专题04 阅读理解议论文（大题专练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

专题04 阅读理解议论文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 2 一、选材特征 2 二、语篇结构 2 三、命题热点 2 四、题干设问形式 2 五、解题关键 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 析典例·建模型 3 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） 3 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 4 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 5 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 7 破类题·提能力 8 （2026·西城·期末） 8 刷模拟 11 （2026·海淀·期末D篇） 11 （2026·朝阳·期末D篇） 14 （2026·丰台·期末D篇） 17 （2026·石景山·期末D篇） 20 刷真题 23 （2024·北京·高考真题C篇） 23 （2023·北京·高考真题D篇） 25 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） 28 （2021·北京·高考真题D篇） 31 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特征 1. 文章来源：外刊专栏、科普评论、社会研究、观点性文章，立场明确、论证严谨 2. 话题方向：社会心理、科技思辨、哲学认知、行为讨论、前沿研究反思 3. 文体类型：夹叙夹议、立论文、驳论文，围绕一个核心观点展开论证 4. 主题示例：社会比较、宇宙模拟假说、人工生命、量子计算、时间与生态 二、语篇结构 1. 引出话题：生活事例、现象、疑问、个人经历、名人观点切入 2. 提出论点：推翻旧认知→提出新观点，常以but/however转折点明核心 3. 论证过程：引用研究、专家观点、对比分析、举例、因果推导 4. 总结观点：重申立场、给出建议、做出评价、升华主题 三、命题热点 1. 主旨大意：文章中心、最佳标题、段落主旨 2. 观点态度：作者对事件、研究、人物、理论的情感与立场 3. 推理判断：写作目的、隐含意义、逻辑延伸 4. 词义猜测：抽象名词、态度词、学术词汇、固定短语 5. 写作手法：举例、引用、对比的作用 四、题干设问形式 1. 主旨类：What is the passage mainly about? / Which is the best title? 2. 态度类：How does the author feel about…? / Regarding…, the author is… 3. 目的类：What does the author intend to do? / Why does the author mention…? 4. 推理类：What can be inferred from the passage? 5. 词义类：What does the underlined word/phrase probably mean? 五、解题关键 1. 先抓转折：but/however/yet 后多为真实论点 2. 论据服务论点：例子、研究、引用均为证明观点 3. 态度看信号词：fortunately/unfortunately/sadly/indeed 4. 主旨避细节：正确选项概括全文，不局限某一段 5. 推理不脑补：答案必须来自原文信息 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解议论文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 北京卷 C 篇 约 410 社会比较的双面性与合理运用 社会心理、自我成长、家庭教育 细节理解、词义猜测、主旨标题 2024 北京卷 C 篇 约 430 宇宙模拟假说与科学模型价值 哲学、宇宙认知、科学研究 推理判断、词义猜测、作者态度、意图推断 2023 北京卷 D 篇 约 420 人工生命（ALife）的研究与进化 生命科学、人工智能、科技探索 作者态度、词义猜测、推理判断、主旨标题 2022 北京卷 D 篇 约 440 量子计算的炒作与现实前景 量子科技、科技评论、产业投资 作者态度、细节理解、词义猜测、主旨标题 2021 北京卷 D 篇 约 430 时间定义与自然生态的关联 哲学思考、生态环保、时间计量 段落主旨、意图推断、细节理解、推理判断 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“Taylor’s optimism”“quantum computing”； 第二步，找到答题句“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm ‘by a very large margin’ to building a ‘useful’ quantum computer...”； 第三步，比较各选项，原文表明Taylor因自家公司远超同行、更接近造出有用量子计算机而乐观，对应他对PyQuantum的信心，最终选出正确答案为C。 研考点·通技法 细节理解题考查考生识别和理解文章具体信息的能力。不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如专有名词、核心名词、特殊动词、数字等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子，认真研读该句或前后句子 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“the author”“daughter’s argument”； 第二步，找到答题句“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given.”“But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.” 第三步，比较各选项，作者因女儿的观点揭露了自身错误建议并开始重新思考问题，获得启发，最终选出正确答案为B。 研考点·通技法 推理判断题考查考生根据原文已知信息进行判断、推理和引申的能力，而非直接获取原文原句的能力。不论哪类推理题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如题干中的动词、抽象名词、作者态度类词汇等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到对应的段落或句子，重点研读定位句及上下文逻辑关联句，捕捉隐含信息 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与原文信息进行逻辑比对，排除原文直接陈述的内容、无中生有项及过度推断项，选出符合原文逻辑的合理推论 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “nuances”； 第二步，找到答题句 “In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.” 第三步，比较各选项，结合上下文 “重复普遍认可的观点却未探究、后续纠正观点” 的逻辑，可推知 nuances 指观点中的细微差别，最终选出正确答案为 D。 研考点·通技法 词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文语境推断生词、短语或句子含义的能力。不论哪类词句猜测题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定需要猜测的生词、短语或句子作为定位词 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到该词所在的句子，重点研读该句及前后逻辑关联句，分析语境、逻辑关系（转折、因果、举例等） 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项代入原文语境，排除语义不通、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合上下文逻辑、贴合作者表意的正确选项 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Social comparisons do of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the third paragraph”“main idea”； 第二步，找到答题句 “Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed for our betterment if we understand how they work.”，并结合后文对社会比较积极作用的补充论述； 第三步，比较各选项，原文核心观点为 “社会比较并非全然有害，合理利用可助力个人成长”，最终选出符合全文主旨的正确答案为 A。 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题考查考生把握文章 / 段落中心思想、概括核心内容的能力。不论哪类主旨题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定定位范围（如全文、某段落）、核心话题词 第二步 找到答题句 定位到对应范围，重点研读首尾段 / 首尾句、转折词（but/however 等）后的核心论点句，提炼全文 / 段落的核心观点 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与核心论点比对，排除仅涉及细节、以偏概全、偏离主题的选项，选出能全面概括核心内容的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·西城·期末） D The science of our age is computational. Without models, simulations (模拟), statistical analysis, data storage and so on, our knowledge of the world would grow far more slowly. The late philosopher Paul Humphreys called this the "hybrid scenario" of science, where parts of the scientific process are assigned to computers. He also identified an "automated scenario", where computers take over science completely. If such a scenario ever arrives, we would see a strange world indeed-the computational capacities for scientific reasoning, data processing, model-making and theorizing would far surpass our own abilities to the point that we humans are no longer needed. AI or artificial superintelligences may decide to explore scientific interests that human scientists are unmotivated to pursue, creating whole new paths of discovery. They might even gain knowledge about the world that lies beyond what our brains are capable of understanding. If the results of the completely automated scenario are beyond our comprehension, then why would we want to devote economic resources and intellectual talent towards its development? One reason may be that we think positive advancements will follow. A different reason would be aesthetic (美学的). There is something aesthetically pleasing in knowing that the world is being known, studied and understood. Alternatively, humanity might pursue the automated scenario out of beneficence: We think it would be good for the artificial superintelligences to pursue their own advanced science. Equally as many are those reasons why we might decide not to pursue the automated scenario. Perhaps, the discoveries the artificial superintelligence makes would generate new and terrible weapons. Perhaps, it's simply the concern that some of the superintelligences will begin to experiment in ways that are dangerous, immoral or contrary to humanity's shared values. So, what will we do? In Humphreys's original presentation of the automated scenario, he suggested that the automated scenario would replace human science. Broader considerations point elsewhere. Our desires for understanding, explanation, knowledge and control will remain, and we cannot help but take action to address those desires-to continue to do science. We humans create beautiful things, pursue interhuman connection in friendship and romance, and find and construct meaning in life. The same holds true for our motivations for science. We will be stuck with our curiosity to understand and explain the natural world around us. If the automated scenario comes to pass, it seems that it will have to be as some new, alternative, secondary path-not a replacement, but an addition. Two species, pursuing science side by side, with different motivations, interests, frameworks and theories. Indeed, if we are to remain human, we must continue to pursue science. What are we, really, if we are not beauty-seeking, friendship-making, meaning-constructing, hopelessly curious animals? 31. What is the key difference between the hybrid and automated scenarios? A. The pace of scientific discovery. B. The level of computing efficiency. C. The range of machine domination. D. The depth of human understanding. 32. As for Humphreys's argument in Paragraph 5, the author is ______. A. appreciative B. uncertain C. submissive D. unfavorable 33. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scientific motivation is unique to humans. B. Humanity's shared values need to be changed. C. Discoveries by AI might push past human boundaries. D. Humans should define the framework for AI development. 34. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Science plays a decisive role in who we are. B. The desire for scientific inquiry is here to stay. C. The automated scenario is bound to materialize. D. Humanity and machines work towards the same goal. 答案 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. B 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了科学研究的两种场景——混合场景（部分科学过程由计算机完成）和自动化场景（计算机完全接管科学），分析了自动化场景的可能性、利弊，最终指出人类对科学探索的渴望不会消失，自动化场景只会成为补充而非替代。 31. C 细节理解题。根据第一段“hybrid scenario... parts of the scientific process are assigned to computers”和“automated scenario, where computers take over science completely”可知，两者的核心区别是机器主导科学的范围——混合场景中机器承担部分工作，自动化场景中机器完全接管。A选项“科学发现的速度”、B选项“计算效率水平”、D选项“人类理解的深度”均未体现，故选C。 32. D 推理判断题。根据第五段“In Humphreys's original presentation... he suggested that the automated scenario would replace human science. Broader considerations point elsewhere”可知，作者认为Humphreys“自动化场景将取代人类科学”的观点并不全面，更广泛的考量指向其他方向，态度是不赞同的。A选项“赞赏的”、B选项“不确定的”、C选项“顺从的”均不符合，故选D。 33. C 推理判断题。根据第二段“They might even gain knowledge about the world that lies beyond what our brains are capable of understanding”可知，人工智能可能获得人类大脑无法理解的知识，即其发现可能突破人类的认知边界。A选项“科学动机是人类独有的”文中未提及，人工智能也可能有自己的探索动机；B选项“人类的共同价值观需要改变”文中未提及；D选项“人类应定义人工智能发展的框架”文中未提及，故选C。 34. B 主旨大意题。根据第五段“Our desires for understanding, explanation, knowledge and control will remain... We will be stuck with our curiosity to understand and explain the natural world around us”和最后一段“if we are to remain human, we must continue to pursue science”可知，作者核心想传达的是人类对科学探索的渴望会一直存在。A选项“科学对我们的身份起着决定性作用”是次要观点；C选项“自动化场景必然会实现”与文意不符，作者认为是“可能成为补充”；D选项“人类和机器朝着同一目标努力”文中未提及，两者动机、兴趣不同，故选B。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·海淀·期末D篇） The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) spends a lot of its time staring at nothing. The shots of deep space this produces are remarkably beautiful, transforming an apparently empty sky into a field dotted with thousands of distant galaxies. The first surveys of the early universe have surprised astronomers, as the galaxies seem brighter than expected, with more star formation and larger black holes. Yet maybe we shouldn't have been too startled to find the universe surprising us: it has been doing so since we first peered into the cosmic darkness. The most famous image of the early universe is the Hubble Deep Field captured in 1995. Yet this shot was almost never taken. Time on the Hubble Space Telescope is precious and astronomers spend months preparing proposals to try to get access. The process is a bit odd-often requiring researchers to argue simultaneously that the proposed observations would transform astronomy, but also that we know exactly what they will show. There are normally seven or eight times as many proposals as can be accepted, so risky observations have trouble getting through. Back in the 1990s, many renowned astronomers argued that directing Hubble at deep space was pointless, betting that the space telescope wouldn't find a single new galaxy. They assumed that the galaxies we see around us today are representative of those throughout the past 14 billion years or so, a pessimistic outlook we now know is badly wrong. Finding the early universe lit up with firework displays of star formation was a fortuitous discovery. But once you start looking, you will find that astronomical history is filled with discoveries made by accident, or while scientists were looking for something else entirely. The team behind NASA's Cassini probe was focused on its mission to explore Saturn's famous rings and its mysterious moon Titan when an unexpected encounter with the tiny moon Enceladus revealed fountains of water coming from its south pole. It is now perhaps the most likely place for us to find life beyond Earth. These discoveries are all a long way from how science is taught, where careful experiment and testing of hypotheses lead to progress. Surprise is fun, so maybe we should embrace serendipity a little more. Some astronomers involved in reviewing this year's JWST observations have suggested it would be fairer, and easier, to allocate time on the telescope by lottery, acknowledging that with so many good ideas floating around, we can't possibly choose between them. But whether it is staring into deep space or exploring the solar system, experience has taught us that preparing to be surprised by the universe is the best way to make new discoveries. 31. What can be inferred about JWST? A. It functions from time to time. B. It renews our knowledge of deep space. C. It surprises people more than Hubble does. D. It confirms previous assumptions of the universe. 32. What does the writer think of the Hubble Space Telescope's proposal process? A. It fails to leave much room for flexibility. B. It favors proposals by renowned scientists. C. It leads to pessimistic views of the universe. D. It ensures the most promising ideas get through. 33. What does the underlined word "fortuitous" in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Groundbreaking. B. Effortless. C. Chance. D. Plain. 34. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Introduce space history. B. Examine a discovery. C. Balance opposing views. D. Encourage a mindset. 答案 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜（JWST）和哈勃望远镜的观测案例，指出天文学史上许多重大发现都源于意外，科学研究不应局限于预设假设，而应拥抱偶然性，保持对宇宙的惊奇感。 31. B 推理判断题。根据第二段“The first surveys of the early universe have surprised astronomers, as the galaxies seem brighter than expected, with more star formation and larger black holes”可知，JWST对早期宇宙的观测结果超出预期，更新了人类对深空的认知。A选项“它间歇性工作”文中未提及；C选项“它比哈勃望远镜更令人惊讶”文中未对比两者的惊奇程度；D选项“它证实了之前对宇宙的假设”与文意不符，它推翻了部分预设，故选B。 32. A 推理判断题。根据第三段“The process is a bit odd-often requiring researchers to argue simultaneously that the proposed observations would transform astronomy, but also that we know exactly what they will show”和第四段“risky observations have trouble getting through”可知，哈勃望远镜的申请流程要求研究者既要证明观测能改变天文学，又要明确知道观测结果，这使得有风险的、可能带来意外发现的申请难以通过，缺乏灵活性。B选项“它青睐知名科学家的申请”文中未提及；C选项“它导致对宇宙的悲观观点”是部分天文学家的态度，而非流程的影响；D选项“它确保最有前景的想法被采纳”与文意不符，很多有价值的意外发现申请被拒绝，故选A。 33. C 词义猜测题。根据第五段“astronomical history is filled with discoveries made by accident, or while scientists were looking for something else entirely”可知，早期宇宙的观测发现属于意外发现，“fortuitous”意为“偶然的、意外的”，与“chance”同义。A选项“开创性的”、B选项“不费力的”、D选项“普通的”均不符合语境，故选C。 34. D 推理判断题。通读全文，作者通过多个天文发现案例，强调科学研究中偶然性的重要性，最后提出“preparing to be surprised by the universe is the best way to make new discoveries”，核心是鼓励一种“拥抱意外、保持惊奇”的思维模式。A选项“介绍太空历史”、B选项“审视一项发现”、C选项“平衡对立观点”均未体现，故选D。 B （2026·朝阳·期末D篇） Nearly 2 million years ago, one of our ancestors developed bone cancer in their foot. The fate of this individual is unknown, but the fossilised remains leave no doubt that cancer has been a part of our story for a very long time. But these cancer cells weren't the only internal threat our ancestors faced. Their survival was also threatened by individuals attempting to undermine the group. At the heart of the story is this question: is human nature selfish or altruistic, competitive or cooperative? The answer has profound implications for how we aim to structure society. If we are born altruists, then institutions are unnecessary. But if selfishness dominates, strong control is essential. In the language of evolutionary biology, we have a cooperation dilemma: there are situations where it is in our interest to work with others, and there are situations where it is not. As a result, visible rivalry (竞争) was replaced by what I call "invisible rivalry"-the ability to hide selfish, competitive intentions while maintaining the appearance of a cooperative nature. In other words, we evolved to compete in a cooperative world. This is where the analogy (类比) with cancer arises. Humanity's long history of living with the disease means we have evolved biological mechanisms to reduce the risk it poses. Many reactions at the cellular level evolved to help our bodies fight off cancers. It is this strong immune system that explains why, although we are frequently exposed to viruses, these often don't lead to illness. Similarly, the threats to our social groups posed by the evolution of invisible rivalry led us to develop practices and institutions to maximise cooperation. I call this our cultural immune system. However, just as cancers find ways to escape from our immune systems, some individuals use their intelligence to destabilize the group's social norms for their own benefit. To fight the enemy, we can boost the cultural immune system, much like how we can improve our biological immune systems through healthy lifestyles and vaccination. But this isn't going to happen until we first recognise the problem that invisible rivalry poses. In my view, the best way is through education. We are all part of the cultural immune system. If we understand our evolutionary heritage, we will be open-eyed to the danger that freeloaders pose to society and place our trust more clear-sightedly-much as the body's defence system learns to recognise the agents associated with cancers to deal with them. We must work together to stay one step ahead of humanity's opportunistic nature. Without beliefs, norms and a proper understanding of human nature, we are at the mercy of our selfish biological heritage. Evolution has made us this way, but we can learn to overcome it. 31. What does the underlined word "altruistic" in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A. Far-sighted. B. Humane. C. Self-interested. D. Selfless. 32. What can be inferred about the cultural immune system? A. It contributes to humanity's competitiveness. B. Human dishonesty is said to be its byproduct. C. Internal threats in society cannot escape from it. D. It can be improved through enhancing cooperation. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. The minority's selfishness doesn't mean cancers for society. B. It's hard to maintain the appearance of a cooperative nature. C. We need agree on the fact that invisible rivalry brings harm. D. The stability of society lies in humanity's opportunistic nature. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Cure for Social Ills B. The Mercy of Humanity C. The Value in Institutions D. The Root of Invisible Rivalry 答案 31. D 32. D 33. C 34. A 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过将“隐形竞争”与癌症类比，提出人类社会存在“合作困境”，进而引出“文化免疫系统”的概念，指出该系统能抵御隐形竞争对社会的威胁，并强调通过教育和合作强化这一系统是解决社会问题的关键。 31. D 词义猜测题。根据第一段“is human nature selfish or altruistic, competitive or cooperative”可知，“altruistic”与“selfish”（自私的）是反义词，意为“无私的”。A选项“有远见的”、B选项“人道的”、C选项“利己的”均不符合语境，故选D。 32. D 推理判断题。根据第三段“the threats to our social groups posed by the evolution of invisible rivalry led us to develop practices and institutions to maximise cooperation. I call this our cultural immune system”和第四段“To fight the enemy, we can boost the cultural immune system”可知，文化免疫系统的核心是最大化合作，因此通过加强合作可以提升这一系统。A选项“它促进人类的竞争力”与文意不符，其目的是促进合作；B选项“人类的不诚实是它的副产品”文中未提及；C选项“社会中的内部威胁无法逃脱它”与第四段“some individuals use their intelligence to destabilize the group's social norms”不符，部分威胁能逃脱，故选D。 33. C 推理判断题。根据第五段“But this isn't going to happen until we first recognise the problem that invisible rivalry poses”可知，要强化文化免疫系统，首先需要承认隐形竞争带来的危害，即我们需要达成共识——隐形竞争具有危害性。A选项“少数人的自私不意味着社会癌症”文中未提及；B选项“维持合作的表象很难”文中未提及；D选项“社会的稳定在于人类的机会主义本性”与文意不符，人类的机会主义本性是威胁，故选C。 34. A 主旨大意题。文章围绕“隐形竞争（社会问题）”展开，将其比作“癌症”，提出“文化免疫系统（解决办法）”，并强调通过教育和合作强化该系统，核心是探讨社会问题的解决之道。A选项“社会弊病的解药”贴合主旨；B选项“人类的仁慈”、C选项“制度的价值”、D选项“隐形竞争的根源”均未体现“问题-解决方案”的核心逻辑，故选A。 C （2026·丰台·期末D篇） Rarely a day goes by that I don't notice a car traveling east down my quiet one-way street, which runs west. They aren't breaking the rules on purpose-they've just failed to realise they're making a mistake. And why? If you're driving the right way, you will notice white arrows on a blue background indicating as much. But if you're driving the wrong way? Nothing. This is an analogy (类比) of life. When we perform well, we receive vague praise. But when we are wrong? Usually, silence-until failure strikes. Timely, specific criticism is rare before things go badly wrong. Sometimes the signs are in front of us, but we look away. In 2019, two researchers at Chicago's Booth school, Lauren Adam and Ayelet Fisherman, published an article presenting several studies of the effect of feedback on learning, in which subjects were offered two plausible answers to a difficult question, and invited to pick one. In most cases, this was a guess. After 10 answers, the subjects were either shown all the answers they had got right, or shown all the answers they had got wrong. Logically speaking, since these were all binary questions, that amounts to the same thing. But Adam and Fisherman found that the emotional framing mattered. When people were shown their successes, they learnt-and did better on a follow-up test. When people were shown their failures, they did not improve. The researchers suggest that people don't much care to think over their errors, and so are quick to move on and forget-especially in an experiment such as this, when the consequences of further errors are trivial. When shown their successes, they pause to savour the moment. This may help to explain why so many of us are faced with the one-way-street problem: everyone is happy to share a friendly word of reassurance, but few people are keen to offer criticism, even when specifically requested. So what to do? One tactic is to ask for advice, instead of feedback. A Harvard Business School study found that asking for advice prompts more critical, actionable comments focused on future improvements. Another approach, demonstrated by psychologist Adam Grant, involves a two-step process: first, ask for a rating (e.g., "9 out of 10"), then follow up with, "What would make it a 10?" This encourages constructive suggestions. But constructive feedback of a more general nature remains difficult to achieve. One idea I've played with recently has become popular in tabletop roleplaying games-it's called "stars and wishes". After a game, I ask players for "stars" (moments they enjoyed) and "wishes" (things they'd like to see next time). Wishes create a friendly space for constructive ideas-even if not all responses are actionable, the act of asking encourages people to share honest thoughts I might otherwise miss. In the end, I learn more by framing feedback as "wishes" than by staying silent. I'm not sure how your boss would respond to a request for "stars and wishes", but the spirit is the right one. If we want timely, useful criticism from others, we must be clever in how we ask for it. Otherwise our colleagues will be as tactfully uncommunicative as those non-existent signs for those driving the wrong way down my street. 31. The author uses the "one-way street" analogy mainly to illustrate ______. A. the intentional design of misleading systems B. a common problem in urban traffic planning C. people's tendency to ignore clear instructions D. the lack of guidance for those making mistakes 32. The underlined phrase "emotional framing" in Paragraph 4 most probably means ______. A. the emotional response held back by feedback B. the influence of prior experiences on feedback C. the way feedback is presented to affect perceptions D. the identical feedback to answers to binary questions 33. What can be inferred about feedback from the passage? A. Asking for advice is the first step towards useful feedback. B. People may consider giving negative feedback ineffective. C. The "stars and wishes" method guarantees honest feedback. D. Constructive suggestions make people willing to give feedback. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. Why feedback always fails us. B. How we obtain constructive criticism. C. What helps set up the feedback system. D. Where constructive criticism comes from. 答案 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过“单向街道缺乏逆行提示”的类比，指出生活中人们犯错时往往缺乏及时具体的批评反馈，进而探讨如何通过巧妙提问获得建设性批评的方法。 31. D 推理判断题。根据第二段“When we perform well, we receive vague praise. But when we are wrong? Usually, silence-until failure strikes. Timely, specific criticism is rare before things go badly wrong”可知，作者用单向街道的类比，是为了说明人们犯错时往往缺乏及时的指导（批评反馈），就像逆行时没有提示一样。A选项“误导性系统的故意设计”文中未提及；B选项“城市交通规划的常见问题”只是类比的表面现象，而非核心目的；C选项“人们忽视明确指示的倾向”与文意不符，文中是缺乏错误提示，而非忽视指示，故选D。 32. C 词义猜测题。根据第四段“subjects were either shown all the answers they had got right, or shown all the answers they had got wrong”和“when people were shown their successes, they learnt... when people were shown their failures, they did not improve”可知，“emotional framing”指的是反馈的呈现方式（展示成功或展示失败），这种方式会影响人们的认知和学习效果。A选项“被反馈抑制的情绪反应”、B选项“先前经历对反馈的影响”、D选项“对二元问题答案的相同反馈”均不符合语境，故选C。 33. A 推理判断题。根据第六段“One tactic is to ask for advice, instead of feedback. A Harvard Business School study found that asking for advice prompts more critical, actionable comments focused on future improvements”可知，请求建议而非反馈能获得更有用的批评，即请求建议是获得有用反馈的第一步。B选项“人们可能认为给出负面反馈无效”文中未提及；C选项“‘星星和愿望’方法保证诚实反馈”过于绝对，文中说“encourages people to share honest thoughts”，并非“保证”；D选项“建设性建议让人们愿意给出反馈”文中未提及，是提问方式影响反馈意愿，故选A。 34. B 主旨大意题。文章先指出生活中缺乏及时具体的批评反馈这一问题，随后提出多种获得建设性批评的方法（请求建议、两步提问法、“星星和愿望”法），核心是探讨“如何获得建设性批评”。A选项“为什么反馈总是让我们失望”仅为问题引入，非核心；C选项“什么有助于建立反馈系统”文中未提及；D选项“建设性批评来自哪里”文中未聚焦来源，而是聚焦获取方式，故选B。 D （2026·石景山·期末D篇） D A "memory breakdown" is often said to be the major cognitive (认知的) problem of our time. In a recent piece in The Chronicle Review, Daniel Mercer argued that "students can't remember even simple facts without checking their phones", and many schools have quietly lowered expectations for memorizing dates, formulas (公式) and vocabulary. Yet complaints about weak memory are hardly new. In the late 19th century, British educator Henry Latham worried that cheap printed books would destroy students' power to remember, because they no longer needed to keep long passages in their heads. Over the decades, similar denunciations have returned each time a new tool has entered classrooms. Mercer suggests that rather than a simple loss of ability, we may be seeing a shift in how people choose to use their memory. Many students now treat their phones as an "external brain", much as earlier generations treated the family bookshelf. At the same time, the use of digital calendars, search engines and cloud storage continue to rise. This points to a change not in whether people can remember, but in what they believe is worth remembering. "Students can still memorize," Mercer wrote. "They're just deciding to memorize different things." This leads to a deeper question: What kind of memory do we truly need, and why? Psychologists often distinguish between recall — producing information with no help — and recognition, which is using clues to find what we once knew. In classic "change blindness" experiments, people fail to notice that a stranger they are speaking to has been secretly replaced by another person, because their attention is on the task, not the face. It seems that relying on external cues and context is not always a weakness; it may reflect a different way of managing limited mental resources. Could today's young people be developing useful memory strategies that we have not yet learned to value? What about their skill at searching huge databases in seconds, or at linking ideas across videos, chats and online documents? These new habits of remembering challenge us to reconsider — with the history of past "memory breakdown" in mind — how we might understand and support human memory in more flexible, forward-looking ways. 31. What does the underlined word "denunciations" in paragraph 2 mean? A. Criticisms. B. Origins. C. Trends. D. Indicators. 32. What does the growing use of digital tools suggest according to Mercer? A. People are changing how they use their memory. B. People no longer need to train their memory as before. C. Schools are forcing students to rely on external devices. D. Modern technology is destroying traditional learning tools. 33. Why does the author mention the "change blindness" experiments? A. To display that people are easily fooled by visual tricks. B. To argue that face recognition is more important than tasks. C. To prove that using outside cues can be a reasonable strategy. D. To illustrate that most memories are formed without our awareness. 34. What will probably be discussed next? A. More valuable lessons taught by history. B. Challenges facing the young generation. C. The effect of relying on external tools for remembering. D. Practical ways to support memory in a technology-rich world. 答案 31. A 32. A 33. C 34. D 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了“记忆衰退”这一说法，指出数字工具的使用并未让人们失去记忆能力，而是改变了记忆的使用方式，进而引发对“人类真正需要何种记忆”的思考，并呼吁以更灵活的方式理解和支持人类记忆。 31. A 词义猜测题。根据第二段“British educator Henry Latham worried that cheap printed books would destroy students' power to remember”和“similar denunciations have returned each time a new tool has entered classrooms”可知，Henry Latham的观点是对印刷书籍的批评，后续新工具出现时类似的批评也会重现，因此“denunciations”意为“批评”。B选项“起源”、C选项“趋势”、D选项“指标”均不符合语境，故选A。 32. A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Mercer suggests that rather than a simple loss of ability, we may be seeing a shift in how people choose to use their memory. Many students now treat their phones as an 'external brain'... This points to a change not in whether people can remember, but in what they believe is worth remembering”可知，Mercer认为数字工具的普及表明人们的记忆使用方式正在改变，而非记忆能力丧失。B选项“人们不再需要像以前那样训练记忆”文中未提及；C选项“学校强迫学生依赖外部设备”文中未提及；D选项“现代技术正在摧毁传统学习工具”与文意不符，文中强调的是记忆使用方式的改变，故选A。 33. C 推理判断题。根据第四段“It seems that relying on external cues and context is not always a weakness; it may reflect a different way of managing limited mental resources”可知，作者提及“变化盲视”实验，是为了证明依赖外部线索和环境并非弱点，而是一种合理的记忆策略。A选项“展示人们容易被视觉诡计欺骗”是实验现象，而非目的；B选项“论证人脸识别比任务更重要”与文意不符；D选项“说明大多数记忆是在无意识中形成的”文中未提及，故选C。 34. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“These new habits of remembering challenge us to reconsider... how we might understand and support human memory in more flexible, forward-looking ways”可知，作者提出需要以更灵活、前瞻的方式理解和支持人类记忆，因此接下来可能会探讨在科技发达的世界中支持记忆的实用方法。A选项“历史带来的更宝贵教训”、B选项“年轻一代面临的挑战”、C选项“依赖外部工具记忆的影响”均已在文中有所涉及，故选D。 刷真题 A （2024·北京·高考真题C篇） The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 B （2023·北京·高考真题D篇） What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 【32题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 C （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 【33题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 D （2021·北京·高考真题D篇） Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 【解析】 【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 【31题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 专题04阅读理解议论文 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 （2026·海淀·期末D篇） 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D （2026·朝阳·期末D篇） 31. D 32. D 33. C 34. A （2026·丰台·期末D篇） 31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B （2026·石景山·期末D篇） 31. A 32. A 33. C 34. D 刷真题 （2024·北京·高考真题C篇） 28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C （2023·北京·高考真题D篇） 31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D （2021·北京·高考真题D篇） 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 阅读理解议论文 目录 命题·趋势·定位 2 一、选材特征 2 二、语篇结构 2 三、命题热点 2 四、题干设问形式 2 五、解题关键 2 热点·角度·拆解 3 析典例·建模型 3 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） 3 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 4 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 5 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） 7 破类题·提能力 8 （2026·西城·期末） 8 刷模拟 11 （2026·海淀·期末D篇） 11 （2026·朝阳·期末D篇） 14 （2026·丰台·期末D篇） 17 （2026·石景山·期末D篇） 20 刷真题 23 （2024·北京·高考真题C篇） 23 （2023·北京·高考真题D篇） 25 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） 28 （2021·北京·高考真题D篇） 31 内容导航 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解 【解题建模·通技法】析典例，建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题，强化实战能力，得高分 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特征 1. 文章来源：外刊专栏、科普评论、社会研究、观点性文章，立场明确、论证严谨 2. 话题方向：社会心理、科技思辨、哲学认知、行为讨论、前沿研究反思 3. 文体类型：夹叙夹议、立论文、驳论文，围绕一个核心观点展开论证 4. 主题示例：社会比较、宇宙模拟假说、人工生命、量子计算、时间与生态 二、语篇结构 1. 引出话题：生活事例、现象、疑问、个人经历、名人观点切入 2. 提出论点：推翻旧认知→提出新观点，常以but/however转折点明核心 3. 论证过程：引用研究、专家观点、对比分析、举例、因果推导 4. 总结观点：重申立场、给出建议、做出评价、升华主题 三、命题热点 1. 主旨大意：文章中心、最佳标题、段落主旨 2. 观点态度：作者对事件、研究、人物、理论的情感与立场 3. 推理判断：写作目的、隐含意义、逻辑延伸 4. 词义猜测：抽象名词、态度词、学术词汇、固定短语 5. 写作手法：举例、引用、对比的作用 四、题干设问形式 1. 主旨类：What is the passage mainly about? / Which is the best title? 2. 态度类：How does the author feel about…? / Regarding…, the author is… 3. 目的类：What does the author intend to do? / Why does the author mention…? 4. 推理类：What can be inferred from the passage? 5. 词义类：What does the underlined word/phrase probably mean? 五、解题关键 1. 先抓转折：but/however/yet 后多为真实论点 2. 论据服务论点：例子、研究、引用均为证明观点 3. 态度看信号词：fortunately/unfortunately/sadly/indeed 4. 主旨避细节：正确选项概括全文，不局限某一段 5. 推理不脑补：答案必须来自原文信息 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解议论文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 北京卷 C 篇 约 410 社会比较的双面性与合理运用 社会心理、自我成长、家庭教育 细节理解、词义猜测、主旨标题 2024 北京卷 C 篇 约 430 宇宙模拟假说与科学模型价值 哲学、宇宙认知、科学研究 推理判断、词义猜测、作者态度、意图推断 2023 北京卷 D 篇 约 420 人工生命（ALife）的研究与进化 生命科学、人工智能、科技探索 作者态度、词义猜测、推理判断、主旨标题 2022 北京卷 D 篇 约 440 量子计算的炒作与现实前景 量子科技、科技评论、产业投资 作者态度、细节理解、词义猜测、主旨标题 2021 北京卷 D 篇 约 430 时间定义与自然生态的关联 哲学思考、生态环保、时间计量 段落主旨、意图推断、细节理解、推理判断 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“Taylor’s optimism”“quantum computing”； 第二步，找到答题句“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm ‘by a very large margin’ to building a ‘useful’ quantum computer...”； 第三步，比较各选项，原文表明Taylor因自家公司远超同行、更接近造出有用量子计算机而乐观，对应他对PyQuantum的信心，最终选出正确答案为C。 研考点·通技法 细节理解题考查考生识别和理解文章具体信息的能力。不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如专有名词、核心名词、特殊动词、数字等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中去找到含有定位词或其同义词所在的句子，认真研读该句或前后句子 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与找到的答题句进行比较，选出与原文表述一致的正确选项 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词“the author”“daughter’s argument”； 第二步，找到答题句“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given.”“But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.” 第三步，比较各选项，作者因女儿的观点揭露了自身错误建议并开始重新思考问题，获得启发，最终选出正确答案为B。 研考点·通技法 推理判断题考查考生根据原文已知信息进行判断、推理和引申的能力，而非直接获取原文原句的能力。不论哪类推理题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定一两个定位词（如题干中的动词、抽象名词、作者态度类词汇等） 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到对应的段落或句子，重点研读定位句及上下文逻辑关联句，捕捉隐含信息 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与原文信息进行逻辑比对，排除原文直接陈述的内容、无中生有项及过度推断项，选出符合原文逻辑的合理推论 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “nuances”； 第二步，找到答题句 “In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.” 第三步，比较各选项，结合上下文 “重复普遍认可的观点却未探究、后续纠正观点” 的逻辑，可推知 nuances 指观点中的细微差别，最终选出正确答案为 D。 研考点·通技法 词句猜测题考查考生根据上下文语境推断生词、短语或句子含义的能力。不论哪类词句猜测题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定需要猜测的生词、短语或句子作为定位词 第二步 找到答题句 用定位词到原文中找到该词所在的句子，重点研读该句及前后逻辑关联句，分析语境、逻辑关系（转折、因果、举例等） 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项代入原文语境，排除语义不通、逻辑矛盾的选项，选出符合上下文逻辑、贴合作者表意的正确选项 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 （2025·北京·高考真题C篇） Social comparisons do of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 【解题建模】 第一步，确定定位词 “the third paragraph”“main idea”； 第二步，找到答题句 “Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed for our betterment if we understand how they work.”，并结合后文对社会比较积极作用的补充论述； 第三步，比较各选项，原文核心观点为 “社会比较并非全然有害，合理利用可助力个人成长”，最终选出符合全文主旨的正确答案为 A。 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题考查考生把握文章 / 段落中心思想、概括核心内容的能力。不论哪类主旨题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 确定定位词 在题干中确定定位范围（如全文、某段落）、核心话题词 第二步 找到答题句 定位到对应范围，重点研读首尾段 / 首尾句、转折词（but/however 等）后的核心论点句，提炼全文 / 段落的核心观点 第三步 比较各选项 将四个选项与核心论点比对，排除仅涉及细节、以偏概全、偏离主题的选项，选出能全面概括核心内容的正确选项 破类题·提能力 （2026·西城·期末） D The science of our age is computational. Without models, simulations (模拟), statistical analysis, data storage and so on, our knowledge of the world would grow far more slowly. The late philosopher Paul Humphreys called this the "hybrid scenario" of science, where parts of the scientific process are assigned to computers. He also identified an "automated scenario", where computers take over science completely. If such a scenario ever arrives, we would see a strange world indeed-the computational capacities for scientific reasoning, data processing, model-making and theorizing would far surpass our own abilities to the point that we humans are no longer needed. AI or artificial superintelligences may decide to explore scientific interests that human scientists are unmotivated to pursue, creating whole new paths of discovery. They might even gain knowledge about the world that lies beyond what our brains are capable of understanding. If the results of the completely automated scenario are beyond our comprehension, then why would we want to devote economic resources and intellectual talent towards its development? One reason may be that we think positive advancements will follow. A different reason would be aesthetic (美学的). There is something aesthetically pleasing in knowing that the world is being known, studied and understood. Alternatively, humanity might pursue the automated scenario out of beneficence: We think it would be good for the artificial superintelligences to pursue their own advanced science. Equally as many are those reasons why we might decide not to pursue the automated scenario. Perhaps, the discoveries the artificial superintelligence makes would generate new and terrible weapons. Perhaps, it's simply the concern that some of the superintelligences will begin to experiment in ways that are dangerous, immoral or contrary to humanity's shared values. So, what will we do? In Humphreys's original presentation of the automated scenario, he suggested that the automated scenario would replace human science. Broader considerations point elsewhere. Our desires for understanding, explanation, knowledge and control will remain, and we cannot help but take action to address those desires-to continue to do science. We humans create beautiful things, pursue interhuman connection in friendship and romance, and find and construct meaning in life. The same holds true for our motivations for science. We will be stuck with our curiosity to understand and explain the natural world around us. If the automated scenario comes to pass, it seems that it will have to be as some new, alternative, secondary path-not a replacement, but an addition. Two species, pursuing science side by side, with different motivations, interests, frameworks and theories. Indeed, if we are to remain human, we must continue to pursue science. What are we, really, if we are not beauty-seeking, friendship-making, meaning-constructing, hopelessly curious animals? 31. What is the key difference between the hybrid and automated scenarios? A. The pace of scientific discovery. B. The level of computing efficiency. C. The range of machine domination. D. The depth of human understanding. 32. As for Humphreys's argument in Paragraph 5, the author is ______. A. appreciative B. uncertain C. submissive D. unfavorable 33. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scientific motivation is unique to humans. B. Humanity's shared values need to be changed. C. Discoveries by AI might push past human boundaries. D. Humans should define the framework for AI development. 34. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Science plays a decisive role in who we are. B. The desire for scientific inquiry is here to stay. C. The automated scenario is bound to materialize. D. Humanity and machines work towards the same goal. 答案 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. B 解析 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了科学研究的两种场景——混合场景（部分科学过程由计算机完成）和自动化场景（计算机完全接管科学），分析了自动化场景的可能性、利弊，最终指出人类对科学探索的渴望不会消失，自动化场景只会成为补充而非替代。 31. C 细节理解题。根据第一段“hybrid scenario... parts of the scientific process are assigned to computers”和“automated scenario, where computers take over science completely”可知，两者的核心区别是机器主导科学的范围——混合场景中机器承担部分工作，自动化场景中机器完全接管。A选项“科学发现的速度”、B选项“计算效率水平”、D选项“人类理解的深度”均未体现，故选C。 32. D 推理判断题。根据第五段“In Humphreys's original presentation... he suggested that the automated scenario would replace human science. Broader considerations point elsewhere”可知，作者认为Humphreys“自动化场景将取代人类科学”的观点并不全面，更广泛的考量指向其他方向，态度是不赞同的。A选项“赞赏的”、B选项“不确定的”、C选项“顺从的”均不符合，故选D。 33. C 推理判断题。根据第二段“They might even gain knowledge about the world that lies beyond what our brains are capable of understanding”可知，人工智能可能获得人类大脑无法理解的知识，即其发现可能突破人类的认知边界。A选项“科学动机是人类独有的”文中未提及，人工智能也可能有自己的探索动机；B选项“人类的共同价值观需要改变”文中未提及；D选项“人类应定义人工智能发展的框架”文中未提及，故选C。 34. B 主旨大意题。根据第五段“Our desires for understanding, explanation, knowledge and control will remain... We will be stuck with our curiosity to understand and explain the natural world around us”和最后一段“if we are to remain human, we must continue to pursue science”可知，作者核心想传达的是人类对科学探索的渴望会一直存在。A选项“科学对我们的身份起着决定性作用”是次要观点；C选项“自动化场景必然会实现”与文意不符，作者认为是“可能成为补充”；D选项“人类和机器朝着同一目标努力”文中未提及，两者动机、兴趣不同，故选B。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·海淀·期末D篇） The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) spends a lot of its time staring at nothing. The shots of deep space this produces are remarkably beautiful, transforming an apparently empty sky into a field dotted with thousands of distant galaxies. The first surveys of the early universe have surprised astronomers, as the galaxies seem brighter than expected, with more star formation and larger black holes. Yet maybe we shouldn't have been too startled to find the universe surprising us: it has been doing so since we first peered into the cosmic darkness. The most famous image of the early universe is the Hubble Deep Field captured in 1995. Yet this shot was almost never taken. Time on the Hubble Space Telescope is precious and astronomers spend months preparing proposals to try to get access. The process is a bit odd-often requiring researchers to argue simultaneously that the proposed observations would transform astronomy, but also that we know exactly what they will show. There are normally seven or eight times as many proposals as can be accepted, so risky observations have trouble getting through. Back in the 1990s, many renowned astronomers argued that directing Hubble at deep space was pointless, betting that the space telescope wouldn't find a single new galaxy. They assumed that the galaxies we see around us today are representative of those throughout the past 14 billion years or so, a pessimistic outlook we now know is badly wrong. Finding the early universe lit up with firework displays of star formation was a fortuitous discovery. But once you start looking, you will find that astronomical history is filled with discoveries made by accident, or while scientists were looking for something else entirely. The team behind NASA's Cassini probe was focused on its mission to explore Saturn's famous rings and its mysterious moon Titan when an unexpected encounter with the tiny moon Enceladus revealed fountains of water coming from its south pole. It is now perhaps the most likely place for us to find life beyond Earth. These discoveries are all a long way from how science is taught, where careful experiment and testing of hypotheses lead to progress. Surprise is fun, so maybe we should embrace serendipity a little more. Some astronomers involved in reviewing this year's JWST observations have suggested it would be fairer, and easier, to allocate time on the telescope by lottery, acknowledging that with so many good ideas floating around, we can't possibly choose between them. But whether it is staring into deep space or exploring the solar system, experience has taught us that preparing to be surprised by the universe is the best way to make new discoveries. 31. What can be inferred about JWST? A. It functions from time to time. B. It renews our knowledge of deep space. C. It surprises people more than Hubble does. D. It confirms previous assumptions of the universe. 32. What does the writer think of the Hubble Space Telescope's proposal process? A. It fails to leave much room for flexibility. B. It favors proposals by renowned scientists. C. It leads to pessimistic views of the universe. D. It ensures the most promising ideas get through. 33. What does the underlined word "fortuitous" in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Groundbreaking. B. Effortless. C. Chance. D. Plain. 34. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Introduce space history. B. Examine a discovery. C. Balance opposing views. D. Encourage a mindset. B （2026·朝阳·期末D篇） Nearly 2 million years ago, one of our ancestors developed bone cancer in their foot. The fate of this individual is unknown, but the fossilised remains leave no doubt that cancer has been a part of our story for a very long time. But these cancer cells weren't the only internal threat our ancestors faced. Their survival was also threatened by individuals attempting to undermine the group. At the heart of the story is this question: is human nature selfish or altruistic, competitive or cooperative? The answer has profound implications for how we aim to structure society. If we are born altruists, then institutions are unnecessary. But if selfishness dominates, strong control is essential. In the language of evolutionary biology, we have a cooperation dilemma: there are situations where it is in our interest to work with others, and there are situations where it is not. As a result, visible rivalry (竞争) was replaced by what I call "invisible rivalry"-the ability to hide selfish, competitive intentions while maintaining the appearance of a cooperative nature. In other words, we evolved to compete in a cooperative world. This is where the analogy (类比) with cancer arises. Humanity's long history of living with the disease means we have evolved biological mechanisms to reduce the risk it poses. Many reactions at the cellular level evolved to help our bodies fight off cancers. It is this strong immune system that explains why, although we are frequently exposed to viruses, these often don't lead to illness. Similarly, the threats to our social groups posed by the evolution of invisible rivalry led us to develop practices and institutions to maximise cooperation. I call this our cultural immune system. However, just as cancers find ways to escape from our immune systems, some individuals use their intelligence to destabilize the group's social norms for their own benefit. To fight the enemy, we can boost the cultural immune system, much like how we can improve our biological immune systems through healthy lifestyles and vaccination. But this isn't going to happen until we first recognise the problem that invisible rivalry poses. In my view, the best way is through education. We are all part of the cultural immune system. If we understand our evolutionary heritage, we will be open-eyed to the danger that freeloaders pose to society and place our trust more clear-sightedly-much as the body's defence system learns to recognise the agents associated with cancers to deal with them. We must work together to stay one step ahead of humanity's opportunistic nature. Without beliefs, norms and a proper understanding of human nature, we are at the mercy of our selfish biological heritage. Evolution has made us this way, but we can learn to overcome it. 31. What does the underlined word "altruistic" in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A. Far-sighted. B. Humane. C. Self-interested. D. Selfless. 32. What can be inferred about the cultural immune system? A. It contributes to humanity's competitiveness. B. Human dishonesty is said to be its byproduct. C. Internal threats in society cannot escape from it. D. It can be improved through enhancing cooperation. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. The minority's selfishness doesn't mean cancers for society. B. It's hard to maintain the appearance of a cooperative nature. C. We need agree on the fact that invisible rivalry brings harm. D. The stability of society lies in humanity's opportunistic nature. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Cure for Social Ills B. The Mercy of Humanity C. The Value in Institutions D. The Root of Invisible Rivalry C （2026·丰台·期末D篇） Rarely a day goes by that I don't notice a car traveling east down my quiet one-way street, which runs west. They aren't breaking the rules on purpose-they've just failed to realise they're making a mistake. And why? If you're driving the right way, you will notice white arrows on a blue background indicating as much. But if you're driving the wrong way? Nothing. This is an analogy (类比) of life. When we perform well, we receive vague praise. But when we are wrong? Usually, silence-until failure strikes. Timely, specific criticism is rare before things go badly wrong. Sometimes the signs are in front of us, but we look away. In 2019, two researchers at Chicago's Booth school, Lauren Adam and Ayelet Fisherman, published an article presenting several studies of the effect of feedback on learning, in which subjects were offered two plausible answers to a difficult question, and invited to pick one. In most cases, this was a guess. After 10 answers, the subjects were either shown all the answers they had got right, or shown all the answers they had got wrong. Logically speaking, since these were all binary questions, that amounts to the same thing. But Adam and Fisherman found that the emotional framing mattered. When people were shown their successes, they learnt-and did better on a follow-up test. When people were shown their failures, they did not improve. The researchers suggest that people don't much care to think over their errors, and so are quick to move on and forget-especially in an experiment such as this, when the consequences of further errors are trivial. When shown their successes, they pause to savour the moment. This may help to explain why so many of us are faced with the one-way-street problem: everyone is happy to share a friendly word of reassurance, but few people are keen to offer criticism, even when specifically requested. So what to do? One tactic is to ask for advice, instead of feedback. A Harvard Business School study found that asking for advice prompts more critical, actionable comments focused on future improvements. Another approach, demonstrated by psychologist Adam Grant, involves a two-step process: first, ask for a rating (e.g., "9 out of 10"), then follow up with, "What would make it a 10?" This encourages constructive suggestions. But constructive feedback of a more general nature remains difficult to achieve. One idea I've played with recently has become popular in tabletop roleplaying games-it's called "stars and wishes". After a game, I ask players for "stars" (moments they enjoyed) and "wishes" (things they'd like to see next time). Wishes create a friendly space for constructive ideas-even if not all responses are actionable, the act of asking encourages people to share honest thoughts I might otherwise miss. In the end, I learn more by framing feedback as "wishes" than by staying silent. I'm not sure how your boss would respond to a request for "stars and wishes", but the spirit is the right one. If we want timely, useful criticism from others, we must be clever in how we ask for it. Otherwise our colleagues will be as tactfully uncommunicative as those non-existent signs for those driving the wrong way down my street. 31. The author uses the "one-way street" analogy mainly to illustrate ______. A. the intentional design of misleading systems B. a common problem in urban traffic planning C. people's tendency to ignore clear instructions D. the lack of guidance for those making mistakes 32. The underlined phrase "emotional framing" in Paragraph 4 most probably means ______. A. the emotional response held back by feedback B. the influence of prior experiences on feedback C. the way feedback is presented to affect perceptions D. the identical feedback to answers to binary questions 33. What can be inferred about feedback from the passage? A. Asking for advice is the first step towards useful feedback. B. People may consider giving negative feedback ineffective. C. The "stars and wishes" method guarantees honest feedback. D. Constructive suggestions make people willing to give feedback. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. Why feedback always fails us. B. How we obtain constructive criticism. C. What helps set up the feedback system. D. Where constructive criticism comes from. D （2026·石景山·期末D篇） A "memory breakdown" is often said to be the major cognitive (认知的) problem of our time. In a recent piece in The Chronicle Review, Daniel Mercer argued that "students can't remember even simple facts without checking their phones", and many schools have quietly lowered expectations for memorizing dates, formulas (公式) and vocabulary. Yet complaints about weak memory are hardly new. In the late 19th century, British educator Henry Latham worried that cheap printed books would destroy students' power to remember, because they no longer needed to keep long passages in their heads. Over the decades, similar denunciations have returned each time a new tool has entered classrooms. Mercer suggests that rather than a simple loss of ability, we may be seeing a shift in how people choose to use their memory. Many students now treat their phones as an "external brain", much as earlier generations treated the family bookshelf. At the same time, the use of digital calendars, search engines and cloud storage continue to rise. This points to a change not in whether people can remember, but in what they believe is worth remembering. "Students can still memorize," Mercer wrote. "They're just deciding to memorize different things." This leads to a deeper question: What kind of memory do we truly need, and why? Psychologists often distinguish between recall — producing information with no help — and recognition, which is using clues to find what we once knew. In classic "change blindness" experiments, people fail to notice that a stranger they are speaking to has been secretly replaced by another person, because their attention is on the task, not the face. It seems that relying on external cues and context is not always a weakness; it may reflect a different way of managing limited mental resources. Could today's young people be developing useful memory strategies that we have not yet learned to value? What about their skill at searching huge databases in seconds, or at linking ideas across videos, chats and online documents? These new habits of remembering challenge us to reconsider — with the history of past "memory breakdown" in mind — how we might understand and support human memory in more flexible, forward-looking ways. 31. What does the underlined word "denunciations" in paragraph 2 mean? A. Criticisms. B. Origins. C. Trends. D. Indicators. 32. What does the growing use of digital tools suggest according to Mercer? A. People are changing how they use their memory. B. People no longer need to train their memory as before. C. Schools are forcing students to rely on external devices. D. Modern technology is destroying traditional learning tools. 33. Why does the author mention the "change blindness" experiments? A. To display that people are easily fooled by visual tricks. B. To argue that face recognition is more important than tasks. C. To prove that using outside cues can be a reasonable strategy. D. To illustrate that most memories are formed without our awareness. 34. What will probably be discussed next? A. More valuable lessons taught by history. B. Challenges facing the young generation. C. The effect of relying on external tools for remembering. D. Practical ways to support memory in a technology-rich world. 刷真题 A （2024·北京·高考真题C篇） The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. B （2023·北京·高考真题D篇） What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? C （2022·北京·高考真题D篇） Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? D （2021·北京·高考真题D篇） Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 1 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $