专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·广东梅州·一模） For generations, sharing a bed has been widely seen as a key sign of closeness for couples. But a quiet shift is taking place in some Western countries. The trend, called “sleep divorce,” is not about ending a relationship. Instead, it means partners choose to sleep in separate beds or even separate rooms to improve their sleep quality. Sleep divorce is a practical response to common sleep problems, such as snoring, different bedtimes, disagreements over room temperature, shift work, and so on. And stress-related sleeplessness are among the main reasons couples consider sleeping apart. Importantly, this choice is not a legal separation nor a sign of marriage trouble. Several forces are driving this trend. First, sleep troubles are rising worldwide, linked to noise, stress, and late-night screen time in modern life. Second, snoring affects up to half of adults, far more than many realize. Third, health is becoming a higher priority than tradition; couples now see good sleep as essential to well-being, just like diet and exercise. Finally, younger generations are redefining relationship success, valuing flexibility over fixed rules about how couples “should” sleep. Interestingly, sleeping separately often brings couples closer. With better rest, they report fewer arguments, better moods, and clearer communication. Poor sleep can make people easily annoyed and less empathetic, while solid rest supports emotional strength. Experts note that sleep divorce is helpful when partners feel bitter due to constant sleep interruption, wake up tired despite enough time in bed, or deal with heavy snoring. But it can backfire if it’s used to avoid dealing with relationship conflicts, if one partner feels lonely or rejected, or if the decision is not mutual. Therapists advise couples to talk about it as a health choice for both people, not as a way to escape each other. As health and relationship satisfaction take priority over old expectations, sleeping apart may become a normal option for more couples in the future. 1. What is “sleep divorce” according to the text? A. A legal step to end a marriage. B. A sleep arrangement to improve rest. C. A solution mainly for shift workers. D. A trend of avoiding emotional connection. 2. What does the word “backfire” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Improve quickly. B. Gain popularity. C. Succeed unexpectedly. D. Cause harm instead. 3. What can be inferred about younger generations in paragraph 3? A. They stick to traditional sleep habits. B. They experience fewer sleep problems. C. They value health less than older couples. D. They are more flexible in defining relationships. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Why couples Choose to Sleep Apart. B. Get a Divorce: For a Better Sleep C. The Science Behind Better Sleep. D. How to Design a Dual-Bedroom Home. Passage 2 （2026·湖南衡阳·一模） Despite decades of messaging from litter prevention campaigns, trash still finds its way onto streets. A Portland-based organization has been inspiring residents to clean up their neighborhoods, one block at a time. Since 2020, Adopt One Block has helped over 7,000 people become Block Ambassadors. These volunteers beautify and maintain over 8,500 blocks in Washington and Oregon. Sarah Yapp adopted her block in south Eugene. With cars rushing by, she explained why. “When I was growing up, my dad actually made me pick up trash on the street. That was the era of McDonald’s Styrofoam (泡沫塑料) containers, when people just threw them out of their windows. So, I used to hate that,” she said. “And then I grew up, and I realized I don’t like trash on the street as an adult either.” “Oh, I got something!” Yapp used her grabber to pick up a paper cup from a bush and dropped it in a bag. Olivia Langley is Director of Operations for Adopt One Block. “We send you free clean - up supplies,” she said. “That’s everything from a bucket, a trash grabber, trash bags, to gloves.” Block Ambassadors set their own schedules for trash grabbing and can access additional resources from the organization to deal with different “trash encounters”. Langley said that when necessary, medical sharps containers are also provided. However, Langley insisted that volunteers should only do the amount of clean-up they are comfortable with. Things like broken glass, thrown - away needles and perilous materials can be handled by municipal agencies, she said. Sarah Yapp shared the idea with her friend Rachel Sanders and now they both pick up trash on their own blocks and beyond. The friends said the garbage can sometimes be messy, but they both find fulfillment in cleaning it up. “Here we are picking up trash and there are people cheering us on and joining in. Some even adopt their own neighborhoods!” Yapp said. “The other day, a middle school student saw me on my block and asked, ‘Are you picking up trash? Thank you!’” 1. What made Sarah Yapp become a Block Ambassador? A. Her father’s personal request. B. The increase in McDonald’s products. C. The technical support from the non - profit. D. Her own appreciation of a clean environment. 2. What do we know about Block Ambassadors’ work according to Olivia Langley? A. They follow a very tight schedule. B. They handle various kinds of trash. C. They have good medical insurance. D. They protect their blocks from danger. 3. What does the underlined word “perilous” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Dangerous. B. Simple. C. Unwanted. D. Unclean. 4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The positive impact of Sarah’s work. B. The financial value of Sarah’s efforts. C. The friendship between Sarah and Rachel. D. The personal satisfaction from volunteering. Passage 3 （2026·河北承德·一模） A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare. Like every other humanities-lover on a college campus that day, I was swept away in the mass panic. My major was, according to a reputable English-major-loved publication, dead. Heller focused on Arizona State University (ASU) and Harvard University, large “indicators”(higher education. I initially thought he ignored small liberal arts (文科) colleges, assuming English major were safe at Allegheny College, where students supposedly came for the love of learning, not for middle management when they graduate. But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend. Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money. We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature. While English majors may decline, their lessons live on. As the novelist Jonathan Lethem wrote, “Time change and men adapt.” Between “too bad” and “worst”, we can do better. 1. What phenomenon did Heller point out about English literature? A. Students’ fading love for it. B. Its limited research visions. C. Students’ confusion about it. D. Its declining literary works. 2. Why did the author’s hope for Allegheny College fade? A. It closed most liberal arts majors. B. It valued career training more. C. It admitted fewer English majors. D. It cared less about students’ likes. 3. What can be inferred from Allegheny’s website? A. It tried to learn from Harvard. B. It didn’t match its real situation. C. It failed to ensure students’ safety. D. It didn’t promote critical thinking. 4. What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A. Students should plan a unique life journey. B. Schools must make English more inviting. C. Students need to stick to their own purposes. D. Schools ought to look beyond practical values. Passage 4 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life. The book is organized around six “ethical crossroads”, each illustrated with a detailed case study. One of the most striking chapters focuses on the 2025 “SecureData” case, where a major tech company discovered weakness in its popular messaging app — one that could expose users’ private conversations. The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”. Marquez also challenges common myths about cybersecurity ethics. She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes. This focus on balancing security and ethics makes the book stand out in a field often dominated by technical solutions. Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.” She also includes “Ethical Checklists” at the end of each chapter, which guide readers to apply the book’s lessons to their own lives, for example, should you report a friend who shares your password with others? Overall, Ethics in Cybersecurity is more than a book — it’s a tool for thinking critically about daily digital choices. As Marquez puts it: “In cyberspace, every click is a choice — and every choice has an ethical cost.” 1. What can be inferred from the 2025 “SecureData” case? A. Companies prioritize user privacy. B. User data is hard to protect. C. Cyber ethics involves tough choices. D. Messaging apps are easy to access. 2. Which of the following is Marques probably against according to paragraph 3? A. Download papers on the CNKI. B. Polish an article by DeepSeek App. C. Give a thump-up on a friend’s Moments. D. Disclose a friend’s address on the internet. 3. What is a feature of Ethics in Cybersecurity according to the text? A. It is packed with complex theories. B. It provides step-by-step instructions. C. It is intended for cyber professionals. D. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To publicize cybercrime prevention. B. To honor a talented technical expert. C. To introduce a book on Cybersecurity. D. To recommend an essay on digital life. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河北石家庄·一模） Many environmental and behavioral factors can affect the body’s internal clocks, which control various body functions. However, modern life can throw off these biological times, increasing our sensitivity to different conditions. Light, a major factor affecting the body’s internal clocks, has long been linked to various health impacts. This is evidenced in populations like shift workers, who face a higher risk of heart disease due to night-time light exposure. Previous studies that used satellite data found associations between people living in bright, urban areas and heart disease, but they only measured outdoor light at night. Daniel Windred at Flinders University and his colleagues wanted to know whether an individual’s overall light exposure was associated with heart problems. They tracked about 89, 000 people without heart disease who wore light sensors for one week between 2013 and 2016, which is the biggest study of personal light exposure patterns and heart health to date. The sensors recorded any natural or artificial light from their environment, including that from phones. Over years, those with the brightest nights had a higher risk of developing heart disease than those with dark nights. One representative case in the highest light exposure group would be someone who turned on overhead lights for an hour between midnight and 6 am. “This means they have among the highest night light exposure — within the top 10% of all participants,” says Windred. He adds that the body continues to react to an artificial light after it has been turned off, and even short exposures can have an effect. The researchers controlled for factors like gender, age, smoking, and shift work. They also showed that the association between light exposure and heart disease risk was independent of sleep duration or quality, pointing to night light exposure as the key driver of the results. “The importance of these observations cannot be underestimated,” says Martin Young at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “With the coming of a society that operates around the clock, disturbing our biological clock systems has become more and more common. This study highlights the significant health dangers associated with exposure to light at the wrong time.” 1. How are the health impacts of light exposure presented in the first paragraph? A. By providing data. B. By citing a document. C. By giving an example. D. By making an assumption. 2. What does paragraph 2 stress about previous studies? A. Their limitation. B. Their goal. C. Their uniqueness. D. Their process. 3. Why is the case in paragraph 3 mentioned? A. To applaud a research method. B. To clarify a study classification. C. To define a cause of heart disease. D. To describe a common sleep habit. 4. What is Martin Young’s attitude to the research findings? A. Supportive. B. Cautious. C. Picky. D. Anxious. Passage 2 （2026·河北盐山·一模） Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet that did not make Thorpe a stranger to adversity. Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents. But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes. Just hours before Thorpe was going to compete in the 1912 Olympics, somebody stole his shoes. Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out. He still went on to win two gold medals—winning each event he competed in except for one, the javelin (标枪). The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before. It is interesting to note that Thorpe had tried to throw the javelin once before in the Olympic trials. At the time, he didn’t know that he could throw it with a running start. He threw it standing still and was placed second. At the Olympics，he also took part in the decathlon (十项全能运动). He finished first in two events, third in four events, and fourth in two more. Thorpe ended up finishing third in the world. He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going. I think Paul Dughi said it best, “It’s hard to imagine now that pro athletes get paid millions of dollars just to wear a particular brand of shoes. For Jim Thorpe, it didn’t matter what kind he wore.” 1. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 mean? A. The adversity Thorpe met with led to his success. B. Thorpe’s success was no guarantee of a better life. C. Thorpe’s career brought him both gains and losses. D. Thorpe suffered many hardships despite his success. 2. Why did Thorpe wear more socks on one foot? A. To prevent the foot from injury. B. To make the shoe fit the foot. C. To stop the shoe from being stolen. D. To show his problem-solving skills. 3. What most likely led to Thorpe’s failure to win the javelin? A. Loss of his own sports shoes. B. A casual attitude towards the event. C. Lack of experience in the event. D. A shortage of talent for the event. 4. Which of the following words can best describe Jim Thorpe? A. Loyal and enthusiastic. B. Genuine and creative. C. Tough and strong-minded. D. Selfless and good-tempered. Passage 3 （2026·山东德州·一模） You’ve followed all sleep experts’ advice — going to bed on time, avoiding afternoon coffee, and keeping your bedroom cool as you like, dark with no light on, and quiet as possible — yet you still toss and turn. Glancing at the silver light through the curtains, you wonder: Could the full moon be ruining your sleep? Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon. In a 2013 study, Swiss researchers analyzed data from an experiment in which participants had no idea their sleep was being studied for lunar effects. Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall. They also reported worse sleep quality and had lower levels of melatonin, the hormone (荷尔蒙) that your body releases naturally at night to calm your body down and prepare you for sleep. However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting. To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students. Across all groups, regardless of artificial light access, participants slept less and took longer to fall asleep in the nights leading up to a full moon. The researchers think this may reflect an ancient adaptation: When the moon was brightest, our ancestors likely stayed up later to hunt, socialize, or work by natural light. The sleep changes were most obvious in low-electricity communities, where moonlight remained the main light source at night. Sleep experts note that while the full moon’s effect, up to one hour less sleep, is profound, artificial light from screens likely has an even greater impact on modern sleep. 1. What is the difficulty in studying the moon’s effect on sleep? A. People’s habits and hobbies. B. Health conditions and sleep space. C. Artificial light or noise in the room. D. People’s emotions and anticipations. 2. What did the 2013 Swiss study find about full moons? A. They caused 25 minutes less sleep on average. B. They affected people more in the real world. C. They had less impact on sleep than expected. D. They led to a reduced deep-sleep brain activity. 3. Why did University of Washington researchers adjust study surroundings? A. To compare sleep patterns by age group. B. To analyze the influence of artificial light on sleep. C. To avoid the impact of strange settings on subjects. D. To test whether urban lifestyle cancels lunar effects. 4. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The End of Moonlight Folktales B. City Lights’ effects on Human Sleep C. Moonlight’s battle with artificial light D. The Moon’s Silent Theft of Our Sleep Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·一模） I first encountered the classics at 19, when I studied English literature at university. But a lack of life experience, combined with exams, essay deadlines and an obsession (痴迷) with good grades, left me little time to truly concentrate on them – Middlemarch, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Pride and Prejudice, Madame Bovary etc. I loved these books, yet I never got the chance to deeply engage with them. Some 40 years later, as an editor, it’s now my job to figure out what makes a book tick or more often, what it needs to make it tick. So, when a coworker suggested we deconstruct classics to find their “secret to lasting appeal”, I was intrigued. I decided to reread Middlemarch, which I had loved before but never fully grasped. I did hesitate a bit, though; could I, with my attention constantly distracted by technology, handle its 900 pages of tiny print? Not wanting to hold back entirely, I tried the audiobook instead. The audio’s vivid delivery certainly drew me in, but what truly took me aback was the new understanding that came with age. Themes that felt distant at 19 came into sharp focus at 60: ideas of marriage, ambition, and unmet expectations that had flown over my younger head now echoed (回响) deeply within me. I also noticed striking similarities in other classic characters: Emma’s desire for an “ideal life” in Madame Bovary mirrors the social comparison we see on social media today, and Dorian Gray’s obsession with youth in The Picture of Dorian Gray reflects our selfie-obsessed culture. Then came the real work: taking them apart to see why they’re classics. Some were easy to analyze, others tricky, but we gave them the attention they deserved – more than I ever could at 19. What struck me most was that classics last not for their age, but for capturing universal human truths: desires, fears, and hopes that never fade. Rereading them isn’t just about revisiting old tales; it reconnects us to our unchanging human nature, enriches our understanding of time, and grows with us as we do. 1. What does the author imply about the classics in paragraph 1? A. They enriched his experience. B. They proved too difficult for him. C. They made for his academic success. D. They failed to obtain his full appreciation. 2. What does the underlined word “intrigued” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Hesitant. B. Interested. C. Fulfilled. D. Puzzled. 3. Why does the author mention Emma and Dorian Gray? A. To show classics’ modern relevance. B. To criticize current social problems. C. To present impressive analytical skills. D. To highlight their lasting popularity. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Busy Youth, Fading Truth B. Modern Whisper of Audiobooks C. Changing Trend, Unchanging Insight D. Time’s Echo of Literary Classics 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·广东汕头·一模） A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, leaping from one dry bush to another. As it approaches the first house, the plants around it catch fire, but the house itself stubbornly refuses to do so: any small flames along its walls quickly die out. There’s no water in sight — the flames are put out by sound waves. This scene is not science fiction. Engineers at an American tech company built a device using low-frequency sound waves to fight fires. “It’s basically vibrating (震动) the oxygen faster than the fuel can use it, blocking the chemical reaction,” explains Geoff Bruder, an aerospace engineer who once studied heat engines for NASA. Fire needs heat, fuel and oxygen; taking one of these away will stop the fire. Sound waves push oxygen away from the fuel, preventing the fire getting the air it needs to continue its burning. The company has demonstrated a fire control from as far as 25 feet away. Using sound against fire isn’t new. A U. S. defense research agency studied it over a decade ago. However, a major challenge is to scale up the technology without creating loud or even damaging sound effects. The company overcame this by using infrasound — sound waves at 20 hertz (赫兹) or lower, which humans cannot hear. These waves also travel farther than higher-frequency sounds. The device looks like a metal box attached to the roof. When heat sensors detect a flame, an electric motor drives a piston (活塞) to create infrasound, which travels through metal tubes on the roof, creating a “force field” to put out the fire and prevent the building catching another fire. Experts note that while sound waves can effectively influence fire, they currently work best on smaller flames. Nevertheless, homeowners and large energy companies are game to give it a try: The company is working with two California power suppliers and plans to install fifty pilot units early in 2026. 1. What does the passage begin with? A. A historical review. B. A personal anecdote. C. A scientific explanation. D. A descriptive situation. 2. What is the basic principle behind sound-based firefighting? A. It removes the burning material. B. It cools the fire with vibrations. C. It separates oxygen from the fuel. D. It blocks the heat with natural force. 3. What is a key feature of infrasound? A. It is silent to human ear. B. It is of high-frequency. C. It travels at a fast speed. D. It requires loud volumes. 4. What does “game” in paragraph 6 most likely mean? A. Pleased. B. Ready. C. Afraid. D. Unwilling. Passage 2 （2026·湖北襄阳·一模） Penguins are some of the world’s most familiar and beloved birds, but southern rockhoppers are the tough guys of the penguin world. Their fondness for colonies (聚居地) high over thousands of feet separates them from the other penguin species that prefer soft, level ground in the Falklands. One evening, I struggle to keep up with some scientists as they march through thick grass in the Falklands. They are looking for rockhoppers that have pencil-case-size black boxes taped to their backs and collecting those boxes, which contain GPS data loggers (记录仪). Some also track diving and heart-rate information. Later, in the scientists’ field station, we gather around a computer screen, analyzing the collected data, which will give us a critical read on ocean conditions, revealed by the birds’ responses. With a lifespan of 10 to 15 years, the species can withstand the occasional disaster and rebuild their population over time. But as colonies damaged by human activities struggle to recover, a string of disasters has knocked them down. Despite their bravery, rockhoppers are highly sensitive. Research by these scientists shows that even a small increase in sea temperature can affect the birds’ food supply and lower chick and adult survival. Besides, changing weather is causing unseasonably intense storms, killing chicks who haven’t yet grown their thick, waterproof feathers. However, moving to cooler water isn’t an option. The constant winds there would push the little penguins into the icy coasts of Antarctica, and there’s no land where they could build new colonies. These scientists are trying to re-establish the native grass. “It may be impossible to stop the changes sweeping their ocean habitats,” Quillfeldt, a seabird ecologist says. “But to help them on land, at the breeding (繁殖) sites, is something we can actually do.” Thinking of the young rockhopper leaping over a fearful gap, I ask the scientists: Can rockhoppers’ courage be an advantage for their survival? Quillfeldt feels it may. Curiosity and bravery can encourage seabirds to find ways to adapt. Don’t forget they’ve got attitude. 1. What is the function of the black boxes on the rockhoppers’ backs? A. To locate GPS data loggers. B. To distinguish birds’ responses. C. To analyze the survival rate. D. To record data about ocean conditions. 2. What may bring a challenge to rockhoppers’ population? A. Their lengthy lifespan. B. Their fondness for high rocks. C. Their thick waterproof feathers. D. Their sensitivity to the climate change. 3. What could be a practical way to help rockhoppers according to paragraph 4? A. Establish new colonies. B. Improve the breeding sites. C. Stop the environmental changes. D. Move to the coasts of Antarctica. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward rockhoppers’ future? A. Hopeful. B. Reserved. C. Dismissive. D. Doubtful. Passage 3 （2026·山东日照·一模） Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown. Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown. Watershed Investigations and the Guardian mapped cities on stressed catchments revealing that Beijing, New York, Los Angeles, and Delhi are among those facing extreme stress, while London, Bangkok and Jakarta are classed as being highly stressed. Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends. Most of the city regions in notably wetting zones are in sub-Saharan Africa, with just Tokyo and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic sitting elsewhere. Most of the urban centers in areas with the strongest drying signals are across Asia, particularly northern India and Pakistan. Now in its sixth year of drought, Tehran is critically close to “day zero” when no water will be available for its citizens, and last year the president, Masoud Pezeshkian, said the city may have to be relocated if the drought continues. Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, “By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.” Last week the UN announced the world had entered a state of serious water shortage where degradation of some resources had become irreversible (不可逆的). The World Bank Group has also been sounding the alarm. Global freshwater reserves have decreased sharply over the past 20 years, according to the group. 1. What does the author think leads to water stress? A. Heavy water pollution. B. Poor water management. C. Freezing climate. D. Large population. 2. What does NASA satellite data indicate? A. Huge water loss. B. Severe water shortage. C. Changeable rainfall. D. Uneven water distribution. 3. What is the purpose of Grace? A. To control water use. B. To increase freshwater reserves. C. To issue an alert in time. D. To slow down the drying trends. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. The falling water storage across the world. B. The problems with global water regulation. C. NASA’s efforts to track global water changes. D. Growing water risks faced by big cities worldwide. Passage 4 （2026·河南濮阳·一模） A study, published on November 6 in Science, identifies a specific biological “timer” that controls when a seed decides to “wake up” and grow, which could help protect the global food supply from the unpredictable effects of climate change. The research involved scientists from top institutes in China, Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom, focusing on seed dormancy (休眠) — a natural state of sleep that prevents seeds from sprouting (发芽) even when environmental conditions appear favorable. While this helps plants survive in the wild, it creates what researcher Wang Yucheng calls a “double-edged sword” for modern agriculture. Wang Yucheng, a professor at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau (高原) Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained that if seeds woke up too early, they might sprout while still attached to the plant before harvest. This ruins the quality of the grain and leads to more than $1 billion in losses annually. Contrarily, if the seeds stay asleep too long, they will not grow in time for the next planting season, throwing the entire farming schedule off. Using advanced DNA mapping technology, the team identified the MKK3 gene as the master regulator of seed dormancy. Christoph Dockter explained that the gene’s copy number and activity determined dormancy length — more copies shortened dormancy. The study highlighted a unique variety of qingke, found on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Qingke’s unique MKK3 activity offers a natural solution to seed dormancy in cold regions. This variety has evolved what can be described as the world’s “highest-activity mode”. Through long-term selection and breeding, qingke has developed one of the strongest MKK3 activities globally, resulting in the weakest seed dormancy and the stronger sprouting capacity. To adapt to the plateau’s extreme harvest-time cold, locals harvest immature grains and use post harvest treatments like air-drying and roasting for storage. Wang stated the discovery offered a blueprint for “designing” stress-resistant crops. With climate changing, lost or weakened ancient genetic characteristics may regain value, and future research will try to recover these characteristics to improve modern crops. 1. What is the advantage of seed dormancy? A. Help wild plants survive naturally. B. Improve grain quality effectively. C. Shorten the growth cycle of plants. D. Adjust farming schedules perfectly. 2. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning qingke? A. Its sprouting ability. B. Its massive output. C. Its unique gene activity. D. Its period of dormancy. 3. What can be inferred from the passage about future agricultural research? A. It will focus on artificial editing of the MKK3 gene. B. It may use old genetic features for climate-resistant crops. C. It will explore ancient genetic characteristics of more crops. D. It may attempt to completely remove dormancy in crops. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Sleep of Seeds: How Dormancy Costs Agriculture Billions B. Caution: Climate Change and Its Impact upon Global Food Supply C. The MKK3 Gene: A Genetic Key to Controlling Crop Growth Speed D. Designing Future Crops: How a Seed “Timer” Could Secure Our Food 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东青州·一模） Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavour”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true. Then what exactly does the natural flavour mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavour” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavour must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavours might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavours like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reineccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavours by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavours are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours. Natural flavours may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavours created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent (易懂的) labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavours are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavours”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavours’. Buy it because you like it.” 1. Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavour” juice according to Paragraph 1？ A. It comes from 100% original fruit. B. It is nothing but advertising tricks. C. It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D. It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavours. 2. What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Popular. B. Expensive. C. Favorable. D. Innovative. 3. Why do companies use natural flavours in the products? A. To cut the costs. B. To promote the sales. C. To advocate a healthy diet. D. To avoid food safety issues. 4. What can we conclude from the text? A. Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B. Natural flavours are more environmentally friendly. C. Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D. Natural and artificial flavours are more alike than you think. Passage 2 （2026·山东聊城·一模） In the age of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI, we are witnessing an unprecedented transformation in how knowledge is produced, spread and consumed. LLMs, we are told, make us more efficient, simplify complex work, automate boring tasks and allow us to focus on what matters. But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection? Efficiency is not a neutral term. The current narrative around generative AI treats efficiency as progress. It suggests that the faster something is done, the better. But faster is not always better. And not everything that can be automated should be. The popular belief is that LLMs allow humans to assign repetitive work to machines and reserve their energy for more reflective tasks, but the opposite is often true. As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. So what do we really mean by “efficiency”? If it means shortening the time it takes to write a report, perhaps we have succeeded. But if it means replacing the intellectual effort that creates depth, coherence and reflection, then it’s not a gain; it’s a loss. The moment we accept LLMs as thought substitutes, rather than thought aids, we begin to worsen the very conditions under which human reasoning thrives: questioning, dialogue, uncertainty and contradiction. There is no turning back the presence of LLMs in our lives. But we can choose how to live with them. The question is not whether they will think for us, but whether we will let them define what it means to think at all. Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight. 1. What does the underlined word “eroding” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Changing. B. Improving. C. Destroying. D. Expanding. 2. What do LLMs lead to, according to paragraph 4? A. We get more reflective labor. B. We do independent thinking less. C. We engage in more repetitive tasks. D. We reduce our work efficiency indeed. 3. What does the author advocate about our using LLMs? A. Putting efficiency first. B. Reducing intellectual effort. C. Achieving more with less time. D. Increasing human engagement. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To describe the fast development of LLMs. B. To reflect on the negative effects of LLMs. C. To question the necessity of pursuing efficiency. D. To challenge the traditional definition of efficiency. Passage 3 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） In our fast-paced, stressful lives, we’re often turning to social media, online shopping, or gaming to escape daily pressures. However, the experience can often be the opposite, leaving us more exhausted. This begs the question: do we scroll because we’re stressed, or are we stressed because we scroll? To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress a and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. They recorded real-world internet usage through tracking software installed on participants’ devices. Combined with a large sample size and a lengthy observation period, the findings offer especially valuable insight into bow online habits tie in with stress. The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. When compared with participants’ self-reported stress levels from questionnaires, researchers found a strong link between internet use and increased stress, particularly among those who already experienced daily stress. Women consistently reported higher stress levels than men, while stress tended to decrease with age and wealth. Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. There are always concerns over internet life, especially increasing social media engagement, and some countries, such as Australia, banned social media for anyone under 16. The researchers hope that by gathering more detailed information about people’s internet habits, they can eventually develop concrete recommendations and tools that support healthier, more regulated online engagement. Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. And it’s really crucial to study these issues further so the chicken and egg problem can be solved. The research team plans to explore how different types of news — political, entertainment, or sports coverage — affect stress, helping further clarify the internet’s complex role in mental health. 1. Why did Belal’s team conduct their research? A. To compare job-related stress levels. B. To prove why internet use results in stress. C. To create apps to help lower stress in adults. D. To study how stress interacts with internet use. 2. What is a feature of the research method? A. Focusing on a specific age group. B. Conducting nationwide online interviews. C. Collecting large-scale real data over time. D. Using lab experiments to measure stress levels. 3. Which online activity likely causes the least stress according to the research? A. Checking emails. B. Shopping. C. Playing games. D. Chatting. 4. What does Juhi warn against? A. Judging a book by its cover. B. Sacrificing tomorrow for today. C. Painting everything with the same brush. D. Counting your chickens before they hatch. 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest， time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1. What can we know from paragraph 1? A. The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B. Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C. Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D. Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2. Why did the scientists create the model? A. To explain the quantum entanglement. B. To support a timeless quantum state. C. To show how time comes from entanglement. D. To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3. Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A. Hawking radiation generated time. B. There is no ideal clock in universe. C. Observing time helps to create time. D. Time existed as a river before humans. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To present the history of quantum mechanics. B. To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C. To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D. To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. Passage 2 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Fifteen decades ago, Francis Galton first came up with the term “nature versus nurture”, and this debate over the factors shaping human identity has long been a central topic in human sciences. Do our genes determine our life paths, as hereditarians (遗传论者) argue? Or are we born as empty paper, shaped merely by the experiences we have in our families and the wider world? Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways. Genes do not shape our identities merely on their own within our bodies; instead, they function partly by molding the environments we choose or create. A striking finding of this research is that our environment is, in part, shaped by the genes of the people around us. Initial research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science. 1. Why did the author mention the “nature versus nurture” debate in paragraph 1? A. To emphasize the dominant role of family experiences. B. To introduce a long-standing core topic in human sciences. C. To highlight the weakness of early hereditarians’ arguments. D. To lay a contrastive foundation for a new scientific perspective. 2. What can be inferred from the example of students? A. Smoking behavior spreads mainly through direct persuasion. B. Genetic tendencies can indirectly change group behavior. C. School rules fail to control students’ genetic instincts. D. Only smokers’ friends adopt the same genetic risks. 3. What happens when environments become more diverse according to paragraph 3? A. People rely less on their genetic traits. B. Genetic differences play a smaller role. C. Genetic differences become more influential. D. Nurture becomes more important than nature. 4. What does the author mean by comparing nature and nurture to a “Möbius strip”? A. They depend entirely on physical conditions. B. They have a one-way influence on each other. C. They form a complex, continuous cycle of impact. D. They are two separate parts of human development. Passage 3 （2026·湖南师大附中·一模） Plenty of previous research has shown that interacting with nature reduces stress, but it is not clear how long and how often the engagement needs to be. A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology suggests that you don’t have to devote a full day, or even several hours to benefit from the contact with nature. MaryCarol Hunter, the study’s lead author, and her colleagues recruited 36 residents of Michigan, almost all of whom were women and white. They instructed the participants to spend 10 minutes or more, at least three times a week, in an outdoor space where they could interact with nature. In the hope of reflecting how people might realistically engage with nature as they go about their everyday lives, the researchers gave the participants permission to choose where and when they visited those outdoor spaces. The participants were also instructed to avoid accessing the Internet, taking phone calls, reading or engaging in conversations while they were there to minimize factors known to influence stress. Every two weeks the participants collected saliva (唾液) samples before and after their nature experience. The researchers used those samples to measure levels of the stress hormone cortisol (皮质醇), a body chemical known to be related to stress. The study found that the participants’ levels of cortisol dropped by an average of 21 percent after spending time in an urban green space. The effects were most pronounced when the nature experience was between 20 and 30 minutes long. Levels of the hormone dropped further when participants spent longer periods, but at a slower rate. This study was quite small, and its participants were not diverse. Furthermore, it measured only drops in biomarkers for stress instead of direct impact on specific health outcomes. Still, the study’s findings are in line with a growing body of research that supports the idea that spending time in or living near a green space can have a positive effect on health and provides the first estimates of how nature experiences impact stress levels in the context of normal daily life. 1. What does Hunter’s study focus on? A. The role of cortisol in stress reduction. B. The benefits of spending time outdoors. C. The impact of nature on physical health. D. The ideal duration in nature for stress relief. 2. Why were the participants prohibited from certain activities in outdoor spaces? A. To keep disturbing factors from affecting stress. B. To test their ability to stay offline for a long time. C. To reflect how people realistically engage with nature. D. To encourage participants to focus on physical exercise. 3. What does the underlined word “pronounced” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Direct. B. Lasting. C. Slight. D. Significant. 4. What does the author think of Hunter’s study? A. Unreliable but novel. B. Specific and influential. C. Limited but informative. D. Comprehensive and valid. 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东滨州·一模） A reforestation revolution is being led by the innovative use of autonomous drones, a practice that balances deep respect for nature with cutting-edge technology. These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability. The core of this technology lies in the combination of AI and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing. The drones use LiDAR to scan damaged areas and measure the distance between the sensor and the ground. This system assesses key environmental factors such as soil composition, moisture levels and terrain contour, as well as potential risks like erosion and flooding. Then, onboard AI analyzes all these details carefully to precisely determine the best spots for planting native seeds. Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions. After identifying ideal areas, the drones fire the capsules into the soil, covering an area as large as a soccer field in less than an hour. The fungi in the capsules enrich the soil, attracting insects and animals that enable forests to thrive. This effect is also crucial for carbon sequestration, which is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to prevent it from warming the planet, and is an important part of the strategy against climate change. Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30 — 50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential. Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection. 1. What are the major advantages of the drone reforestation? A. High accuracy and great efficiency. B. Low expense and easy maintenance. C. Long service lifespan and consistent updates. D. All-weather adaptability and complete safety. 2. What is the main function of the fungus in the capsules? A. To protect the seeds from being damaged. B. To provide food for insects and animals. C. To enhance root growth and soil health. D. To help break the capsules into pieces. 3. How does the author present his ideas in paragraph 4? A. By analyzing reasons and stating results. B. By listing statistics and giving examples. C. By giving a definition and making a contrast. D. By making comparisons and quoting an expert. 4. What can be inferred about the technology according to the last paragraph? A. It holds great promise despite present barriers. B. It makes advances in large-scale application. C. It can easily adapt to diverse ecosystems. D. It removes restrictions to sustainability. Passage 2 （2026·广东大湾区·一模） If the Amazon forest is to disappear, Altamira in Brazil is the town where that end could be foreseen. During the region’s development, a road was cut through the heart of the forest, marking an era of widespread destruction that remade the Amazon. Altamira thus became known in local media as the “champion of deforestation.” Now Brazilian officials think this expansive town can also be the site of the forest’s rebirth. This year, the government set out to test a question that until now has largely been left to researchers: If left alone, can the Amazon forest restore itself? To test this assumption, officials closed off a degraded parcel of land and leased (租赁) it to a private carbon credit company to safeguard and restore. “Some of the tasks will be done by planting trees. But most of the restoration job will be left to Mother Nature. It’s called passive restoration. This is opening a new model that may be applied across the state,” said Governor Barbalho. The search for solutions in the Amazon couldn’t be more urgent. Rates of deforestation have been dropping since the government made fighting environmental crime a priority, but the destruction hasn’t stopped. Nearly 6,300 square kilometers were lost last year, bringing the ecosystem closer to what scientists warn is a tipping point, when the Amazon is no longer able to maintain its own rainy ecosystem. Evidence of its arrival is springing up: dried riverbeds, forest fires, punishing droughts, and increased tree death. Scientists have predicted the forest could experience a broad ecological collapse by 2050, when 10 — 47% of it will be exposed to various disturbances that could activate unexpected ecosystem changes. But other research has also provided cause for hope. Despite the delicate nature of the Amazon’s ecosystem, the forest has also demonstrated a remarkable capacity for recovery. A recent study showed that roughly 72,000 square kilometers of destroyed forest are already in an advanced stage of natural recovery. 1. What do we know about Altamira from paragraph 1? A. It reshaped the Amazon area. B. It saw the rebirth of the forest. C. It benefited from the new road. D. It headed the forest destruction. 2. What is the core belief behind passive restoration? A. Nature knows the right way. B. Companies make better guardians. C. Tree-planting is a quicker fix. D. A hands-off government is the key. 3. What makes it critical to restore the Amazon rainforest? A. Deforestation rates are ever-rising. B. The rainy ecosystem has collapsed. C. A point of no return is approaching. D. Spring has brought lots of disasters. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Can Private Companies Help? B. Can Passive Restoration Last? C. Can Altamira Stop Deforestation? D. Can Amazon Avoid Disappearing? Passage 3 （2026·山东济宁·一模） Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency. The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam. Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam. Scientists have been looking for a better medium to replace steam. They found this in sCO₂. CO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and can be cooled to form dry ice by reducing pressure and lowering temperature. When temperature is raised to 31°C, and pressure is increased to 7.37 MPa, CO₂ enters its supercritical state, where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In applications such as moving a turbine, this is extremely useful since the gas-like state offers less resistance while the liquid-like state provides greater push power. The power generation process works like this: The CO₂ is first pressurized into a supercritical state. Then the sCO₂ passes through a heat exchanger, absorbing heat from an external heat source, and its temperature rises to 400 — 600℃ with a substantial increase in internal energy. After that, it enters a turbine and expands rapidly, driving it to move at a high speed and transforming thermal (热的) energy into mechanical energy, which is then further turned into electrical energy for output. The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss. The success of the Chaotan One will likely start a new era in power generation, using CO₂ as a medium and bypassing the need to transform water into steam. 1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2? A. Highlight the value of steam. B. Applaud the past contributions. C. Outline the Industrial Revolution. D. State the background of a new discovery. 2. What is the biggest problem with steam power generation? A. Energy-intensive. B. Labor-demanding. C. Noise-producing. D. Money-consuming. 3. What plays a key role in the high efficiency of Chaotan One? A. The durability of turbines. B. The quick commercialization of generators. C. The easy availability of CO₂. D. The continuity of CO₂’s supercritical state. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Unpredictable Changes of CO₂ B. Polarized Views on Chaotan One C. A Pioneering sCO₂ Power Generator D. A Breakthrough in Steam Engine / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A Passage 3【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A Passage 3【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D Passage 4【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1【答案】1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D Passage 2【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1【答案】1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A Passage 2【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D Passage 3【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·广东梅州·一模） For generations, sharing a bed has been widely seen as a key sign of closeness for couples. But a quiet shift is taking place in some Western countries. The trend, called “sleep divorce,” is not about ending a relationship. Instead, it means partners choose to sleep in separate beds or even separate rooms to improve their sleep quality. Sleep divorce is a practical response to common sleep problems, such as snoring, different bedtimes, disagreements over room temperature, shift work, and so on. And stress-related sleeplessness are among the main reasons couples consider sleeping apart. Importantly, this choice is not a legal separation nor a sign of marriage trouble. Several forces are driving this trend. First, sleep troubles are rising worldwide, linked to noise, stress, and late-night screen time in modern life. Second, snoring affects up to half of adults, far more than many realize. Third, health is becoming a higher priority than tradition; couples now see good sleep as essential to well-being, just like diet and exercise. Finally, younger generations are redefining relationship success, valuing flexibility over fixed rules about how couples “should” sleep. Interestingly, sleeping separately often brings couples closer. With better rest, they report fewer arguments, better moods, and clearer communication. Poor sleep can make people easily annoyed and less empathetic, while solid rest supports emotional strength. Experts note that sleep divorce is helpful when partners feel bitter due to constant sleep interruption, wake up tired despite enough time in bed, or deal with heavy snoring. But it can backfire if it’s used to avoid dealing with relationship conflicts, if one partner feels lonely or rejected, or if the decision is not mutual. Therapists advise couples to talk about it as a health choice for both people, not as a way to escape each other. As health and relationship satisfaction take priority over old expectations, sleeping apart may become a normal option for more couples in the future. 1. What is “sleep divorce” according to the text? A. A legal step to end a marriage. B. A sleep arrangement to improve rest. C. A solution mainly for shift workers. D. A trend of avoiding emotional connection. 2. What does the word “backfire” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Improve quickly. B. Gain popularity. C. Succeed unexpectedly. D. Cause harm instead. 3. What can be inferred about younger generations in paragraph 3? A. They stick to traditional sleep habits. B. They experience fewer sleep problems. C. They value health less than older couples. D. They are more flexible in defining relationships. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Why couples Choose to Sleep Apart. B. Get a Divorce: For a Better Sleep C. The Science Behind Better Sleep. D. How to Design a Dual-Bedroom Home. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍在一些西方国家出现“睡眠离婚”的趋势，即伴侣为提高睡眠质量选择分床或分房睡，阐述了这一趋势出现的原因、带来的影响以及专家的相关建议。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The trend, called “sleep divorce,” is not about ending a relationship. Instead, it means partners choose to sleep in separate beds or even separate rooms to improve their sleep quality.(这种被称为 “睡眠离婚”的趋势，并非意味着要结束一段感情。相反，它指的是伴侣们为了改善睡眠质量，选择分床而睡，甚至分房而睡)”可知，“睡眠离婚”是一种为改善休息的睡眠安排，故选B项。 【2题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第五段中的“But it can backfire if it’s used to avoid dealing with relationship conflicts, if one partner feels lonely or rejected, or if the decision is not mutual.(但如果它被用来避免处理关系冲突，如果一方感到孤独或被拒绝，或者如果这个决定不是双方共同做出的，它可能会backfire)”可知，这些情况是负面的，会让“睡眠离婚”产生不好的结果，所以“backfire”意思可能是“产生反效果，造成伤害”，与“Cause harm instead.”意思相符，故选D项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Finally, younger generations are redefining relationship success, valuing flexibility over fixed rules about how couples “should” sleep.(最后，年轻一代正在重新定义关系的成功，比起关于夫妻“应该”如何睡觉的固定规则，他们更看重灵活性)”可知，年轻一代在定义关系方面更灵活，故选D项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。文章开篇引出“睡眠离婚”的概念，接着阐述夫妻选择分开睡的原因，包括睡眠问题、对健康的重视等，还提到分开睡对夫妻关系的影响以及专家建议，所以“Why couples Choose to Sleep Apart.(为什么夫妻选择分开睡)”为最佳标题，故选A项。 Passage 2 （2026·湖南衡阳·一模） Despite decades of messaging from litter prevention campaigns, trash still finds its way onto streets. A Portland-based organization has been inspiring residents to clean up their neighborhoods, one block at a time. Since 2020, Adopt One Block has helped over 7,000 people become Block Ambassadors. These volunteers beautify and maintain over 8,500 blocks in Washington and Oregon. Sarah Yapp adopted her block in south Eugene. With cars rushing by, she explained why. “When I was growing up, my dad actually made me pick up trash on the street. That was the era of McDonald’s Styrofoam (泡沫塑料) containers, when people just threw them out of their windows. So, I used to hate that,” she said. “And then I grew up, and I realized I don’t like trash on the street as an adult either.” “Oh, I got something!” Yapp used her grabber to pick up a paper cup from a bush and dropped it in a bag. Olivia Langley is Director of Operations for Adopt One Block. “We send you free clean - up supplies,” she said. “That’s everything from a bucket, a trash grabber, trash bags, to gloves.” Block Ambassadors set their own schedules for trash grabbing and can access additional resources from the organization to deal with different “trash encounters”. Langley said that when necessary, medical sharps containers are also provided. However, Langley insisted that volunteers should only do the amount of clean-up they are comfortable with. Things like broken glass, thrown - away needles and perilous materials can be handled by municipal agencies, she said. Sarah Yapp shared the idea with her friend Rachel Sanders and now they both pick up trash on their own blocks and beyond. The friends said the garbage can sometimes be messy, but they both find fulfillment in cleaning it up. “Here we are picking up trash and there are people cheering us on and joining in. Some even adopt their own neighborhoods!” Yapp said. “The other day, a middle school student saw me on my block and asked, ‘Are you picking up trash? Thank you!’” 1. What made Sarah Yapp become a Block Ambassador? A. Her father’s personal request. B. The increase in McDonald’s products. C. The technical support from the non - profit. D. Her own appreciation of a clean environment. 2. What do we know about Block Ambassadors’ work according to Olivia Langley? A. They follow a very tight schedule. B. They handle various kinds of trash. C. They have good medical insurance. D. They protect their blocks from danger. 3. What does the underlined word “perilous” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Dangerous. B. Simple. C. Unwanted. D. Unclean. 4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The positive impact of Sarah’s work. B. The financial value of Sarah’s efforts. C. The friendship between Sarah and Rachel. D. The personal satisfaction from volunteering. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了波特兰的一个组织“认领一个街区”鼓励居民清理自己的社区，并介绍了该组织的工作模式和志愿者的工作情况，还通过具体事例展示了该组织带来的积极影响。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“And then I grew up, and I realized I don’t like trash on the street as an adult either.(然后我长大了，我意识到作为一个成年人，我也不喜欢街上的垃圾。)”可知，Sarah Yapp成为街区大使是因为她自己对干净环境的欣赏。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Block Ambassadors set their own schedules for trash grabbing and can access additional resources from the organization to deal with different “trash encounters”.(街区大使们自己安排捡垃圾的时间，并可以从该组织获得额外的资源来处理不同的“垃圾遭遇”。)”可知，街区大使们处理各种各样的垃圾。故选B。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据上文“broken glass, thrown-away needles(碎玻璃和废弃的针头)”可推测出，碎玻璃和废弃的针头都属于危险物品，所以可以推测出“perilous”的意思是“危险的”。故选A。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段““Here we are picking up trash and there are people cheering us on and joining in. Some even adopt their own neighborhoods!” Yapp said. “The other day, a middle school student saw me on my block and asked, ‘Are you picking up trash? Thank you!’”(亚普说：“我们在这儿捡垃圾，还有人为我们加油、加入进来。有些人甚至主动负责起自己社区的清洁！”“前几天，一名中学生在我住的街区看到我，就问：‘你在捡垃圾吗？谢谢你！’”)”可知，最后一段主要讲了Sarah的工作带来的积极影响。故选A。 Passage 3 （2026·河北承德·一模） A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare. Like every other humanities-lover on a college campus that day, I was swept away in the mass panic. My major was, according to a reputable English-major-loved publication, dead. Heller focused on Arizona State University (ASU) and Harvard University, large “indicators”(higher education. I initially thought he ignored small liberal arts (文科) colleges, assuming English major were safe at Allegheny College, where students supposedly came for the love of learning, not for middle management when they graduate. But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend. Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money. We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature. While English majors may decline, their lessons live on. As the novelist Jonathan Lethem wrote, “Time change and men adapt.” Between “too bad” and “worst”, we can do better. 1. What phenomenon did Heller point out about English literature? A. Students’ fading love for it. B. Its limited research visions. C. Students’ confusion about it. D. Its declining literary works. 2. Why did the author’s hope for Allegheny College fade? A. It closed most liberal arts majors. B. It valued career training more. C. It admitted fewer English majors. D. It cared less about students’ likes. 3. What can be inferred from Allegheny’s website? A. It tried to learn from Harvard. B. It didn’t match its real situation. C. It failed to ensure students’ safety. D. It didn’t promote critical thinking. 4. What does the author advocate in the last paragraph? A. Students should plan a unique life journey. B. Schools must make English more inviting. C. Students need to stick to their own purposes. D. Schools ought to look beyond practical values. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了Heller在文章中指出全国英语专业衰落，作者以Allegheny学院为例印证此趋势，批判功利化校园风气，强调人文学科的价值。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“A few weeks ago, an article by Nathan Heller in The New Yorker indicated “the end of the English major”, examining the trend of declining English department nationwide and the cultural factors that lead students away from spending four years with the passion for Dickens and Shakespeare.(几周前，《纽约客》杂志上纳森·赫勒的一篇文章指出“英语专业即将终结”，该文章探讨了全美范围内英语系招生人数不断减少的趋势，以及导致学生不再花四年时间专注于研究狄更斯和莎士比亚作品的文化因素)”可知，赫勒指出学生们对英语文学的喜爱逐渐减退。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“But data ruined this hope: Allegheny had 84 English majors (9% of all majors) in the spring semester of 2003, but just 20 (2.5%) now — a 72% drop in about 20 years matching the national trend.(但数据却打破了这一希望：2003年春季学期，阿勒格尼学院有84名英语专业学生（占所有专业学生的9%），而如今仅有20名（占2.5%）——在大约20年的时间里，这一数字下降了72%，与全国的趋势相符)”可知，作者对阿勒格尼学院的期望未能实现是因为该学院招收的英语专业学生减少了。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Allegheny’s website fuels optimism, asking, “Why put your mind to just one thing?” and define itself as a “safe place of learning”, unlike ASU, which sees degrees as career stepping stones, or Harvard where, according to Heller, even an “unusual major” finds work. Yet campus reality in Allegheny differs Students get locked into majors early, “mind over major” loses to closed-off departments, and English majors fear unemployment, thinking they wasted time and money.(阿勒格尼学院的网站激发了人们的乐观情绪，上面问道：“为何要将心思仅集中在一件事上呢？”并宣称自己是一个“安全的学习之地”，这与亚利桑那州立大学不同，后者将学位视为职业发展的阶梯，而哈佛大学则认为，即便是“与众不同的专业”也能找到工作。然而，阿勒格尼学院的校园实际情况却与此不同。学生们很早就被限制在了某个专业里，“思想（兴趣）凌驾于专业之上”的理念在封闭的院系面前败下阵来，而英语专业的学生则担心失业，认为自己浪费了时间和金钱)”可知，官网与实际不符。故选B。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“We need to reject the campus “disease”, Heller noted — pressuring students to choose “safeguard paths and dismissing humanities as “hobby-based”. The well-known author Kurt Vonnegut reminded you that the arts may not be the best way to “make a living” but “make life more bearable” and “make soul grow”. Not everybody can or should pursue a degree in chemistry, but it is increasingly clear to me that everybody would benefit from spending 20 credit hours reading, thinking about and discussing literature.(赫勒指出，我们需要摒弃校园里的这种“弊病”——迫使学生选择“稳妥的道路”，并将人文科学视为“纯粹的爱好”。著名作家库尔特·冯内古特提醒大家，艺术或许并非“谋生的最佳途径”，但它能“让生活更容易忍受”、能“让灵魂成长”。并非每个人都能或者都应该攻读化学学位，但在我看来，每个人都从花 20 个学分时间阅读、思考和讨论文学作品中受益)”可知，作者在最后一段倡导的是学校应当超越实用价值的范畴。故选D。 Passage 4 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life. The book is organized around six “ethical crossroads”, each illustrated with a detailed case study. One of the most striking chapters focuses on the 2025 “SecureData” case, where a major tech company discovered weakness in its popular messaging app — one that could expose users’ private conversations. The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”. Marquez also challenges common myths about cybersecurity ethics. She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes. This focus on balancing security and ethics makes the book stand out in a field often dominated by technical solutions. Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.” She also includes “Ethical Checklists” at the end of each chapter, which guide readers to apply the book’s lessons to their own lives, for example, should you report a friend who shares your password with others? Overall, Ethics in Cybersecurity is more than a book — it’s a tool for thinking critically about daily digital choices. As Marquez puts it: “In cyberspace, every click is a choice — and every choice has an ethical cost.” 1. What can be inferred from the 2025 “SecureData” case? A. Companies prioritize user privacy. B. User data is hard to protect. C. Cyber ethics involves tough choices. D. Messaging apps are easy to access. 2. Which of the following is Marques probably against according to paragraph 3? A. Download papers on the CNKI. B. Polish an article by DeepSeek App. C. Give a thump-up on a friend’s Moments. D. Disclose a friend’s address on the internet. 3. What is a feature of Ethics in Cybersecurity according to the text? A. It is packed with complex theories. B. It provides step-by-step instructions. C. It is intended for cyber professionals. D. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To publicize cybercrime prevention. B. To honor a talented technical expert. C. To introduce a book on Cybersecurity. D. To recommend an essay on digital life. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍Marquez所著《Ethics in Cybersecurity》，以案例解析网络伦理两难，语言通俗，旨在引导读者理性看待数字选择。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”.(该公司面临一个抉择：要么立即告知用户问题所在，要么在六个月内悄悄解决。马尔克斯为读者详细阐述了双方的论点：即“保护用户的责任”与“避免不良声誉的责任”之间的对比。她没有给出一个简单的答案——而是教导读者去权衡相互冲突的价值观，她将这一技能称为“数字时代的伦理推理”)”可知，网络伦理涉及艰难的抉择。故选C。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes.(她反对“目的可以凌驾于手段之上”这一观点，尤其是在打击网络犯罪方面。她以2024年的一起案例为例进行反驳：政府为了追回被盗数据而访问了一个犯罪团伙的服务器，但在此过程中，意外获取了10000名无辜人士的私人电子邮件。她写道：“没有道德保障的安全并非真正的安全——那不过是控制而已。”)”可知，Marques反对侵犯无辜者隐私、为目的不择手段。故选D。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.”(Marquez独特的写作风格使这本书易于理解。例如，她将一家公司隐瞒软件故障的行为比作“一位老师明知教室的门坏了却不去修理，因为他不想中断上课。”)”可知，网络安全伦理学的一个特点是采用了平实的写作风格。故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life.(马尔克斯所著的《网络安全中的伦理问题》一书，作者曾是某全球科技公司的网络安全分析师，该书对界定现代数字生活所面临的道德困境进行了及时的探讨)”以及本文介绍Marquez所著《Ethics in Cybersecurity》，以案例解析网络伦理两难，语言通俗，旨在引导读者理性看待数字选择。可知，作者撰写这篇文章的目的是介绍一本关于网络安全的书籍。故选C。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·河北石家庄·一模） Many environmental and behavioral factors can affect the body’s internal clocks, which control various body functions. However, modern life can throw off these biological times, increasing our sensitivity to different conditions. Light, a major factor affecting the body’s internal clocks, has long been linked to various health impacts. This is evidenced in populations like shift workers, who face a higher risk of heart disease due to night-time light exposure. Previous studies that used satellite data found associations between people living in bright, urban areas and heart disease, but they only measured outdoor light at night. Daniel Windred at Flinders University and his colleagues wanted to know whether an individual’s overall light exposure was associated with heart problems. They tracked about 89, 000 people without heart disease who wore light sensors for one week between 2013 and 2016, which is the biggest study of personal light exposure patterns and heart health to date. The sensors recorded any natural or artificial light from their environment, including that from phones. Over years, those with the brightest nights had a higher risk of developing heart disease than those with dark nights. One representative case in the highest light exposure group would be someone who turned on overhead lights for an hour between midnight and 6 am. “This means they have among the highest night light exposure — within the top 10% of all participants,” says Windred. He adds that the body continues to react to an artificial light after it has been turned off, and even short exposures can have an effect. The researchers controlled for factors like gender, age, smoking, and shift work. They also showed that the association between light exposure and heart disease risk was independent of sleep duration or quality, pointing to night light exposure as the key driver of the results. “The importance of these observations cannot be underestimated,” says Martin Young at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “With the coming of a society that operates around the clock, disturbing our biological clock systems has become more and more common. This study highlights the significant health dangers associated with exposure to light at the wrong time.” 1. How are the health impacts of light exposure presented in the first paragraph? A. By providing data. B. By citing a document. C. By giving an example. D. By making an assumption. 2. What does paragraph 2 stress about previous studies? A. Their limitation. B. Their goal. C. Their uniqueness. D. Their process. 3. Why is the case in paragraph 3 mentioned? A. To applaud a research method. B. To clarify a study classification. C. To define a cause of heart disease. D. To describe a common sleep habit. 4. What is Martin Young’s attitude to the research findings? A. Supportive. B. Cautious. C. Picky. D. Anxious. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，夜间光照（含人工光照）与心脏病风险相关，且独立于睡眠因素，专家强调其对人体生物钟和健康的危害。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“This is evidenced in populations like shift workers, who face a higher risk of heart disease due to night-time light exposure.(这一点在轮班工人等人群中得到了证明，他们由于夜间暴露在光线下，患心脏病的风险更高。)”可知，作者通过举轮班工人的例子来说明光照对健康的影响。故选C项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Previous studies that used satellite data found associations between people living in bright, urban areas and heart disease, but they only measured outdoor light at night.(此前使用卫星数据的研究发现，生活在明亮城市地区的人与心脏病之间存在关联，但这些研究只测量了夜间室外光照。)”可知，第二段强调了以往研究的局限性。故选A项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“They tracked about 89, 000 people without heart disease who wore light sensors for one week between 2013 and 2016, which is the biggest study of personal light exposure patterns and heart health to date. The sensors recorded any natural or artificial light from their environment, including that from phones. Over years, those with the brightest nights had a higher risk of developing heart disease than those with dark nights. One representative case in the highest light exposure group would be someone who turned on overhead lights for an hour between midnight and 6 am.(2013至2016年间，他们追踪调查了约8.9万名无心脏病的人群，这些人佩戴光传感器长达一周 —— 这也是迄今为止关于个人光照模式与心脏健康规模最大的研究。传感器记录了他们所处环境中的所有自然光或人造光，包括来自手机的光线。多年后发现，夜间处于最明亮环境中的人，患心脏病的风险高于夜间环境黑暗的人。光照强度最高组的一个典型例子是：有人在午夜至清晨6点之间会打开顶灯一小时。)”可知，该案例是为了举例说明什么样的情况属于研究中的最高光照暴露组，也就是阐明研究的分组分类。故选B项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““The importance of these observations cannot be underestimated,” says Martin Young at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “With the coming of a society that operates around the clock, disturbing our biological clock systems has become more and more common. This study highlights the significant health dangers associated with exposure to light at the wrong time.”(伯明翰阿拉巴马大学的Martin Young表示：“这些观察结果的重要性不可低估。随着全天候运转社会的到来，扰乱我们的生物钟系统变得越来越普遍。这项研究强调了在不当时间接触光线会带来严重的健康风险。”)”可知，Martin Young对研究结果表示支持和肯定。故选A项。 Passage 2 （2026·河北盐山·一模） Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet that did not make Thorpe a stranger to adversity. Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents. But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes. Just hours before Thorpe was going to compete in the 1912 Olympics, somebody stole his shoes. Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out. He still went on to win two gold medals—winning each event he competed in except for one, the javelin (标枪). The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before. It is interesting to note that Thorpe had tried to throw the javelin once before in the Olympic trials. At the time, he didn’t know that he could throw it with a running start. He threw it standing still and was placed second. At the Olympics，he also took part in the decathlon (十项全能运动). He finished first in two events, third in four events, and fourth in two more. Thorpe ended up finishing third in the world. He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going. I think Paul Dughi said it best, “It’s hard to imagine now that pro athletes get paid millions of dollars just to wear a particular brand of shoes. For Jim Thorpe, it didn’t matter what kind he wore.” 1. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 mean? A. The adversity Thorpe met with led to his success. B. Thorpe’s success was no guarantee of a better life. C. Thorpe’s career brought him both gains and losses. D. Thorpe suffered many hardships despite his success. 2. Why did Thorpe wear more socks on one foot? A. To prevent the foot from injury. B. To make the shoe fit the foot. C. To stop the shoe from being stolen. D. To show his problem-solving skills. 3. What most likely led to Thorpe’s failure to win the javelin? A. Loss of his own sports shoes. B. A casual attitude towards the event. C. Lack of experience in the event. D. A shortage of talent for the event. 4. Which of the following words can best describe Jim Thorpe? A. Loyal and enthusiastic. B. Genuine and creative. C. Tough and strong-minded. D. Selfless and good-tempered. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了运动员Jim Thorpe的个人经历以及成就。 【1题详解】 句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“Jim Thorpe is one of the greatest athletes of all time. He had amazing athletic abilities and was well-known during his lifetime, yet”第二段“Thorpe was an American Indian from Oklahoma who developed his extraordinary athletic skills in his youth through hard labor. It was also in his youth that he learned to endure hardship brought upon by racial prejudice. Many would say his childhood was not easy. He grew up poor and at age 9 his twin brother passed away and a few years later he lost both of his parents.(索普是来自俄克拉荷马州的美国印第安人，他在年轻时通过艰苦的劳动培养了非凡的运动技能。也是在他年轻的时候，他学会了忍受种族偏见带来的苦难。很多人会说他的童年并不容易。他在贫困中长大，9岁时他的双胞胎兄弟去世了，几年后他失去了双亲)”可知，第一段提到吉姆·索普是有史以来最伟大的运动员之一。他有惊人的运动能力，一生都很出名，but表示转折，结合第二段叙述了索普所经历的苦难，说明尽管他取得了成功，但是也遭受了许多苦难。故划线句意思是“索普尽管取得了成功，但却遭受了许多苦难”。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Thorpe improvised (临时拼凑) by getting shoes out of the garbage. The shoes were two different sizes. He wore an extra pair of socks on one foot to even them out.(索普临时从垃圾堆里找鞋子。这双鞋有两种不同的尺码。他在一只脚上多穿了一双袜子，以使脚均衡)”可知，索普一只脚上穿的袜子更多是为了使鞋合脚。故选B。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“The javelin was the only event he didn’t win, probably because he had never competed in that event before.(标枪是他唯一没有获胜的项目，可能是因为他以前从未参加过这个项目的比赛)”可知，缺乏经验最有可能导致索普未能赢得标枪比赛。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“But that did not stop him from doing what he loved and pursuing his dreams. Nothing seemed to stop him, not even stolen shoes.(但这并没有阻止他做自己喜欢的事情，追求自己的梦想。似乎没有什么能阻止他，即使是鞋子被偷)”以及倒数第二段“He was undoubtedly a dominating force that couldn’t be stopped and just kept on going.(毫无疑问，他是一股不可阻挡的统治力量，他一直在前进)”可推知，吉姆·索普坚韧且意志坚强。故选C。 Passage 3 （2026·山东德州·一模） You’ve followed all sleep experts’ advice — going to bed on time, avoiding afternoon coffee, and keeping your bedroom cool as you like, dark with no light on, and quiet as possible — yet you still toss and turn. Glancing at the silver light through the curtains, you wonder: Could the full moon be ruining your sleep? Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon. In a 2013 study, Swiss researchers analyzed data from an experiment in which participants had no idea their sleep was being studied for lunar effects. Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall. They also reported worse sleep quality and had lower levels of melatonin, the hormone (荷尔蒙) that your body releases naturally at night to calm your body down and prepare you for sleep. However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting. To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students. Across all groups, regardless of artificial light access, participants slept less and took longer to fall asleep in the nights leading up to a full moon. The researchers think this may reflect an ancient adaptation: When the moon was brightest, our ancestors likely stayed up later to hunt, socialize, or work by natural light. The sleep changes were most obvious in low-electricity communities, where moonlight remained the main light source at night. Sleep experts note that while the full moon’s effect, up to one hour less sleep, is profound, artificial light from screens likely has an even greater impact on modern sleep. 1. What is the difficulty in studying the moon’s effect on sleep? A. People’s habits and hobbies. B. Health conditions and sleep space. C. Artificial light or noise in the room. D. People’s emotions and anticipations. 2. What did the 2013 Swiss study find about full moons? A. They caused 25 minutes less sleep on average. B. They affected people more in the real world. C. They had less impact on sleep than expected. D. They led to a reduced deep-sleep brain activity. 3. Why did University of Washington researchers adjust study surroundings? A. To compare sleep patterns by age group. B. To analyze the influence of artificial light on sleep. C. To avoid the impact of strange settings on subjects. D. To test whether urban lifestyle cancels lunar effects. 4. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The End of Moonlight Folktales B. City Lights’ effects on Human Sleep C. Moonlight’s battle with artificial light D. The Moon’s Silent Theft of Our Sleep 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章围绕“满月是否会影响人类睡眠”展开，多项研究都证实满月会减少人们的睡眠时间、降低睡眠质量。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments.(要弄清楚月亮对人类睡眠的影响并非易事，因为情绪和期望常常会干扰判断)”可知，研究月亮对睡眠的难处在于人们的情绪和预期会干扰判断，故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall.(在满月期间，参与者深度睡眠时的大脑活动下降了30%，入睡所需时间延长了5分钟，总体睡眠时间减少了20分钟)”可知，2013年的研究发现满月导致深度睡眠脑活动减少，故选D。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting.(然而，所有这些研究都存在一个主要的局限性：它们都是在睡眠实验室中进行的，而在这样的环境中，实验对象很容易受到陌生环境的干扰)”和第四段中“To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students.(为了解决这个问题，华盛顿大学的研究人员在真实环境中追踪了人们的睡眠情况：三个阿根廷社区（城市郊区、电力供应有限的农村村庄、无电力供应的偏远地区）以及464名西雅图大学的学生)”可知，之前的研究受试者很容易被陌生的实验室环境干扰，华盛顿大学调整到真实环境是为了避免陌生环境对受试者的影响，故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段“Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon.(要弄清楚月亮对人类睡眠的影响并非易事，因为情绪和期望常常会干扰判断。许多人会将满月视为浪漫的象征，尤其是在诸如丰收或蓝月这样的特殊时刻；而另一些人则会预期在满月之下会感到不安，而这种不安本身就可能扰乱睡眠。科学研究表明，月亮确实会对人的生理产生影响)”可知，全文围绕“满月是否会影响人类睡眠”展开，多项研究都证实满月会减少人们的睡眠时间、降低睡眠质量，D选项“月亮悄悄偷走我们的睡眠”准确概括核心主题，可作为标题。故选D。 Passage 4 （2026·山东青岛·一模） I first encountered the classics at 19, when I studied English literature at university. But a lack of life experience, combined with exams, essay deadlines and an obsession (痴迷) with good grades, left me little time to truly concentrate on them – Middlemarch, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Pride and Prejudice, Madame Bovary etc. I loved these books, yet I never got the chance to deeply engage with them. Some 40 years later, as an editor, it’s now my job to figure out what makes a book tick or more often, what it needs to make it tick. So, when a coworker suggested we deconstruct classics to find their “secret to lasting appeal”, I was intrigued. I decided to reread Middlemarch, which I had loved before but never fully grasped. I did hesitate a bit, though; could I, with my attention constantly distracted by technology, handle its 900 pages of tiny print? Not wanting to hold back entirely, I tried the audiobook instead. The audio’s vivid delivery certainly drew me in, but what truly took me aback was the new understanding that came with age. Themes that felt distant at 19 came into sharp focus at 60: ideas of marriage, ambition, and unmet expectations that had flown over my younger head now echoed (回响) deeply within me. I also noticed striking similarities in other classic characters: Emma’s desire for an “ideal life” in Madame Bovary mirrors the social comparison we see on social media today, and Dorian Gray’s obsession with youth in The Picture of Dorian Gray reflects our selfie-obsessed culture. Then came the real work: taking them apart to see why they’re classics. Some were easy to analyze, others tricky, but we gave them the attention they deserved – more than I ever could at 19. What struck me most was that classics last not for their age, but for capturing universal human truths: desires, fears, and hopes that never fade. Rereading them isn’t just about revisiting old tales; it reconnects us to our unchanging human nature, enriches our understanding of time, and grows with us as we do. 1. What does the author imply about the classics in paragraph 1? A. They enriched his experience. B. They proved too difficult for him. C. They made for his academic success. D. They failed to obtain his full appreciation. 2. What does the underlined word “intrigued” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Hesitant. B. Interested. C. Fulfilled. D. Puzzled. 3. Why does the author mention Emma and Dorian Gray? A. To show classics’ modern relevance. B. To criticize current social problems. C. To present impressive analytical skills. D. To highlight their lasting popularity. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Busy Youth, Fading Truth B. Modern Whisper of Audiobooks C. Changing Trend, Unchanging Insight D. Time’s Echo of Literary Classics 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者不同年龄段阅读经典文学的不同感受及对经典魅力的感悟。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“I loved these books, yet I never got the chance to deeply engage with them.(我很喜欢这些书，却从没有机会深入品读。)”可知，作者虽然喜欢这些经典书籍，却没有机会深入研读，即它们没有得到作者充分的欣赏。故选D。 【2题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“So, when a coworker suggested we deconstruct classics to find their “secret to lasting appeal”, I was intrigued. I decided to reread Middlemarch, which I had loved before but never fully grasped.(于是，当一位同事提议我们拆解经典作品，找出它们经久不衰的秘诀时，我……。我决定重读《米德尔马契》，一本我从前喜爱却从未真正读懂的书。)”可知，作者在同事提出建议后决定重读经典，说明她对此产生了兴趣。选项B“Interested”意为“对……感兴趣的”，与此相符。故选B。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“I also noticed striking similarities in other classic characters: Emma’s desire for an “ideal life” in Madame Bovary mirrors the social comparison we see on social media today, and Dorian Gray’s obsession with youth in The Picture of Dorian Gray reflects our selfie-obsessed culture.(我还发现其他经典人物身上惊人的相似之处：《包法利夫人》中Emma对理想生活的渴望，映照出我们如今在社交媒体上的攀比心态；《道林·格雷的画像》里道林·格雷对青春的执念，也折射出我们当下沉迷自拍的文化。)”可知，作者提及这两个人物是为了说明经典文学与现代社会的关联。故选A。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“What struck me most was that classics last not for their age, but for capturing universal human truths: desires, fears, and hopes that never fade. Rereading them isn’t just about revisiting old tales; it reconnects us to our unchanging human nature, enriches our understanding of time, and grows with us as we do. (最让我触动的是：经典之所以不朽，并非因为年代久远，而是因为捕捉到了普遍的人性真相——那些永不褪色的欲望、恐惧与希望。重读经典，不只是重温旧故事；它让我们重新连接不变的人性，丰富我们对时光的理解，并与我们一同成长。)”以及全文内容可知，作者讲述自己在不同人生阶段重读经典文学，体会到经典作品因书写永恒人性而经久不衰，与我们一同成长。故选D。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·广东汕头·一模） A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, leaping from one dry bush to another. As it approaches the first house, the plants around it catch fire, but the house itself stubbornly refuses to do so: any small flames along its walls quickly die out. There’s no water in sight — the flames are put out by sound waves. This scene is not science fiction. Engineers at an American tech company built a device using low-frequency sound waves to fight fires. “It’s basically vibrating (震动) the oxygen faster than the fuel can use it, blocking the chemical reaction,” explains Geoff Bruder, an aerospace engineer who once studied heat engines for NASA. Fire needs heat, fuel and oxygen; taking one of these away will stop the fire. Sound waves push oxygen away from the fuel, preventing the fire getting the air it needs to continue its burning. The company has demonstrated a fire control from as far as 25 feet away. Using sound against fire isn’t new. A U. S. defense research agency studied it over a decade ago. However, a major challenge is to scale up the technology without creating loud or even damaging sound effects. The company overcame this by using infrasound — sound waves at 20 hertz (赫兹) or lower, which humans cannot hear. These waves also travel farther than higher-frequency sounds. The device looks like a metal box attached to the roof. When heat sensors detect a flame, an electric motor drives a piston (活塞) to create infrasound, which travels through metal tubes on the roof, creating a “force field” to put out the fire and prevent the building catching another fire. Experts note that while sound waves can effectively influence fire, they currently work best on smaller flames. Nevertheless, homeowners and large energy companies are game to give it a try: The company is working with two California power suppliers and plans to install fifty pilot units early in 2026. 1. What does the passage begin with? A. A historical review. B. A personal anecdote. C. A scientific explanation. D. A descriptive situation. 2. What is the basic principle behind sound-based firefighting? A. It removes the burning material. B. It cools the fire with vibrations. C. It separates oxygen from the fuel. D. It blocks the heat with natural force. 3. What is a key feature of infrasound? A. It is silent to human ear. B. It is of high-frequency. C. It travels at a fast speed. D. It requires loud volumes. 4. What does “game” in paragraph 6 most likely mean? A. Pleased. B. Ready. C. Afraid. D. Unwilling. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文介绍了美国科技公司研发的利用次声波灭火的新技术。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“A wildfire burns in the hills of a Los Angeles suburb, leaping from one dry bush to another. As it approaches the first house, the plants around it catch fire, but the house itself stubbornly refuses to do so: any small flames along its walls quickly die out. There’s no water in sight — the flames are put out by sound waves.(一场野火在洛杉矶郊区的山丘上燃烧，它从一棵干枯的灌木丛蔓延至另一棵。当它逼近第一座房屋时，周围的植物着火了，但房屋本身却顽固地拒绝燃烧：房屋的墙壁上任何小的火苗很快就会熄灭。这里看不到水——火焰是靠声波扑灭的)”可知，文章开头描绘了洛杉矶郊区野火逼近房屋、声波灭火的具体场景，是描述性场景，故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sound waves push oxygen away from the fuel, preventing the fire getting the air it needs to continue its burning.(声波会将氧气从燃料处推开，从而阻止火势获取继续燃烧所需的空气)”可知，声波灭火的原理是声波将氧气推离燃料，切断燃烧所需的氧气，故选C。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中“The company overcame this by using infrasound — sound waves at 20 hertz (赫兹) or lower, which humans cannot hear.(该公司通过使用次声波解决了这个问题——这种声波的频率在 20 赫兹或更低，人类无法听到)”可知，人类听不见次声波，故选A。 【4题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“The company is working with two California power suppliers and plans to install fifty pilot units early in2026.(该公司正在与加利福尼亚的两家电力供应商合作，并计划在2026年初安装50个试点设备)”可知，此处指“房主和大型能源公司都愿意尝试一下”，game意为“愿意的”，故选B。 Passage 2 （2026·湖北襄阳·一模） Penguins are some of the world’s most familiar and beloved birds, but southern rockhoppers are the tough guys of the penguin world. Their fondness for colonies (聚居地) high over thousands of feet separates them from the other penguin species that prefer soft, level ground in the Falklands. One evening, I struggle to keep up with some scientists as they march through thick grass in the Falklands. They are looking for rockhoppers that have pencil-case-size black boxes taped to their backs and collecting those boxes, which contain GPS data loggers (记录仪). Some also track diving and heart-rate information. Later, in the scientists’ field station, we gather around a computer screen, analyzing the collected data, which will give us a critical read on ocean conditions, revealed by the birds’ responses. With a lifespan of 10 to 15 years, the species can withstand the occasional disaster and rebuild their population over time. But as colonies damaged by human activities struggle to recover, a string of disasters has knocked them down. Despite their bravery, rockhoppers are highly sensitive. Research by these scientists shows that even a small increase in sea temperature can affect the birds’ food supply and lower chick and adult survival. Besides, changing weather is causing unseasonably intense storms, killing chicks who haven’t yet grown their thick, waterproof feathers. However, moving to cooler water isn’t an option. The constant winds there would push the little penguins into the icy coasts of Antarctica, and there’s no land where they could build new colonies. These scientists are trying to re-establish the native grass. “It may be impossible to stop the changes sweeping their ocean habitats,” Quillfeldt, a seabird ecologist says. “But to help them on land, at the breeding (繁殖) sites, is something we can actually do.” Thinking of the young rockhopper leaping over a fearful gap, I ask the scientists: Can rockhoppers’ courage be an advantage for their survival? Quillfeldt feels it may. Curiosity and bravery can encourage seabirds to find ways to adapt. Don’t forget they’ve got attitude. 1. What is the function of the black boxes on the rockhoppers’ backs? A. To locate GPS data loggers. B. To distinguish birds’ responses. C. To analyze the survival rate. D. To record data about ocean conditions. 2. What may bring a challenge to rockhoppers’ population? A. Their lengthy lifespan. B. Their fondness for high rocks. C. Their thick waterproof feathers. D. Their sensitivity to the climate change. 3. What could be a practical way to help rockhoppers according to paragraph 4? A. Establish new colonies. B. Improve the breeding sites. C. Stop the environmental changes. D. Move to the coasts of Antarctica. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward rockhoppers’ future? A. Hopeful. B. Reserved. C. Dismissive. D. Doubtful. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了南跳岩企鹅的生存现状与保护 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some also track diving and heart-rate information. Later, in the scientists’ field station, we gather around a computer screen, analyzing the collected data, which will give us a critical read on ocean conditions, revealed by the birds’ responses.(还有一些则会追踪潜水和心率数据。随后，在科学家们的野外工作站里，我们围坐在电脑屏幕前，分析收集到的数据，这些数据将为我们提供有关海洋状况的重要信息，而这些信息是通过鸟类的反应反映出来的)”可知，黑色盒子的功能是为了记录海洋状况的数据，故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Despite their bravery, rockhoppers are highly sensitive. Research by these scientists shows that even a small increase in sea temperature can affect the birds’ food supply and lower chick and adult survival. Besides, changing weather is causing unseasonably intense storms, killing chicks who haven’t yet grown their thick, waterproof feathers.(尽管它们很勇敢，但跳岩企鹅非常敏感。这些科学家的研究表明，即使海温只是小幅上升，也会对鸟类的食物供应产生影响，并降低雏鸟和成年鸟的存活率。此外，气候变化导致的异常强风暴正在夺走尚未长出厚实防水羽毛的雏鸟的生命)”可知，跳岩企鹅对环境变化非常敏感：微小的海水升温就会影响它们的食物供应、降低存活率，反常的极端风暴也会杀死幼雏，这是它们种群面临的挑战，故选D。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中““It may be impossible to stop the changes sweeping their ocean habitats,” Quillfeldt, a seabird ecologist says. “But to help them on land, at the breeding (繁殖) sites, is something we can actually do.”(“或许无法阻止席卷它们海洋栖息地的变化，”海洋鸟类生态学家Quillfeldt说道，“但在陆地上，在繁殖地帮助它们，这是我们实际上能够做到的事情。”)”可知，可做的实际行动是改善企鹅的繁殖地点，故选B。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Curiosity and bravery can encourage seabirds to find ways to adapt. Don’t forget they’ve got attitude.(好奇心和勇气能够激励海鸟寻找适应的方法。别忘了它们还有态度)”可知，跳岩企鹅的勇气和好奇心可以鼓励它们找到适应环境的方法，故作者对它们的未来是充满希望的，故选A。 Passage 3 （2026·山东日照·一模） Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown. Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown. Watershed Investigations and the Guardian mapped cities on stressed catchments revealing that Beijing, New York, Los Angeles, and Delhi are among those facing extreme stress, while London, Bangkok and Jakarta are classed as being highly stressed. Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends. Most of the city regions in notably wetting zones are in sub-Saharan Africa, with just Tokyo and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic sitting elsewhere. Most of the urban centers in areas with the strongest drying signals are across Asia, particularly northern India and Pakistan. Now in its sixth year of drought, Tehran is critically close to “day zero” when no water will be available for its citizens, and last year the president, Masoud Pezeshkian, said the city may have to be relocated if the drought continues. Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, “By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.” Last week the UN announced the world had entered a state of serious water shortage where degradation of some resources had become irreversible (不可逆的). The World Bank Group has also been sounding the alarm. Global freshwater reserves have decreased sharply over the past 20 years, according to the group. 1. What does the author think leads to water stress? A. Heavy water pollution. B. Poor water management. C. Freezing climate. D. Large population. 2. What does NASA satellite data indicate? A. Huge water loss. B. Severe water shortage. C. Changeable rainfall. D. Uneven water distribution. 3. What is the purpose of Grace? A. To control water use. B. To increase freshwater reserves. C. To issue an alert in time. D. To slow down the drying trends. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. The falling water storage across the world. B. The problems with global water regulation. C. NASA’s efforts to track global water changes. D. Growing water risks faced by big cities worldwide. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球大城市面临日益严重的水资源风险，包括水资源紧张和分布不均的问题，并借助NASA卫星数据揭示了城市水资源的动态变化。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown.(水资源紧张意味着公共供水和工业用水接近超过可用供应，这通常是由水资源管理不善造成的，并因气候崩溃而加剧)”可知，作者认为导致水资源紧张的原因是水资源管理不善。故选B项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends.(对美国国家航空航天局卫星数据的单独分析显示，在过去20年里，最大的100个城市中哪些城市正在变干或变湿，金奈、德黑兰和郑州等城市呈现出明显的变干趋势，而东京、拉各斯和坎帕拉则呈现出明显的变湿趋势)”可知，美国国家航空航天局卫星数据表明，不同城市的水资源变化趋势不同，有的变干，有的变湿，这反映了水资源分布不均。故选D项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.(通过从太空追踪总蓄水量的变化，美国国家航空航天局的Grace项目显示了哪些城市正在变干，哪些城市正在变湿，为新出现的水安全问题提供了预警)”可知，Grace项目的目的是及时发出警报，预警水安全问题。故选C项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown.(新的分析和地图显示，全球100个最大城市中有一半正经历着高水平的水资源紧张，其中38个城市位于“水资源极度紧张”的地区)”以及后文对具体城市案例和卫星数据的分析可知，本文主要讲述了全球大城市面临的水资源风险日益增长。故选D项。 Passage 4 （2026·河南濮阳·一模） A study, published on November 6 in Science, identifies a specific biological “timer” that controls when a seed decides to “wake up” and grow, which could help protect the global food supply from the unpredictable effects of climate change. The research involved scientists from top institutes in China, Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom, focusing on seed dormancy (休眠) — a natural state of sleep that prevents seeds from sprouting (发芽) even when environmental conditions appear favorable. While this helps plants survive in the wild, it creates what researcher Wang Yucheng calls a “double-edged sword” for modern agriculture. Wang Yucheng, a professor at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau (高原) Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained that if seeds woke up too early, they might sprout while still attached to the plant before harvest. This ruins the quality of the grain and leads to more than $1 billion in losses annually. Contrarily, if the seeds stay asleep too long, they will not grow in time for the next planting season, throwing the entire farming schedule off. Using advanced DNA mapping technology, the team identified the MKK3 gene as the master regulator of seed dormancy. Christoph Dockter explained that the gene’s copy number and activity determined dormancy length — more copies shortened dormancy. The study highlighted a unique variety of qingke, found on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Qingke’s unique MKK3 activity offers a natural solution to seed dormancy in cold regions. This variety has evolved what can be described as the world’s “highest-activity mode”. Through long-term selection and breeding, qingke has developed one of the strongest MKK3 activities globally, resulting in the weakest seed dormancy and the stronger sprouting capacity. To adapt to the plateau’s extreme harvest-time cold, locals harvest immature grains and use post harvest treatments like air-drying and roasting for storage. Wang stated the discovery offered a blueprint for “designing” stress-resistant crops. With climate changing, lost or weakened ancient genetic characteristics may regain value, and future research will try to recover these characteristics to improve modern crops. 1. What is the advantage of seed dormancy? A. Help wild plants survive naturally. B. Improve grain quality effectively. C. Shorten the growth cycle of plants. D. Adjust farming schedules perfectly. 2. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning qingke? A. Its sprouting ability. B. Its massive output. C. Its unique gene activity. D. Its period of dormancy. 3. What can be inferred from the passage about future agricultural research? A. It will focus on artificial editing of the MKK3 gene. B. It may use old genetic features for climate-resistant crops. C. It will explore ancient genetic characteristics of more crops. D. It may attempt to completely remove dormancy in crops. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Sleep of Seeds: How Dormancy Costs Agriculture Billions B. Caution: Climate Change and Its Impact upon Global Food Supply C. The MKK3 Gene: A Genetic Key to Controlling Crop Growth Speed D. Designing Future Crops: How a Seed “Timer” Could Secure Our Food 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家发现控制种子休眠的生物“计时器”，有助于保障全球粮食供应。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“While this helps plants survive in the wild, it creates what researcher Wang Yucheng calls a “double-edged sword” for modern agriculture.(虽然这有助于植物在野外生存，但却给现代农业带来了研究者王玉成所说的“双刃剑”)”可知，种子休眠的优点是帮助野生植物在自然中生存。故选A。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“The study highlighted a unique variety of qingke, found on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Qingke’s unique MKK3 activity offers a natural solution to seed dormancy in cold regions. This variety has evolved what can be described as the world’s “highest-activity mode”. Through long-term selection and breeding, qingke has developed one of the strongest MKK3 activities globally, resulting in the weakest seed dormancy and the stronger sprouting capacity.(该研究重点介绍了一种在青藏高原发现的独特青稞品种。青稞独特的MKK3活性为寒冷地区的种子休眠问题提供了天然解决方案。该品种进化出了堪称世界“最高活性模式”的特性。经过长期选育，青稞拥有全球最强的MKK3活性之一，使其种子休眠性最弱、发芽能力更强)”可知，作者通过提到青稞，想要说明的是它独特的基因活性。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“With climate changing, lost or weakened ancient genetic characteristics may regain value, and future research will try to recover these characteristics to improve modern crops.(随着气候变化，丢失或减弱的古老遗传特征可能会重新获得价值，未来的研究将试图恢复这些特征以改善现代作物)”可知，未来的农业研究可能会利用古老的遗传特征来培育抗气候变化的作物。故选B。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“A study, published on November 6 in Science, identifies a specific biological “timer” that controls when a seed decides to “wake up” and grow, which could help protect the global food supply from the unpredictable effects of climate change.(11月6日发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究确定了一种特定的生物“计时器”，它控制着种子何时决定“醒来”并生长，这可能有助于保护全球粮食供应免受气候变化不可预测的影响)”可知，文章主要介绍了科学家发现控制种子休眠的生物“计时器”，有助于保障全球粮食供应，因此“Designing Future Crops: How a Seed “Timer” Could Secure Our Food(设计未来作物：种子“计时器”如何保障我们的粮食)”作为标题最合适。故选D。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 （2026·山东青州·一模） Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavour”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true. Then what exactly does the natural flavour mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavour” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavour must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavours might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavours like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reineccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavours by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavours are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours. Natural flavours may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavours created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent (易懂的) labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavours are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavours”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavours’. Buy it because you like it.” 1. Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavour” juice according to Paragraph 1？ A. It comes from 100% original fruit. B. It is nothing but advertising tricks. C. It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D. It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavours. 2. What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Popular. B. Expensive. C. Favorable. D. Innovative. 3. Why do companies use natural flavours in the products? A. To cut the costs. B. To promote the sales. C. To advocate a healthy diet. D. To avoid food safety issues. 4. What can we conclude from the text? A. Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B. Natural flavours are more environmentally friendly. C. Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D. Natural and artificial flavours are more alike than you think. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。产品中添加的人工香料和天然香料在营养成分上并没有多大区别，文章对此进行了介绍。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true.(这种成分听起来不错，尤其是与“人工香料”相比，因为人们普遍认为来自自然界的成分必然比人工合成的更安全。但事实并非如此。)”可知，关于“天然风味”果汁的误解是它绝对比添加了人工香料的果汁安全得多。故选D。 【2题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota.(据明尼苏达大学的风味化学家加里·雷内库斯称，答案归结为“可获得性、成本和可持续性”这几个方面。)”和最后一句中的“If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda(如果你打算将所有的葡萄都用于制作葡萄汽水的话)”以及“you don’t have any grapes for wine making(你就没有用于酿酒的葡萄了)”可知，此处是指产品的成本会非常高昂，exorbitant意为“昂贵的”。故选B。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing.(企业之所以倾向于使用天然香料而非人工香料，原因很简单——那就是营销策略。)”可知，公司会在产品中使用天然香料是为了促销。故选B。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句中的“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours.(消费者可能会被说服相信，带有天然口味的产品更健康，但实际上这些产品在营养成分上与带有人工口味的产品并无差异。)”可知，从文中可以推断出天然香料和人工香料其实比你想象的要更为相似。故选D。 Passage 2 （2026·山东聊城·一模） In the age of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI, we are witnessing an unprecedented transformation in how knowledge is produced, spread and consumed. LLMs, we are told, make us more efficient, simplify complex work, automate boring tasks and allow us to focus on what matters. But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection? Efficiency is not a neutral term. The current narrative around generative AI treats efficiency as progress. It suggests that the faster something is done, the better. But faster is not always better. And not everything that can be automated should be. The popular belief is that LLMs allow humans to assign repetitive work to machines and reserve their energy for more reflective tasks, but the opposite is often true. As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. So what do we really mean by “efficiency”? If it means shortening the time it takes to write a report, perhaps we have succeeded. But if it means replacing the intellectual effort that creates depth, coherence and reflection, then it’s not a gain; it’s a loss. The moment we accept LLMs as thought substitutes, rather than thought aids, we begin to worsen the very conditions under which human reasoning thrives: questioning, dialogue, uncertainty and contradiction. There is no turning back the presence of LLMs in our lives. But we can choose how to live with them. The question is not whether they will think for us, but whether we will let them define what it means to think at all. Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight. 1. What does the underlined word “eroding” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Changing. B. Improving. C. Destroying. D. Expanding. 2. What do LLMs lead to, according to paragraph 4? A. We get more reflective labor. B. We do independent thinking less. C. We engage in more repetitive tasks. D. We reduce our work efficiency indeed. 3. What does the author advocate about our using LLMs? A. Putting efficiency first. B. Reducing intellectual effort. C. Achieving more with less time. D. Increasing human engagement. 4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To describe the fast development of LLMs. B. To reflect on the negative effects of LLMs. C. To question the necessity of pursuing efficiency. D. To challenge the traditional definition of efficiency. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍大型语言模型在带来效率提升的同时，可能削弱人们独立思考与批判性思维能力，并反思其真正价值。 【1题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection?(但当我们对它们的能力感到惊讶时，一个迫切的担忧出现了：这些模型是真正提高了效率，还是eroding我们独立思考、判断和批判性反思的能力？)”可知，句中使用了选择对比结构 “genuinely boosting efficiency” 与“eroding our capacity”形成反义关系，boosting表示 “提升、增强”，与之相反的eroding应表示“逐渐损害、破坏、削弱”。故选C项。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. (随着更多的智力劳动——例如写作、总结和决策——被交给人工智能，我们自己参与其中的程度就会越低。我们不会把思考留给更高层次的任务，反而会越来越失去批判性思考的机会，甚至可能失去这种能力。)”可知，大型语言模型会导致人们独立思考减少。故选B项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight.(真正意义上的效率，不应该是用更少的思考做更多的事，而应该是用更深入的关注、更强的道德感和持续的人类洞察力把事情做得更好)”可知，作者主张使用大型语言模型时增加人类参与。故选D项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection?(但当我们对它们的能力感到惊讶时，一个迫切的担忧出现了：这些模型是真正提高了效率，还是正在削弱我们独立思考、判断和批判性反思的能力？)”可知，作者写作目的是反思大型语言模型带来的负面影响。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） In our fast-paced, stressful lives, we’re often turning to social media, online shopping, or gaming to escape daily pressures. However, the experience can often be the opposite, leaving us more exhausted. This begs the question: do we scroll because we’re stressed, or are we stressed because we scroll? To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress a and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. They recorded real-world internet usage through tracking software installed on participants’ devices. Combined with a large sample size and a lengthy observation period, the findings offer especially valuable insight into bow online habits tie in with stress. The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. When compared with participants’ self-reported stress levels from questionnaires, researchers found a strong link between internet use and increased stress, particularly among those who already experienced daily stress. Women consistently reported higher stress levels than men, while stress tended to decrease with age and wealth. Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. There are always concerns over internet life, especially increasing social media engagement, and some countries, such as Australia, banned social media for anyone under 16. The researchers hope that by gathering more detailed information about people’s internet habits, they can eventually develop concrete recommendations and tools that support healthier, more regulated online engagement. Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. And it’s really crucial to study these issues further so the chicken and egg problem can be solved. The research team plans to explore how different types of news — political, entertainment, or sports coverage — affect stress, helping further clarify the internet’s complex role in mental health. 1. Why did Belal’s team conduct their research? A. To compare job-related stress levels. B. To prove why internet use results in stress. C. To create apps to help lower stress in adults. D. To study how stress interacts with internet use. 2. What is a feature of the research method? A. Focusing on a specific age group. B. Conducting nationwide online interviews. C. Collecting large-scale real data over time. D. Using lab experiments to measure stress levels. 3. Which online activity likely causes the least stress according to the research? A. Checking emails. B. Shopping. C. Playing games. D. Chatting. 4. What does Juhi warn against? A. Judging a book by its cover. B. Sacrificing tomorrow for today. C. Painting everything with the same brush. D. Counting your chickens before they hatch. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了芬兰阿尔托大学Belal团队开展研究，通过记录参与者真实上网数据，结合问卷调查，揭示了上网习惯与压力的联系，并计划进一步探索不同类型新闻对压力的影响。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. (为了更好地理解压力和互联网使用之间的微妙关系，特别是特定的在线行为如何影响压力水平。来自芬兰阿尔托大学的Belal团队进行了首批研究之一。)”可知，Belal团队开展研究是为了探究压力与上网行为之间的微妙关系，即研究压力与上网行为是如何相互作用的。故选D项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. (这项研究发表在《医学互联网研究杂志》上，在七个月的时间里收集了约1500名成年人的互联网使用数据，包括近4700万次网页访问和1400万次应用程序会话。)”可知，该研究在较长时间内收集了大量真实数据，这是其研究方法的一个特点。故选C项。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. (不过，并非所有的在线活动都是一样的。研究发现，与查看电子邮件或阅读新闻等活动相比，花在社交媒体、网上购物和游戏平台上的时间过长与更高的压力水平有关。)”可知，查看电子邮件等活动引起的压力最小。故选A项。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. (计算机科学系助理教授Juhi Kulshrestha警告不要采取过于简单的解决方案。她认为，全面禁止使用互联网可能会忽视某些网络空间提供的情感支持。)”可知，Juhi警告不要采取过于简单、一概而论的解决方案，即不要“一概而论”。故选C项。 主题02 人与自我 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest， time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1. What can we know from paragraph 1? A. The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B. Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C. Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D. Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2. Why did the scientists create the model? A. To explain the quantum entanglement. B. To support a timeless quantum state. C. To show how time comes from entanglement. D. To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3. Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A. Hawking radiation generated time. B. There is no ideal clock in universe. C. Observing time helps to create time. D. Time existed as a river before humans. 4. What is the main purpose of the text? A. To present the history of quantum mechanics. B. To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C. To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D. To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从量子角度探讨时间的产生与方向。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. (然而，令人惊讶的是，现代物理学很难解释为什么时间会向前移动。爱因斯坦的相对论将时间描述为固定的四维时空的一部分，过去、现在和未来像书中的页面一样共存。量子力学并不自然地把时间视为特殊的——许多过程也可以逆向运行。)”可知，我们对时间的理解因物理学角度不同而有差异。故选D。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. (在2024年的一项研究中，科学家们使用纠缠的量子磁体和弹簧创建了一个模型。整个系统是静态的，然而，相对于时钟，弹簧的状态随时间而变化，这展示了时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。)”可知，科学家创建这个模型是为了展示时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. ‘You create time,’ she says, ‘when you ask what time it is.’ (更引人注目的是，Verrucci认为时间的方向可能来自量子测量。每次我们观察现实时，可能性都会坍缩成事实——这是一个单向的过程。‘当你问现在几点时，你就在创造时间，’她说。)”可知，Verrucci认为观察时间有助于创造时间。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). (1983年，科学家Page和Wootters提出了一个开创性的观点。他们提出，时间是由量子纠缠产生的幻觉。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要探讨了时间是如何从量子纠缠中产生的，因此文章的主要目的是从量子联系的角度探索时间的起源。故选B。 Passage 2 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Fifteen decades ago, Francis Galton first came up with the term “nature versus nurture”, and this debate over the factors shaping human identity has long been a central topic in human sciences. Do our genes determine our life paths, as hereditarians (遗传论者) argue? Or are we born as empty paper, shaped merely by the experiences we have in our families and the wider world? Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways. Genes do not shape our identities merely on their own within our bodies; instead, they function partly by molding the environments we choose or create. A striking finding of this research is that our environment is, in part, shaped by the genes of the people around us. Initial research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science. 1. Why did the author mention the “nature versus nurture” debate in paragraph 1? A. To emphasize the dominant role of family experiences. B. To introduce a long-standing core topic in human sciences. C. To highlight the weakness of early hereditarians’ arguments. D. To lay a contrastive foundation for a new scientific perspective. 2. What can be inferred from the example of students? A. Smoking behavior spreads mainly through direct persuasion. B. Genetic tendencies can indirectly change group behavior. C. School rules fail to control students’ genetic instincts. D. Only smokers’ friends adopt the same genetic risks. 3. What happens when environments become more diverse according to paragraph 3? A. People rely less on their genetic traits. B. Genetic differences play a smaller role. C. Genetic differences become more influential. D. Nurture becomes more important than nature. 4. What does the author mean by comparing nature and nurture to a “Möbius strip”? A. They depend entirely on physical conditions. B. They have a one-way influence on each other. C. They form a complex, continuous cycle of impact. D. They are two separate parts of human development. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍 “先天与后天” 之争，指出二者并非独立，而是紧密互动、相互塑造，环境越多样基因差异影响越大，二者如莫比乌斯环般相互依存。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways.(然而，如今有一门新的学科即将彻底改变这场争论。从这个新的视角来看，先天因素和后天培养几乎完全不可分割——基因和环境并非独立运作，而是相互密切作用，并以切实的方式影响彼此)”可知，提及“先天因素与后天因素”的争论是为一种新的科学观点奠定对比性的基础。故选D。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks.(一所高中的少数学生具有吸烟的遗传倾向，这似乎导致整个年级的吸烟率大幅上升——甚至在那些与这些学生没有直接接触的学生中也是如此——就像一种由基因驱动的“野火”在社交网络中蔓延开来)”可知，遗传倾向能够间接地影响群体行为。故选B。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups.(环境所提供的机会和信息越多——环境的多样性也就越强——那么基因变异在将我们区分为不同群体方面所起的作用也就越大)”可知，当环境变得更加多样化时，遗传差异的影响愈发显著。故选C。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science.(先天因素与后天培养并非相互独立的力量——它们就像一个莫比乌斯环，彼此不断相互环绕。这种相互依存的关系意味着它们之间的相互作用是灵活且相互关联的，这是社会基因组学的核心见解，它将遗传学和社会科学联系了起来)”可知，作者将先天因素和后天培养比作“莫比乌斯环”意在表达它们形成了一个复杂的、连续的相互影响的循环。故选C。 Passage 3 （2026·湖南师大附中·一模） Plenty of previous research has shown that interacting with nature reduces stress, but it is not clear how long and how often the engagement needs to be. A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology suggests that you don’t have to devote a full day, or even several hours to benefit from the contact with nature. MaryCarol Hunter, the study’s lead author, and her colleagues recruited 36 residents of Michigan, almost all of whom were women and white. They instructed the participants to spend 10 minutes or more, at least three times a week, in an outdoor space where they could interact with nature. In the hope of reflecting how people might realistically engage with nature as they go about their everyday lives, the researchers gave the participants permission to choose where and when they visited those outdoor spaces. The participants were also instructed to avoid accessing the Internet, taking phone calls, reading or engaging in conversations while they were there to minimize factors known to influence stress. Every two weeks the participants collected saliva (唾液) samples before and after their nature experience. The researchers used those samples to measure levels of the stress hormone cortisol (皮质醇), a body chemical known to be related to stress. The study found that the participants’ levels of cortisol dropped by an average of 21 percent after spending time in an urban green space. The effects were most pronounced when the nature experience was between 20 and 30 minutes long. Levels of the hormone dropped further when participants spent longer periods, but at a slower rate. This study was quite small, and its participants were not diverse. Furthermore, it measured only drops in biomarkers for stress instead of direct impact on specific health outcomes. Still, the study’s findings are in line with a growing body of research that supports the idea that spending time in or living near a green space can have a positive effect on health and provides the first estimates of how nature experiences impact stress levels in the context of normal daily life. 1. What does Hunter’s study focus on? A. The role of cortisol in stress reduction. B. The benefits of spending time outdoors. C. The impact of nature on physical health. D. The ideal duration in nature for stress relief. 2. Why were the participants prohibited from certain activities in outdoor spaces? A. To keep disturbing factors from affecting stress. B. To test their ability to stay offline for a long time. C. To reflect how people realistically engage with nature. D. To encourage participants to focus on physical exercise. 3. What does the underlined word “pronounced” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Direct. B. Lasting. C. Slight. D. Significant. 4. What does the author think of Hunter’s study? A. Unreliable but novel. B. Specific and influential. C. Limited but informative. D. Comprehensive and valid. 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于与自然接触对缓解压力影响的研究，包括研究目的、过程、结果以及作者对该研究的评价。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Plenty of previous research has shown that interacting with nature reduces stress, but it is not clear how long and how often the engagement needs to be.(以前的大量研究表明，与自然互动可以减轻压力，但尚不清楚这种互动需要多长时间以及多久进行一次。)”可知，Hunter的研究关注的是缓解压力的理想自然时长。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The participants were also instructed to avoid accessing the Internet, taking phone calls, reading or engaging in conversations while they were there to minimize factors known to influence stress.(参与者还被指示在户外时避免上网、接电话、阅读或交谈，以尽量减少已知会影响压力的因素。)”可知，禁止参与者在户外空间进行某些活动是为了防止干扰因素影响压力。故选A。 【3题详解】 词句猜测题。根据下文“Levels of the hormone dropped further when participants spent longer periods, but at a slower rate.(当参与者花费更长的时间时，激素水平会进一步下降，但速度较慢。)”可知，下文提到时间更长效果下降速率变慢，说明20–30分钟时效果最显著、最明显。由此可知，pronounced意为“显著的”。故选D。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“This study was quite small, and its participants were not diverse. Furthermore, it measured only drops in biomarkers for stress instead of direct impact on specific health outcomes. Still, the study’s findings are in line with a growing body of research that supports the idea that spending time in or living near a green space can have a positive effect on health and provides the first estimates of how nature experiences impact stress levels in the context of normal daily life.(这项研究规模相当小，参与者也不多样化。此外，它只测量了压力生物标志物的下降，而不是对特定健康结果的直接影响。尽管如此，这项研究的结果与越来越多的研究一致，这些研究支持这样一种观点，即花时间在绿色空间或生活在绿色空间附近可以对健康产生积极影响，并首次估算了在正常日常生活中自然体验如何影响压力水平。)”可知，作者认为Hunter的研究有限但信息丰富。故选C。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 （2026·山东滨州·一模） A reforestation revolution is being led by the innovative use of autonomous drones, a practice that balances deep respect for nature with cutting-edge technology. These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability. The core of this technology lies in the combination of AI and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing. The drones use LiDAR to scan damaged areas and measure the distance between the sensor and the ground. This system assesses key environmental factors such as soil composition, moisture levels and terrain contour, as well as potential risks like erosion and flooding. Then, onboard AI analyzes all these details carefully to precisely determine the best spots for planting native seeds. Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions. After identifying ideal areas, the drones fire the capsules into the soil, covering an area as large as a soccer field in less than an hour. The fungi in the capsules enrich the soil, attracting insects and animals that enable forests to thrive. This effect is also crucial for carbon sequestration, which is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to prevent it from warming the planet, and is an important part of the strategy against climate change. Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30 — 50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential. Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection. 1. What are the major advantages of the drone reforestation? A. High accuracy and great efficiency. B. Low expense and easy maintenance. C. Long service lifespan and consistent updates. D. All-weather adaptability and complete safety. 2. What is the main function of the fungus in the capsules? A. To protect the seeds from being damaged. B. To provide food for insects and animals. C. To enhance root growth and soil health. D. To help break the capsules into pieces. 3. How does the author present his ideas in paragraph 4? A. By analyzing reasons and stating results. B. By listing statistics and giving examples. C. By giving a definition and making a contrast. D. By making comparisons and quoting an expert. 4. What can be inferred about the technology according to the last paragraph? A. It holds great promise despite present barriers. B. It makes advances in large-scale application. C. It can easily adapt to diverse ecosystems. D. It removes restrictions to sustainability. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了利用自主无人机进行重新造林的革命性实践及其优势、技术核心、应用案例、面临的挑战和前景。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability.(这些无人机以高精度工作，在恢复受野火和大量砍伐破坏的大片森林方面特别有效。报告显示，它们种植树木的速度比传统方法最多快十倍，大大提高了可持续性)”可知，无人机重新造林的主要优势是高精度和高效率。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions.(每架无人机携带数百个可生物降解的胶囊。这些胶囊不仅含有种子，还含有营养物质和真菌，这些物质有助于根系在恶劣条件下茁壮成长)”可知，胶囊中真菌的主要功能是增强根系生长和土壤健康。故选C。 【3题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30-50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential.(在受野火袭击的熊本进行的初步试验取得了显著成功，发芽率达到80%，远高于人工方法的30%至50%。这一成功引起了国际关注：美国和英国已经在难以进入的地区采用了类似的由人工智能主导的无人机进行重新造林，显示出巨大的全球推广潜力)”可推知，作者在第四段中通过列出统计数据和举例来表达他的观点。故选B。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection.(尽管取得了成就，但挑战依然存在。扩大项目规模需要巨额投资，并可能面临空域限制等障碍。此外，这项技术需要适应不同土壤和气候的多样化生态系统。然而，这些无人机为全球可持续发展带来了光明的前景，在恢复生物多样性、修复珊瑚礁和逆转荒漠化方面具有潜在的应用价值，在全球生态保护中发挥着积极作用)”可推知，尽管存在障碍，但这项技术仍有很大的前景。故选A。 Passage 2 （2026·广东大湾区·一模） If the Amazon forest is to disappear, Altamira in Brazil is the town where that end could be foreseen. During the region’s development, a road was cut through the heart of the forest, marking an era of widespread destruction that remade the Amazon. Altamira thus became known in local media as the “champion of deforestation.” Now Brazilian officials think this expansive town can also be the site of the forest’s rebirth. This year, the government set out to test a question that until now has largely been left to researchers: If left alone, can the Amazon forest restore itself? To test this assumption, officials closed off a degraded parcel of land and leased (租赁) it to a private carbon credit company to safeguard and restore. “Some of the tasks will be done by planting trees. But most of the restoration job will be left to Mother Nature. It’s called passive restoration. This is opening a new model that may be applied across the state,” said Governor Barbalho. The search for solutions in the Amazon couldn’t be more urgent. Rates of deforestation have been dropping since the government made fighting environmental crime a priority, but the destruction hasn’t stopped. Nearly 6,300 square kilometers were lost last year, bringing the ecosystem closer to what scientists warn is a tipping point, when the Amazon is no longer able to maintain its own rainy ecosystem. Evidence of its arrival is springing up: dried riverbeds, forest fires, punishing droughts, and increased tree death. Scientists have predicted the forest could experience a broad ecological collapse by 2050, when 10 — 47% of it will be exposed to various disturbances that could activate unexpected ecosystem changes. But other research has also provided cause for hope. Despite the delicate nature of the Amazon’s ecosystem, the forest has also demonstrated a remarkable capacity for recovery. A recent study showed that roughly 72,000 square kilometers of destroyed forest are already in an advanced stage of natural recovery. 1. What do we know about Altamira from paragraph 1? A. It reshaped the Amazon area. B. It saw the rebirth of the forest. C. It benefited from the new road. D. It headed the forest destruction. 2. What is the core belief behind passive restoration? A. Nature knows the right way. B. Companies make better guardians. C. Tree-planting is a quicker fix. D. A hands-off government is the key. 3. What makes it critical to restore the Amazon rainforest? A. Deforestation rates are ever-rising. B. The rainy ecosystem has collapsed. C. A point of no return is approaching. D. Spring has brought lots of disasters. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Can Private Companies Help? B. Can Passive Restoration Last? C. Can Altamira Stop Deforestation? D. Can Amazon Avoid Disappearing? 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了巴西小镇阿尔塔米拉曾是森林破坏的“冠军”，如今政府尝试通过被动修复让亚马逊森林重生，以避免其消失。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Altamira thus became known in local media as the “champion of deforestation.”(因此，阿尔塔米拉被当地媒体称为“森林砍伐冠军”)”可知，阿尔塔米拉曾引领森林破坏。故选D。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“But most of the restoration job will be left to Mother Nature. It’s called passive restoration.(但大部分修复工作将留给大自然。这被称为被动修复)”可知，被动修复的核心信念是相信自然知道正确的修复方式。故选A。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Nearly 6,300 square kilometers were lost last year, bringing the ecosystem closer to what scientists warn is a tipping point, when the Amazon is no longer able to maintain its own rainy ecosystem.(去年损失了近6300平方公里，使生态系统更接近科学家警告的临界点，届时亚马逊将无法维持自己的雨林生态系统)”可知，亚马逊雨林恢复的关键在于避免接近无法挽回的临界点。故选C。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段“Despite the delicate nature of the Amazon’s ecosystem, the forest has also demonstrated a remarkable capacity for recovery.(尽管亚马逊生态系统很脆弱，但森林也表现出了惊人的恢复能力)”可知，文章主要探讨了亚马逊森林能否通过修复避免消失的问题，D选项“Can Amazon Avoid Disappearing?(亚马逊能否避免消失？)”适合作为标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （2026·山东济宁·一模） Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency. The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam. Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam. Scientists have been looking for a better medium to replace steam. They found this in sCO₂. CO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and can be cooled to form dry ice by reducing pressure and lowering temperature. When temperature is raised to 31°C, and pressure is increased to 7.37 MPa, CO₂ enters its supercritical state, where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In applications such as moving a turbine, this is extremely useful since the gas-like state offers less resistance while the liquid-like state provides greater push power. The power generation process works like this: The CO₂ is first pressurized into a supercritical state. Then the sCO₂ passes through a heat exchanger, absorbing heat from an external heat source, and its temperature rises to 400 — 600℃ with a substantial increase in internal energy. After that, it enters a turbine and expands rapidly, driving it to move at a high speed and transforming thermal (热的) energy into mechanical energy, which is then further turned into electrical energy for output. The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss. The success of the Chaotan One will likely start a new era in power generation, using CO₂ as a medium and bypassing the need to transform water into steam. 1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2? A. Highlight the value of steam. B. Applaud the past contributions. C. Outline the Industrial Revolution. D. State the background of a new discovery. 2. What is the biggest problem with steam power generation? A. Energy-intensive. B. Labor-demanding. C. Noise-producing. D. Money-consuming. 3. What plays a key role in the high efficiency of Chaotan One? A. The durability of turbines. B. The quick commercialization of generators. C. The easy availability of CO₂. D. The continuity of CO₂’s supercritical state. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Unpredictable Changes of CO₂ B. Polarized Views on Chaotan One C. A Pioneering sCO₂ Power Generator D. A Breakthrough in Steam Engine 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电，突破百年传统，避免相变损耗，效率大幅提升，标志发电新时代开启。 【1题详解】 推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了文章主题：“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电，这是一次科技的重大突破。第二段“The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam.(蒸汽机的发明是工业革命的开端，改变了整个世界。多年来，通过不同的设计和燃料，发动机的效率不断得到提高；然而，做功的介质始终是蒸汽)”可知，第二段主要介绍蒸汽作为动力的历史，阐述了“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电的背景信息。故选D项。 【2题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam.(寻求进一步提高发电效率的科学家们注意到，在驱动涡轮机时产生蒸汽会浪费大量能量。水需要先被加热，然后经历相变才能产生蒸汽)”可知，蒸汽发电的弊端是耗能高。Energy-intensive的意思是“高耗能的”。故选A项。 【3题详解】 推理判断题，根据第五段“The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss.(整个过程中，二氧化碳始终处于超临界状态，不存在相变损失)”可知，本段介绍了利用二氧化碳发电的全过程后指出，整个过程二氧化碳始终处于超临界状态，不存在相变损失，所以说二氧化碳超临界状态的连续性是“超坦一号”高效的关键。故选D项。 【4题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency.(超坦一号是全球首台使用超临界二氧化碳作为能源的商业发电设备，现已在中国投入运行。这一成就打破了使用蒸汽进行发电的百年传统，标志着效率有了重大提升)”并综合全文可知，本文主要介绍了超临界二氧化碳发电机技术取代了蒸汽发电，这是一个重大突破。C项意思是：一种开创性的超临界二氧化碳动力发电机，概括文章主旨。故选C项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $