专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用） Passage 1 1．Directions: Reading the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage with no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Giving Money to Families with Kids Can Relieve Child Poverty Nearly 1 in 5 American children is officially poor. That’s roughly 15 million kids. But the number living with a significant deprivation——insufficient food, seriously overcrowded housing or a lack of access to medical care due to cost-is actually much higher. According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. A mountain of evidence now shows that poverty can lead to cognitive (认知的) and emotional damage in children. Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. A growing number of academics believe there is a solution: the government should give monthly cash allowances, without conditions, to every family with kids. When Michael Harrington’s classic book, The Other America, called attention to America’s general poverty rate of about 25% in 1962, Washington developed social programs that brought the rate down sharply. Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough: 1 in 3 children does not receive the full benefits of these programs because their parents do not qualify for them. A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. Money can buy food, heat, coats, eye-glasses and regular doctors’ visits, including transportation, and help pay for childcare. It can also help reduce family stress and help parents provide a psychologically nourishing environment for learning and social development. Studies demonstrate children’s improved educational performance when families are simply given more money. For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. Such a policy would be a humane, practical, efficient victory for a nation too willing to neglect its poor. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore. Government have made policies to relieve child poverty, which is not enough due to some reasons. Given more money, families in poverty can improve their standard of living and provide them with education. It is only a little money that can make a big difference. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，最新的研究表明，在美国超过30%的儿童生活在严重贫困中。政府需要进一步采取措施，许多学者认为给有孩子的家庭发放补贴可以缓解儿童贫困。 【详解】1 要点摘录①According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. ②Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. ③Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough. ④A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. ⑤For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. 2.缜密构思将1、2点一起整合，然后将其余3点分别概括。 3.遣词造句 The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore. Government have made policies to relieve child poverty, which is not enough due to some reasons. Given more money, families in poverty can improve their standard of living and provide them with education. It is only a little money that can make a big difference. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The latest studies show that more than 30%of children live with a significant deprivation, which is too bad to ignore.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句非常高级。 [高分句型2]：It is only a little money that can make a big difference.用强调句对最后一段进行了概括，表达比较高级。 Passage 2 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Smartphones? France has not allowed smartphone use in primary or secondary schools since 2018, claiming that it would help children focus, reduce their social-media use and alleviate online bullying. The key question is whether banning smartphones in schools offers any benefits to mental health. A recent study, led by Amy Orben at the University of Cambridge, asked 17, 409 people between the ages of 10 and 21 how satisfied they were with their lives and how much they used social media. The findings, reported in 2024 in Nature Communications, show that girls who increased their social media use over the course of a year were significantly less satisfied with their lives if the increase took place when they were between 11 and 13. Boys showed the same trend when increases took place when they were 14 or 15 years old. How much of this will change by banning phones in schools is unclear. In a paper published in the Lancet in February, Victoria Goodyear at the University of Birmingham compared the mental well-being of students in schools that implemented restrictive smartphone policies with those with relaxed policies. Her results show that, though those who spent more time on a smartphone overall have a decline in mental well-being, there was no difference between the two groups. She and her colleagues argue that setting up policies at schools alone is simply not enough. Researchers are trying to paint a complete picture with both hands tied behind their back. According to Dr Orben, social-media companies routinely refuse to give independent researchers access to detailed data on the behaviour of their users. This forces researchers to rely on less accurate proxy measures, like overall screen time. It means that children playing educational games are being put in the same analytical bin as children who are on social media. A more nuanced(细致的) picture of the effects of smartphones needs to be drawn. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage mainly explores whether banning smartphones in schools benefits students' mental health. It presents studies showing that increased social media use correlates with lower life satisfaction in certain age groups, but notes that school policies alone may not suffice, and highlights the challenge of researching this issue due to data limitations. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要探讨了学校禁止使用智能手机是否对学生的心理健康有益。 【详解】1要点摘录 ①France has not allowed smartphone use in primary or secondary schools since 2018, claiming that it would help children focus, reduce their social-media use and alleviate online bullying. The key question is whether banning smartphones in schools offers any benefits to mental health. ②A recent study...show that girls who increased their social media use over the course of a year were significantly less satisfied with their lives if the increase took place when they were between 11 and 13. Boys showed the same trend when increases took place when they were 14 or 15 years old. ③In a paper published in the Lancet in February...Her results show that, though those who spent more time on a smartphone overall have a decline in mental well-being, there was no difference between the two groups. She and her colleagues argue that setting up policies at schools alone is simply not enough. ④Researchers are trying to paint a complete picture with both hands tied behind their back...A more nuanced(细致的) picture of the effects of smartphones needs to be drawn. 2.缜密构思 将第①点作为总起句，概括文章主要探讨的内容；将第②、③点进行整合，说明研究发现；第④点作为总结，强调研究的挑战性。 3.遣词造句 The passage mainly explores whether banning smartphones in schools benefits students' mental health. It presents studies showing that increased social media use correlates with lower life satisfaction in certain age groups, but notes that school policies alone may not suffice, and highlights the challenge of researching this issue due to data limitations. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage mainly explores whether banning smartphones in schools benefits students' mental health. （使用了whether引导的宾语从句作为文章的总起句） [高分句型2] It presents studies showing that increased social media use correlates with lower life satisfaction in certain age groups, but notes that school policies alone may not suffice, and highlights the challenge of researching this issue due to data limitations.（使用了现在分词showing作后置定语以及that引导的宾语从句对第2,3,4要点进行了总结概括） Passage 3 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Develop Healthy Digital Habits In today’s digital world, teenagers spend increasing amounts of time on screens, which can negatively impact their physical and mental health. Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Experts recommend taking regular breaks using the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Turning off notifications during study time helps maintain concentration. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Following educational or inspirational accounts rather than those promoting unrealistic standards can boost mental well-being. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. Open discussions about responsible technology use, cyberbullying prevention, and critical thinking about online information should be encouraged. Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into their curriculum to help students navigate the online world safely. By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. Healthy digital habits formed during school years will serve students well throughout their lives in our increasingly connected world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers. Key strategies include setting screen time limits, creating screen-free zones, choosing positive online content, and balancing online activities with offline ones. Parents and schools should promote digital wellness through education and open discussions. These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章论述了培养青少年健康数字习惯的重要性。关键策略包括设定屏幕使用时间限制、创建无屏幕区域、选择积极的网络内容以及平衡线上活动与线下活动。家长和学校应当通过教育和开放的交流来促进数字健康。这些习惯有助于青少年安全地使用技术，同时保持身心健康。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. ②The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. ③Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. ④By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers. Key strategies include setting screen time limits, creating screen-free zones, choosing positive online content, and balancing online activities with offline ones. Parents and schools should promote digital wellness through education and open discussions. These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health. 【点睛】[高分句型1] The passage discusses the importance of developing healthy digital habits for teenagers.运用动名词作宾语原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] These habits help teens enjoy technology safely while maintaining physical and mental health.运用了状语从句的省略对最后一段进行了概括。 Passage 4 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. From vacation to work: Tips for a seamless work transition Returning to work after a vacation can feel like a daunting task. Whether you’ve spent a week exploring Paris or enjoyed a relaxing staycation, transitioning back to your daily routine may seem overwhelming. Experiencing the back-to-work blues is entirely normal. From struggling to focus to feeling slightly down, the following tips can help you ease back into your routine and regain momentum: The day before returning to work, take some time to prepare for a smooth first day. Avoid scheduling morning meetings to allow yourself ample time to catch up on pending tasks. Identify key priorities and set time limits for each task in your calendar. To ensure you start your day energized, get a good night’s sleep. Additionally, consider arriving at the office early to organize your workspace and set a positive tone for the day. Another habit to consider is minimizing distractions, particularly from your phone. To stay focused, mute notifications, block distracting apps, or keep your phone in a separate room or drawer while working. To avoid feeling overwhelmed, focus on addressing the most urgent and important tasks first. Not every email requires an immediate response-tackle those that demand immediate attention and address the rest later. Instead of isolating yourself, connect with coworkers to lift your spirits and stay engaged. Social interactions at work can enhance your mood and even improve your health. Use your first week back to catch up with colleagues over lunch or coffee. Sharing vacation stories not only strengthens workplace relationships but might also inspire ideas for your next getaway. Adjusting after a vacation takes time, so be patient with yourself. Remember that feeling out of sync is temporary, and you’ll soon regain your rhythm. Celebrate small progress and recognize that even a slow start can lead to significant achievements. Returning to work after a vacation might initially feel challenging, but with thoughtful preparation and positive habits, you can turn the experience into an opportunity for growth. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There are some tips for an easy transition from vacation to work. First, get prepared for a smooth beginning by getting your priorities straight. Second, minimize distraction from your phone and address the most urgent emails only. Moreover, interact with colleagues to enhance your mood and improve relationships. Overall, be patient with yourself during the transition. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说从假期回到工作状态，有一些简单易行的过渡方法。首先，要明确自己的优先事项，为顺利开启工作做好准备。其次，减少手机带来的干扰，只处理最紧急的邮件。此外，与同事交流互动，以改善心情并增进关系。总的来说，在过渡期间要对自己有耐心。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①From struggling to focus to feeling slightly down, the following tips can help you ease back into your routine and regain momentum ②Identify key priorities and set time limits for each task in your calendar. ③Another habit to consider is minimizing distractions, particularly from your phone. To avoid feeling overwhelmed, focus on addressing the most urgent and important tasks first. ④Instead of isolating yourself, connect with coworkers to lift your spirits and stay engaged. ⑤Adjusting after a vacation takes time, so be patient with yourself. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4、5四个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 There are some tips for an easy transition from vacation to work. First, get prepared for a smooth beginning by getting your priorities straight. Second, minimize distraction from your phone and address the most urgent emails only. Moreover, interact with colleagues to enhance your mood and improve relationships. Overall, be patient with yourself during the transition. 【点睛】[高分句型1] First, get prepared for a smooth beginning by getting your priorities straight.运用动名词作宾语对原文第二段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Moreover, interact with colleagues to enhance your mood and improve relationships.用不定式作目的状语对第三段进行了概括。 Passage 5 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Endangered Species An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. Extinction happens when the last of the species has died out and there will be no more. Many species are nearly extinct and could disappear off the face of the earth very soon if we don’t do anything to save them. There are many reasons why-species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. When humans move into a new area, the animals’ habitat is destroyed and there is nothing to eat because humans chop down trees and build houses and farms. Animal habitats are also destroyed because of pollution. Chemicals in rivers and poisons on farms cause the destruction of habitats and animals can no longer live there. Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. Animals are killed for their fur, bones or skin, or just for sport (消遣). Some seal species are now on the verge of extinction because they are killed for their fur to make coats. Tigers are shot to make medicine and tea from their bones, and crocodiles are caught to make bags and shoes. Overfishing means that large sea creatures like whales, tuna and sharks have all become endangered species, because too many are caught to make things like shark’s fin soup. So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? We should take care not to pollute natural areas, and farmers or companies who destroy animal habitats should face a financial penalty (处罚). Governments can help, too, by making it against the law to hunt, fish or trade in endangered species. If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species which are mainly caused by humans. The main reason is habitat destruction caused by humans moving into new areas and pollution. Another reason is hunting and fishing for animals’ fur, bones or skin, and sometimes sport. Individuals and governments should cooperate to protect habitat and ban hunting and fishing. (58 words) 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了濒危物种的概念，阐述了物种濒危主要是由人类活动导致，如栖息地破坏、捕猎和过度捕捞，最后提出个人和政府应合作保护濒危物种。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. ②There are many reasons why species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. ③Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. ④Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. ⑤So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? ⑥If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点提炼出濒危物种的定义；将第2、3、4三个要点整合说明物种濒危的原因；将第5、6两个要点整合提出个人和政府应合作保护濒危物种。 3. 遣词造句 Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species. The endangerment of species is mainly caused by humans, including habitat destruction and hunting and fishing. Individuals and governments should cooperate to protect endangered species. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Animals soon to be extinct are called endangered species which are mainly caused by humans. (运用了关系代词which引导限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Another reason is hunting and fishing for animals’ fur, bones or skin, and sometimes sport. (运用了动名词短语作表语) Passage 6 6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Functions of a Speech The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection. Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh. Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. First, speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Second, not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. What’s more, a mourning speech can be comforting. On a personal level, it is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a speech. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以“演讲的功能”为题，主要介绍了演讲的说服或激励功能，以及告知、赞美、娱乐，和简单地介绍某人或某事以及接受某事的功能。 【详解】1 要点摘录①The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. ②Persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. ③A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. ④A speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. ⑤A personal speech will be needed to move people or make them laugh. 2.缜密构思 将1、4、5要点进行简化重组,2、3要点合并。 3.遣词造句 On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions. Not only do informative speeches convey knowledge but also enhance understanding. A mourning speech can be comforting. It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech. 【点睛】[高分句型1] On no account can we ignore the power of the speech. 运用了部分倒装且概括性强。 [高分句型2]：Speeches play a very important role in persuading or inspiring by encouraging firmer action and challenging the emotions.用by + doing sth.作方式状语。 [高分句型3]：It is highly recommended that you amuse others and cheer them up with a personal speech.用一个复杂的主从复合句概括倒数第二段内容。其中that引导主语从句、且从句中运用了虚拟语气。 Passage 1 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Cosmetic Surgeries Get Extreme Everyone goes through it: poking at the eye bags and the loose skin in the mirror. It’s part of the human condition to fear ageing, but among the 20 and 30 something, there seems to be a heightened anxiety around growing older, coupled with an increasingly casual attitude towards getting Botox (肉毒素，用于除皱）compared with previous generations. In 2022, 27% of US patients receiving Botox were 34 or younger, compared with 21% in 2015, according to the American Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery. The idea is to stop wrinkles before they start. So why are we so desperate to pretend we’re not growing older? For my generation, being perpetually online and scrolling through the lives of others must be a factor. It keeps us locked into a constant state of comparison. And in a time of economic uncertainty, millennials and gen Z are also unable to tick off traditional checkpoints of adulthood, so the idea that many alter their appearance to turn back the clock makes perfect sense to me. For women, our looks are aesthetic capital after all--and being beautiful can unlock social and professional success. But these treatments often don’t come with warnings; it’s up to the consumer to research potential pitfalls (陷阱). Botched (粗制滥造的)cosmetic procedures among young people are on the rise, with too many treatments taking place in unregulated beauty salons and carried out by unqualified practitioners. Last month, three women in the US contracted HIV from a cosmetic procedures intended for the skin, when an unlicensed New Mexico medical clinic reused needles that should have been disposed of, which caused understandable alarm worldwide. One friend who loves Botox said to me recently: “I can’t stay 28 for ever, but the aim is to look 28 forever.” I’m trying to reject the message that it’s wrong for women to look their true age. It can be hard to tune out the noise, but the alternative may mean a future damaged by self-doubt, expensive treatments or even regret. I think I’ll stick with the eye bags. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There is a growing trend for young people to fear getting old and take cosmetic surgeries casually. There are several reasons, including constant comparison with others online, refusing to accept adulthood, and better job and life prospects ensured by beauty. However, some surgeries of low quality will do irreversible damage. Therefore, the author chooses to keep her true looks. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。年轻人害怕变老，随便做整容手术的趋势越来越明显。原因有几个，包括经常在网上和别人比较，拒绝接受成年，以及美貌能保证更好的工作和生活前景。然而，一些低质量的手术会造成不可逆的损伤。因此，作者选择保持她的真实面貌。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①In 2022, 27% of US patients receiving Botox were 34 or younger, compared with 21% in 2015, according to the American Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery. The idea is to stop wrinkles before they start. ②For my generation, being perpetually online and scrolling through the lives of others must be a factor. It keeps us locked into a constant state of comparison. ③And in a time of economic uncertainty, millennials and gen Z are also unable to tick off traditional checkpoints of adulthood, so the idea that many alter their appearance to turn back the clock makes perfect sense to me. ④For women, our looks are aesthetic capital after all--and being beautiful can unlock social and professional success. ⑤Botched (粗制滥造的) cosmetic procedures among young people are on the rise, with too many treatments taking place in unregulated beauty salons and carried out by unqualified practitioners. Last month, three women in the US contracted HIV from a cosmetic procedures intended for the skin, when an unlicensed New Mexico medical clinic reused needles that should have been disposed of, which caused understandable alarm worldwide. ⑥It can be hard to tune out the noise, but the alternative may mean a future damaged by self-doubt, expensive treatments or even regret. I think I’ll stick with the eye bags. 2. 缜密构思 将第①要点作为引入，第②、第③、第④、⑤要点整合。总结第⑥要点 3. 遣词造句 ①There is a growing trend that young people fear getting old and take cosmetic surgeries casually. ②There are several reasons, which include constant comparison with others online, refusing to accept adulthood, and better job and life prospects ensured by beauty. ③Nevertheless, some surgeries of low quality will do irreversible damage. ④Consequently, the author chooses to keep her true looks. 【点睛】[高分句型1] There are several reasons, including constant comparison with others online, refusing to accept adulthood, and better job and life prospects ensured by beauty. （运用过去分词作定语） [高分句型2] There is a growing trend for young people to fear getting old and take cosmetic surgeries casually. （运用了there be句型） Passage 2 2．概要写作 Fed up with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic devices? The solution may be just a few steps away. “Energy harvesting” promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your body’s movement or heat. Dozens of companies around the world already offer such products, but many experts believe the market for the technology could explode due to electronic devices being developed for the Internet of Things. “It’s huge,” said Graham Martin, CEO of the EnOcean Alliance, a San Ramon-based group of businesses that promotes wireless energy-harvesting technologies. With the Internet of Things expected to combine billions of devices, “if they are all battery-powered, we’ll have a problem because there’s not enough lithium (锂) in the world,” he added. “So a lot of them will have to use energy harvesting.” Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power. When certain materials are squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge. Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding themselves when their user moves their arm. Now, the concept is being considered for a number of other devices. In a contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable technologies, Intel awarded $5,000 for a concept to change the temperature difference between a person’s body and a special piece of clothing they’d wear into electricity for mobile devices. Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation. Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips (芯片) that create electricity from ultrasound (超声波) to power implantable (可植入的) devices that can analyze a person’s nervous system or treat their diseases. A textile research association in Spain is proposing to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors sewn into clothes, which can monitor a person’s heartbeat or other vital signs. Research firm ID Tech Ex has estimated that annual global sales of energy-harvesting products could hit $2.6 billion by 2024, while Winter Green Research predicts sales of $4.2 billion by 2019. Obtaining stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For one thing, the motion that generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount of power the devices produce depends on the person using them, according to a Columbia University study. It determined that taller people on average provide about 20 percent more power than shorter ones when walking, running or cycling. It’s also unclear how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products. While such devices are expected to cost less than battery-powered alternatives when compared over many years, experts say, people may continue buying ones with batteries merely because those would be cheaper in the short term.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices. Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound and radio waves. However, the complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers’ preference for conventional battery-powered devices are the two obstacles facing EH. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了能量收集技术应运而生，并介绍了常见的三种能量来源媒介，尽管该技术前景巨大，但保持能量稳定的复杂性和消费者对该种产品偏好的不确定性是两个不容忽视的障碍。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①“Energy harvesting” promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your body’s movement or heat. ②Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power. ③Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation. ④A textile research association in Spain is proposing to obtain electricity from radio waves. ⑤Obtaining stable energy from devices can be complex, however. ⑥It’s also unclear how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products. 2.缜密构思 将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced as a promising way to charge batteries. Three forms of retrieving electricity involve body power, sound and radio waves. The complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers’ preference for conventional battery-powered devices are two obstacles. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices.(运用了被动语态，动词不定式作后置定语等，对前三段内容进行了简明扼要地概括) [高分句型2]Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound and radio waves.(运用了过去分词作后置定语，动名词作宾语等，对第四段——第七段的内容进行了整合概括) Passage 3 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. 【答案】Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children’s persistence. 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，坚持，即在困难中不断尝试的能力，有助于孩子们未来的成功。要培养毅力，家长可以做毅力的榜样，不断向孩子展示自己在困难中不断努力，表扬孩子比平时更努力，和孩子一起做一个需要时间和努力的有趣的活动，创造机会，逐渐鼓励孩子的毅力。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①As parents, we need to help children build towards future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. ②The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. ③When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. ④That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children's future success. To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties, praise children for trying harder than usual, and create opportunities by doing with kids together a fun activity needing time and efforts, gradually encouraging children's persistence. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Persistence, the capability to keep making attempts in difficulty, contributes to children’s future success.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第一段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] To help cultivate it, parents can act as models of persistence by constantly showing children their continuous efforts despite difficulties…用不定式作目的状语对第三段进行了概括。 Passage 4 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Decision fatigue Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. Psychologists have found that, even though we generally like having choices, having to make too many decisions in a short amount of time may lead us to make decisions that are less than ideal. Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. In one research paper, psychologists looked at the consequences of being given either many or few choices of jams. The researchers found that participants who had seen the display with more choices were much less likely to actually buy a jar of jam, compared to participants who saw the more limited display—suggesting that having too many choices may not be a good thing for consumers. While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. The principle here is to limit how much of our day is spent making choices that aren’t personally important to us. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. 【答案】When you have to make a lot of choices, you’ll suffer from decision fatigue. Contrary to people’s common knowledge, facing too many choices can lead to poor decisions. However, decision fatigue usually happens just when we have to make too many difficult decisions. To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. (54 words) 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍说，人们会对要做很多的决定而感到疲劳，所以，要避免这样的情况发生，我们应该使决定成流线型并且提前做决定。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. ②Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. ③While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. ④Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. ⑤But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 When you have to make a lot of choices, you’ll suffer from decision fatigue. Contrary to people’s common knowledge, facing too many choices can lead to poor decisions. However, decision fatigue usually happens just when we have to make too many difficult decisions. To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices.运用一个主从复合句把第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中when引导的时间状语从句表达高级。 【高分句型2】To avoid it, streamlining choices and making earlier decisions are recommended. 运用了不定式作目的状语概括了第四段内容。 Passage 5 5．Summary How to deal with Whiners (抱怨不停的人)? There are always some people radiating negativity in the work place. For them, the temperature is never right, the boss is always a fool, the canteen food is awful, and they are always treated unfairly. Career experts say such habitual complainers are highly contagious and that their attitude can easily affect an entire team in a company. “While some complaints might be reasonable, others are taken from thin air. You need to see between these different types and adopt the right strategy towards each,” said Li Ling, HR manager at Wal-Mart (China). It’s especially hard to deal with complaints at work because you can’t just walk away or put your colleagues’ words out of mind. If you do, it will hurt your co-workers and you might be isolated. In a team-based company you belong to a group and need to behave accordingly. But don’t show too much sympathy. Listening passively to others’ complaints could damage your image and give others the impression that you agree with them. “Listen to the whiners actively,” says HR Li. “Help them find a solution, or see if there are ways to improve the situation.” Zhai Min, 24, a software engineer at Kingdee International Software Group in Shenzhen, found that 3 elderly workers liked to complain about everything, from extended working hours to cheap hotels on business trips. “I let them talk about their opinions,” she said, “They feel better when they can tell someone how they want things to be.” But listening actively is far from enough. Wang Dianxue, 27, is an Internet engineer at Beijing Push Marcom Group. His co-workers always complain that their computer systems are not working properly. “I ask about the specifics and work together with them to fix everything technically.” he said. HR managers believe that when staffs complain, it is more a matter of recognition than an actual problem. “The real problem is that the whiners don’t feel they are being taken seriously,” said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. “When you attentively give them advice or perspectives, the problem usually disappears.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 There are several ways to deal with whiners at workplace. First, listen to the whiners actively, help them find a solution or see if there are ways to improve the situation. Second, ask about the specifics and work together with them to fix the problems. Third, make the whiners feel they are taken seriously. (54 words) 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何应对工作场所的抱怨者。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①You need to see between these different types and  adopt the right strategy towards each ②“Listen to the whiners actively,” says HR Li. “Help them find a solution, or see if there are ways to improve the situation.” ③I ask about the specifics and work together with them to fix everything technically. ④“The real problem is that the whiners don’t feel they are being taken seriously,” said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. “When you attentively give them advice or perspectives, the problem usually disappears.” 2.缜密构思 将第1要点进行简化转换，使用祈使句及条件状语从句将第2要点进行整合，使用祈使句将第3、4两个要点进行简化。 3.遣词造句 There are several ways to deal with whiners at workplace. First, listen to the whiners actively, help them find a solution or see if there are ways to improve the situation. Second, ask about the specifics and work together with them to fix the problems. Third, make the whiners feel they are taken seriously. 【点睛】[高分句型1] There are several ways to deal with whiners at workplace.运用There be句型对原文第一段和第二段进行了概括。其中动词不定式作后置定语表达高级。 [高分句型2] First, listen to the whiners actively, help them find a solution or see if there are ways to improve the situation.用祈使句及条件状语从句将第2要点进行整合概括，表达非常高级。 [高分句型3] Third, make the whiners feel they are taken seriously.用make复合结构及省略that的宾语从句概括了最后一段内容，用法比较高级。 Passage 6 6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. It is a common sight on campus or in the streets: a young person rides by on an electric scooter, traveling quickly and proudly. But Beijing’s traffic authorities have said that starting on Sept.5, people who are caught riding electric scooters on public roads or bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will also be given a warning not to use the vehicles on public roads again. The announcement was made after traffic police in Shanghai started a campaign to get electric scooters off public roads, with police officers stopping riders because the scooters could cause traffic problems. The Beijing Consumer Association said it had tested more than 20 electric scooters of different brands recently and found that most had substandard brakes. It added that 16 of the tested scooters could go faster than the maximum 20 km per hour set for electric bikes. According to the traffic police, people who ride electric scooters at certain speeds can easily bump into the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt people who walk in the bicycle lanes. But seeing the benefits that electric scooters have brought to young people, experts are worried that the ban may take effect slowly. Electric scooters are a great answer to the ‘last mile problem’ of getting from a public transport station to one’s home. They’re light enough to throw over your shoulder. They’re easy to ride just about anywhere and don’t need a lot of physical effort. The scooter can travel 25 km on one charge. It’s convenient and easy to control. They are also good for environment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scooters produce no carbon dioxide, need no fuel and make almost no noise. For many young people, they use them to copy cool celebrities they have seen in videos. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】People riding an electric scooter on public roads will be fined from Sept. 5th . Because of the substandard brakes and fast speed, electric scooters are considered potentially dangerous for riders and walking people. Considering its advantage of being convenient, portable environment-friendly and fashionable, experts predicted the ban would take effect slowly. 【分析】这是一篇议论文。根据刚制定的规则电动车因为安全问题不能在北京的道路上行驶，但由于在某些方面电动车有一定优势，所以可能不会那么快从道路上消失。 【详解】本篇要求考生写一篇总结，通过阅读文章我们可以从三个方面进行总结：1.根据法规电动车自9月5日起不能在北京道路上行驶；2.禁止电动车上路行驶的主要原因：刹车不达标，超速，威胁司机和行人；3. 由于电动车有一定优势，可能短时间内不会立即从路上消失。综上，故本文可总结为：People riding an electric scooter on public roads will be fined from Sept. 5th . Because of the substandard brakes and fast speed, electric scooters are considered potentially dangerous for riders and walking people. Considering its advantage of being convenient, portable environment-friendly and fashionable, experts predicted the ban would take effect slowly. 2 / 23 1 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 概要写作（期中真题汇编，上海专用） Passage 1 1．Directions: Reading the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage with no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Giving Money to Families with Kids Can Relieve Child Poverty Nearly 1 in 5 American children is officially poor. That’s roughly 15 million kids. But the number living with a significant deprivation——insufficient food, seriously overcrowded housing or a lack of access to medical care due to cost-is actually much higher. According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3. A mountain of evidence now shows that poverty can lead to cognitive (认知的) and emotional damage in children. Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. A growing number of academics believe there is a solution: the government should give monthly cash allowances, without conditions, to every family with kids. When Michael Harrington’s classic book, The Other America, called attention to America’s general poverty rate of about 25% in 1962, Washington developed social programs that brought the rate down sharply. Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough: 1 in 3 children does not receive the full benefits of these programs because their parents do not qualify for them. A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. Money can buy food, heat, coats, eye-glasses and regular doctors’ visits, including transportation, and help pay for childcare. It can also help reduce family stress and help parents provide a psychologically nourishing environment for learning and social development. Studies demonstrate children’s improved educational performance when families are simply given more money. For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. Such a policy would be a humane, practical, efficient victory for a nation too willing to neglect its poor. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Should Schools Ban Smartphones? France has not allowed smartphone use in primary or secondary schools since 2018, claiming that it would help children focus, reduce their social-media use and alleviate online bullying. The key question is whether banning smartphones in schools offers any benefits to mental health. A recent study, led by Amy Orben at the University of Cambridge, asked 17, 409 people between the ages of 10 and 21 how satisfied they were with their lives and how much they used social media. The findings, reported in 2024 in Nature Communications, show that girls who increased their social media use over the course of a year were significantly less satisfied with their lives if the increase took place when they were between 11 and 13. Boys showed the same trend when increases took place when they were 14 or 15 years old. How much of this will change by banning phones in schools is unclear. In a paper published in the Lancet in February, Victoria Goodyear at the University of Birmingham compared the mental well-being of students in schools that implemented restrictive smartphone policies with those with relaxed policies. Her results show that, though those who spent more time on a smartphone overall have a decline in mental well-being, there was no difference between the two groups. She and her colleagues argue that setting up policies at schools alone is simply not enough. Researchers are trying to paint a complete picture with both hands tied behind their back. According to Dr Orben, social-media companies routinely refuse to give independent researchers access to detailed data on the behaviour of their users. This forces researchers to rely on less accurate proxy measures, like overall screen time. It means that children playing educational games are being put in the same analytical bin as children who are on social media. A more nuanced(细致的) picture of the effects of smartphones needs to be drawn. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How to Develop Healthy Digital Habits In today’s digital world, teenagers spend increasing amounts of time on screens, which can negatively impact their physical and mental health. Developing healthy digital habits is essential for maintaining balance in life. The first step is to set clear boundaries for screen time. Experts recommend taking regular breaks using the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Turning off notifications during study time helps maintain concentration. Establishing “screen-free” zones, especially in bedrooms, can significantly improve sleep quality. Another important aspect is being mindful of online content. Following educational or inspirational accounts rather than those promoting unrealistic standards can boost mental well-being. Students should also schedule offline activities like sports, reading, or face-to-face socializing to maintain a healthy balance between virtual and real-world interactions. Parents and schools play a crucial role in modeling and teaching digital wellness. Open discussions about responsible technology use, cyberbullying prevention, and critical thinking about online information should be encouraged. Teachers can incorporate digital literacy into their curriculum to help students navigate the online world safely. By carrying out these strategies, teenagers can enjoy technology’s benefits while avoiding its risks. Healthy digital habits formed during school years will serve students well throughout their lives in our increasingly connected world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 4 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. From vacation to work: Tips for a seamless work transition Returning to work after a vacation can feel like a daunting task. Whether you’ve spent a week exploring Paris or enjoyed a relaxing staycation, transitioning back to your daily routine may seem overwhelming. Experiencing the back-to-work blues is entirely normal. From struggling to focus to feeling slightly down, the following tips can help you ease back into your routine and regain momentum: The day before returning to work, take some time to prepare for a smooth first day. Avoid scheduling morning meetings to allow yourself ample time to catch up on pending tasks. Identify key priorities and set time limits for each task in your calendar. To ensure you start your day energized, get a good night’s sleep. Additionally, consider arriving at the office early to organize your workspace and set a positive tone for the day. Another habit to consider is minimizing distractions, particularly from your phone. To stay focused, mute notifications, block distracting apps, or keep your phone in a separate room or drawer while working. To avoid feeling overwhelmed, focus on addressing the most urgent and important tasks first. Not every email requires an immediate response-tackle those that demand immediate attention and address the rest later. Instead of isolating yourself, connect with coworkers to lift your spirits and stay engaged. Social interactions at work can enhance your mood and even improve your health. Use your first week back to catch up with colleagues over lunch or coffee. Sharing vacation stories not only strengthens workplace relationships but might also inspire ideas for your next getaway. Adjusting after a vacation takes time, so be patient with yourself. Remember that feeling out of sync is temporary, and you’ll soon regain your rhythm. Celebrate small progress and recognize that even a slow start can lead to significant achievements. Returning to work after a vacation might initially feel challenging, but with thoughtful preparation and positive habits, you can turn the experience into an opportunity for growth. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 5 5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Endangered Species An endangered species is a group of animals that could soon become extinct. Extinction happens when the last of the species has died out and there will be no more. Many species are nearly extinct and could disappear off the face of the earth very soon if we don’t do anything to save them. There are many reasons why-species become endangered but most of them are due to humans. Habitat destruction is the main reason why animals become endangered and this happens in two ways. When humans move into a new area, the animals’ habitat is destroyed and there is nothing to eat because humans chop down trees and build houses and farms. Animal habitats are also destroyed because of pollution. Chemicals in rivers and poisons on farms cause the destruction of habitats and animals can no longer live there. Endangered species are also the result of hunting and fishing. Animals are killed for their fur, bones or skin, or just for sport (消遣). Some seal species are now on the verge of extinction because they are killed for their fur to make coats. Tigers are shot to make medicine and tea from their bones, and crocodiles are caught to make bags and shoes. Overfishing means that large sea creatures like whales, tuna and sharks have all become endangered species, because too many are caught to make things like shark’s fin soup. So what can individuals and governments do to protect animal and plant species from becoming endangered? We should take care not to pollute natural areas, and farmers or companies who destroy animal habitats should face a financial penalty (处罚). Governments can help, too, by making it against the law to hunt, fish or trade in endangered species. If we all cooperate by taking these steps, we will protect our planet so that our children and their children can enjoy it too. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 6 6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Functions of a Speech The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2, 000 years ago. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying compliment, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past years, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reuniting different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches challenge the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people's hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible protection. Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna's speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. It's not only in world meetings where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh. Great speaking ability is not something we're born with. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 1 1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Cosmetic Surgeries Get Extreme Everyone goes through it: poking at the eye bags and the loose skin in the mirror. It’s part of the human condition to fear ageing, but among the 20 and 30 something, there seems to be a heightened anxiety around growing older, coupled with an increasingly casual attitude towards getting Botox (肉毒素，用于除皱）compared with previous generations. In 2022, 27% of US patients receiving Botox were 34 or younger, compared with 21% in 2015, according to the American Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery. The idea is to stop wrinkles before they start. So why are we so desperate to pretend we’re not growing older? For my generation, being perpetually online and scrolling through the lives of others must be a factor. It keeps us locked into a constant state of comparison. And in a time of economic uncertainty, millennials and gen Z are also unable to tick off traditional checkpoints of adulthood, so the idea that many alter their appearance to turn back the clock makes perfect sense to me. For women, our looks are aesthetic capital after all--and being beautiful can unlock social and professional success. But these treatments often don’t come with warnings; it’s up to the consumer to research potential pitfalls (陷阱). Botched (粗制滥造的)cosmetic procedures among young people are on the rise, with too many treatments taking place in unregulated beauty salons and carried out by unqualified practitioners. Last month, three women in the US contracted HIV from a cosmetic procedures intended for the skin, when an unlicensed New Mexico medical clinic reused needles that should have been disposed of, which caused understandable alarm worldwide. One friend who loves Botox said to me recently: “I can’t stay 28 for ever, but the aim is to look 28 forever.” I’m trying to reject the message that it’s wrong for women to look their true age. It can be hard to tune out the noise, but the alternative may mean a future damaged by self-doubt, expensive treatments or even regret. I think I’ll stick with the eye bags. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 2．概要写作 Fed up with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic devices? The solution may be just a few steps away. “Energy harvesting” promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your body’s movement or heat. Dozens of companies around the world already offer such products, but many experts believe the market for the technology could explode due to electronic devices being developed for the Internet of Things. “It’s huge,” said Graham Martin, CEO of the EnOcean Alliance, a San Ramon-based group of businesses that promotes wireless energy-harvesting technologies. With the Internet of Things expected to combine billions of devices, “if they are all battery-powered, we’ll have a problem because there’s not enough lithium (锂) in the world,” he added. “So a lot of them will have to use energy harvesting.” Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power. When certain materials are squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge. Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding themselves when their user moves their arm. Now, the concept is being considered for a number of other devices. In a contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable technologies, Intel awarded $5,000 for a concept to change the temperature difference between a person’s body and a special piece of clothing they’d wear into electricity for mobile devices. Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation. Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips (芯片) that create electricity from ultrasound (超声波) to power implantable (可植入的) devices that can analyze a person’s nervous system or treat their diseases. A textile research association in Spain is proposing to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors sewn into clothes, which can monitor a person’s heartbeat or other vital signs. Research firm ID Tech Ex has estimated that annual global sales of energy-harvesting products could hit $2.6 billion by 2024, while Winter Green Research predicts sales of $4.2 billion by 2019. Obtaining stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For one thing, the motion that generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount of power the devices produce depends on the person using them, according to a Columbia University study. It determined that taller people on average provide about 20 percent more power than shorter ones when walking, running or cycling. It’s also unclear how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products. While such devices are expected to cost less than battery-powered alternatives when compared over many years, experts say, people may continue buying ones with batteries merely because those would be cheaper in the short term.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. As parents, we need to help children build toward future success by developing persistence. Persistence is what drives actions such as finishing a task, pushing through frustration, putting in time and effort, or finding creative approaches to a challenging problem. The ability to keep trying early in life is linked to all sorts of favorable outcomes years later. There are three main strategies for encouraging persistence in your child. The first is modeling what persistence looks like. Good modeling is more effective when planned and carried out with a specific goal (such as developing honesty, or, yes, persistence) in mind. Parents who noticeably struggle with something that are slightly difficult at home, but continue to pursue the activity anyway, and repeat that pattern over time, may naturally foster persistence in a child. It helps more if they sometimes comment: “Hmm, that did not work. Let me try another way.” When you see your child doing this themselves and devoting special effort to a task, praise them right then and there. Praise even the smallest signs of effort. Quickly, clearly doing this will increase the child’s effort, which can, in turn, extend to other activities and situations they encounter in the future. In general, if you spot the child trying hard or harder than she usually does and working through tasks, praise them for what they are doing. And if you do not see this happening, and your child is not doing something a bit difficult, you do not need to wait. You can provide opportunities for persistence. That is, try to combine modeling and praise: Do anything that involves some time and effort together. Then, set small and eventually larger goals. Depending on how it is going, have the child do more and more of the task while you keep him or her company. However, your chosen activity should be fun or, at least, a time free of reprimands or harsh corrections. Some people are more naturally persistent than others. Repeated practice can teach children that the process is important—sometimes just as important as the goal. Passage 4 4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Decision fatigue Decision fatigue occurs when people feel very tired from making too many choices. Psychologists have found that, even though we generally like having choices, having to make too many decisions in a short amount of time may lead us to make decisions that are less than ideal. Many of us would probably guess that we’d be happier with more options (选择). However, researchers have found that this isn’t necessarily true—in some cases, we actually seem to do better when we have a more limited set of options. In one research paper, psychologists looked at the consequences of being given either many or few choices of jams. The researchers found that participants who had seen the display with more choices were much less likely to actually buy a jar of jam, compared to participants who saw the more limited display—suggesting that having too many choices may not be a good thing for consumers. While choosing jams may seem like a relatively small choice, it turns out that people who have to make too many decisions may make poor decisions—or even put off making a decision. Luckily, researchers have found that decision fatigue does not often happen; instead, choice overload (过量) seems to occur when the decisions we have to make are especially difficult. But if it really occurs, what can we do about it? One way to avoid decision fatigue can be to streamline (使成流线型) the choices we make and find habits and routines that work for us—instead of making new choices each day. The principle here is to limit how much of our day is spent making choices that aren’t personally important to us. Other suggestions for managing decision fatigue include making key decisions earlier in the day and knowing when you might need to take a nap and revisit a problem with fresh eyes. Passage 5 5．Summary How to deal with Whiners (抱怨不停的人)? There are always some people radiating negativity in the work place. For them, the temperature is never right, the boss is always a fool, the canteen food is awful, and they are always treated unfairly. Career experts say such habitual complainers are highly contagious and that their attitude can easily affect an entire team in a company. “While some complaints might be reasonable, others are taken from thin air. You need to see between these different types and adopt the right strategy towards each,” said Li Ling, HR manager at Wal-Mart (China). It’s especially hard to deal with complaints at work because you can’t just walk away or put your colleagues’ words out of mind. If you do, it will hurt your co-workers and you might be isolated. In a team-based company you belong to a group and need to behave accordingly. But don’t show too much sympathy. Listening passively to others’ complaints could damage your image and give others the impression that you agree with them. “Listen to the whiners actively,” says HR Li. “Help them find a solution, or see if there are ways to improve the situation.” Zhai Min, 24, a software engineer at Kingdee International Software Group in Shenzhen, found that 3 elderly workers liked to complain about everything, from extended working hours to cheap hotels on business trips. “I let them talk about their opinions,” she said, “They feel better when they can tell someone how they want things to be.” But listening actively is far from enough. Wang Dianxue, 27, is an Internet engineer at Beijing Push Marcom Group. His co-workers always complain that their computer systems are not working properly. “I ask about the specifics and work together with them to fix everything technically.” he said. HR managers believe that when staffs complain, it is more a matter of recognition than an actual problem. “The real problem is that the whiners don’t feel they are being taken seriously,” said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. “When you attentively give them advice or perspectives, the problem usually disappears.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 6 6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. It is a common sight on campus or in the streets: a young person rides by on an electric scooter, traveling quickly and proudly. But Beijing’s traffic authorities have said that starting on Sept.5, people who are caught riding electric scooters on public roads or bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will also be given a warning not to use the vehicles on public roads again. The announcement was made after traffic police in Shanghai started a campaign to get electric scooters off public roads, with police officers stopping riders because the scooters could cause traffic problems. The Beijing Consumer Association said it had tested more than 20 electric scooters of different brands recently and found that most had substandard brakes. It added that 16 of the tested scooters could go faster than the maximum 20 km per hour set for electric bikes. According to the traffic police, people who ride electric scooters at certain speeds can easily bump into the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt people who walk in the bicycle lanes. But seeing the benefits that electric scooters have brought to young people, experts are worried that the ban may take effect slowly. Electric scooters are a great answer to the ‘last mile problem’ of getting from a public transport station to one’s home. They’re light enough to throw over your shoulder. They’re easy to ride just about anywhere and don’t need a lot of physical effort. The scooter can travel 25 km on one charge. It’s convenient and easy to control. They are also good for environment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scooters produce no carbon dioxide, need no fuel and make almost no noise. For many young people, they use them to copy cool celebrities they have seen in videos. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 / 23 1 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $