Unit 2 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage-【新课程学案】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册教师用书word（译林版）

本讲义聚焦高中英语定语从句复习，以“语境体悟—语法梳理—对点练习—应用融通”为学习支架，系统讲解关系代词（who/whom/whose/that/which/as）、关系副词（when/where/why）及“介词+关系代词”结构，结合Isaac Asimov生平语篇引入，构建从感知到应用的完整学习链。 该资料以语境化设计提升语言能力，如用科学家生平语篇让语法学习具象化，通过that/which用法对比等培养思维品质，分层设置高考真题与完成句子练习助力学习能力发展。课中辅助教师高效授课，课后学生可借资料回顾语法要点、强化薄弱环节，实现知识巩固与应用迁移。

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 　　　(语法项目——复习定语从句) 语境中体悟 Isaac Asimov was an American scientist and writer who wrote around 500 books①that/which included mystery stories, science and history books, and even books about Shakespeare②.But his best－known work was his science fiction stories.Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination that/which gave him the ability to explore future worlds③ and an amazing mind with which he searched for explanations of everything in the present and the past④.Asimov's life began in Russia, where he was born⑤ on 2nd January, 1920.It ended in New York on 6th April, 1992, when he died⑥ as a result of an HIV infection that/which he had got from a blood transfusion nine years earlier⑦. [语法入门] 句①是关系代词who引导的定语从句，修饰指人的先行词an American scientist and writer； 句②是关系代词that/which 引导的定语从句，修饰指物的先行词books； 句③是关系代词that/which 引导的定语从句，修饰指物的先行词an extraordinary imagination； 句④是“介词＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，修饰指物的先行词an amazing mind; 句⑤是关系副词where引导的定语从句，where在从句中作地点状语； 句⑥是关系副词when引导的定语从句，when在从句中作时间状语； 句⑦是关系代词that/which 引导的定语从句，修饰指物的先行词an HIV infection。 学案中理清 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个成分。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句(与主句之间用逗号隔开)两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词＋关系代词或关系副词＋从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。 一、关系代词的用法　 1．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 作主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 whom 人 作宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) whose (＝of whom/which) 人或物 作定语 that 人或物 作主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) which 物 作主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) as 人或物 作主语、宾语 2.只用that而不用which的情况 (1)先行词是不定代词all、 much、 little、 something、 everything、 anything、 nothing、 none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？你有什么要为自己说的吗？ (2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only、 the very (恰恰，正好)、 the last、 all、 no、 few、 little、 any等修饰时。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 (3)先行词既有人又有物时。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。 (4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。 (5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ 3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句时的3点区别 which as 位置上 只能放在主句 的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see、 hear、 know、 expect、 remember等 意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样” [对点练] (1)单句语法填空 ①(2025·全国Ⅰ卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, which originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. ②(2025·浙江1月高考)Tanya is also looking beyond special－occasion dresses to less formal clothing, which she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer－term rental period. ③(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which/that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. ④(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says　in “A Fable for Tomorrow”． ⑤(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which/that welcomes the fast－paced development of modern life, with 21st－century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. ⑥On the 1,100－kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. ⑦BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. ⑧Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社)． (2)完成句子 ⑨First, the_place_(which/that)_we've_decided_to_visit — the Forest Park is not far away from the center of the city. 首先，我们决定去参观的地方——森林公园离市中心并不远。 ⑩From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that/which_helps_us_to_seek_the_truth. 从这次的经历中我学到，质疑可以成为帮助我们寻求真理的桥梁。 ⑪This is the very book that_I_am_looking_for. 这正是我在找的那本书。 ⑫Those who_survived_the_floods could hardly believe what had happened. 那些在洪水中幸存下来的人很难相信所发生的事情。 二、关系副词的用法　 关系 副词 先行词 句法功能 转换为“介词 ＋关系代词” when 表示时间的名词： time、 day、 year等 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/ during which where 表示场所的名词： park、 place、 　　 country、 house等 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/ on which why 表示理由或原因 的名词：reason 作原因状语 ＝for which We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。 Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 |名|师|点|津|　当先行词为situation、 case、 stage、 point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系副词用where。 He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已经到需要改变的地步了。 [对点练]　(单句语法填空) ①(2025·全国Ⅱ卷)I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States.Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free－range, and central heating doesn't exist. ②(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co－existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age－old fables. ③Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. ④My life as a tax－paying employed person began in middle school, when,_for three whole days, I worked in a baking factory. ⑤Some university students carried out a campaign where they spent their whole day without cell phones. ⑥Mr Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, when he gave it to his grandson. 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句　 构成 句法功能 用法指津 名词(代词)＋ 介词＋关系代词 作主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级) ＋of＋关系代词 作主语 数词还可以被some、 many、 most、 each等不定代词替换 介词(短语)＋ 关系代词 作状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换 介词＋关系代词＋ 名词 作状语 关系代词常用which和whose 介词＋where/when 作状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在where/when前加介词from或to Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。 He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。 We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs. 我们正在寻找这本书的主人。 Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her. 莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。 There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station. 我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。 [对点练]　(单句语法填空/完成句子) ①Professor Smith, for whom work matters most, is devoted to his research work. ②Many lessons are now available online, from which students can choose for free. ③She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years. ④Reading has a lot of advantages, one_of_which_is_that_it_helps_you_develop_reading_skills.读书有很多益处，其中之一是它有助于你培养阅读技巧。 ⑤The teachers of our school, most_of_whom_are_in_their_thirties,_have devoted themselves to us. 我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们的一切都奉献给了我们。 应用中融通 Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空 1．This is the longest train that I have ever seen. 2．In the past few years, he has collected a lot of ancient coins, most of which date back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 3．Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home. 4．In 1963, the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 5．Such people as were mentioned in his book do not really exist. 6．John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members. 7．The reason why I won't be available at that time is that my grandfather fell ill suddenly yesterday and I have to stay with him that day. 8．Tom's best memory is of last year, when the club gave a dancing party for his birthday. Ⅱ.用恰当的关系词完成下面短文 There was a time ①when I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason ②why my father forced me to join in a 30－day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club, ③where I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide, ④whose teacher was a famous professor, communicated with me face to face, from ⑤which I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced me to a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities ⑥that/which/不填 we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide, ⑦who encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into ⑧which I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through ⑨which I can memorize a large number of new words.⑩As our English teacher says, “As long as you have the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.” 1．Now, when speaking to Americans, who have a preference for the direct style, I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我经常无法直奔主题。 ★preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物 |用|法|感|知| ·As far as I'm concerned, I have a preference for the interesting stories behind it. 就我而言，我更喜欢它背后有趣的故事。 ·(“亲子关系”主题佳句)The teenagers think their parents don't understand them so they prefer to talk to their friends rather than tell their parents their problems. 青少年认为他们的父母不理解自己，所以他们更喜欢和朋友交谈而不是告诉父母自己的问题。 [归纳点拨] (1)have a preference for　　　 偏爱；喜爱 in preference to 优先于 (2)prefer vt.　　　　　　　　 更喜欢 prefer (doing) sth. 更喜欢(做)某事 prefer (sb.) to do sth. 宁愿(某人)做某事 prefer (doing) sth.to (doing) sth. 喜欢(做)……胜过喜欢(做)…… 宁愿做……而不愿意做…… |应|用|融|会| (1)单句语法填空 ①Preference (prefer) will be given to graduates of this university. ②I usually choose Chinese food in preference to Western food. ③Having been exposed to abstract art too often, he gradually developed a preference for it. (2)一句多译 简是一个文静的女孩，她宁愿待在图书馆也不愿去看电影。 ④Jane is a quiet girl, who_prefers_to_stay_in_the_library_rather_than_go_to_see_a_movie. (prefer to ...rather than ...) ⑤ Jane is a quiet girl, who_would_rather_stay_in_the_library_than_go_to_see_a_movie. (would rather ...than ...) ⑥Jane is a quiet girl, who_prefers_staying_in_the_library_to_going_to_see_a_movie. (prefer ...to ...) 2．Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others ... 那些触犯了别人的忌讳的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害别人…… ★embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 |用|法|感|知| ·(“心理描写”佳句)When it was his turn to deliver his speech, he walked towards the microphone, nervous and embarrassed.当轮到他发表演讲时，他走到了麦克风前，既紧张又窘迫。 ·(“心理描写”佳句)He felt as if the whole world was watching him, and he could not hide his embarrassment.他觉得整个世界都在看着他，他无法掩饰他的窘迫。 [归纳点拨] (1)be embarrassed at/about　 对……感到为难/尴尬 embarrassing adj. 令人困窘的 (2)embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬；使为难 It embarrasses/embarrassed sb.to do sth. 做某事使某人窘迫 (3)embarrassment n. 困窘，难堪 to one's embarrassment 令某人感到困窘的是 |应|用|融|会| (1)单句语法填空 ①One day, this approach threw me into embarrassment (embarrass)． ②The more embarrassing (embarrass) or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. ③He was embarrassed at/about being the centre of attention. ④He told a rather rude joke, and everyone present looked embarrassed (embarrass)． (2)完成句子 ⑤It_embarrassed_me_to_meet the young man again, for I had misunderstood him. 再次见到这个年轻人让我感到尴尬，因为我曾误会过他。 ⑥Much_to_her_embarrassment,_she realized that everyone was staring at her.令她感到非常困窘的是，她意识到大家都在盯着她看。 ★intention n．意图，计划 |用|法|感|知| ·(2023·浙江1月高考写作)Last weekend, I took part in an event with an intention of learning more about daily biology. 上周末，我参加了一个活动，目的是学习更多关于日常生物学的知识。 ·(“活动介绍”佳句)The campaign is intended to educate the public to protect the environment. 这项活动旨在教育公众保护环境。 ·(“邀请”类佳句)A wide variety of activities which are intended for international students are going to be held in our school. 面向国际学生，我们学校将举办各种丰富多彩的活动。 [归纳点拨] (1)have no intention of doing sth. 没有做某事的打算；无意做某事 with the intention of　　 怀着……的意图 with good intention 好意地；好心 without intention 无意地；非故意地 by intention 故意 (2)intend vi.& vt. 打算；计划；想要 intend to do/doing sth. 打算做某事 had intended to do sth.＝intended to have done sth. 本来打算做某事 intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 intend sth.for ... 为……准备某物 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/句型转换) ①Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention (intend) clear. ②The activity is intended to_expose (expose) students to a wide range of English reading materials. ③They had intended to go into the country for the day, but were put off by the traffic jams. →They intended_to_have_gone into the country for the day, but were put off by the traffic jams. 3．This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”． 这是因为在中文中，与“umbrella (伞)”对应的词的发音和另一个表示“分离”的词(散)的发音很像。 ★correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信 |用|法|感|知| ·We have too many high－sounding words, and too few actions that correspond to/with them. 我们夸夸其谈的话太多，与之对应的行动却太少。 ·(写作增分句)What we say should be in correspondence with what we do. 我们应该言行一致。 [归纳点拨] (1)correspond with/to ... 与……一致/相符/相类似 correspond with sb. 与某人通信 (2)correspondence n. 通信；一致，符合 in correspondence with ... 与……通信；和……一致 hold/keep up correspondence with (sb.) 与(某人)保持通信联系 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/完成句子) ①The reality does not always correspond to/with one's expectations. ②I want to figure out why his answer to the question is not in correspondence (correspond) with mine. ③I_have_corresponded_with_him_for_some_years,_but I have never met him in the flesh.(correspond) 我已和他通信联系好几年了，但一直未与他本人见过面。 4．Some behaviour that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 一些以前不被容忍的行为现在也可能被接受。 ★tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受 |用|法|感|知| ·A true friend is one who overlooks your failures and tolerates your shortcomings. 真正的朋友是宽容你的失败并容忍你的缺点的人。 ·Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a tolerant smile and let him go. 她没有责怪那个打碎了花瓶的孩子，而是给了他一个宽容的微笑，并让他走了。 归纳点拨 (1)tolerate (doing) sth.　容忍/容许(做)某事 (2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；宽容的 be tolerant of ...对……宽容；容忍…… (3)tolerance n. 容忍 show tolerance towards sb. 　　容忍某人 联想发散 表示“容忍，忍受”的单词或短语还有：bear、 stand、 put up with等。 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/完成句子) ①I couldn't tolerate being_interrupted (interrupt) when I was editing my book. ②We must learn to be tolerant of different cultures especially when we live in a multi－cultural society. ③As a teacher, you need to show tolerance towards your students' carelessness in study. ④I can't tolerate/stand/bear/put_up_with_being_laughed_at in public. 我不能容忍在公共场合被嘲笑。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $