat雨衣。classroom“教室”,为名词“class”和名词“room”构成的复合名词,raincoat为名词“rain”和名词“coat”构成的复合名词,D项符合。故选D。
7.The word “________” is formed the same way as “spacecraft”.
A.pollution B.uncertain C.interplanetary D.necklace
【答案】D
【详解】句意:“necklace”一词与“spacecraft”一词的构成方式相同。
考查构词法。pollution是由动词“pollute”(污染)加上后缀“-ion”派生而成,表示“污染状态”,属于派生词;uncertain是由形容词“certain”(确定的)加上前缀“un-”(表示否定)派生而成,意思是“不确定的”,属于派生词;interplanetary是由前缀“inter-”(表示“之间”)和词根“planetary”(行星的)组合而成,但“planetary”本身是派生词(来自“planet”),因此整体属于派生词;necklace是由两个独立单词“neck”(脖子)和“lace”(带子)组合而成的复合词。spacecraft是由两个独立单词“space”(太空)和“craft”(船)组合而成的复合词,意思是“航天器”,与necklace构词法相同。故选D。
8.Which of the following words can we add the suffix “-ian” to make country names into “nationalities” (国籍)?
A.Canada. B.China. C.America. D.Spain.
【答案】A
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词可以加上后缀“-ian”,使国名变成“国籍”?
考查构词法。Canada加拿大;China中国;America美国;Spain西班牙。Canada加拿大,添加“-ian”后缀后变为Canadian“加拿大人”,可以表示加拿大国籍。故选A。
9.Which of the following words has a prefix (前缀) “im-” to make it have an opposite meaning?
A.correct B.friendly C.usual D.patient
【答案】D
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词可以通过添加前缀“im-”来使其具有相反含义?
考查前缀用法。correct正确的,其相反形式为incorrect,使用前缀“in-”;friendly友好的,其相反形式为unfriendly,使用前缀“un-”;usual通常的,其相反形式为unusual,使用前缀“un-”;patient耐心的,其相反形式为impatient,使用前缀“im-”。故选D。
10.Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix?
A.comfortable B.correct C.possible D.patient
【答案】B
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词可以加前缀“in-”?
考查构词法。comfortable舒服的,加前缀后是uncomfortable,使用前缀“un-”;correct“正确的”,加前缀后是incorrect,使用前缀“in-”;possible“可能的”,加前缀后是impossible,使用前缀“im-”;patient“耐心的”,加前缀后是impatient,使用前缀“im-”。故选B。
11.We can add the prefix “un-” to ________ give it the opposite meaning.
A.patient B.complete C.correct D.usual
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我们可以在usual加上前缀“un-”来表示相反的意思。
考查构词法。patient耐心的,其否定前缀为im-,形成impatient;complete完整的,其否定前缀为in-,形成incomplete;correct正确的,其否定前缀为in-,形成incorrect;usual平常的,其否定前缀为un-,形成unusual。根据题意可知,usual加前缀“un-”,表示相反的意思。故选D。
12.Which of the following is not a compound word?
A.blackboard B.human C.earthquake D.northeast
【答案】B
【详解】句意:以下哪一个不是复合词?
考查复合词辨析。blackboard,由black和board构成;earthquake,由earth和quake构成;northeast,由north和east构成,均为复合词。human并非由两个独立单词组合而成。根据复合词的定义,由两个或多个单词组合成的新词可知,human不符合复合词的特征。故选B。
13.Jane is ________ girl and she is in Grade 7.
A.a 13-years-old B.an 13-years-old C.a 13-year-old D.an 13-year-old
【答案】C
【详解】句意:简是一个13岁的女孩,她在七年级。
考查不定冠词和复合形容词。a、an是不定冠词,表“泛指”。a用在辅音音素开头的单词或字母之前,an用在元音音素开头的单词或字母之前,thirteen是以辅音音素开头的单词,排除B、D;复合形容词构成是“数词+名词+形容词”,其中的名词不能用复数。故选C。
14.“……Should youthful heads in vain turn grey. we would regret for aye.”
—The River All Red by Xu Yuanchong.
Which word is formed in the same way as “youthful”?
A.disagree B.dangerous C.bookstore D.incorrect
【答案】B
【详解】句意:“……白了少年头。空悲切。”——许渊冲《满江红》。哪个单词和“youth”的构成方式相同?
考查构词法。disagree不同意,派生词,在agree前加dis构成否定形式;dangerous危险的,派生词,在名词danger后加词缀ous构成形容词;bookstore书店,合成词,由book和store合成;incorrect不正确的,派生词,在形容词correct前加前缀in构成否定形式。youthful是派生词,在名词youth后加词缀ful构成形容词,与dangerous一致,故选B。
15.Which of the following words CANNOT be added the prefix (前缀) “un-” to give it the opposite meaning?
A.Happy B.Healthy C.Usual D.expensive
【答案】D
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词不能加上前缀“un -”来赋予其相反的意思?
考查构词法。“happy”加上“un -”变成“unhappy”,表示“不开心的”;“healthy”加上“un -”变成“unhealthy”,表示“不健康的”;“usual”加上“un -”变成“unusual”,表示“不寻常的”;“expensive”的反义词是“cheap”,不能通过加“un -”前缀来构成反义词。故选D。
16.“________” has the same word-building like “Handwriting”.
A.Humans B.Treasure C.Priceless D.Wildlife
【答案】D
【详解】句意:“野生动物”和“笔迹”有着相同的构词结构。
考查合成词及派生词辨析。Humans人类,为名词单数human“人类”的复数形式,为派生词;Treasure财富,派生词,其词根为treas;Priceless无价的,为price“价格”的派生词;Wildlife野生动物,为“wild”和“life”的合成词。题干中的Handwriting“笔迹,手稿”为“hand”与“writing”的合成词,与选项D“wildlife”的构词法一致。故选D。
17.We can add the prefix (前缀) “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________.
A.important B.agree C.interesting D.comfortable
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我们可以在下面所有的单词后面加上前缀“un”组成一个新词,除了agree。unimportant“不重要的”,disagree“不同意”,uninteresting“无趣的”,uncomfortable“不舒适的”,agree不能加前缀un。故选B。
18.The word “campfire” should be put in ________.
How to form new wordsSuffixes (后缀): (1) e. g. hopeless, powerful, dangerous, ①
(2) e. g. discussion, illness, meaning, ②
Prefixes (前缀): e. g. impolite, unhappy, incomplete, ③
Compound words: e. g. greenhouse, bookshop, snowman, ④
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
【答案】D
【详解】句意:“campfire”这个词应该被放在④处。
考查构词法。campfire是由camp和fire合成的名词,表格中greenhouse由green和house合成,bookshop由book和shop合成,snowman由snow和man合成,这四个词属于一类,均为合成词,所以将“campfire”置于④处。故选D。
19.Which of suffix of sub-in the following words has the different meaning as that in the word of “substitute”?
A.rescue B.submit C.subway D.submission
【答案】A
【详解】句意:以下单词中的sub前缀中,哪一个与“substitute”一词的含义不同?
考查单词前缀。substitute代替、取代,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”或“低于……”;rescue救援,前缀“re-”表示“再次”或“回”;submit提交,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”或“处于从属地位”;subway地铁,“sub-”表示“在……下面”;submission提交,前缀“sub-”表示“在……之下”。故选A。
20.We can add suffix (后缀) “-ful” to the following words to form adjectives except ________.
A.hope B.use C.end D.care
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我们可以在下列单词后加后缀“-ful”构成形容词,除了end。
考查构词法。hope名词“希望”;use名词“使用”;end名词“结束,结局”;care名词“小心,谨慎”。根据后缀“-ful”加在名词后,可构成形容词,表示“充满……的”或“有……特性的”可知,hope加“-ful”变为hopeful“有希望的”;use加“-ful”变为useful“有用的”;care加“-ful”变为careful“小心的,谨慎的”;而end应加“-less”变为endless“无止境的”,不能加“-ful”。故选C。
21.Which of the following words can NOT be added the suffix “or” to form a noun?
A.act B.design C.visit D.translate
【答案】B
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词不能加后缀“or”构成名词?
考查构词法。act加后缀“or”构成actor意为“演员”;design不能后缀“or”,只加er构成designer意为“设计师”;visit加后缀“or”构成visitor意为“参观者”;translate加后缀“or”构成translator意为“翻译家”。综上所述,只有design不能加or构成名词,故选B。
22.Which of the following words uses the different suffix?
A.helpful B.predict C.thoughtful D.cheerful
【答案】B
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词使用了不同的后缀?
考查单词后缀。helpful有帮助的,形容词,由词根help和后缀-ful构成;predict预测,动词,由前缀pre-和词根dict构成;thoughtful考虑周到的,形容词,由词根thought和后缀-ful构成;cheerful欢快的,形容词,由词根cheer和后缀-ful构成。选项A、C和D都有形容词后缀-ful,选项B无后缀,与其他选项不同。故选B。
23.Which of the following words has a different prefix to form an opposite meaning?
A.polite B.correct C.complete D.expensive
【答案】A
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词使用不同的前缀来形成相反的意思?
考查前缀辨析。polite有礼貌的,反义词为impolite,前缀是im-;correct正确的,反义词为incorrect,前缀是in-;complete完整的,反义词为incomplete,前缀是in-;expensive昂贵的,反义词为inexpensive,前缀是in-。A项使用im-前缀,而B、C、D项均使用in-前缀,因此A项的前缀不同。故选A。
24.Which of the following words can’t add the same suffix (后缀) to create nouns?
A.art B.tour C.invent D.science
【答案】C
【详解】句意:以下哪个单词不能添加相同的后缀来构成名词?
考查名词后缀。art加后缀-ist可构成名词artist,意为“艺术家”;tour加后缀-ist可构成名词tourist,意为“游客”;science加后缀-ist可构成名词scientist,意为“科学家”;invent不能加-ist构成名词,通常加-tion或-or构成invention,意为“发明”或inventor,意为“发明家”。因此,invent不能与其他单词共享后缀-ist构成名词。故选C。
二、单词拼写
25.My English teacher always speaks to us with great ________ (kind). Everyone in our class likes her.
【答案】kindness
【详解】句意:我的英语老师总是非常和蔼地和我们说话。我们班的每个人都喜欢她。“kind”是形容词,根据“with great”可知,此处应用其名词形式“kindness”,意为“和蔼,仁慈”。故填kindness。
26.I couldn’t sleep because the bed was so _________ (comfortable).
【答案】uncomfortable
【详解】句意:我睡不着,因为床太不舒服了。comfortable“舒服的”,根据“I couldn’t sleep”可知睡不着的原因是床不舒服,应用comfortable的反义词uncomfortable表示“不舒服的”。故填uncomfortable。
27.Sometimes brothers or sisters will ________ (agree) with each other, but they still care about each other.
【答案】disagree
【详解】句意:有时兄弟姐妹会彼此意见不合,但他们仍然关心对方。根据“but they still care about each other”可知,这里指彼此意见不合,此处需填反义词,disagree“不同意”,是动词,will后接动词原形,故填disagree。
28.Emma’s dream is to become a famous ________ when she grows up. (design)
【答案】designer
【详解】句意:Emma的梦想是长大后成为一名著名的设计师。动词design意为“设计”,根据句意可知需要名词形式designer表示“设计师”,且前面有不定冠词a修饰,故填designer。
29.He offered me a lot of useful ________ (suggest). I got the job in the end.
【答案】suggestions
【详解】句意:他给了我很多有用的建议,我最终得到了这份工作。分析句子结构可知,此处应使用名词作offer的宾语,suggest的名词形式为suggestion,表示“建议”,为可数名词。根据“a lot of”可知,此处应使用其复数形式。故填suggestions。
30.My 80-year-old grandmother is still very ________ and even teaches others square dance. (act)
【答案】active
【详解】句意:我的80岁祖母仍然非常活跃,甚至还教别人跳广场舞。根据“even teaches others square dance”和提示词可知,80岁的祖母仍然非常活跃。active“活跃的”,形容词,作表语。故填active。
31.These expensive pictures will be put in a big ________ (wood) box and be sent to my aunt tomorrow.
【答案】wooden
【详解】句意:这些昂贵的画将被放进一个大的木制盒子里,明天寄给我姑姑。wood“木头”,名词,此处应用形容词来修饰名词box,wood的形容词形式是wooden“木制的”。故填wooden。
32.It’s ________ (possible) for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes.
【答案】impossible
【详解】句意:对我来说,在10分钟内吃完所有食物是不可能的。根据“...for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes”可知,空格处用形容词作表语,说明主语“It”的情况,结合语境可知,短时间内吃完所有食物是难以实现的,需用形容词“possible”的反义词“ impossible”,意为“不可能的”。故填impossible。
33.Tom had a terrible ________ (tooth) yesterday, so he didn’t come to school.
【答案】toothache
【详解】句意:汤姆昨天牙疼得厉害,所以没来上学。根据“Tom had a terrible ... yesterday, so he didn’t come to school.”及括号提示词“tooth”可知,此处需填入其派生词toothache“牙疼”,作had的宾语,表示“患牙疼”。故填toothache。
34.She was really ________ to see her favorite vase break into pieces right in front of her. (happy)
【答案】unhappy
【详解】句意:看到自己最喜欢的花瓶就在眼前摔成碎片,她真的很不高兴。根据“see her favorite vase break into pieces right in front of her以及提示词可知,happy意为“高兴的”,是形容词,花瓶摔碎是令人不愉快的事,结合语境需使用happy的反义词unhappy。故填unhappy。
35.Smiling is a passport to good ___________(communicate) .
【答案】communication
【详解】句意:微笑是人际交往中获得良好沟通的通行证。空格前是形容词good,形容词的核心功能是修饰名词,因此空格处需要填入提示词的名词形式,动词communicate对应的名词形式是communication。
36.At that time, the event seemed ________, but it changed history. (importantly)
【答案】unimportant
【详解】句意:在那个时候,这件事看起来并不重要,但它却改变了历史。seem是系动词,后接形容词作表语;importantly是副词,其形容词是important;结合句意可知,此处指“不重要的”,所以需用反义形式unimportant。故填unimportant。
37.Making these bells required great skills. If workers were ________ (patient), the bells could break.
【答案】impatient
【详解】句意:制作这些编钟需要高超的技艺。如果工人们没有耐心,编钟就可能破损。 句中“were”为系动词,后接形容词作表语;结合语境“the bells could break”可知,此处表达的是“不耐心”的含义,应用patient的反义词impatient“没有耐心的”。
38.It took great effort to ________ (success) in creating a complete Bianzhong set.
【答案】succeed
【详解】句意:成功打造一套完整的编钟需要付出巨大的努力。 句中“It took great effort to...”为固定句型,意为“做某事花费巨大努力”,其中to为不定式符号,后接动词原形;success是名词,对应的动词为succeed,且“succeed in doing sth.”是固定搭配,意为“成功做某事”。
39.A touch of ________ (sad) hits our hearts when we realize the Bianzhong’s music was lost to the world for centuries.
【答案】sadness
【详解】句意:当我们意识到编钟的音乐在世界上失传了数个世纪时,一丝悲伤涌上我们的心头。句中a touch of意为“一丝、一点”,其中of是介词,介词后需要接名词作宾语。括号内的sad是形容词,需要将其转换为对应的名词形式sadness(悲伤),符合语法规则与句子语义,故填sadness。
40.He ran away immediately and ________ (appearance) in the dark.
【答案】disappeared
【详解】句意:他立刻跑掉了,消失在黑暗中。appearance“出现”,名词,根据“He ran away immediately and”可知,此处是说他消失在黑暗中,动词disappear“消失”符合语境,该句是一般过去时,and后的动词需保持一致,填过去式。故填disappeared。
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专题10构词法(复习讲义)
目 录
01 析·考情目标
02 筑·专题框架
03 攻·重难考点
真题动向 核心提炼 易错警示/技巧点拨
考点一 合成法
考点二 派生法
考点三 转化法
04 测·预测闯关
命题透视
1. 系统掌握合成法、派生法、转化法三大核心构词法的规则;
2. 能快速识别不同构词法构成的单词,精准判断词义;
3. 熟练运用构词法技巧记忆单词、解答语法填空、完形填空等题型。
热考角度
考点
2026年
合成法
掌握常见合成词的构成规则,能识别并运用合成名词、形容词、动词
派生法
掌握前缀、后缀的常见含义及构成规则,能分析派生词的词性和词义
转化法
掌握单词词性转化的常见类型,理解转化后词义的关联
命题预测
构词法是英语的基础考点,常结合词汇运用题型考查。主要命题角度:派生词的拼写(单词拼写)、词义猜测(阅读理解)、词性判断(完形填空)、合成词辨析(单项选择),尤其侧重前缀 un- /in-/dis-,后缀 - er /-or/-ful /-less/-ly 等高频考点。
考点一合成法
1.(2025・山东济南)—What do you think of the ______ girl? She often helps the old cross the street.
A. good-looking B. good-look C. looking-good D. look-good
2.(2025・江苏苏州)My little brother is a ______ (five-year-old) boy and he likes drawing very much.
1. 构成规则
由两个/多个独立单词直接连接(或加连字符),词义多为各部分含义结合。
2. 常见类型(含示例+易错点)
合成名词
名词+名词:toothbrush(牙刷)、bookstore(书店)、classroom(教室)→ 易错:不可拆
分记忆(如 homework = 家庭作业,非 “家+工作”)
动词+名词:breakfast(早餐)、pickpocket(扒手)、breakthrough(突破)→ 易错:需结合动作逻辑猜义
形容词+名词:greenhouse(温室)、blackboard(黑板)→ 易错:避免直译偏差
副词+名词:upstairs(楼上)、downstairs(楼下)→ 核心是名词,副词表方位
合成形容词
名词+形容词:snow-white(雪白的)、sky-blue(天蓝色的)→ 易错:连字符不可省,名词用原形
副词+现在分词:hard-working(勤奋的)、well-meaning(善意的)→ 现在分词表特征,副词修饰动作
数词+名词:five-year-old(五岁的)、100-meter(100 米的)→ 易错:连字符连接,名词必须用单数
形容词+现在分词:good-looking(好看的)、kind-hearted(好心的)→ 形容词修饰人/物特征
合成动词
副词+动词:download(下载)、upload(上传)→ 副词表动作方向
名词+动词:sunbathe(日光浴)、air-condition(空调)→ 名词表动作对象
形容词+动词:safeguard(保护)、quick-freeze(速冻)→ 形容词表动作结果
考点二 派生法
1.(2025・湖北武汉)The ______ (invent) of the smartphone has changed people’s life greatly.
2.(2025・广东广州)It’s ______ to finish the task in such a short time. We need more help.
A. possible B. impossible C. possiblely D. impossibly
1. 构成规则
词根+前缀/后缀→新单词(前缀改词义、不改性;后缀改词性、保原义)
2. 高频前缀
前缀
核心含义
适用词性
示例(词根→派生词)
高频度
un-
不、相反
形容词、动词
happy→unhappy、do→undo
★★★★★
in-
不、无
多音节形容词、名词
active→inactive、possible→impossible
★★★★☆
il-
不(in - 变体)
以 l 开头的形容词
legal→illegal、logical→illogical
★★★☆☆
ir-
不(in - 变体)
以 r 开头的形容词
regular→irregular、responsible→irresponsible
★★★☆☆
dis-
不、相反
动词、形容词、名词
like→dislike、honest→dishonest
★★★★★
re-
再次、重复
动词
write→rewrite、build→rebuild
★★★★☆
3. 高频后缀
后缀
词性变化
核心含义
示例(词根→派生词)
高频度
-er
动/名词→名词(人/工具)
做某事的人/工具
teach→teacher、cook→cooker(炊具)
★★★★★
-or
动词→名词(人)
职业相关
act→actor、invent→inventor
★★★★☆
-ful
名词→形容词
充满…… 的
care→careful、help→helpful
★★★★★
-less
名词→形容词
无…… 的
care→careless、home→homeless
★★★★★
-ly
形容词→副词
…… 地
quick→quickly、happy→happily
★★★★★
-tion
动词→名词
动作/结果
invent→invention、educate→education
★★★★★
-ment
动词→名词
动作/状态
develop→development、agree→agreement
★★★★☆
-ness
形容词→名词
性质/状态
kind→kindness、happy→happiness
★★★★☆
-y
名词→形容词
多…… 的
sun→sunny、health→healthy
★★★★☆
考点三 转化法
1.(2025・四川成都)My mother often ______ (walk) after dinner to keep healthy.
2.(2025・浙江杭州)—Could you ______ me your pen? I left mine at home.
—Sure, here you are.
A. borrow B. lend C. book D. water
1. 构成规则
词形不变,词性变化,词义与原词相关
2. 常见类型
转化类型
示例(原词→转化词)
原词性→新词性
原词义→新词义
语境判断技巧
名词→动词
book→book
名词→动词
书→预订
后接宾语(book a ticket)
water→water
名词→动词
水→浇水
后接宾语(water flowers)
动词→名词
walk→walk
动词→名词
走→散步
前加冠词/形容词(a long walk)
talk→talk
动词→名词
说→谈话
前加冠词/形容词(a friendly talk)
形容词→动词
open→open
形容词→动词
开着的→打开
后接宾语(open the door)
clean→clean
形容词→动词
干净的→打扫
后接宾语(clean the room)
一、单项选择
1.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A.blackboard B.headache C.creative D.snowball
2.What is the price of a ________ child’s ticket to Disneyland?
A.two-day B.two day C.two-days D.two days
3.Which of the following words can add the suffix “-ish”?
A.Japan B.Italy C.Spain D.Canada
4.Which of the following words can’t add -ion to form a noun?
A.protect B.paint C.celebrate D.collect
5.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as disabled?
A.daily B.unfriendly C.pancake D.dishonest
6.Which of the following words is formed like “classroom”?
A.visitor B.impatient C.meaningful D.raincoat
7.The word “________” is formed the same way as “spacecraft”.
A.pollution B.uncertain C.interplanetary D.necklace
8.Which of the following words can we add the suffix “-ian” to make country names into “nationalities” (国籍)?
A.Canada. B.China. C.America. D.Spain.
9.Which of the following words has a prefix (前缀) “im-” to make it have an opposite meaning?
A.correct B.friendly C.usual D.patient
10.Which of the following words can we add “in-” as a prefix?
A.comfortable B.correct C.possible D.patient
11.We can add the prefix “un-” to ________ give it the opposite meaning.
A.patient B.complete C.correct D.usual
12.Which of the following is not a compound word?
A.blackboard B.human C.earthquake D.northeast
13.Jane is ________ girl and she is in Grade 7.
A.a 13-years-old B.an 13-years-old C.a 13-year-old D.an 13-year-old
14.“……Should youthful heads in vain turn grey. we would regret for aye.”
—The River All Red by Xu Yuanchong.
Which word is formed in the same way as “youthful”?
A.disagree B.dangerous C.bookstore D.incorrect
15.Which of the following words CANNOT be added the prefix (前缀) “un-” to give it the opposite meaning?
A.Happy B.Healthy C.Usual D.expensive
16.“________” has the same word-building like “Handwriting”.
A.Humans B.Treasure C.Priceless D.Wildlife
17.We can add the prefix (前缀) “un” to all the following words to form a new word EXCEPT ________.
A.important B.agree C.interesting D.comfortable
18.The word “campfire” should be put in ________.
How to form new wordsSuffixes (后缀): (1) e. g. hopeless, powerful, dangerous, ①
(2) e. g. discussion, illness, meaning, ②
Prefixes (前缀): e. g. impolite, unhappy, incomplete, ③
Compound words: e. g. greenhouse, bookshop, snowman, ④
A.① B.② C.③ D.④
19.Which of suffix of sub-in the following words has the different meaning as that in the word of “substitute”?
A.rescue B.submit C.subway D.submission
20.We can add suffix (后缀) “-ful” to the following words to form adjectives except ________.
A.hope B.use C.end D.care
21.Which of the following words can NOT be added the suffix “or” to form a noun?
A.act B.design C.visit D.translate
22.Which of the following words uses the different suffix?
A.helpful B.predict C.thoughtful D.cheerful
23.Which of the following words has a different prefix to form an opposite meaning?
A.polite B.correct C.complete D.expensive
24.Which of the following words can’t add the same suffix (后缀) to create nouns?
A.art B.tour C.invent D.science
二、单词拼写
25.My English teacher always speaks to us with great ________ (kind). Everyone in our class likes her.
26.I couldn’t sleep because the bed was so _________ (comfortable).
27.Sometimes brothers or sisters will ________ (agree) with each other, but they still care about each other.
28.Emma’s dream is to become a famous ________ when she grows up. (design)
29.He offered me a lot of useful ________ (suggest). I got the job in the end.
30.My 80-year-old grandmother is still very ________ and even teaches others square dance. (act)
31.These expensive pictures will be put in a big ________ (wood) box and be sent to my aunt tomorrow.
32.It’s ________ (possible) for me to eat all the food in 10 minutes.
33.Tom had a terrible ________ (tooth) yesterday, so he didn’t come to school.
34.She was really ________ to see her favorite vase break into pieces right in front of her. (happy)
35.Smiling is a passport to good ___________(communicate) .
36.At that time, the event seemed ________, but it changed history. (importantly)
37.Making these bells required great skills. If workers were ________ (patient), the bells could break.
38.It took great effort to ________ (success) in creating a complete Bianzhong set.
39.A touch of ________ (sad) hits our hearts when we realize the Bianzhong’s music was lost to the world for centuries.
40.He ran away immediately and ________ (appearance) in the dark.
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