内容正文:
Understanding ideas (Grammar)
Unit 4 Helping out
01
Teaching objectives
02
Review
03
Grammar
04
Vocabulary
Contents
05
Homework
01
Teaching objectives
语言能力
掌握情态动词must、may、can表推测、可能性及许可的基本用法,能准确识别语境中三者的含义差异,能结合例句归纳基础用法规则。
能运用所学情态动词完成句子填空、对话补全等练习,能围绕“助人”主题,用三者表达合理推测、请求许可或提出助人建议。
能听懂、读懂含目标情态动词的简短对话和语篇,能提取关键信息,并用目标语法知识复述语篇核心内容,提升语言运用的准确性。
思维品质
学习能力
文化意识
通过观察、分析例句,归纳情态动词的用法规律,培养逻辑思维和归纳总结能力,能区分三者表推测时的语气强弱差异。
结合“助人”情境,运用情态动词进行合理推测和判断,思考不同助人场景下的恰当表达,培养辩证思维和情境适配能力。
在小组讨论、情境练习中,主动表达观点、倾听他人意见,能对他人的表达进行简单评价和修正,培养批判性思维和合作思维。
学会运用观察归纳法、语境分析法学习语法知识,能主动梳理情态动词的用法,养成整理语法笔记、总结易错点的良好习惯。
能主动参与课堂练习、小组合作等活动,主动请教疑问,敢于尝试用目标语法表达,提升自主学习和合作探究的能力。
能结合课后练习和生活情境,自主巩固语法知识,学会利用工具书、线上资源补充学习,提升知识迁移和自主提升能力。
了解中西方文化中“助人”的共性内涵,知晓用情态动词表达请求、推测时的礼貌原则,培养跨文化交际意识。
结合单元主题,体会助人的价值与意义,培养同理心和社会责任感,树立乐于助人、关爱他人的良好品德。
尊重不同文化中助人方式的差异,学会用礼貌、恰当的英语表达助人意愿,提升跨文化沟通中的语言得体性。
教学重点
掌握情态动词must(肯定推测)、may(可能推测)、can(可能性/许可)的核心用法,能准确区分三者在语气和含义上的基础差异。
在具体语境中,正确运用目标情态动词完成填空、对话等练习,能围绕“助人”主题进行简单的口语表达和书面练习。
能从单元语篇中提取含目标情态动词的句子,归纳用法规则,并能结合语篇语境理解其具体含义。
教学难点
灵活区分may与can表可能性的差异,掌握can表推测时多用于否定句和疑问句、may多用于肯定句的用法规则,避免混淆使用。
结合具体“助人”情境,准确选择情态动词,灵活表达推测、许可或建议,确保语言表达符合语境,提升语法运用的灵活性。
避免情态动词使用中的常见错误(如后接动词三单、混淆mustn't与needn't含义),能在练习中主动发现并修正错误。
教学重难点
02
Review
Complete the sentences based on what you have learned.
He made an ________ for being late. (excuse)
I can't ________ such an expensive computer. (afford)
To my great ______________, he didn't come. (disappoint)
She is receiving medical _________ in the hospital. (treat)
He didn't _________ his problem to me. (mention)
You should speak _________ if you disagree. (direct)
We finally found a good _________ to the problem. (solve)
His ____________ look showed he failed the exam. (disappoint)
We can't afford ________ any longer. (wait)
Don't forget ___________ your idea in class. (mention)
excuse
afford
disappointment
treatment
mention
directly
solution
disappointed
to wait
to mention
Grammar Review
should 相关
should 的意思是____________,语气 ______,属于 ______动词,______人称 / 数的变化,核心是表达说话人的看法、建议、责任、道德、合理推测,______强制命令。
should 的肯定句结构:主语 + should + __________
should 的否定句结构:主语 + should not ( __________) + 动词原形
should 的一般疑问句结构:________ + 主语 + 动词原形…?
should 的特殊疑问句结构:疑问词 + should + 主语 + 动词原形…?
should 的三大核心用法:
(1)表示 ______、劝告(最常用);
(2)表示责任、义务、______(主观认为 “应该做”);
(3)表示 ____________(按道理 “应该会……”)。
应该、应当
委婉
情态
没有
不是
动词原形
shouldn't
Should
建议
道德
合理推测
Grammar Review
have to 相关
have to 的意思是 _____________,语气 ______,来源是外界规定、客观条件、别人要求,属于 __________动词结构,____人称、时态变化。
have to 一般现在时肯定句结构:主语(I/you/we/they)+ ________ + 动词原形;
主语(he/she/it)+ ______ + 动词原形。
have to 的否定句结构:___________ /_____________ + 动词原形,意思是 、(≠ mustn't 不准、禁止)。
have to 的一般疑问句结构:______ /______ + 主语 + have to + 动词原形…?
have to 的时态变化:(1)过去时:______(所有人称一致);
(2)将来时:____________。
必须、不得不
客观
实义动词
有
have to
has to
don't have to doesn't have to
Do Does
had to
will have to
Grammar Review
二者区别
核心区别:______ vs 客观
should:说话人______认为 “应该”,属于建议、看法;
have to:______规定、事实、别人要求,不得不、必须。
语气区别
should:______、商量、建议;
have to:______、客观、没办法
否定含义完全不同:
shouldn't:________(不该做,做了不对);
don't have to:______(可做可不做,不强制)。
主观
客观
主观
温和
强硬
不应该
不必
03
Grammar
Read the sentences from the reading passage and summarise the
grammar rules.
(a) Well, crayons may carry viruses and spread diseases.
(b) It can be boring to wait for X-rays and treatments.
(c) There must be something for me to do.
Now find more sentences with these structures in the reading passage.
Excuse me, may I have a purple crayon, please?
Then they must be thrown away.
Sorry, but I can't find one.
可能
可能
肯定
They can only be used once.
There must be something for me to do.
It might sound impossible.
1. 核心用法
表示能力(能、会)指具备做某事的能力、技能,是最常用用法。
例句:I can speak English. 我会说英语。
She can play the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
过去式:could,表过去的能力
例句:He could swim when he was 5. 他 5 岁时就会游泳了。
表示许可(可以)口语中用于请求 / 给予许可,语气比 may 更随意、非正式。
请求许可:Can I use your pen? 我能用一下你的笔吗?
给予许可:You can leave now. 你现在可以走了。
否定:can't(不可以、禁止)
can /could
例句:You can't smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。
表示推测(可能)用于肯定句 / 否定句,表示对现在 / 将来的推测,可能性比 may 高。
肯定句:That can be true. 那可能是真的。
否定句:He can't be at home. 他不可能在家。(表 “不可能”,语气强烈)
注意:can 表推测不用于肯定句的肯定推测(肯定推测用 must),仅用于否定 / 疑问。
表示请求:Could you help me? 你能帮我一下吗?(could 比 can 更委婉,不表过去)
表示惊讶 / 怀疑:How can you say that? 你怎么能这么说?
can /could
2. 语法结构
肯定句:主语 + can + 动词原形
例句:We can finish the work today. 我们今天就能完成这项工作。
否定句:主语 + can not (can't) + 动词原形
例句:You can't run in the hallway. 你不能在走廊里跑步。
一般疑问句:Can + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:Can you come to my party? 你能来参加我的聚会吗?
回答:Yes, I can. / No, I can't. 是的,我可以。/ 不,我不能。
特殊疑问句:疑问词 + can + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:What can I do for you? 我能为你做些什么呢?
can /could
1. 核心用法
表示许可(可以),正式、礼貌地请求 / 给予许可,语气比 can 更委婉、正式。
请求许可:May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
给予许可:You may go now. 你现在可以走了。
否定:may not(不可以),口语中常用 can't 替代
例句:You may not take photos here. 你不可以在这里拍照。
表示推测(可能),用于肯定句,表对现在 / 将来的不确定推测,可能性比 can 低,比 must 低很多。
例句:It may rain tomorrow. 明天可能会下雨。
过去式 might:表可能性更低的推测,或过去的可能
may /might
例句:She might come to the meeting. 她或许会来开会(可能性很低)。
表示祝愿,用于正式的祝愿、祝福,结构:May + 主语 + 动词原形
例句:May you be happy forever! 祝你永远幸福!
2. 语法结构
肯定句:主语 + may + 动词原形
例句:You may call me if you need help. 你可以打电话给我,如果需要帮助的话。
否定句:主语 + may not + 动词原形
例句:You may not enter the room without permission. 你未经许可不得进入该房间。
一般疑问句:May + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:May I ask you a question? 我可以问你一个问题吗?
may /might
回答:Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
(口语常用 No, you can't.)
可以,你可以问。/ 不行,你不能问。
特殊疑问句:疑问词 + may + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:Where may I find the restroom?
我可以在哪里找到洗手间?
may /might
1. 核心用法
表示必须、义务(必须),表主观上的强制、义务、命令,强调说话人的要求,语气强烈。
例句:You must finish your homework on time. 你必须按时完成作业。
We must obey the traffic rules. 我们必须遵守交通规则。
否定:mustn't(禁止、绝对不能),语气极强
例句:You mustn't play with fire. 你绝对不能玩火。
注意:表 “不必” 用 don't have to,不用 mustn't(mustn't 表禁止)
表示肯定推测(一定、肯定),用于肯定句,表对现在的100% 肯定推测,语气最强。
must
例句:The light is on, so he must be at home. 灯亮着,他一定在家。
She must be tired after a long trip. 长途旅行后她一定累了。
否定:不能用 mustn't 表 “不可能”,用 can't
例句:He can't be at home.(√)他不可能在家。
He mustn't be at home.(×,意思是 “他禁止在家”,逻辑错误)
表示偏偏、非要(表不耐烦),用于口语,表达对某人行为的不满、不耐烦。
例句:Why must you be so late? 你为什么非要这么晚?
He must interrupt me when I'm talking. 他非要在我说话的时候打断我。
2. 语法结构
肯定句:主语 + must + 动词原形
must
例句:You must wear a seatbelt in the car. 在车内你必须系好安全带。
否定句:主语 + must not (mustn't) + 动词原形
例句:You mustn't drive after drinking. 饮酒后切勿驾车。
一般疑问句:Must + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:Must I finish the work today? 我今天必须完成这项工作吗?
回答:Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.
(不能用 No, you mustn't.)
是的,你必须完成。/ 不,你不必完成。/ 不,你不必强制完成。
特殊疑问句:疑问词 + must + 主语 + 动词原形…?
例句:What must I do next? 接下来我该做什么呢?
must
易混辨析
单词 语气 适用场景 例句
can 随意、非正式 口语、熟人之间 Can I use your phone?(朋友间)
may 正式、礼貌 正式场合、对长辈 / 陌生人 May I come in, sir?(对老师 / 长辈)
表 “许可”:can vs may
表 “推测”:can vs may vs must
单词 可能性 适用句式 例句
must 100%(肯定) 仅肯定句 He must be right. 他一定是对的。
can 较高可能性 否定 / 疑问句 It can't be true. 这不可能是真的。
may 较低可能性 肯定句 It may rain. 可能会下雨。
易混辨析
单词 性质 来源 否定含义
must 主观 说话人要求、义务 mustn't 禁止
have to 客观 外界规定、客观条件 don't have to 不必
表 “必须”:must vs have to
否定形式的核心区别
否定形式 含义 例句
can't 不能;不可能 I can't swim.(不会)/ You can't smoke here.(禁止)/ He can't be at home.(不可能)
may not 不可以;可能不 You may not enter.(禁止)/ He may not come.(可能不来)
mustn't 禁止、绝对不能 You mustn't run in the hallway.
don't have to 不必、没必要 You don't have to come early.
时态与特殊用法补充
过去式变化
can → could(表过去的能力 / 委婉请求)
may → might(表过去的许可 / 更低可能性的推测)
must 无过去式,表过去的 “必须” 用 had to
例句:I had to finish the work yesterday.(我昨天必须完成工作)
情态动词的回答规则
Must I…? 回答:Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to.(绝对不能用 No, you mustn't.)
May I…? 回答:Yes, you may. / No, you may not.(口语常用 No, you can't.)
时态与特殊用法补充
Can I…? 回答:Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
情态动词 + have done(表对过去的推测)
must have done:一定做了某事(肯定推测)
例句:He must have missed the train. 他一定错过了火车。
can't have done:不可能做了某事(否定推测)
例句:She can't have left home. 她不可能已经离家了。
may/might have done:可能做了某事(不确定推测)
例句:They might have forgotten the meeting. 他们可能忘了会议。
用 can /may/must 填空
You ______ be quiet in the library.
_________ I borrow your dictionary?
I ______ play the guitar, but I ______ play the piano.
The ground is wet, so it ______ have rained last night.
You ________ run in the classroom. It's dangerous.
He ______ be at home, because the door is locked.
__________ you help me carry the box?
You ______ wear a seatbelt when you drive.
must
May/Can
can
can't
must
mustn't
can't
Can/Could
must
单项选择
1. — ______ I use your pen?
— Yes, you ______.
A. May; can B. Must; may C. Can; must
2. You ______ smoke in the hospital. It's against the rules.
A. can B. mustn't C. don't have to
3. — Must I finish the homework today?
— No, you ______.
A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't
4. The light is on, so he ______ be at home.
A. can B. may C. must
5. He ______ be at home, because I saw him in the shop just now.
A. can't B. must C. may
Complete the sentences with must, may or can.
1 You be thirsty now after the long run. Here is a bottle of water for you.
2 You didn't bring an umbrella? Take mine. It rain later.
3 Here is my notebook. You return it after the exam.
must
may
can
很有把握的推测
可能会下雨,但并不确定, may 表示可能性推测
用 can 表示允许(能力或允许的用法,不是推测)
A: That woman looks lost. She 2 need help.
B: Yes. We 3 go and ask her.
Look at the pictures and complete the dialogues with the correct form of the modal verbs.
may
Dialogue 1
A: Look at that man! It 1 be hard for him to carry all the boxes!
B: Let's give him a hand.
must
Dialogue 2
can
A: Is that Lily over there?
B: It 4 be her. She has the flu and has to stay at home.
A: That's too bad. The lesson today is really important.
B: Don't worry. We 5 share our notes with her.
Look at the pictures and complete the dialogues with the correct form of the modal verbs.
can
Dialogue 3
can't
Work in pairs. Discuss things to do to help people around you. Use the words and expressions from the reading passage and the Useful expressions to help you.
A helping hand
Who needs your help?
Why do they need help?
What can you do to help?
Useful expressions
... may find it a challenge to...
... need a helping hand.
Perhaps I can / could...
... help... get through...
There must be something for me to do, such as...
A: Who needs your help?
B: The old man who lives next door.
A: Why does he need your help?
B: He may find it a challenge to carry heavy things.
A: What can you do to help?
B: There must be something for me to do, such as helping him carry heavy things when I see him and helping him clean his house. Perhaps I can also talk with him to help him get through the lonely time.
Sample Writing
04
Vocabulary
a bottle of 一瓶(用来计量液体、颗粒状物品)
结构:a bottle of + 不可数名词 / 复数名词
常见搭配:a bottle of water 一瓶水;a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶
例句:I need a bottle of water. 我需要一瓶水。
注意事项:
of 后面如果是可数名词,通常用复数,例如:a bottle of apples 一瓶苹果,较少用 → 更常用:a bottle of juice /water(液体)
表示 “几瓶” 时,bottle 变复数,例如:two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶
不能说 a bottle of book /pen,bottle 只用于瓶装液体 / 颗粒,不用于固体物品。
类似短语拓展:a glass of… 一杯…;a can of… 一罐…;a box of… 一盒…;a bag of… 一袋…;a piece of… 一片 / 一张 / 一块…;a pair of… 一双 / 一副…
exam /ɪɡˈzæm/ n. 考试
例句:I have an English exam tomorrow. 我明天有一场英语考试。
take an exam 参加考试
例句:I will take an exam next week. 我下周要参加一场考试。
pass an exam 通过考试
例句:He passed the exam with high marks. 他高分通过了考试。
fail an exam 考试不及格
例句:She failed the math exam last term. 她上学期数学考试没及格。
prepare for an exam 备考
例句:We are busy preparing for the final exam. 我们正忙着准备期末考试。
final exam 期末考试
例句:The final exam is coming soon. 期末考试马上就要到了。
mid-term exam 期中考试
例句:When is the mid-term exam? 期中考试在什么时候?
1. examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ v. 检查;审查;考察
例句:The doctor will examine you carefully. 医生会仔细给你做检查。
2. examination /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 考试;检查(比 exam 更正式)
例句:After a medical examination, he felt relaxed. 体检之后,他感到很放松。
3. examiner /ɪɡˈzæmɪnə(r)/ n. 考官;审查员
例句:The examiner asked me three questions. 考官问了我三个问题。
4. examinee /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈniː/ n. 考生;应试者
例句:Every examinee should arrive on time. 每位考生都应准时到达。
dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɒɡ/ n. 对话
例句:They had a friendly dialogue. 他们进行了友好的对话。
make a dialogue 编对话
例句:Let's make a dialogue in pairs. 我们两人一组编对话。
have a dialogue with sb 和某人交谈 / 对话
例句:The teacher had a dialogue with the student. 老师和那个学生进行了交谈。
1. dialogic /ˌdaɪəˈlɒdʒɪk/ adj. 对话的;对话体的
例句:This is a dialogic novel. 这是一部对话体小说。
2. dialogist /daɪˈælədʒɪst/ n. 对话者;对话作者
例句:The two dialogists talked about education. 两位对话者谈论了教育。
3. dialogize /ˈdaɪəlɒɡaɪz/ v. 对话;交谈
例句:They like to dialogize on different topics. 他们喜欢就不同话题交谈。
flu /fluː/ n. 流行性感冒,流感
例句:I've got the flu. 我得了流感。
have / catch the flu 患流感;得流感
例句:She caught the flu last week. 她上周得了流感。
have a flu(较少用,更常用 have the flu)
fight the flu 对抗流感
例句:We should exercise to fight the flu. 我们应该锻炼来对抗流感。
flu 本身是名词,无动词、副词变形,相关词:
influenza /ˌɪnfluˈenzə/ n. 流感(正式用语)
例句:This is a kind of infectious influenza. 这是一种传染性流感。
flu-like adj. 类似流感的
例句:He has some flu-like symptoms. 他有一些类似流感的症状。
05
Homework
Memorize key words and phrases and complete the exercises at the end of the class.
Preview the Part of Developing ideas.
See you in the next class!
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